2.6.08 EM Handbook 6230 - EN

Rolling bearings
in electric motors
and generators
® SKF, CARB, ICOS, INSOCOAT, MARLIN and SYSTEM 24
are registered trademarks of the SKF Group.
™ SKF Explorer is a trademark of the SKF Group.
© SKF Group 2008

The contents of this publication are the copyright of the
publisher and may not be reproduced (even extracts)
unless permission is granted. Every care has been taken to
ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication but no liability can be accepted for any loss or
damage whether direct, indirect or consequential arising
out of the use of the information contained herein.
Publication 6230/I EN · February 2008
This publication supersedes publication 5230 E.

1 Rolling bearings in electric machines
1
2 Bearing arrangements
2
3 Product data
3
4 Lubrication and sealing

4
5 Mounting and dismounting

5
6 Bearing damage and corrective actions

6
7 SKF solutions
7
Rolling bearings
in electric motors
and generators
A handbook for the industrial designer and end-user

2
Foreword
This SKF applications, lubrication and maintenance handbook

for bearings in electric motors and generators has been devel
oped with various industry specialists in mind. For designers
of electric machines1), this handbook provides the information
needed to optimize a variety of bearing arrangements. For
specialists working in various industries using electric
machines, there are recommendations on how to maximize
bearing service life through appropriate mounting, mainten
ance and lubrication.
The recommendations are based on experience gained by
SKF during decades of close cooperation with manufacturers
and users of electric machines all over the world. This experi
ence along with customer input strongly influences product
development within SKF, leading to the introduction of new
products and variants.
General information about the selection and calculation of
ball and roller bearings is provided in the General Catalogue.
This publication deals with questions arising from the use of
rolling bearings in electric motors and generators. Data from
the General Catalogue is only repeated here when it has been
thought necessary for the sake of clarity.
1) In this handbook, when the term electric machine is used, it refers to both an industrial electric motor and a generator
3
Contents
The SKF brand now stands for more

than ever before, and means more
to you as a valued customer. 9 Design requirements
While SKF maintains its leadership 15 Bearing selection

as the hallmark of quality bearings
throughout the world, new dimensions 17 Calculation example
in technical advances, product support
and services have evolved SKF into 21 Deep groove ball bearings
a truly solutions-oriented supplier,
creating greater value for customers. 23 Cylindrical roller bearings
These solutions encompass ways to 25 INSOCOAT bearings

bring greater productivity to customers,
not only with breakthrough application- 27 Hybrid bearings
specific products, but also through
leading-edge design simulation tools 29 Angular contact ball bearings
and consultancy services, plant asset
efficiency maintenance programmes, 31 Spherical roller bearings
and the industry’s most advanced
supply management techniques. 33 CARB toroidal roller bearings
The SKF brand still stands for the very 35 Spherical roller thrust bearings
best in rolling bearings, but it now
stands for much more.
SKF – the knowledge engineering

company
37 Selecting a bearing arrangement
47 Preloading with springs
3 Tolerances and fits

52 Shaft and housing tolerances
54 Recommended fits
4
4 Lubrication and sealing 7 SKF solutions
59 Lubrication 104 SKF Engineering Consultancy Services
62 Grease selection 105 SKF calculation tools
64 Relubrication intervals 107 Application specific solutions
70 Grease life in sealed deep groove ball bearings 112 Condition monitoring
72 Oil lubrication
74 Seals

77 Mounting
85 Dismounting

91 Electrical erosion
94 Inadequate lubrication
96 Material fatigue
96 Damage from vibration
97 Damage caused by improper installation and set-up
99 Insufficient bearing load
99 Other damage
5
SKF – the knowledge
engineering company
From the company that invented the self- The SKF Group is globally certified to
aligning ball bearing more than 100 years ISO 14001, the international standard for
ago, SKF has evolved into a knowledge engin- environmental management, as well as
eering company that is able to draw on five OHSAS 18001, the health and safety manage-
technology platforms to create unique solu- ment standard. Individual divisions have been
tions for its customers. These platforms approved for quality certification in accord-
include bearings, bearing units and seals, of ance with either ISO 9000 or QS 9000.
course, but extend to other areas including: With some 100 manufacturing sites world-
lubricants and lubrication systems, critical for wide and sales companies in 70 countries, © Airbus – photo: exm company, H. Goussé
long bearing life in many applications; mecha- SKF is a truly international corporation. In
Evolving by-wire technology
tronics that combine mechanical and electron- addition, our distributors and dealers in
SKF has a unique expertise in fast-growing by-wire
ics knowledge into systems for more effective some 15 000 locations around the world, technology, from fly-by-wire, to drive-by-wire, to
linear motion and sensorized solutions; and an e-business marketplace and a global distri- work-by-wire. SKF pioneered practical fly-by-wire
a full range of services, from design and logis- bution system put SKF close to customers for technology and is a close working partner with all
tics support to conditioning monitoring and the supply of both products and services. In aerospace industry leaders. As an example, virtually
all aircraft of the Airbus design use SKF by-wire
reliability systems. essence, SKF solutions are available wherever systems for cockpit flight control.
Though the scope has broadened, SKF and whenever customers need them. Over-
continues to maintain the world’s leadership all, the SKF brand and the corporation are
in the design, manufacture and marketing of stronger than ever. As the knowledge engin-
rolling bearings, as well as complementary eering company, we stand ready to serve
products such as radial seals. SKF also holds you with world-class product competencies,
an increasingly important position in the mar- intellectual resources, and the vision to help
ket for linear motion products, high-precision you succeed.
aerospace bearings, machine tool spindles
and plant maintenance services.
SKF is also a leader in automotive by-wire technol-

ogy, and has partnered with automotive engineers to
develop two concept cars, which employ SKF mecha-
tronics for steering and braking. Further by-wire
development has led SKF to produce an all-electric
forklift truck, which uses mechatronics rather than
hydraulics for all controls.
Bearings Lubrication
Seals and units systems
Mechatronics Services
6
Harnessing wind power
The growing industry of wind-generated electric power provides a source of
clean, green electricity. SKF is working closely with global industry leaders to
develop efficient and trouble-free turbines, providing a wide range of large, highly
specialized bearings and condition monitoring systems to extend equipment life
of wind farms located in even the most remote and inhospitable environments.
Working in extreme environments

In frigid winters, especially in northern countries, extreme sub-zero tempera-
tures can cause bearings in railway axleboxes to seize due to lubrication starva-
tion. SKF created a new family of synthetic lubricants formulated to retain their
lubrication viscosity even at these extreme temperatures. SKF knowledge enables
manufacturers and end user customers to overcome the performance issues
resulting from extreme temperatures, whether hot or cold. For example, SKF
products are at work in diverse environments such as baking ovens and instant
freezing in food processing plants.
Developing a cleaner cleaner

The electric motor and its bearings are the heart of many household appliances.
SKF works closely with appliance manufacturers to improve their products’ per-
formance, cut costs, reduce weight, and reduce energy consumption. A recent
example of this cooperation is a new generation of vacuum cleaners with sub-
stantially more suction. SKF knowledge in the area of small bearing technology
is also applied to manufacturers of power tools and office equipment.
Maintaining a 350 km/h R&D lab

In addition to SKF’s renowned research and development facilities in Europe and
the United States, Formula One car racing provides a unique environment for
SKF to push the limits of bearing technology. For over 50 years, SKF products,
engineering and knowledge have helped make Scuderia Ferrari a formidable
force in F1 racing. (The average racing Ferrari utilizes more than 150 SKF com-
ponents.) Lessons learned here are applied to the products we provide to auto-
makers and the aftermarket worldwide.
Delivering Asset Efficiency Optimization

Through SKF Reliability Systems, SKF provides a comprehensive range of asset
efficiency products and services, from condition monitoring hardware and soft-
ware to maintenance strategies, engineering assistance and machine reliability
programmes. To optimize efficiency and boost productivity, some industrial facil-
ities opt for an Integrated Maintenance Solution, in which SKF delivers all ser-
vices under one fixed-fee, performance-based contract.
Planning for sustainable growth

By their very nature, bearings make a positive contribution to the natural en-
vironment, enabling machinery to operate more efficiently, consume less power,
and require less lubrication. By raising the performance bar for our own prod-
ucts, SKF is enabling a new generation of high-efficiency products and equip-
ment. With an eye to the future and the world we will leave to our children, the
SKF Group policy on environment, health and safety, as well as the manufactur-
ing techniques, are planned and implemented to help protect and preserve the
earth’s limited natural resources. We remain committed to sustainable, environ-
mentally responsible growth.
1 Rolling bearings
in electric machines
9 Design requirements
15 Bearing selection
17 Calculation example
21 Deep groove ball bearings
23 Cylindrical roller bearings
25 INSOCOAT bearings
27 Hybrid bearings
29 Angular contact ball bearings
31 Spherical roller bearings
33 CARB toroidal roller bearings
35 Spherical roller thrust bearings

Rolling bearings
in electric machines
The purpose of using rolling bearings in electric machines is
1
to support and locate the rotor, to keep the air gap small and
consistent and to transfer loads from the shaft to the motor
frame. The bearings should enable high and low speed oper
ations, minimize friction, and save power. The designer has
to consider many different parameters when selecting the
bearing type and arrangement to meet the requirements
of any particular motor application. Under all circumstances
the design should be economical from both a manufacturing
and a maintenance perspective.
Design requirements The following pages present the most

important considerations and steps to
The design parameters of an electric machine remember during the design process
are generally found to be power output, bound († table 1, page 11). An example of the
ary dimensions, and shaft and housing mater design process related to an electric motor
ials. In the case of an induction motor, the is also included.
number of poles required is also an important
design parameter.
Other important considerations include the
expected operating conditions, the required
uptime or availability, maintenance require
ments as well as manufacturing methods
(† fig. 1, page 10).
Mounting and dismounting procedures
need to be considered at the design stage
(† chapter 5 “Mounting and dismounting”,
starting on page 77). Selecting the proper
lubricant and lubrication method can also have
a significant impact on the service life of the
machine. Condition monitoring († chapter 7
“SKF solutions”, starting on page 103) can
reduce unplanned breakdowns and improve
reliability.
9
Design requirements
Dimensions In order to provide satisfactory operation,

