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PAK301 Pakistan Studies Faqs for Midterm Exam

Preparation
Question: 56: What is difference between Prime Minister and Chief Minister?
Answer: Prime Minister is head of the federal government and Chief Minister is
head of the provincial government.
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Question: 1: What is ideology?
Answer: IDEOLOGY is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation.
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Question: 3: What is Two Nation Theory?
Answer: Two Nation Theory means that there were two major nations in the British
India. Both the nations were different and distinct from each other with regard to their
culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and
nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and
calendars, history and tradition, in short they had their own distinct outlook on life and of
life, so they would have their separatehomelands.
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Question: 9: What was the purpose of the Two Nation Theory of Sir syed Ahmad
khan?
Answer: The purpose of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was to create awareness among the
Muslims about their separate identity, to warn them of the Hindu designs and plots
hatched to subjugate the Muslims, and to make the British accept and treat the Muslims
as a separate nation. As he was a great well-wisher of the Muslims, so he thought the Two
Nation Theory as a way to protect the Muslims' interests in the subcontinent. Given the
conflicting interests, if Hindus and Muslimshad been together after 1857, there would
have been civil war in the subcontinent and the resultant destruction and dejection.
Giving them their separate status and separate domain to work for their prosperity was
the only solutionto the complicated situation of the subcontinent. This was the real idea
behind the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's struggle.
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Question: 10: What was Hindi-Urdu controversy?
Answer: During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most
common language of the northwestern provinces of India. It was declared the official
language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1867, some prominent
Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu
with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the court language in the
northwestern provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written
in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic script, and Arabic was the language of
the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims. The movement grew quickly and within a few
months spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India.
The headquarters of this movement were in Allahabad. This situation provoked the
Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The
opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims of the
region that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims.
The Urdu-Hindi controversy had a great effect on the life of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

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Before this event he had been a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity and was of the
opinion that the "two nations are like two eyes of the beautiful bride, India". But this
movement completely altered his point of view. He put forward the Two-Nation Theory,
predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the passage of
time and the two communities would not join together in anything wholeheartedly.
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Question: 13: What was 'Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam'?
Answer: Some leading and sincere Muslim leaders picked up the incentive in order
to lesson the influence of the Hindu and Christian missionaries and decided to set up
Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam on September 24, 1884 in a mosque known as Masjid Bakan
Khan inside Mochi Gate, Lahore, where nearly 250 Muslims decided to set up the
Anjuman for the educational guidance of the Muslims of the Punjab.
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Question: 12: What kind of disagreement had Jinnah with Gandhi on the issue of
Swaraj (self-rule)?
Answer: Gandhi wanted the type of Swaraj that was awarded by the British to its
other colonies in which there were democratic governments (government by the
majority). Quaid-e-Azam was opposed to the kind of setup. He wanted self-rule suitable
to India and with due safeguards for the minorities. As the government by the majority
was meant Hindu Raj in the subcontinent. Quaid-e-Azam was against the Hindu-Raj.
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Question: 49: What was Muhammadan Educational Conference?
Answer: Muhammadan Educational Conference was set up by Sir Ahmad Khan in
1866.Muhammadan Educational Conference held public meetings in various parts of the
country. It established its sub-committees in all parts of the country. This Conference
rendered valuable services in cultivating spirit of action and self-help among the
Muslims. The meetings of this Conference discussed modern techniques for the
development in the field of education and suggested ways and means for the adoption of
modern techniques for the improvement of the educational standard. Some very eminent
scholars and leaders were included in this conference who with their dedicated approach
aroused hope, spirit and enthusiasm among their brethren. They were Nawab Muhsin-ul-
Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Maulana Shibli and Maulana Hali who inspired the people
with their spiritual, academic and political acumen and insight.

Question: 14: What was Moplah Revolt?

Answer: Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-
Continent even before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, at Malabar
Coast, near Kalicut, they revolted against Hindu landlords. Hindus feudal lords of that
area with the collusion of the British managed to transfer large tracts of agricultural land
to their name and this act antagonized the local Muslims who were poor peasants. These
suffering poor peasant Muslims started an armed revolt against the local landlords and the
government. The government resorted to repressive measures which resulted into deaths
of thousands of Moplahs. It is called Moplah Revolt.