In most cases, power output determines shaft ball and roller bearings must always be sub
size, and shaft size determines the bore diam jected to a given minimum load. Please refer
eter of the bearings. In recent years, however, to the relevant bearing type in the table sec
the tendency has been to use bearings with tion of the SKF General Catalogue.
smaller cross sections because they require
less space.
Loads
In order to select the best bearing for a part
icular application, all loads should be consid
ered and not just the weights involved and the
forces derived from the power transmitted. Be
sure to include additional forces, such as the
magnetic pull resulting from asymmetrical air
gaps, dynamic forces due to inaccurate
adjustment, out-of-balance situations, pitch
errors in gears, as well as any thrust loads.
Heavy loads are generally carried by roller
bearings, where lighter loads are carried by
ball bearings. Drive forces are considered only
when belts or gears are utilized. Loads can be
radial, axial or a combination of the two. Cer
tain bearings, such as cylindrical roller bear
ings (NU or N type), carry radial loads only;
where other bearings, such as angular con
tact ball bearings, are more suited for com
bined loads.
Fig. 1
Design
requirements
Bearing Operating
selection and conditions
calculated life
Manufacturing Maintenance
Parameters that have

to be taken into
consideration when
designing an electric
machine
N = Non-drive end
D = Drive end
10
Design requirements
Table 1 Important parameters

to consider when
Design considerations Manufacturing selecting the appro
and operating conditions priate bearings for
an electric motor or
• Boundary dimensions • Product availability generator
• Magnitude and direction of loads • Required precision
• Speed: fixed, variable or high • Handling and transportation
• Shaft and housing material • Mounting tools
• Coupling, belt or gear drive
• Horizontal or vertical mounting
• Environment
• Vibration level
• Noise level
• Temperature
• Required bearing life 1
• Lubrication: grease versus oil
• Maintenance
• Condition monitoring
• Sealing (internal and/or external)
Speed of the system, and the balancing of the rotat

Operating speed influences both bearing and ing components.
lubricant life. Size, cage design, lubrication,
clearance and seal type, must be considered
when choosing the bearing. Shaft and housing material
Because materials expand and contract, it’s
Fixed speed important to take the coefficient of expansion
In an induction motor the number of poles into account when selecting shaft and housing
determines the speed. For example, the max materials. Thermal expansion (and contrac
imum speed for a two-pole motor at 50 Hz is tion) can have a direct influence on shaft and
3 000 r/min and at 60 Hz 3 600 r/min. housing fits as well as internal bearing clear
ance († chapter 3 “Tolerances and fits”,
Variable speed starting on page 51).
If the machine is to operate at different speeds
during its duty cycle, all speed intervals should
be taken into consideration when dimension
ing the bearing and calculating bearing life.
Induction motors using frequency convert
ers to vary their speed require special consider
ation for bearing selection. Modern frequency
converters using pulse width modulation
(PWM) and fast switching semiconductor
technology often run into problems with
electrical erosion in bearings († chapter 6
“Bearing damage and corrective actions”,
starting on page 91).
High speed
Normally, ball bearings are more suitable for
high-speed applications than roller bearings.
In very high-speed applications, high-
precision bearings or hybrid bearings may
be beneficial. To make that determination,
a thorough analysis of the dynamic perform
ance of the machine would be necessary.
Some of the factors that influence bearing
service life at high speeds include the cage,
lubricant, running accuracy and clearance
of the bearings, the resonance frequency
11
Design requirements
Coupling, belt and gear drives Environment

The type of connector used between the drive Seals and shields should be used in damp and
and driven unit will influence the loads on the dusty environments to protect the bearings.
motor bearings. Motors used in remote locations may also
There are two kinds of coupling drives: require seals and shields to create a low main
flexible and rigid. Good alignment is important tenance or maintenance-free variant. The
in both cases, otherwise additional forces may type of seal or shield used will determine the
be induced into the bearing system and re maintenance requirements and the service
duce service life. Proper alignment is particu life of the bearing. Different shield and seal
larly important with a rigid coupling where options are discussed in chapter 4 “Lubrica
there are typically three bearings on a shaft. tion and sealing”, starting on page 59. To pro
When rigid couplings are aligned very accur tect the bearings from damage caused by elec
ately, by using laser-aligning equipment for tric erosion (damage created by electric current
instance, the drive end bearing might become flow through the bearing), insulated bearings
relatively unloaded, the load being taken by are available from SKF († INSOCOAT bearings
the bearings on the non-drive end and on the on page 25 and hybrid bearings on page 27).
coupled shaft of the application. In this case
a deep groove ball bearing is recommended
at the drive end. Temperature
A belt or gear drive will often load the To properly select or design an electric
motor bearings more heavily than a coupling machine it is important to know the ambient
drive. Belt and gear drives therefore most temperature range and the normal operating
often use cylindrical roller bearings at the temperature of the machine. Knowing these
drive end. In applications where there are temperature ranges will help determine the
heavy loads and the possibility of misalign most effective cooling method: air, oil or water.
ment and/or shaft deflection, a CARB bearing Normal operating temperatures for typical
should be considered. electric machines range from 70 to 110 °C
See also typical arrangements for coupling (160 to 230 °F). As a result, SKF recommends
and belt drives in chapter 2 “Bearing arrange using a grease that has good performance
ments”, starting on page 37. properties over a wide range of temperatures.
In applications where temperatures exceed
110 °C (230 °F), high temperature greases are
Vertical mounting available from SKF († chapter 4 “Lubrication
Machines that are mounted vertically need and sealing”, starting on page 59).
special consideration, both when selecting the In applications where ambient tempera
proper bearing arrangement († chapter 2 tures vary significantly from bearing operating
“Bearing arrangements”, starting on page 37) temperature, a temperature gradient over the
and when calculating grease life († chapter 4 bearings can result. If the gradient is signifi
“Lubrication and sealing”, starting on page 59). cant, check the resultant internal bearing
The mechanical stability of a grease is espe clearance so as to avoid unnecessary bearing
cially important for vertical shaft applications. preload. For calculation of clearance reduction
Based on very good test results, SKF can caused by temperature gradients, contact the
recommend the LGHP 2 grease for vertical SKF application engineering service.
shafts. As a rule of thumb, the relubrication
interval and grease life should be halved for
vertical shafts.
Contact seals should be used, providing
the best possible grease retention.
12
Design requirements
Vibration For appropriate calculation methods, refer

In environments where machinery is subject to the section “SKF calculation tools” starting
ed to vibrations caused by an external source, on page 105, the SKF General Catalogue or
it is generally recommended to use ball bear the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
ings when possible. Ball bearings, especially online at www.skf.com.
when preloaded with springs, are less sensi When selecting greased-for-life bearings in
tive to the damage caused by external vibra electric machines, the service life most often
tions († chapter 6 “Bearing damage and will be limited by the grease life († chapter 4
corrective actions”, starting on page 91). “Lubrication and sealing”, starting on page 59).
Therefore, bearing life and grease life need to
be verified.
Quiet running 1
Motors and generators are expected to run
quietly. Therefore, it’s important to select a Lubrication: grease versus oil
bearing with the best combination of cage The choice between grease lubrication and oil
material, lubricant and internal clearance. SKF lubrication is chiefly determined by the follow
bearings already have very low noise levels. ing factors:
However, the levels can be further reduced
by preloading the bearing arrangement with • Grease should be used in applications
springs († section “Preloading with springs”, where the following requirements apply:
starting on page 47). – Simplified maintenance.
– Improved cleanliness (fewer leaks).
– Better protection against contaminants.
Bearing life • Oil lubrication should be used in applica
The life of a rolling bearing is defined as the tions where normal operating tempera
number of revolutions (or the number of tures are high as a result of an external
operating hours at a given constant speed) heat source or excess heat generated by
the bearing could endure, before the first sign the machine or its bearings at high speed.
of fatigue (spalling or flaking) occurs on one
of its rings or rolling elements. Note
Laboratory tests and practical experience, A temperature rise due to friction in the bear
however, show that seemingly identical bear ing is generally lower with grease than with
ings operating under identical conditions have an oil bath, provided that the appropriate type
different lives. and amount of grease is used and that it is
The “service life” of a bearing depends, to supplied to the bearing in a suitable man
a large extent, on its operating conditions. ner.
However, the procedures used to mount and Oil lubrication should be used when the
maintain the bearing can also have a direct relubrication interval for grease is too short
effect on its service life. Despite all the pre († chapter 4 “Lubrication and sealing”,
cautions, bearings can still fail prematurely. starting on page 59).
When this happens, the bearing should be
examined carefully in order to determine the
root cause of the failure. By doing so, correct
ive actions can then be taken.
The “specification life” is the life specified by
the motor manufacturer and is based on
hypothetical load and speed data. E.g. nomi
nal life at maximum allowable load is 20 000
hours minimum.
Under specific operating conditions, SKF
bearings can attain a much longer life than
predicted by normal or traditional life calcula
tion methods, particularly when loads are
light. These specific conditions prevail, when
a lubricant film effectively separates the roll
ing surfaces (raceways and rolling elements)
and when surface damage caused by con
taminants is limited.
13
Design requirements
Maintenance Precision
Electric motor maintenance typically includes The required accuracy of any machine deter
lubricating the bearings, servicing the stator mines the required precision of the bearings.
windings and monitoring the performance of Bearings with higher precision are available
the motor. for high accuracy/high speed machinery.
For motors equipped with bearings that are However, for a machine to benefit from the
sealed and greased-for-life, relubrication is running accuracy of its bearings, the accuracy
not necessary and the motor is considered to of cylindrical seatings on shafts and in hous
be maintenance-free. ing bores and of the support surfaces (abut
ments for bearings provided by shaft and
housing shoulders etc.) should correspond
Condition monitoring to the accuracy of the bearings used.
With the methods and equipment available
today, bearing condition can be effectively
monitored and diagnosed. Suitable proced
ures for condition monitoring of electric
motors are:
• Comparative measurements on a number

of identical motors, running under the
same operating conditions.
• Trend measurements on a motor at given
intervals, to observe the change in bearing
condition.
SKF has developed the tools and the know

ledge base to effectively measure, trend, and
diagnose bearing condition.
Product availability
During the design stage, SKF recommends
checking product availability with your local
SKF representative.
Handling, tools and transport

Rolling bearings are precision products that
must be handled carefully if they are to per
form properly. When mounting or dismount
ing bearings it is important to use the correct
methods and tools. Instructions can be found
in chapter 5 “Mounting and dismounting”,
starting on page 77.
To prevent premature bearing failure, it is
also important to prepare the motor properly
for transport († page 85).
14
Bearing selection
Bearing selection When bearing types other than deep

groove ball bearings are used in high speed
Electric motors and generators use a wide applications, (where speeds are 70 % or higher
variety of bearing types including deep groove than the reference speed of the bearing) a C3
ball bearings, angular contact ball bearings, clearance should be selected. A C3 clearance
cylindrical roller bearings, spherical roller should also be used when the temperature
bearings, CARB bearings and spherical roller difference between the inner and outer rings
thrust bearings. exceeds 10 °C (15 °F). Increased clearances
In small horizontal machines, the most may also be necessary when an interference
common arrangement consists of two deep fit is needed for both bearing rings (usually
groove ball bearings. In larger or heavier cylindrical roller bearings).
loaded machines, roller bearings are typically The noise level of the bearing increases as 1
used. internal radial clearance increases. Therefore,
In vertical machines deep groove ball bear clearances should be chosen carefully.
ings, angular contact ball bearings or spher If an application is designed to use a bear
ical roller thrust bearings are typically used, ing with C3 clearance, do not use a bearing
depending on the loads, speeds, temperature with Normal clearance. Bearings with Normal
and environment of the application. clearance have no clearance marking on the
As mentioned earlier, the design require outer ring.
ments and operating conditions of the appli Tables for bearing internal clearance can be
cation will influence the bearing arrangement. found in the SKF General Catalogue or the
The bearings selected for the arrangement SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue, avail
should be verified by calculating bearing life. able online at www.skf.com.
Up-to-date bearing data can be found in the
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue online
at www.skf.com. A number of examples of
bearing arrangements for electric machines
are shown in chapter 2 “Bearing arrange
ments”, starting on page 37.
Bearing internal clearance

Bearing internal clearance is defined as the
total distance through which one bearing ring
can be moved relative to the other ring in the
radial direction (radial internal clearance) or
in the axial direction (axial internal clearance).
The internal clearance in ball bearings (not
angular contact ball bearings), cylindrical,
spherical and CARB bearings is always meas
ured radially. A bearing initial clearance is
chosen to accommodate:
• Expansion of the inner ring caused by its

interference fit on the shaft.
• If applicable, compression of the outer ring
caused by its interference fit in the housing.
• The reduction in radial clearance due to the
temperature difference between the inner
and outer rings during operation.
• The needed internal clearance during oper
ation.
It is important to choose the right initial clear

ance, as inadequate operating clearance can
result in premature bearing failure.
For deep groove ball bearings radial clear
ance in electric machines is typically one class
greater than Normal (suffix C3).
15
Bearing selection
Correct preload
When selecting the preload force for a bearing
arrangement it should be remembered that
stiffness increases marginally when the preload
exceeds a given optimum value and that the
resulting friction and heat will decrease bear
ing service life substantially. Diagram 1 indi
cates the relationship between bearing serv
ice life and preload/clearance. In electric
machines heat dissipation from the rotor or in
the stator coils will strongly influence bearing
clearance or preload. Because of the risk that
an excessive preload implies for the operational
reliability of a bearing arrangement, and
because of the complexity of the calculations
normally required to establish the appropriate
preload force, it is advisable to contact the
SKF application engineering service.
Cages
Rolling bearings are available with a variety
of cages and cage materials. Each is suited for
different applications and operating condi
tions. Information about some cage types and
materials is presented in the discussion on
bearing types. More information about cages
and their materials can be found in the SKF
General Catalogue.
Diagram 1
Relationship between bearing service life and preload/clearance
Service life
Preload 0 Clearance
16
Calculation example
Calculation example Fig. 2
Electric servomotor
Select bearings for a servomotor with a gear
drive for horizontal mounting († fig. 2). The 'S
minimum required bearing life is 30 000 h. E

9
The bearing bore diameter needs to be 'B
E
25 mm on the drive end and 20 mm on the

non-drive end. Low maintenance is request 'U
ed. Therefore, sealed bearings should be Z E
selected. It is crucial to choose high sealing [

[
efficiency, since the environment contains [

1
dust particles coming from a brake mounted
near the non-drive end bearing. Y
Use the calculation tools in the SKF Interac

x1 = 24 mm d1 = 25 mm
tive Engineering Catalogue, available online at z1 = 55 mm d2 = 20 mm
www.skf.com, or the equations in the SKF z2 = 230 mm d3 = 30 mm
General Catalogue. The calculation will give
the basic rating life according to ISO, L10h, and
the SKF rating life L10mh. The SKF rating life
takes into account fatigue load limits, lubrica the contamination factor hc can generally be
tion conditions and contamination levels. set at 0,8. Note: The values for bearings with
Since sealed bearings are greased-for-life, be Normal clearance should be used in this cal
sure to check that the service life of the grease culation since C3 clearance already accom
in the bearings meets or exceeds the required modates thermal expansion of the shaft and
life of the bearings in the motor. Be aware reduction of clearance due to the temperature
that motor life is often dependent on the life gradient.
of the lubricant in greased-for-life electric The life requirement is 30 000 h and the
motor bearings. static safety factor s0 > 1.
SKF rating life

Bearing selection Calculations are made according to the calcu
The most commonly bearing arrangement lation tools in the SKF Interactive Engineering
for electric motors uses two deep groove ball Catalogue, available online at www.skf.com,
bearings. One bearing is located and accom or the equations in the SKF General Catalogue.
modates the axial load. The non-locating Results can be found in the table “Calculation
bearing accommodates the shaft expansion. results”.
In this example the bearing at the drive-end
is the locating one († chapter 2 “Bearing
arrangements”, starting on page 37). Choose
a bearing clearance larger than normal, C3, Given data
assuming there is a temperature gradient in
the bearing from heat generated in the rotor. Gear forces dynamic static
radial load Fr kN 0,50 2,20
When selecting the lubricant for a sealed tangential load Ft kN 1,25 5,45
bearing, the initial approach is to check if the axial load Fa kN 0,55 2,40
SKF standard grease will be adequate. It has Speed n r/min 3 000
a 70 mm2/s viscosity at 40 °C (100 °F) and
has a temperature range of –30 to +110 °C Operating temperature t °C (°F) 80 (175)
(–20 to +230 °F). For safe operating tempera
tures, refer to the section ”Temperature range
– the SKF traffic light concept” on page 61. Bearing load calculation
To obtain efficient sealing, bearings with a Drive end bearing dynamic static
contact seal on both sides should be selected. radial load Fr kN 1,65 7,19
axial load Fa kN 0 0
Non-drive end bearing

Life calculations radial load Fr kN 0,31 1,35
axial load Fa kN 0,55 2,40
Use the SKF rating life calculation to select the
appropriate bearings for the application. When
calculating bearing life for sealed bearings,
17
Calculation example
For the drive end, the SKF rating life of or WT. The result of these calculations is
25 200 h for an SKF Explorer († page 21) found in the table “Calculation results”.
6205-2RSH/C3 bearing is insufficient. There Both SKF Explorer bearings with a GJN
fore, an SKF Explorer 6305-2RS1/C3 is or WT grease fulfil the requirements.
selected, indicating an SKF rating life of
236 600 h.
For the non-drive end, the SKF rating life of Conclusion
128 900 h for an SKF Explorer 6204-2RSH/C3 Using sealed bearings with a standard grease
bearing is more than adequate. fill in this application does not result in the
required 30 000 h rating life due to insuffi
Grease life cient grease life. By using the same bearings,
Grease life calculations are made according to but with specific greases for electric motors,
the method described in the section “Grease designation suffix GJN or WT, requirements
life in sealed bearings” on pages 70 and 71. are met.
Grease life calculations can also be made The use of SKF Explorer bearings offers
according to the calculating tools in the SKF a further very interesting possibility: Down
Interactive Engineering Catalogue, available sizing. Both bearings can be downsized.
online at www.skf.com. Calculations with
Drive end bearing: 6305-2RS1/C3. • an SKF Explorer 6205-2RSH/C3

The following values are determined: bearing at the drive end
• an SKF Explorer 6004-2RSH/C3
• From diagram 4, page 70, the grease life bearing at the non-drive end
for load conditions C/P = 15. With a grease • both bearings with a specific electric
performance factor GPF = 1, operating motor grease fill, designation suffix GJN
temperature t = 80 °C (175 °F) and n ¥ dm or WT
value 130 500, the grease life value of
24 500 h is obtained. also fulfil the requirements († results in the
• From table 7, page 71, the adjustment table “Calculation results – Downsizing”).
factor for increased loads. With Bearings in the 62 and 63 series are typic
C/P = 14,18, an adjustment factor of 0,95 ally used in electric motors. However, from
is obtained. the calculations above it stands clear that
when electric motor designers want to down
Therefore grease life is 24 500 ¥ 0,95 ≈ size they can achieve this by using SKF
23 300 h. Explorer bearings with the appropriate grease
selection. Downsizing can result in not only
Non-drive end bearing: 6204-2RSH/C3. a smaller footprint of the motor but also
The following values are determined: material savings as the width of the motor
shields can be reduced.
• From diagram 4, page 70, the grease life
for load conditions C/P = 15. With GPF = 1,
operating temperature t = 80 °C (175 °F)
and n ¥ dm value 100 500, the grease life
value of 29 000 h is obtained.
• From table 7, page 71, the adjustment fac
tor for increased loads. With C/P = 13,37,
an adjustment factor of 0,90 is obtained.
Therefore grease life is 29 000 ¥ 0,90 ≈

26 200 h.
Further considerations
The calculations result in more than adequate
SKF rating life for both bearings. However the
grease life is the limiting factor.
Therefore alternative calculations can be
made for the same bearings with a grease
specifically formulated for applications such
as electric motors, designation suffix GJN
18
Calculation example
Calculation results1)
Drive end Non-drive end

Bearings 6305- 6305- 6305- 6204- 6204- 6204-
2RS1/ 2RS1/ 2RS1/ 2RSH/ 2RSH/ 2RSH/
C3 C3GJN C3WT C3 C3GJN C3WT
Dynamic conditions
Equivalent bearing load P kN 1,65 1,65 1,65 1,01 1,01 1,01
Dynamic carrying capacity C kN 23,4 23,4 23,4 13,5 13,5 13,5
C/P 14,18 14,18 14,18 13,37 13,37 13,37
Basic rating life L10 106 2 850 2 850 2 850 2 390 2 390 2 390
Basic rating life L10h h 15 800 15 800 15 800 13 300 13 300 13 300
Fatigue load limit Ru kN 0,49 0,49 0,49 0,28 0,28 0,28
Contamination factor hc 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1
Pu/P ¥ hc 0,238 0,238 0,238 0,222 0,222 0,222
Bearing mean diameter d m mm 43,5 43,5 43,5 33,5 33,5 33,5
n ¥ dm mm/min 130 500 130 500 130 500 100 500 100 500 100 500
Required viscosity n1 mm2/s 10,5 10,5 10,5 11,9 11,9 11,9
Grease viscosity at 80°C n mm2/s 12,9 21,7 15,8 12,9 21,7 15,8
Kappa value k 1,23 2,07 1,51 1,08 1,82 1,32
Life modification factor aSKF 14,9 40,5 22,8 9,71 27,1 15,0
SKF rating life L10mh h 236 600 641 400 361 100 128 900 359 200 198 500
Static conditions
Equivalent bearing load P0 kN 7,19 7,19 7,19 2,00 2,00 2,00
Static load carrying capacity C0 kN 11,6 11,6 11,6 5,0 5,0 5,0
Static safety factor s0 1,61 1,61 1,61 2,50 2,50 2,50
Lubrication2)
Value from diagram L10h h 24 500 49 000 78 000 29 000 58 000 92 000
Load adjustment factor 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,90 0,90 0,90
Grease life L10h h 23 300 46 600 74 000 26 200 52 300 83 100
1) All
calculations are made according to the calculation tools in the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue,
except for the values of the grease life from the diagram on page 72, the values are heavily rounded
2) † chapter ”Lubrication and sealing”, starting on page 59
Calculation results – Downsizing1)
Drive end Non-drive end