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Question: 17: Why were the minorities of Pakistan not interested in separate
electorate?
Answer: In Pakistan the minorities were in a scattered position and it was too much
difficult for their representative to go to them, listen to their problems and finally solve
their problems. They were only 3 percent of the total population. Moreover, there was no
bias against them in the Muslim society. They had complete independence with regard to
every sphere of life. The experience of separate electorate was not good for them. That
was why they wanted to be the part of the big majority.
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Question: 20: Who was Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi?
Answer: Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani) was a great saint and
mystic of the Naqishbandi order. He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal
emperor, to re-establish the glory of Islam which had been greatly threatened by the anti-
Islamic trends of Akbar.
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Question: 22: what is the impact of Aligarh movement on todays Pakistan?
Answer: Majority of the leadership of Pakistan Movement was the product of
Aligarh Movement. All India Muslim League was also created from one of the different
platforms of Aligarh Movement. Emergence of Pakistan was the result of the efforts of
the Aligarh Movement. Aligarh Movement is the best example for all of us today to learn
how we can create dedicated and sincere leadership by the power of knowledge and how
we can create a movement for the welfare of the Muslims of today.
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Question: 26: what is Charismatic Leadership?
Answer: Charisma is a rare personal quality attributed to leaders who arouse
fervent popular devotion and enthusiasm or personal magnetism or charm. Charismatic
leader is a leader who possesses these traits and with the help of these qualities he
inspires the masses to follow him and his program. This kind of leadership can bring
revolutionary changes.
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Question: 27: What are extra-constitutional means?
Answer: Extra-constitutional means are those means which can not be justified
under the prevalent constitution and are in violation of constitution.
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Question: 28: What is agitational politics and prejudice?
Answer: Agitational politics is a type of politics in which more and more protests
and demonstrations are used to achieve political objectives. Prejudice means: 1: An
adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of
the facts. 2: The act or state of holding unreasonable preconceived judgments or
convictions. 3: Irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, or religion. 4:
Detriment or injury caused to a person by the preconceived, unfavorable conviction of
another or others.
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Question: 29: If British Government was in favour of Indian Muslims

modernization then how Hindu community came closer to the British Government rather
than Muslims?
Answer: After the War of Independence of 1857 the Hindus immediately adapted
themselves to the changed rulers and environment. They started learning English and
modern knowledge. On the other the Muslims refused to learn English and modern
knowledge which was available in English. The blame of the War of Independence of
1857 fell on the Muslims. So it was natural for the British to co-opt the Hindus. The
British thought that as the Muslims had been the rulers of the subcontinent prior to the
British and they (Muslims) wanted to regain the control of the subcontinent and the War
of Independence of 1857 was started by the Muslims to achieve that object. These were
the reason which resulted into British-Hindu collusion. The British were of the opinion
that the narrow-mindedness of the Muslims was the real cause of the problem so they if
not supported but countenanced the Muslims thrust towards modernization.
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Question: 30: what was main cause of clash between Jinnah and Nehru on which
Jinnah left the Congress?
Answer: The Congress had become explicitly a Hindu organization and had started
working openly for the interests of the Hindus. This was the major reason that had
convinced Mr. Jinnah to leave the Congress.
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Question: 31: Why and when did the British bestow the title of "Sir" upon the Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan?
Answer: It was the tradition of the British to award the title of 'Sir' upon the people
with distinction. When Syed Ahmed Khan visited London in 1869-70, the title of Sir
was bestowed upon Syed Ahmed Khan, which entitled him to prefix his name with 'Sir'.
Thence he became "Sir Syed Ahmed Khan".
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Question: 32: What is the difference between Aligrah Movement and Khilafat
Movement?
Answer: Aligarh Movement and Khilafat Movement were different movements.
Aligarh Movement was launched for the educational, political, social and religious uplift
of the Muslims while Khilafat Movement was launched to protect the Ottoman Empire,
Institution of Khilafat and the Muslim holy places.