Bearings 6205- 6205- 6205- 6004- 6004- 6004-
2RSH/ 2RSH/ 2RSH/ 2RSH/ 2RSH/ 2RSH/
C3 C3GJN C3WT C3 C3GJN C3WT
Dynamic conditions
Equivalent bearing load P kN 1,65 1,65 1,65 0,951 0,951 0,951
Dynamic carrying capacity C kN 14,80 14,80 14,80 9,95 9,95 9,95
C/P 8,97 8,97 8,97 10,46 10,46 10,46
Basic rating life L10 106 720 720 720 1 150 1 150 1 150
Basic rating life L10h h 4 010 4 010 4 010 6 360 6 360 6 360
Fatigue load limit Pu kN 0,335 0,335 0,335 0,212 0,212 0,212
Contamination factor hc 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8
Pu/P ¥ hc 0,162 0,162 0,162 0,178 0,178 0,178
Bearing mean diameter d m mm 38,50 38,50 38,50 31 31 31
n ¥ dm mm/min 115 500 115 500 115 500 93 000 93 000 93 000
Required viscosity n1 mm2/s 11,1 11,1 11,1 12,4 12,4 12,4
Grease viscosity at 80°C n mm2/s 12,9 21,7 15,8 12,9 21,7 15,8
Kappa value k 1,16 1,95 1,42 1,04 1,75 1,27
Life modification factor aSKF 6,28 14,40 8,93 5,99 15,10 8,86
SKF rating life L10mh h 25 200 57 700 35 800 38 100 96 200 56 400

Static conditions
Equivalent bearing load P0 kN 7,19 7,19 7,19 2,00 2,00 2,00
Static load carrying capacity C0 kN 7,8 7,8 7,8 5,0 5,0 5,0
Static safety factor s0 1,08 1,08 1,08 2,50 2,50 2,50

2)
Lubrication
Value from diagram L10h h 26 500 53 000 84 000 31 500 63 000 100 000
Load adjustment factor 0,60 0,60 0,60 0,70 0,70 0,70
Grease life L10h h 15 900 31 800 50 500 22 000 44 000 69 900
1) All
calculations are made according to the calculation tools in the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue,
except for the values of the grease life from the diagram on page 72, the values are heavily rounded
2) † chapter ”Lubrication and sealing”, starting on page 59
19
Deep groove ball bearings
20
Deep groove ball bearings
Deep groove ball bearings Other greases for specific environments

(e.g. food, pharmaceutical and medical appli
Deep groove ball bearings are most typically cations) and extreme temperature conditions
found in both the locating and non-locating (e.g. ovens, smoke extraction fans) can also be
positions of small to medium sized electric supplied on demand. Please contact the SKF
motors and in the locating position of medium application engineering service.
to large sized electric motors and generators.
Quiet running is one of the most important
advantages of the deep groove ball bearing SKF Explorer deep groove ball
over other types of rolling element bearings. bearings – for premium
A varied assortment and economical price performance
levels also make deep groove ball bearings With the SKF Explorer performance class of 1
very popular. deep groove ball bearings, SKF enables cus
Along with quiet running, low cost and tomers to benefit from solutions developed
a varied assortment, there are many other for advanced applications. Typical examples
features that make deep groove ball bearings of SKF Explorer features are:
a common choice for electric motors. Deep
groove ball bearings have low friction and • Optimized internal geometry and rolling
high-speed capability. They can carry radial, contact surface.
axial and combined loads, making them suit • Upgraded ball quality.
able for use in both the locating and non- • ISO class P6 for dimensional accuracy and
locating positions of the motor. Axial springs closer tolerances on width deviation.
can be used with non-locating deep groove • Depending on sizes, running accuracy
ball bearings to further reduce noise and up to 2 classes better than Normal.
vibration levels. • High cleanliness steel.
Deep groove ball bearings with seals or
shields on both sides are greased-for-life Such features provide SKF Explorer deep
and require no maintenance. groove ball bearings, amongst others, with
substantial improvement in accuracy, which
results in superior performance in quiet run
Features and benefits ning and speed capability. It also results in
Features and benefits of SKF deep groove ball longer service life.
bearings include: SKF Explorer bearings retain the designa
tions of earlier standard bearings. However,
• A large assortment of greased-for-life each bearing and its box is marked with the
bearings. name “EXPLORER”.
• A variety of greases including an SKF
standard grease for ultra quiet running, as
well as food-grade greases for applications
in the food, pharmaceutical and medical
industries and in particular wide tempera
ture greases that contribute to longer
grease life.
• Low friction and reduced sensitivity to
misalignment.
• Highly efficient sealing options including
contact seals, low friction seals and shields.
For high performance electric motors (e.g.

frequency inverter fed motors), SKF has
developed a specific range of shielded and
sealed bearings filled with a high performance
wide temperature grease (designation suffix
WT). This grease, based on a polyurea thick
ener with an ester base oil has a temperature
range of –40 to +110 °C (–40 to +230 °F)
(table 1 on page 62). For safe operating tem
peratures, † section ”Temperature range -
the SKF traffic light concept” on page 61.
21
Cylindrical roller bearings
22
Cylindrical roller bearings cial shaft and housing fit requirements, Nor
mal clearance (CN) is preferred over C3 clear
Cylindrical roller bearings are typically used ance for cylindrical roller bearings used in
in belt or gear driven medium to large sized electric motors and generators. With a normal
electric motors, where heavy radial loads pre fit, the rollers should be sufficiently loaded to
vail. These bearings are usually used in the reduce noise and the risk of smearing.
non-locating drive side position, in combina
tion with a deep groove ball bearing in the
locating position. Common types of cylindrical SKF Explorer cylindrical roller
roller bearings are the N and NU († fig. 3) bearings – for premium
designs having one double flanged ring carry performance
ing the roller and cage assembly; the other Developments in the areas of steel produc 1
ring has no flanges, to enable free displace tion, heat treatment, manufacturing and
ment relative to the other ring. Other types design have considerably increased the per
of cylindrical roller bearings, such as the NJ formance of SKF cylindrical roller bearings.
(† fig. 4) and NUP designs, have one double SKF Explorer cylindrical roller bearings provide:
flanged outer ring carrying the roller and
cage assembly, the inner ring has one or two • Increased load carrying capacity.
flanges that can accommodate light axial • More compact machine designs by using
loads in one or both directions. These are smaller bearings.
routinely used in vibratory motors. • Increased service life and higher reliability
of existing machines.
• Quieter running.
Features and benefits
SKF cylindrical roller bearings have high radial SKF Explorer bearings retain the designations
load carrying capability as well as relatively of earlier standard bearings. However, each
high-speed capability. Cylindrical roller bear bearing and its box is marked with the name
ings are of separable design; the double “EXPLORER”.
flanged ring with the roller and cage assembly
can be separated from the other ring which
simplifies mounting and enables tight shaft
and housing fits.
NU design
Options
The number of cylindrical roller bearing con Fig. 3
figurations is large compared with other bear
ing types. The various flange configurations
(N, NU, NJ and NUP designs) make the bear
ings suitable for a multitude of applications.
Cylindrical roller bearings are available with a
choice of different cages. Small bearings have
a polyamide cage as standard (designation
suffix P). These cages have low friction, are
elastic and have good sliding properties.
Medium-sized bearings have a window-type
steel cage as standard (designation suffix J).
These cages withstand high temperatures and
have good resistance against vibrations. Large NJ design
bearings have a roller guided brass cage as
standard (designation suffix M). These cages Fig. 4
can withstand high speeds and can cope with
vibrations and accelerations.
Internal clearance
Normal radial internal clearance is greater in
a cylindrical roller bearing than a deep groove
ball bearing. As a result, unless there are spe
23
INSOCOAT bearings
24
INSOCOAT bearings
INSOCOAT bearings • Provides two features in one solution:

a bearing function and electrical insulation
SKF provides electrically insulated bearings, function.
called INSOCOAT, that protect a bearing • Virtually eliminates arcing related failures
against electric current passage. Insulated to improve uptime.
bearings are generally mounted on the non- • Reduces maintenance costs.
drive end of converter equipped induction • Cost-effective when compared with other
motors and at both bearing locations in gen insulating solutions (to prevent electric cur
erators, such as used in wind turbines. rent damage in bearings).
Insocoat bearings are available with an • Global availability – in more than 130 coun
insulating coating on either the outer ring tries and at 7 000 distribution locations
(designation suffix VL0241) or the inner ring worldwide. 1
(designation suffix VL2071)
An outer ring coating can be applied to
bearings with an outside diameter above and
including 80 mm. An inner ring coating can
be applied to bearings with a bore diameter
above and including 70 mm. The aluminium
oxide coating is applied to the bearing surface
by a unique plasma-spraying technology.
In principle, any bearing type can be elec
trically insulated. The standard INSOCOAT
bearing types include deep groove ball bear
ings and cylindrical roller bearings.
Fits can be applied up to and including p6
for inner ring coated bearings and up to and
including P6 for outer ring coated bearings.
INSOCOAT bearings can therefore use the
same fit, as a standard bearing in the same
application.
SKF performs 100 % testing at a voltage
of 1 000 V DC. Lab tests show that electrical
breakdown occurs above 3 000 V DC.
INSOCOAT bearings have a minimum
ohmic resistance of 50 MW.

INSOCOAT bearings provide the following fea
tures and benefits:
• Outstanding coating quality and adherence.

• High performance in humid environments.
The coating is virtually insensitive to heat
and chemicals.
• Simple mounting and dismounting.
INSOCOAT bearings should be handled with
the same care as standard bearings.
• Standard boundary dimensions according
to ISO.
• Environmentally friendly.
• Coating the inner ring of a bearing enhan
ces the protection against electric current
damage; particularly in applications
where damage is caused by high frequency
currents.
25
Hybrid bearings
26
Hybrid bearings
Hybrid bearings – High temperatures.