Question: 33: Did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan have any enmity with ULEMA?
Answer: Sir Syed had no ill will or feelings against any Ulema rather he wanted the
Ulemas not to reject modern knowledge which was available in English because of their
hatred against the British. He wanted them to work for the uplift of the Muslims by
acquiring modern knowledge and also urged the Muslims to seek modern knowledge.
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Question: 34: What was the 'Day of Deliverance'?
Answer: In protest against the policy of the British government over India
regarding World War II, all the Congress Ministries resigned till October 22, 1939 and All

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India Muslim League decided to celebrate this development. So it was decided to

celebrate December 22, 1939 as 'Day of Deliverance'. Deliverance was meant to be
deliverance from the oppressive policies of the Congress Ministries.
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Question: 36: What is the difference between Parliamentary and Presidential system?
Answer: In Presidential system the center of political power is the President but in
the parliamentary system power rotates around the prime minister who is head of the
government. In the parliamentary system President is only the ceremonial head of the
state.

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Question: 37: What is the difference between Supreme Court & High Court in terms
of their powers?
Answer: Supreme Court is the highest court which accepts the appeals against the
cases decided by the High Courts. The High Courts are at provincial level while the
Supreme Court functions at the federal level.
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Question: 38: What is the meaning of 'Dar-ul-Harb'?
Answer: This is meant an area where non-Muslims ruled.
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Question: 40: Who was the founder of the 'Indian National Congress'and who was
the Indian Viceroy at that time?
Answer: A former member of the Indian Civil Service, Allan Octavian Hume
(commonly known as A. O. Hume), was founder of Congress. He formed Congress in
1885 and Lord Dufferin, was Viceroy of India at that time, fully supported him in his
efforts.
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Question: 41: What was 'Doctrine of Lapse'?
Answer: In 1848 Governor Dalhousie extended British control even further by
applying the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this doctrine when a ruler dies without a
natural heir the British would annex his land. This doctrine also stipulates that when a
person dies without a natural heir his property would be acquired by the British
Government.
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Question: 42: What was 'The Loyal Muhammadans of India'?
Answer: In 1860 Sir Syed wrote 'The Loyal Mohammedans of India'. In this work
he defended the Muslims from the British accusation that they were disloyal. He gave a
detailed account of the loyal services rendered by the then Muslims and named various
Muslims who had shown particular loyalty to the British. At the same time he called on
the British to end their hostility towards the Muslim community.
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Question: 25: As British were against the Muslim so did they try to create any
obstacle in the way of Aligarh Movement?
Answer: The British Government was in favor of modernization amongst the
Muslims and Aligarh Movement was striving to spread modern knowledge amongst the

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Muslims. The British did not create any obstacle in the way of Aligarh Movement which
was working for educational and political development of the Muslims.
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Question: 43: What was 'Tabyin-ul-Kalam'?
Answer: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote Tabyin-ul-Kalam, in which he pointed out
the similarities between Islam and Christianity. Due to lack of resources the work could
not be completed, but it showed Sir Syed's commitment to improving relations between
Islam and Christianity. This book was another effort on the part of Sir Syed, in the
academic field, to create an atmosphere of good will between the British (who were
Christian) and Indian Muslims.
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Question: 44: What was 'Tahdhib-ul-Aklaq'?
Answer: Sir Syed did not like conservative attitude of Muslims. He was worried
about the social condition of Muslim and wanted the revival of their social life. He took
many steps for betterment of the Muslims. For this purpose he published the magazine
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq This magzine outlined the ethical aspect of the Muslims life. Sir
Syed criticized the conservative way of life of Muslims and advised them to adopt new
trends in life. This magazine was written to teach the Muslims to adopt the true teaching
of Islam and do not follow the social custom. For this purpose he opened a number of
orphanage houses for Muslims children to save them from the influence of Christian
missionaries.
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Question: 47: What was difference between Viceroy and Governor-General?
Answer: The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the
Presidency of Fort William. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in
1833. In 1858, India came under the direct control of the British Crown. The title
"Governor-General" applied to his relationship to the British Provinces of India (Punjab,
Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United Provinces, etc.). However, much of British India was
not ruled directly by the government; the territory was divided into hundreds of
nominally sovereign princely states or "native states" whose relationship was not with the
British government, but directly with monarch. To reflect the Governor-General's role as
representative from the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, the term
Viceroy of India was applied to him; the title was abandoned when India became
independent in 1947. The office of Governor-General continued to exist until India
adopted a republican constitution in 1950.

Question: 48: What was 'Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya'?

Answer: Sir William Muir, a Christian writer, wrote a book with the title 'Life of
Muhammad' in which he had made highly objectionable remarks about the Holy Prophet
(PBUH). In return, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote 'Essays on the Life of Muhammad
(Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya)' in which he gave proper answers to William Muirs remarks in his
book.
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Question: 4: What was the Khilafat Movement/Tehrik-i-Khilafat?

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Answer: The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the

Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing
over the control of Muslims' holy places to non-Muslims.
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Question: 5: What was the Objectives Resolution?
Answer: The Objectives Resolution was the first constitutional document that
proved foundation of the constitutional developments in Pakistan. It provided
parameters and sublime principles to the legislators. It made the constitution-making
process easy task setting some particular objectives before them that would be acceptable
to the people of Pakistan.
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Question: 6: What is foreign policy?
Answer: Foreign policy usually refers to as the general principles by which a state
governs its reaction to the international environment and its interaction with other states.
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Question: 8: Islam believes in one nation (Ummah) then why Two Nation theory was
propounded for the Muslims of the subcontinent?
Answer: Islam creates one Ummah (Nation). In no way it means that all the
Muslims of the world should come together and form one country. Islam believes in
justice, peace, security and welfare of humanity. It exhorts its followers to struggle for the
cause of Justice, peace, security and welfare of humanity. No matter where they are, they
should follow its commands and injunctions. Boundries do not matter in Islam, what
matters complete submission to Allah, following in the footsteps of the Holy Prophet and
continuous struggle for justice and welfare of humanity. Pakistan was created on the basis
of Two Nation theory because the causes for which Islam has stood since its inception
was under threat in the subcontinent. It was not possible for the Muslims of the
subcontinent to struggle freely for Islamic causes. It was in the fitness of things to
propound Two Nation theory to create a separate state for the Muslims where they can
prosper without the fear of unsympathetic majority.
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Question: 16: Who was Dr. Annie Besant?
Answer: Dr. Annie Besant is one of those foreigners who inspired the love of the
country among Indians. She declared in 1918 in her paper New India, "I love the Indian
people as I love none other, and... My heart and my mind... have long been laid on the
altar of the Motherland". Annie Besant, born of Irish parents in London on October 1,
1847, made India her home from November 1893. Dr. Besant started the Home Rule
League in India for obtaining the freedom of the country and reviving the country's
glorious cultural heritage. She started a paper called "New India. She attended the 1914
session of the Indian National Congress and presided over it in 1917. Dr. Besant died in
1933.
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Question: 46: When the British government created the North West Frontier
Province?
Answer: In 1900, Lord Curzon created the North West Frontier Province in order to
settle the constant battles that were going on there amongst the tough independent