– Vertical shaft.
Hybrid bearings have rings made from bear – Outer ring rotation.
ing steel and rolling elements made from – Air streams.
bearing grade silicon nitride. Silicone nitride
is a low density, high strength ceramic mater Silicon nitride and steel are an excellent
ial that has a high degree of toughness and combination of materials. The friction coef
hardness and also has excellent insulating ficient between silicon nitride and steel is
properties. lower than steel-on-steel for a dry sliding
When used as an insulator, the ceramic contact. The adhesion between silicon
rolling elements in a hybrid bearing prevent nitride and steel is low, micro welding does
damaging electric currents from passing not occur and there is no risk of smearing. 1
through the bearing. This is one of the main As a result, hybrid bearings can run at low
reasons for using hybrid bearings in electric er temperatures even with a very thin
motors and generators († chapter 6 “Bear lubricant film.
ing damage and corrective actions”, starting
on page 91). • Improve grease life
High speed electric motors use hybrid Hybrid bearings generate less friction and
bearings because they provide substantially less heat than comparably sized all-steel
longer service life and lower friction than bearings. The resulting lower temperatures
traditional all-steel bearings. improve grease life so that grease can last
3 to 5 times longer depending on the app
lication and operating conditions.
• Prevent passage of electrical current • Resist wear caused by solid particle
Silicon nitride is an electric insulator. contamination
Silicon nitride is very hard, harder than
• Ability to run at higher speeds most particles that can occur as contam
– Lower density: Silicon nitride has a den inants in a bearing. Under contaminated
sity of only 40 % of that of steel, resulting conditions, ceramic rolling elements are not
in much lighter rolling elements. This affected by the overrolling of contaminant
means higher speeds, less weight, lower particles and, in fact, will either crush them,
inertia, more rapid starts and stops. or, will flatten out dents in the steel rings.
– Low friction: Silicon nitride’s low coeffi
cient of friction enhances wear resistance • Resist vibration
enabling the bearing to run cooler even Silicon nitride rolling elements on steel
under poor lubrication conditions. This raceways have high wear-resistance, wear
means better lubrication, less noise, that otherwise might occur when bearings
lower operating temperatures. at standstill are exposed to vibrations.
– Higher modulus of elasticity: The ceramic
material has a 50 % higher modulus of
elasticity than steel. The ceramic rolling
elements therefore increase bearing
stiffness.
– Lower coefficient of thermal expansion:
Ceramic material has a thermal expan
sion only 29 % of that of steel. This means
less sensitivity of the rolling elements to
temperature gradients for more accurate
preload control.
• Improve service life

Hybrid bearings can improve the service life
of those applications where poor lubrication
is caused by any of the following conditions:
27
Angular contact ball bearings
28
Angular contact ball bearings
Angular contact ball Depending on the bearing series and size,

bearings SKF double row angular contact ball bearings
are fitted as standard with two of each of the
Angular contact ball bearings are used pri following cages
marily as locating bearings in vertical electric
motors when heavy axial loads cannot be • an injection moulded snap-type cage of
accommodated by deep groove ball bearings. glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6, ball
Available in either a single or double row centred (designation suffix TN9)
design, angular contact ball bearings have • a pressed snap-type steel cage, ball centred
a high axial load carrying capacity as well as (no designation suffix or designation suffix
high speed capability. J1)
A double row angular contact ball bearing • a pressed steel crown cage, ball centred 1
or a pair of universally matched single row (no designation suffix).
angular contact ball bearings can also accom
modate heavier radial loads.
Single row angular contact ball The ability to accommodate heavy axial loads
bearings and high speeds make angular contact ball
Depending on the bearing series and size, bearings an excellent choice for a number of
SKF single row angular contact ball bearings electric motor applications.
are fitted as standard with one of the follow
ing cages
SKF Explorer angular contact ball
• an injection moulded window-type cage of bearings – for premium
glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6, ball performance
centred (designation suffix P) SKF is continuously working to improve the
• an injection moulded window-type cage of performance and durability of its products.
glass fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone SKF Explorer angular contact ball bearings
(PEEK), ball centred (designation suffix PH) make a difference. These bearings can pro
• a pressed window-type brass cage, ball vide:
centred (designation suffix Y)
• a machined window-type brass cage, ball • Even longer service life.
centred (designation suffix M). • Even higher reliability.
• Even more performance.
For most popular sizes, SKF manufactures as
standard universally matchable bearings, There are many factors adding up to this new
which provide a very controlled clearance or performance class, including:
preload when the bearings are mounted
back-to-back or face-to-face († the SKF • Improved materials.
General Catalogue for clearance and preload • Optimized internal geometry.
tables). • Higher precision.
• New heat treatment.
High-precision single row angular • Higher ball quality.
contact ball bearings • Improved cages.
These bearings, which are manufactured to • Manufactured for universal matching
different high-precision classes, are available as standard.
with a phenolic cage and either steel or • New shields for double row bearings.
ceramic balls. There is a choice of two contact
angles and three preload levels and in some SKF Explorer angular contact ball bearings
instances sealed bearings are also available. are not an extension of the assortment. They
These bearings are typically used in very replace final variants of the previous types.
high-speed applications, such as spindle SKF Explorer bearings retain the designa
motors. tions of earlier standard bearings. However,
each bearing and its box is marked with the
Double row angular contact ball name “EXPLORER”.
bearings
With or without seals or shields, double row
angular contact ball bearings are produced to
both Normal and C3 internal axial clearance.
29
Spherical roller bearings
30
Spherical roller bearings SKF Explorer spherical roller

bearings – for premium
Spherical roller bearings are commonly used performance
in large, oil lubricated electric motors and Over the years, manufacturing and materials
generators († section “Large and very large research and process improvements have
electric machines” on page 109). Spherical enabled machine components to get smaller
roller bearings are also found in large motors without decreasing power output. With each
and generators that use plummer block hous developmental milestone, engineers were
ings. given a choice: Either downsize the application
or increase power output. SKF Explorer
spherical roller bearings represent the next
Features and benefits significant improvement in performance. But 1
SKF spherical roller bearings have very high this is not just a short step to the next level.
load-carrying capabilities. They incorporate This is a quantum leap in bearing performance.
special features such as self-guiding rollers Extensive tests and use in the field have
(exclusively SKF spherical roller bearings) that proven that these bearings not only can last
enable the bearings to generate less heat up to three times longer than other spherical
during operation. The bearings are self-align roller bearings on the market, but also have
ing and consequently insensitive to misalign pushed the risk of early failures far up the
ment. SKF spherical roller bearings are avail time line.
able with either a cylindrical or tapered bore This opens up a new world of possibilities.
and can be mounted in standard housings as If you size-down with an SKF Explorer spher
well as special housings designed for large ical roller bearing, not only will you be able to
motors and generators († section “SKF reduce noise, vibration and warranty costs,
flanged housing units with rolling bearings” but you will also be able to build additional
on page 109). Spherical roller bearings value in each component by increasing speed,
designed for vibratory applications are also improving service intervals, reducing heat and
available. power consumption and controlling your cus
SKF also has a standard assortment of tomer’s maintenance costs.
sealed spherical roller bearings that can sig SKF is continuously working to improve the
nificantly simplify the sealing arrangement. performance and durability of its products.
SKF Explorer spherical roller bearings make
a difference. These bearings can provide:
Internal clearance
Spherical roller bearings normally carry rela • Even longer service life.
tively heavier loads than for instance deep • Even less risk of early failures.
groove ball bearings. Accordingly, the rings • Even higher reliability.
of spherical roller bearings require tighter fits. • Even more performance.
To compensate for the necessary clearance
reduction after mounting, they have greater SKF Explorer bearings retain the designations
internal clearance than deep groove ball of earlier standard bearings. However, each
bearings. As a result, unless there are special bearing and its box is marked with the name
shaft and housing fit requirements, Normal “EXPLORER”.
clearance (CN) is preferred over C3 clearance
for spherical roller bearings used in electric
machines. With a Normal (CN) clearance and
a normal fit, the rollers should be sufficiently
loaded to reduce noise and the risk of smearing.
31
CARB toroidal roller bearings
32
CARB toroidal roller bearings
CARB toroidal roller Internal clearance

bearings The internal radial clearance of a CARB bear
ing is greater than the clearance levels for
The CARB toroidal roller bearing can support comparable spherical roller bearings and
very heavy radial loads. It is intended exclu cylindrical roller bearings having the same
sively as a non-locating bearing and as such clearance class. This is because the axial dis
is an excellent choice with its combination of placement of one ring in relation to the other
self-aligning and axial alignment properties. will reduce the radial clearance in CARB bear
The rollers of the CARB bearing are self-guid ings. Since the levels are higher than those
ing and will always adopt the position where corresponding to other rolling bearings, the
the load is evenly distributed over the roller preferred clearance level for CARB bearings
length – irrespective of whether the inner ring in electric motors and generators is Normal 1
is axially displaced and/or misaligned relative clearance.
to the outer ring. The CARB bearing adapts
to both angular misalignment and axial dis
placement simultaneously. These excellent SKF Explorer CARB toroidal roller
features mean that CARB bearings can extend bearings – for premium
service life, increase uptime and reduce main performance
tenance costs where conventional bearings All CARB bearings are manufactured to
might experience premature failure. the SKF Explorer performance class.

CARB bearings are used in small, medium
and large electric motors and generators as
the non-locating bearing to accommodate
axial expansion of the shaft. In belt and geared
motors, the CARB bearing also accommo
dates heavy radial loads. The CARB bearing
is unique in its design as it can accommodate
axial expansion of the shaft internally like a
cylindrical roller bearing and misalignment
like a spherical roller bearing. In addition, the
CARB bearing has high load carrying capabil
ity, low friction and where needed a compact
cross section like a needle roller bearing. The
unique roller design makes the CARB bearing
less sensitive to skidding under light loads,
making it possible for this bearing to be used
in coupled motors with relatively light loads.
Misalignment and axial

displacement
CARB bearings can accommodate up to 0,5
degrees of misalignment without affecting
bearing performance. Axial displacement
capability is a function of the radial clearance
in the bearing and the misalignment between
the inner ring and outer ring.
33
Spherical roller thrust bearings
34
Spherical roller thrust The longer bearing service life of SKF

bearings Explorer spherical roller thrust bearings opens
up a new world of possibilities. If you size-
Spherical roller thrust bearings have the high down with an SKF Explorer bearing, not only
est carrying capacity of all thrust roller bear will you be able to reduce vibration levels and
ings. In addition to very heavy thrust loads warranty costs, but you will also be able to
they can also accommodate heavy simultan build additional value into each component by
eously acting radial loads. This, together with increasing speed, improving service intervals,
the inherent self-aligning feature makes them reducing heat and power consumption and
the natural choice for electrical machines sub controlling your customer’s maintenance
jected to heavy thrust loads. A school example costs.
is vertical power turbines. SKF is continuously working to improve the 1
Spherical roller thrust bearings can also performance and durability of its products.
be used as a replacement for hydrostatic SKF Explorer spherical roller thrust bearings
or hydrodynamic bearings. make a difference. These bearings can pro
vide:
Features and benefits • Even longer service life.