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tribesmen. Before this NWFP was part of the Punjab Province. In 1900 it got the status of
individual province in the British India.
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Question: 2: What is the Ideology of Pakistan?
Answer: Ideology of Pakistan sought its roots from the religion of Islam. It
basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an
opportunity to live according to their faith and creed based on the Islamic principles.
They should have all the resources at their disposal to prosper and to enhance Islamic
culture and civilization without any fear of being dominated by an unsympathetic Hindu
majority.
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Question: 7: RCD and ECO?
Answer: RCD and ECO Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed Regional Cooperation for
Development (RCD) in July 1964. It worked for economic development till 1985. As it
fell short of expectations and could not meet the goals set forth before it, so it was
renamed as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Later on, Afghanistan and five
Central Asian Republics, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan joined it. Now ECO is working for more cooperation among its members to
enhance development level of its members. Hope it will prove its worth and achieve the
goal of development for its members.
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Question: 11: What was Swaraj (self-rule)?
Answer: Swaraj was meant that India should be ruled by Indians not by the
Britains. It was an objective to get the Britain leave the Indian subcontinent and establish
a government led by the Indians. In other words it was meant independence for India.
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Question: 59: Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started Aligarh Movement?
Answer: The purpose of Sir Syed Ahmad Khans Aligarh Movement was to create
awareness among the Muslims about their separate identity, to warn them of the Hindu
designs and plots hatched to subjugate the Muslims, and to make the British accept and
treat the Muslims as a separate nation. As he was a great well-wisher of the Muslims, so
he thought Aligarh Movement a practical way to protect the Muslims' interests in the
subcontinent. Given the conflicting interests, if Hindus and Muslims had been together
after 1857, there would have been civil war in the subcontinent and the resultant
destruction and dejection. Giving them their separate status and separate domain to work
for their prosperity was the only solution to the complicated situation of the subcontinent.
This was the real purpose of the Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
effectively drove the Movement towards success.
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Question: 60: What were the ideas of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan about religion?
Answer: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan stood for a rational approach towards religion. He
was not in the favour of blindly following the religious injunctions. He wanted the
Muslims to develop thorough understanding of the religious injunctions and then follow
these injunctions. He was of the view that man was not created for religion but religion
was created for man. He argued that revealed truth could best be understood through
reasons. The revelation of physical sciences could not be ignored in the understanding of

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religion. He was of the view that there could be no contradiction between the word of
God (revealed truth) and work of God (the laws of physical science and phenomenon of
nature). Same rational approach he used in explaining the creation of Angels (Malaika).
He had considerable knowledge of the religion. Had he not been well-versed with
knowledge of the religion he would not have been able to write a book on the life of the
Last Prophet of God.
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Question: 61: Why did a number of Muslim keep them away from the Aligarh
Movement?
Answer: There are a number of Muslims who were reluctant to follow the ideals of
the Aligarh Movement. The underlying reason was the hatred against the British. This
hatred did not allow them to learn English which was the language of the British who
usurped power from the Muslims. Aligarh Movement advised the Muslim to learn
English as with out learning English it was not possible to gain modern knowledge which
was available in English. It was also not possible to communicate with the British with
out learning English. The underlying purpose was to decrease the increasing distance
between the rulers and the Muslims. On the other all the diehard Muslims were in favor
of waging holy war (Jihad) against the British and then snatching back the reign of the
subcontinent from them. Aligarh Movement was not in favor of waging war against the
British but they wanted a peaceful solution of the problems of the subcontinent. Due to
this difference of opinion a number of Muslims kept themselves away from Aligarh
Movement.
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Question: 75: What is the importance of Khilafat Movement?
Answer: Although the Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its declared objectives,
it carried political awakening to large masses of Muslims. It was during the Khilafat days
that representatives of Indian Muslims came into contact with eminent personages from
other Muslims countries to save the semblance of unity in the world of Islam. The
Khilafat Movement was an asset for the struggle of Pakistan. It made clear to the Indian
Muslims to trust neither the British nor the Hindus, but to look to their own strengths for
self-preservation. It was during Khilafat Movement that the seed of new Muslim
enthusiasm and leadership was sowed and it gave fruit in 1947 in the form of Pakistan.

Question: 76: What is the importance of Round Table Conferences for the Muslims?
Answer: Round Table Conferences have great importance for the Muslims of the
subcontinent. During the course of the conferences it became clear to the Muslims that
who amongst them could articulate their demands effectively. It was Mr. Jinnah who
effectively communicated the appropriate stance regarding the Muslims interests and
rights. On the communal issue the Muslims won the sympathies of all the other
communities of India against Hindus. The just stances taken on all the issues raised the
Muslims stature in front of the British that the Muslims were sincere in solving the
political and constitutional problem of the British India. As in the absence of Mr. Jinnah
the Muslim felt being leaderless so it reinforced the leadership of Mr. Jinnah and then he

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was convinced to fill the gap of leadership. Moreover the Muslims were able to convince
the British regarding their interests and rights which later were accepted.
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Question: 77: Was it a failure of democracy that led to imposition of Martial Law in
1958?
Answer: It was not failure of democracy that led to imposition of Martial Law in
Pakistan in 1958; it was basically failure of the leadership which resulted in the
imposition of Martial Law. Inefficiency, corruption, intriguing of the politicians and some
vested interests caused the democracy to fail in Pakistan. Systems never fail.
Metaphorically speaking a good system is like a good car. Now car is good what is
needed is good driver. Lets suppose if the driver is not good and his intentions are out of
the way then he will start driving the car in a wrong direction. It may cause accident and
the car will not be able to approach its destination as it is driven in a wrong direction. If
the driver drives the car in a right direction and with proper care and follows all the traffic
rules the car will approach its destination easily and smoothly. Our leaders are the drivers
of the system. If they are honest and they strive to take the system towards success then
we can easily achieve success. If these leaders are corrupt and inefficient then we can
never prosper and every system that will be introduced will meet the same ill fate as
democracy has met in our country.
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Question: 78: What is the role of OIC in resolving the conflicts afflicting the
Muslims?
Answer: OIC is trying to play an active role in order to resolve the conflicts that are
afflicting the Muslims in different parts of the world. In a number of instances OIC has
called for the emergency session of Security Council of the United Nations and has
presented resolutions condemning the wrongs that are being done to the Muslims. India,
in the past, has tried to win membership of the OIC by claiming that it has 200 million
Muslims population but the OIC refused to accept India as a member as India is brutally
suppressing the Muslims in Kashmir. Indian atrocities in Kashmir, Israel atrocities in
Palestine, Russian atrocities in Chechnya and other atrocities have been highly criticized
by the OIC. In spite of all this OIC has failed to practically stop the commission of
atrocities against the Muslims. There a need to do a lot.
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Question: 15: What was 'Indian Home Rule League'?
Answer: On April 23, 1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak formed The Home Rule League in
Bombay. Joseph Baptista became President and N.C. Kelkar Secretary of Tilaks Home
Rule League which forestalled that of Mrs. Besant. Six months later Mrs. Annie Besant
founded the league in Madras. "Dr. Besant started the Home Rule League in India for
obtaining the freedom of the country and reviving the country's glorious cultural heritage.
The objective of both Home Rule League was to attain self-government within the
British Empire by all constitutional means, and to educate public opinion for the same.
They were Moderates and against the Liberal Party.
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Question: 18: What was the 2nd constituent Assembly?
Answer: Governor General Ghulam Muhammad called a Convention on May 10,
1955 for the purpose of electing a constituent assembly. All its members were to be

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elected indirectly (by the provincial assemblies). In this way, the Second Constituent
Assembly came into existence. The Second Constituent Assembly convened in 1955. It
differed in composition from the First Constituent Assembly because of the notable
reduction of Muslim League members and the presence of a United Front coalition from
East Bengal. In 1956 the Constituent Assembly adopted a constitution that proclaimed
Pakistan as a Islamic republic and contained directives for the establishment of an Islamic
state. It also renamed the Constituent Assembly the Legislative Assembly.
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Question: 21: What were the circumstances that led to the Lucknow Pact?
Answer: Important developments occurred during the first decade of the 20th
century like annulment of the Partition of Bengal and Western aggression against Muslim
countries, Balkan wars, Libya-Italy war, demolition of the mosque in Kawnpur (1913),
etc. weakened the Muslims faith in the British. This led to a major drift in the Muslim
Leagues policy. In 1913, the League changed its goals: 1: Self government under the
British Crown keeping in view the peculiar conditions in India; 2: Good relations with
other communities; 3: Cooperation with any party working for similar goals. This change
brought the ML and the Congress closer. In this way the era of cooperation between
Hindus and Muslims set in. The role of the Quaid-i-Azam is highly noteworthy to bring
the Congress and the Muslim League to the table. All these developments led to the
conclusion of the Lackow Pact.
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Question: 23: What was SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan?
Answer: Scientific Society was an organization that was established by Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan in Ghazi Pur. The purpose of this society was to create a scientific
temperament among the Indians in general and the Muslims in particular and to make the
Western knowledge available to Indians in their native languages. The society performed
its job efficiently. Under this society the books of science, history and literature were
translated into native languages because, according the concept of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan,
it was impossible to spread the scientific knowledge amongst the Indians in general and
the Muslims in particular till the scientific knowledge which was available in English
would be made available to the Indians in their native languages.
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Question: 24: How did ALIGARH MOVMENT play a SCIENTIFIC ROLE?
Answer: Aligarh Movement played important role in scientific field by establishing
different institutions which worked for the spread of scientific knowledge among the
Indians. Prominent among those institutions was Scientific Society. The purpose of this
society was to create a scientific temperament among the Indians in general and the
Muslims in particular and to make the Western knowledge available to Indians in their
native languages. The society performed its job efficiently. Under this society the books
of science, history and literature were translated into native languages.
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Question: 35: What was Jallianwala Bagh incident of 1919?
Answer: In April 1919, a number of Indians gathered in Jallianwala Bagh to protest
against the brutal policies of the British government. General Duiyer ordered the troops,
who were deployed there to suppress any protest, to open fire on the protesting Indians.
As a result 379 people died and thousands injured. It was the most tragic incident in the