The main features of spherical roller thrust • Even less risk of early failures
bearings is their possibility to accommodate • Even higher reliability.
very heavy thrust loads, simultaneously acting • Even more performance.
heavy radial loads, misalignment and relatively
high speeds. SKF Explorer bearings retain the designations
Furthermore, spherical roller thrust bear of earlier standard bearings. However, each
ings are of separable design, i.e. the shaft bearing and its box is marked with the name
washer with the cage and roller assembly “EXPLORER”.
can be mounted separately from the housing
washer, which simplifies mounting.
The ability to maximize the effects of an oil
bath by creating an internal pumping action
makes spherical roller thrust bearings a very
cost-effective choice when compared to
hydrostatic bearings that require an oil pres
sure system. Grease lubrication is also pos
sible in moderate speed applications.
Due to the self-aligning capability, spherical
roller thrust bearings accommodate misalign
ment of the shaft relatively to the housing and
shaft deflection or bending.
SKF Explorer spherical roller thrust

bearings – for premium
performance
Over the years, manufacturing and materials
research and process improvements have
enabled machine components to get smaller
without decreasing power output. With each
developmental milestone, engineers were
given a choice: Either downsize the application
or increase power output. SKF Explorer
spherical roller thrust bearings represent the
next significant improvement in performance.
But this is not just a short step to the next lev
el. This is a quantum leap in bearing perform
ance. Tests have shown that these spherical
roller thrust bearings can last up to three
times longer than other bearings.
35
###
37 Selecting a bearing arrangement
47 Preloading with springs

Bearing arrangements
Bearings in electric motors and generators must support the

rotor radially and locate it axially in relation to the stator. To do
this, bearing arrangements principally use locating bearing
and a non-locating bearing.
In most medium and large motors and generators, the 2
locating bearing is a deep groove ball bearing, while the non-
locating bearing is typically a deep groove ball bearing, a cylin
drical roller bearing of NU or N design, or a CARB bearing.
Smaller motors, fitted with two deep groove ball bearings
mounted on a short shaft often have a cross-locating bearing
arrangement.
Selecting a bearing motor, such as service life, noise levels and

arrangement maintenance. Sometimes the requirements
are such that a compromise may be neces
Most motors are designed with a locating and sary. For example, if an application has high
non-locating bearing arrangement. The locat operating temperatures, it may not be pos
ing bearing positions the shaft axially. sible to use greased-for-life bearings that
The non-locating bearing is designed to have seals or shields. Instead, relubrication
accommodate thermal expansion of the shaft, features may be necessary.
otherwise excessive axial forces could be
induced on the bearing arrangement. Some
bearing types, such as a deep groove ball
bearing, can be used in both the locating and
non-locating positions. Other bearing types
are either locating, such as angular contact
ball bearings, or non-locating, such as CARB
bearings and most cylindrical roller bearings.
When a deep groove ball bearing is used
in the non-locating position, the outer ring
must be able to move axially to accommo-
date thermal shaft expansion. This requires
a loose fit on the bearing outer ring († fig. 1,
page 38). If a cylindrical roller bearing or
a CARB bearing is used in the non-locating
position, axial expansion will be accommo
dated within the bearing; therefore, a tight fit
in the housing and on the shaft can be applied
beneficially.
Different application requirements need
to be considered when designing an electric
37
Selecting a bearing arrangement
Arrangements for coupling drives through an opening in the underside of the

cover.
Small motors To seal the bearing arrangement, a laby
Small motors generally use a cross-locating rinth seal is used at the drive end and a V-ring
arrangement with two deep groove ball bear at the non-drive end. Felt seals are used on
ings. The shaft is axially located in one direc the inner covers to prevent grease from leak
tion by the one bearing and in the opposite ing into the rotor area.
direction by the other bearing. To meet low
noise requirements, deep groove ball bearing
arrangements are usually axially preloaded Arrangements for belt drives
with springs († fig. 1). The axial load from
the springs provides the minimum load Small motors
requirements for the bearing. The springs also Small motors, up to a frame size of 132, are
centre and guide the rotor to reduce vibrations usually equipped with two deep groove ball
and noise for a quieter running motor. bearings († “Arrangements for coupling
The typical small motor housing uses a gap drives – Small motors”, above).
type seal. For additional protection, the bear
ings are equipped with shields and are Medium to large motors
greased-for-life. This type of sealing arrange Electric motors intended for belt drives can
ment is suitable for dry, clean environments. use either a cylindrical roller bearing or a
For more contaminated environments a low CARB bearing in the non-locating position
friction seal is recommended. at the drive side.
Either of these bearings will accommodate
Medium to large motors the thermal shaft expansion and the radial
The typical bearing arrangement in a medium loads caused by belt tension. Because both
or large motor uses two deep groove ball the CARB and cylindrical roller bearings
bearings where the bearing on the drive end accommodate axial expansion internally, the
is the locating bearing and the bearing on the bearings need to be located axially. Note that
non-drive end is the non-locating bearing. an interference fit alone is not sufficient to
The outer ring of the bearing in the non- secure a bearing ring axially.
locating position must be able to move axially
to accommodate thermal expansion of the
shaft. This requires a loose fit in the housing.
Medium and large electric motors are usu
ally equipped with open bearings that require
relubrication. If the bearings need frequent
relubrication, the motor should be equipped
with grease escape valves († fig. 2 and
chapter 4 “Lubrication and sealing”, starting
on page 59). Excess grease is collected by
a rotating disc, discharged into a cavity in the
end-cover by centrifugal force, and ejected
Fig. 1
Bearing arrangement
with spring preloaded
deep groove ball
bearings
38
Fig. 2
Locating bearing Non-locating bearing
Medium-sized three
phase electric motor
with relubrication
devices and grease
escape valves
Aluminium housings
The coefficient of expansion for aluminium
is more than two times greater than for cast
iron or steel. Therefore, for motors with
aluminium housings, steps should be taken
to prevent the outer ring from rotating in its
seating. This usually happens to the non-
locating bearing because it often has a loose
fit in the housing. It can also happen in appli
cations where the direction of load is indeter
minate.
To prevent the outer ring from moving,
an O-ring groove can be cut into the bearing
seating, and a rubber O-ring installed. When
designed correctly, the O-ring will apply
enough pressure to the outer ring to prevent
it from spinning in the housing bore († fig. 3,
page 40).
39
Fig. 3
Arrangement with
aluminium housings
equipped with O-rings
to prevent outer ring
rotation
Design guidelines for O-ring grooves

To prevent the bearing from shearing the O-
ring during installation, the O-ring groove
needs to be sufficiently recessed. Fig. 4 pro
vides guidelines for dimensioning. The groove
should be designed according to the standard
values for static application of O-rings.
The hardness of the O-ring should be
approximately 70° IRH.
Examples of typical bearing

arrangements
Typical bearing arrangements used in indus
trial electric motors and generators are shown
on pages 41 to 46.
Fig. 4
b
d0
h
e
r
D1
D
e = 0,2 do < r
h = 0,8 do
D1 = D + 2 h, tolerance H10
b = 1,4 do
Guidelines for O-ring
groove dimensions
40
Fig. 5
Shielded deep groove

ball bearing + shielded 2
deep groove ball
bearing
Fig. 6
Shielded deep groove

ball bearing +
cylindrical roller
bearing
Table 1a
Type of bearing Requirements Guidance Loads Remarks

arrangement Noise Speed Mainten- Radial Axial Radial Axial
ance
Horizontal arrangements
Sealed deep groove ball bearing + For small and medium size electric
sealed deep groove ball bearing motors. Low maintenance. Axial
(† fig. 5) guidance is not a key parameter.
– shielded and low friction seals 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 The non-locating bearing is
– contact seals 5 4 5 5 3 3 3 spring preloaded.
Sealed deep groove ball bearing + 3 4 3 3 3 5 3 For medium and large size electric
cylindrical roller bearing motors, with heavy loads on the
(† fig. 6) drive side. Accommodates axial
expansion within the bearing.
5 = Excellent 4 = Very good 3 = Good 2 = Fair 1 = Not recommended
41
Fig. 7
Cylindrical roller
bearing + two
universally matchable
angular contact ball
bearings mounted
face-to-face
Fig. 8
Deep groove ball

bearing + two
universally matchable
angular contact ball
bearings mounted
face-to-face
Table 1b

ance
Cylindrical roller bearing + 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 Electric motors with axial loads

two universally matchable angular acting in both directions and heavy
contact ball bearings mounted radial loads, or when axial guidance
face-to-face († fig. 7) is important.
Deep groove ball bearing + 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 Small electric motors with axial

two universally matchable angular loads acting in both directions and
contact ball bearings mounted moderate radial loads or when
face-to-face († fig. 8) axial guidance is important. The
deep groove ball bearing is spring
preloaded.
42
Fig. 9
Cylindrical roller
bearing + cylindrical
roller bearing and 2
deep groove ball
bearing
Fig. 10
Spherical roller
bearing + spherical
roller bearing
Table 1c

ance
Cylindrical roller bearing + 3 4 3 3 3 5 3 For large electric machines. The

cylindrical roller bearing and deep groove ball bearing, which
deep groove ball bearing is radially free, uses an O-ring
(† fig. 9) to prevent outer ring rotation.

Spherical roller bearing + 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 For very large electric machines
spherical roller bearing and very heavy loads.
(† fig. 10)
43
Fig. 11
Spherical roller
bearing + CARB
bearing
Fig. 12
Sealed deep groove

ball bearing + sealed
deep groove ball
bearing
Table 1d

ance
Spherical roller bearing + 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 For very large electric machines and

CARB bearing († fig. 11) very heavy loads. CARB bearing used
in the non-locating position to accommo-
date axial expansion within the bearing.
Vertical arrangements
Sealed deep groove ball bearing + Standard arrangement for small

sealed deep groove ball bearing and medium electric motors.
(† fig. 12) Small axial loads in both directions.
– low friction seals 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 Upper bearing spring preloaded.
– contact seals 5 4 5 5 3 3 2
44
Fig. 13
Angular contact ball 2

bearing + deep groove
ball bearing
Fig. 14
Two universally
matchable angular
contact ball bearings
in tandem
arrangement + deep
groove ball bearing
Table 1e

ance
Angular contact ball bearing + 5 4 5 5 5 3 4 Standard arrangement for larger

deep groove ball bearing electric motors with moderate axial
(† fig. 13) loads. Axial loads in one direction
(downwards). Lower bearing
is spring preloaded.
Two universally matchable 5 3 4 5 5 3 5 Standard arrangement for larger

angular contact ball bearings electric motors with heavy axial
in tandem arrangement + loads. Axial loads in one direction
deep groove ball bearing (downwards). Lower bearing is
(† fig. 14) spring preloaded.
45
Fig. 15 Fig. 16
Two universally Cylindrical roller

matchable angular bearing + spherical
contact ball bearings roller thrust bearing
in face-to-face
arrangement + deep
groove ball bearing
Table 1f

ance
Two universally matchable 5 3 4 5 5 4 4 Standard arrangement for larger

angular contact ball bearings electric motors with axial loads in
in face-to-face arrangement + both directions. Moderate axial loads.
deep groove ball bearing Lower bearing is spring preloaded.
(† fig. 15)
Cylindrical roller bearing 3 3 4 3 3 5 5 For large vertical electric machines.