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history of the subcontinent. This incident is also evident to fact that the British treated the
Indians brutally and ruthlessly.
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Question: 39: In which book did Sir Syed point out the similarities between Islam
and Christianity?
Answer: In 'Tabyin-ul-Kalam' Sir Syed pointed out the similarities between Islam
and Christianity. Due to lack of resources the work was not finished, but it showed Sir
Syed's commitment to improve relations of British and Muslims.
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Question: 19: What were some "weak aspects" of the western culture which Dr.
Allama Iqbal knew at that time?
Answer: There are a number of weak aspects of the western culture that were
observed by Allama Iqbal i.e. separation of state and religion, territorial nationalism,
deteriorating moral standards etc.
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Question: 50: What was the outcome of Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944)?
Answer: In September 1944, Gandhi Jinnah talks were held at Jinnahs residence at
Bombay. Rajgopalacharias formula and the Lahore Resolution formed the basis of these
talks. In these parleys Jinnah stressed on his famous Two-Nation Theory but Gandhi
refused to accept Muslims as separate nation. Thus these talks remained fruitless.
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Question: 51: What was Quit India Movement (1942)?
Answer: After the failure of the Cripps Mission, India National Congress started
Quit India Movement. In this Movement Congress was demanding that British should
Quit India immediately and hand over powers to Indians. The British Government dealt
with this Movement with iron hands. Thousands of Congress workers were killed
arrested or detained. Muslim League remained aloof from this Movement.
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Question: 52: What was August Offer (1940)?
Answer: In the start of Second World War Germany pushed the British troops out of
the European mainland. At this critical juncture Great Britain needed the assistance of
Indians to boost its War efforts. As a result the Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow in
August 1940 made a constitutional offer to the Indians in which he promised to expand
the Executive Council of the Governor-General, to establish a War Advisory Council, to
give constitutional safeguards to the minorities and to set up a constitution making body
after the War. The Muslim League welcomed the offer but the Congress rejected it
terming it insufficient and unsatisfactory.
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Question: 53: What is the difference between Presidential system of government and
Parliamentary system of government?
Answer: In Presidential system the center of political power is the President but in
the parliamentary system power rotates around the prime minister who is head of the
government. In the parliamentary system President is only the ceremonial head of the
state.
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Question: 54: What is the difference between a Theocratic state and a Secular
state?
Answer: The system under which there is no state religion yet all religions and
faiths enjoy equality of treatment. In the strict literal sense, secularism denotes a system
that rejects belief in God, religion and future life. Theocracy is opposite to Secularism, a
religious State called theocratic state.
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Question: 55: What is the difference among Partition of Bengal and Division of
Bengal and Emergence of Bangladesh?
Answer: Partition of Bengal occurred in 1905 under Lord Curzon, in which Bengal
was divided in two provinces-East Bengal and West Bengal. This Partition was annulled
in 1911 and the British government reunited Bengal province this incident known as
Annulment of Partition of Bengal. Division of Bengal took place in 1947 under Radcliff
Award when Bengal a large province of British India divided between Pakistan and India.
East Bengal came to Pakistan and West Bengal went to India. Then in 1971 East Bengal
was separated from Pak

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