+ spherical roller thrust bearingg Heavy downward axial load
(† fig. 16)
46
Preloading with springs
Preloading with springs to check the influence of component toler

ances on noise levels.
An easy way to axially preload a ball bearing
is to use a spring washer or a set of helicoidal
springs to apply pressure to the side face of Preventing false brinelling
the outer ring of the non-locating bearing Damage from false brinelling can occur if
(† fig. 17). To do this the outer ring must bearings are subjected to vibrations when
have a loose fit and be able to move axially stationary or during transportation of the
in its seating. With springs the preload force electrical machine. This type of damage is
remains fairly constant even when there is an described in chapter 6 “Bearing damage
axial displacement due to thermal expansion and corrective actions”, starting on page 91.
of the shaft. Axial preloading with springs can substan
For small electric machines (light rotor tially reduce damage from false brinelling. If
mass) equipped with deep groove ball bear the bearings are spring loaded to reduce false
ings, the requisite preload force can be esti brinelling and not to reduce noise, a factor k
mated from value of 0,02 should be used to calculate the
requisite preload. 2
F=kd
where Minimum load

F = preload force, kN In order to provide satisfactory operation, ball
k = a factor († recommendations under and roller bearings must always be subjected
“Quiet running” and “Preventing false to a minimum load, particularly if they are to
brinelling”) operate at high speeds or are subjected to
d = bearing bore diameter, mm high accelerations or rapid changes in direc
tion of load. Under such conditions, the inertia
forces in the rolling elements and cage, and
Quiet running the friction in the lubricant, can have a detri
To reduce operating noise in an electric motor mental influence on the rolling conditions in
fitted with deep groove ball bearings, an axial the bearing arrangement and may cause
preload should be applied to the outer ring of damaging sliding movements to occur
the non-locating bearing. This preload will between the rolling elements and raceways.
result in an axial load distributed evenly to The formula to calculate the requisite min
all the balls in both bearings to substantially imum load to be applied for different bearings
reduce noise and vibration levels. To calculate types can be found in the relevant product
the required preload, generally factor k values sections in the SKF General Catalogue or in
between 0,005 and 0,01 are considered the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue,
appropriate. To adjust the value of the factor available online at www.skf.com.
k more precisely, tests have to be performed
Fig. 17
Bearing arrangement
with spring preloaded
deep groove ball
bearings
47
Preloading with springs
When starting up at low temperatures or

when the lubricant is highly viscous, even
higher minimum loads may be required. The
weight of the components supported by the
bearing, together with external forces, gener
ally exceeds the requisite minimum load. If
this is not the case, the bearing must be sub
jected to an additional load.
For applications where deep groove ball
bearings are used, this can be achieved by
applying an axial preload instead, by using
springs.
Particular attention needs to be paid to
electric machines having a rigid coupling, gen
erally resulting in a hyperstatic bearing sys
tem. When rigid couplings are aligned very
accurately, by using laser-aligning equipment
for instance, the drive end bearing might
become relatively unloaded, the load being
taken by the bearings on the non-drive end
and on the coupled shaft of the driven
machine. In this case an arrangement with
spring preloaded deep groove ball bearings
is recommended.
48
49
52 Shaft and housing tolerances
54 Recommended fits
Tolerances and fits
A rolling bearing is a precision product. If the load carrying

ability of the bearing is to be fully realized, the outer ring must
be supported around its complete circumference and across
the entire width of the raceway. This support or bearing seat
ing must be stiff and even and must be accurate enough to
meet the objectives of the application. The same holds true
for the shaft. It must be straight, smooth, balanced and sized
correctly. 3
51
Shaft and housing tolerances
Shaft and housing A “stationary load” pertains when both the

tolerances bearing ring and the load are stationary, or if
the ring and load rotate at the same speed so
To prevent relative movement of the inner that the load is always directed towards the
ring to the shaft and of the outer ring to the same point on the ring.
housing, proper shaft and housing fits must Normally, under these conditions the ring
be applied. At the same time the bearing could have a clearance fit. However, when
internal clearance in operation must be kept load directions vary, especially where heavy
within acceptable limits. loads are involved, both rings should have an
A limited number of ISO tolerance grades interference fit. The same inner ring fit as for
are used for rolling bearing applications. a rotating load is recommended. The outer
Fig. 1 illustrates the position of the most ring may have a slightly looser fit. Bearings
commonly used tolerance grades relative to that can accommodate axial displacement
the bearing bore and outside diameter toler internally – like CARB bearings and some
ances. The light-blue areas on the bearing cylindrical roller bearings – usually have an
show the tolerance of the bore diameter and interference fit on both rings.
outside diameter respectively. The red bars
show the tolerance range for shafts (lower
half) and housings (upper half).
Conditions of loading
The conditions of loading are described in
fig. 2. A “rotating load” pertains if the bearing
ring rotates and the load is stationary, or vice
versa. The ring subjected to a rotating load
should have an interference fit, the value
depends on the operating conditions and the
Tolerances bearing type and size.
Fig. 1
Tolerances
Bearing outside for housings
diameter tolerance
+
0
–
F7 G7G6 H10H9H8 H7 H6 J7 JS7 J6 JS6 K6 K7
M6
M7N6
N7 P6
P7
s7min ± IT7/2
r7
p7 r6
p6
n6
m6 n5
k6 m5 s6min ± IT6/2
j6 js6 k5
j5 js5
+ f6 g6 g5 h8 h6 h5
0
–
Bearing bore Tolerances

diameter tolerance for shafts
52
Shaft and housing tolerances
Fig. 2 Conditions of loading

in electric motors
Belt drive or heavy rotor mass, Coupling drive or light rotor mass,
small unbalance significant unbalance
Inner ring: Inner ring:

Rotating load, interference fit recommended Indeterminate load, interference fit recommended
Outer ring: Outer ring:
Stationary load, loose fit recommended1) Indeterminate load, interference fit recommended
1) Bearingsthat can take axial displacement within the bearing, such as CARB bearings and some cylindrical roller
bearings usually have a tight fit for both rings
Influence of load magnitude accelerate lubricant deterioration and cause

To prevent “creeping”, (very slow rotational the bearing to fail prematurely. In severe cases 3
movement of a ring on or in its seating), the the ring may fracture.
fit should be selected relative to the load and
bearing size. The heavier the load or the larger
the bearing, the tighter the interference fit
should be.
Importance of appropriate fits

Proper fits for the bearing on the shaft and in
the housing are keys to long bearing service
life. If the fits are too loose, fretting, smearing
and wear can occur († fig. 3). If heavy loads
prevail, there is even the risk of ring fracture.
If the fits are too tight, the reduction in
bearing internal clearance may result in too
little operating internal clearance. This can
significantly increase operating temperatures,
Fig. 3
Too loose Too tight
• Relative movement can generate • Too much reduction of internal

– wear clearance can
– fretting corrosion – significantly increase operating
– smearing temperature
• Risk of ring fracture – accelerate lubricant deterioration
• Impact thermal expansion
• Cause ring fracture Consequences arising
from wrong fits
53
Recommended fits
Recommended fits ommendations reflect these more demanding

conditions.
For electric motors, recommendations for Additional information on recommended
bearing fits for solid shafts can be found in fits can be found in the SKF General Cata
logue in the section “Application of bearings”,
Table 1: radial bearings with cylindrical bore or in the SKF Interactive Engineering Cata
Table 2: thrust bearings logue online at www.skf.com.
If tight fits need to be applied and there is
and for cast iron and steel housings in a risk that the internal clearance within the
bearing will be significantly reduced, select
Table 3: radial bearings – non split housings. a bearing with a larger internal clearance than
you might normally use († section “Bearing
These recommendations are based on the selection” on page 17).
general bearing selection guidelines, develop When a bearing in an electric motor needs
ments in bearing design and years of experi to be replaced, the shaft and housing seatings
ence for a very wide range of bearings in need to be checked. Information on the applied
electric motor applications. Modern bearings fits should be found in the maintenance manu
can carry substantially greater loads than al of the motor manufacturer. If this informa
previous conventional bearings and the rec tion is not available please refer to tables 1 to 3.
Table 1
Fits for radial bearings on solid steel shafts
Conditions1) Shaft diameter, mm Tolerance

Ball Cylindrical CARB and
bearings1) roller spherical
bearings roller bearings
Rotating inner ring load or direction of load indeterminate
Light or ≤ 17 – – js5
variable loads (17) to 100 ≤ 25 – j6
(P ≤ 0,05 C) (100) to 140 (25) to 60 – k6
- (60) to 140 – m6
Normal to ≤ 10 – – js5
heavy loads (10) to 17 – – j5
(P > 0,05 C) (17) to 100 – < 25 k5
- ≤ 30 – k6
(100) to 140 (30) to 50 25 to 40 m5
(140) to 200 – – m6
– (50) to 65 (40) to 60 n52)
(200) to 500 (65) to 100 (60) to 100 n62)
– (100) to 280 (100) to 200 p63)
> 500 – – p72)
(280) to 500 (200) to 500 r62)
> 500 > 500 r72)
Heavy to very – (50) to 65 (50) to 70 n52)

heavy loads and – (65) to 85 - n62)
shock loads – (85) to 140 (70) to 140 p64)
with difficult – (140) to 300 (140) to 280 r65)
working conditions – (300) to 500 (280) to 400 s6min ± IT6/24)6)
(P > 0,1 C) – > 500 > 400 s7min ± IT7/24)6)
1) For deep groove ball bearings, radial clearance greater than Normal is often needed when the shaft tolerances in the table above are used. Some
times the working conditions require tighter fits to prevent ball bearing inner rings from turning (creeping) on the shaft. If proper clearance, mostly
larger than Normal clearance is selected, the tolerances below can then be used.
• k4 for shaft diameters 10 to 17 mm
• k5 for shaft diameters (17) to 25 mm
• m5 for shaft diameters (25) to 140 mm
• n6 for shaft diameters (140) to 300 mm
• p6 for shaft diameters (300) to 500 mm
For additional information please contact the SKF application engineering service.
2) Bearings with radial internal clearance greater than Normal may be necessary.
3) Bearings with radial internal clearance greater than Normal may be necessary and are recommended for d ≤ 150 mm. For d > 150 mm
bearings with radial internal clearance greater than Normal may be necessary.
4) Bearings with radial internal clearance greater than Normal are recommended.
5) Bearings with radial internal clearance greater than Normal may be necessary. For cylindrical roller bearings radial internal clearance
greater than Normal is recommended.
6) For tolerance values please consult the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue online at www.skf.com or contact the SKF application engineering service.
54
Recommended fits
Fits for aluminium housings place and unable to spin in the housing bore
The coefficient of expansion for aluminium († fig. 4 on page 40).
is more than two times greater than for cast
iron or steel. Therefore, for motors with alu
minium housings in particular, steps should Influence of temperature gradient
be taken to prevent the outer ring from rotat when selecting the housing fit
ing in its seating. To do this, start by selecting Electric motors and generators generate heat
a tighter tolerance for the housing, e.g. use in the rotor and stator coils and are often
a J7 instead of an H7. Another way to prevent equipped with a fan to cool the system. These
the outer ring from rotating is to cut an O- fans, which are used to cool the housing
ring groove into the bearing seating and (motor-end shield), can create a temperature
install a rubber O-ring. When designed cor differential between the housing and the
rectly, the O-ring will apply enough pressure bearing outer ring. This can cause a problem
so that the bearing outer ring will be held in with the non-locating bearing if it needs to
Table 2
Fits for thrust bearings on solid steel shafts
Conditions Shaft diameter, mm Tolerance
Combined radial and axial loads acting

on spherical roller thrust bearings
3
Stationary load on shaft washer ≤ 250 j6
> 250 js6
Rotating load on shaft washer, ≤200 k6

or direction of load indeterminate (200) to 400 m6
> 400 n6
Table 3
Fits for radial bearings in cast iron and steel housings – non-split housings
Conditions Examples Tolerance Displacement

of outer ring
Stationary outer ring load
Loads of all kinds Catalogue electric motors H6 (H71)) Can be displaced
Heat conduction through Large electric machines G6 (G72)) Can be displaced

shaft, efficient stator cooling with spherical roller bearings.
Induction motors

Accurate and quiet Small electric J63) Can be displaced as a rule
running motors

Direction of load indeterminate
Light and normal loads Medium sized electric J74) Can be displaced as a rule
(P ≤ 0,1 C) axial displacement machines
of outer ring desirable

Normal and heavy loads Medium-sized or large K7 Cannot be displaced
(P > 0,05 C), axial electric machines with
displacement of outer cylindrical roller bearings or
ring unnecessary CARB bearings

Heavy shock loads Heavy traction motors M7 Cannot be displaced
1) For large bearings (D > 250 mm). If temperature differences between outer ring and housing > 10 °C, G7 should be used instead of H7
2) For large bearings (D > 250 mm). If temperature differences between outer ring and housing > 10 °C, F7 should be used instead of G7
3) When easy displacement is required use H6 instead of J6
4) When easy displacement is required use H7 instead of J7
55
Recommended fits
move axially in its seating to accommodate Under these conditions, if a non-separable

thermal expansion of the shaft. To correct the bearing, like a deep groove ball bearing, is
problem, switch to a looser housing fit, i.e. used in the non-locating position, there is
from H7 to G6 or place the axially free bearing a risk that the outer ring will “creep” in its
in a position where there is hot air flow seating, and cause excessive wear. One such
against the end shield. example is marine applications where motors
are submitted to relatively high vibrations.
There are two simple ways to hold the outer
Rotating loads or vibrations ring in place, and virtually eliminate the wear
and loose outer ring fit caused by the ring “creeping” in its seating.
In some applications the direction of load is For smaller motors, the simplest solution
indeterminate, such as: is to axially preload the bearings with springs.
Another method is to install an O-ring in a
• Small motors with light rotor mass, together groove in the housing. Depending on the
with an unbalance. application, either of these methods can be
• Motors with high and strong vibration used to hold the outer ring in place.
levels, such as generators attached to ther If neither of these methods is sufficient, the
mal engines. housing seating can undergo heat treatment
Table 4
Accuracy of form and position for bearing seatings on shafts and in housings
A B
t2 A-B t4 A-B
t1 t3 A-B
A B
dA dB DA DB
t2 A-B t4 A-B
t1 t3 A-B
Surface Permissible deviations

Characteristic Symbol for Bearings of tolerance class1)
characteristic tolerance Normal P6 P5
Cylindrical seating
Cylindricity t1 IT5/2 IT4/2 IT3/2 IT2/2
Total radial runout t3 IT5/2 IT4/2 IT3/2 IT2/2
Flat abutment
Rectangularity t2 IT5 IT4 IT3 IT2
Total axial runout t4 IT5 IT4 IT3 IT2
Explanation
For normal For special demands

demands relative to
running accuracy
or even support
1) For bearings of higher accuracy (tolerance class P4 etc.) please refer to SKF catalogue “High-precision bearings”
56
Recommended fits
or surface treatment or a hardened insert can For additional information about tolerances
be used. Increasing the surface hardness and fits, as well as accuracy of form and posi
above 30 to 35 HRC has been proven to be tion for bearing seatings on shafts and
effective. in housings, please contact the SKF General
Catalogue, section “Application of bearings”,
the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
SKF antifret LGAF 3E online at www.skf.com, or the SKF Bearing
SKF offers a high performing anti-fretting Maintenance Handbook.
agent, SKF LGAF 3E. This is a greasy, smooth
paste specially developed to prevent fretting
corrosion between metal surfaces in loose fit
arrangements.
Accuracy of form and position

A cylindrical bearing seating and abutment
shoulder, whether they are on the shaft or in
the housing, should correspond in accuracy to
the selected bearing († tables 4 and 5). Tol
erances that should be considered include:
• Tolerances for cylindrical form (t1). 3

• Tolerances for perpendicularity (t2).
• Tolerances for total radial and axial
runout (t3 and t4 ).
Table 5
ISO tolerance grades for dimensions
Nominal Tolerance grade

dimension
over incl. IT0 IT1 IT2 IT3 IT4 IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11 IT12
mm μm
1 3 0,5 0,8 1,2 2 3 4 6 10 14 25 40 60 100

3 6 0,6 1 1,5 2,5 4 5 8 12 18 30 48 75 120
6 10 0,6 1 1,5 2,5 4 6 9 15 22 36 58 90 150
10 18 0,8 1,2 2 3 5 8 11 18 27 43 70 110 180

18 30 1 1,5 2,5 4 6 9 13 21 33 52 84 130 210
30 50 1 1,5 2,5 4 7 11 16 25 39 62 100 160 250
50 80 1,2 2 3 5 8 13 19 30 46 74 120 190 300

80 120 1,5 2,5 4 6 10 15 22 35 54 87 140 220 350
120 180 2 3,5 5 8 12 18 25 40 63 100 160 250 400
180 250 3 4,5 7 10 14 20 29 46 72 115 185 290 460

250 315 4 6 8 12 16 23 32 52 81 130 210 320 520
315 400 5 7 9 13 18 25 36 57 89 140 230 360 570
400 500 6 8 10 15 20 27 40 63 97 155 250 400 630

500 630 – – – – – 28 44 70 110 175 280 440 700
630 800 – – – – – 35 50 80 125 200 320 500 800
800 1 000 – – – – – 36 56 90 140 230 360 560 900

1 000 1 250 – – – – – 42 66 105 165 260 420 660 1 050
1 250 1 600 – – – – – 50 78 125 195 310 500 780 1 250
1 600 2 000 – – – – – 60 92 150 230 370 600 920 1 500

2 000 2 500 – – – – – 70 110 175 280 440 700 1 100 1 750
57
59 Lubrication
62 Grease selection
64 Relubrication intervals
70 Grease life in sealed deep

groove ball bearings
72 Oil lubrication
74 Seals
Lubrication
and sealing
If rolling bearings are to operate reliably and realize their full
service life they must be adequately lubricated. The function
of the lubricant is to form a protective oil film that separates
the rolling contact surfaces and prevent metal-to-metal con
tact. The lubricant also protects the bearing and related com
ponents against corrosion. When grease is used as a lubricant,
it can also help protect the bearing against contaminants such
as dirt, dust and water.
Lubrication Fig. 1
4
Some important properties of a lubricant
include viscosity, film forming ability and con
sistency (for grease). The most important
determining factors of the film thickness are
• bearing size
• rotational speed
• bearing temperature
• load
• base oil viscosity.
Grease lubrication
Under normal speed and temperature condi
tions, the bearings in electric motors are usu
ally lubricated with grease. Grease has a
number of advantages when compared to oil.
It enables simpler, more cost-effective hous
ing and sealing designs; while offering better
adhesion and protection against contaminants. Lubrication
mechanisms in
a rolling bearing
59
Lubrication
What is grease? where

Lubricating greases consist of a mineral or k = viscosity ratio
synthetic oil combined with a thickener, usu n = actual operating viscosity of the lubricant
ally metallic soaps. However, other thickeners at operating temperature, mm2/s
such as polyurea can be used for superior n1 = rated viscosity depending on the bearing
high temperature performance. The base oil mean diameter and rotational speed at
constitutes 85–90 % of the grease and the operating temperature, mm2/s
thickener around 10 %. Additives will also be
included to enhance certain properties of the See diagrams 5 and 6 on page 73.
grease. Under normal operating conditions, the
viscosity ratio should be larger than 1.
Base oil viscosity
The effectiveness of the lubricant is primarily Consistency
determined by the degree of surface separ Greases are divided into various consistency
ation between the rolling contact surfaces. If classes according to the National Lubricating
an adequate lubricant film is to be formed, the Grease Institute (NLGI) scale. The consistency
lubricant must have a given minimum viscos of grease used for bearing lubrication should
ity when the application has reached its nor not change drastically when operated within
mal operating temperature. The lubricant its specified temperature range after mechan
condition is described by the viscosity ratio k. ical working. Greases that soften at elevated
The ratio is the actual viscosity n to the rated temperatures may leak from the bearing
viscosity n1 for adequate lubrication, both arrangement. Those that stiffen at low tem
values being considered when the lubricant peratures may restrict rotation of the bearing
is at normal operating temperature or have insufficient oil bleeding.
For bearings in electric motors and gener
n ators normally two grades are used:
k = ––
n1 Soft grease: low consistency,
NLGI grade 2.
Stiff grease: high consistency,
NLGI grade 3.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
The SKF traffic light concept The SKF traffic light concept – SKF greases in electric motors
Do not use
Unreliable performance (use only for short periods) Temperature, °C

Reliable performance, i.e. with predictable SKF greases –50 0 50 100 150 200 250
grease life Designations
LGMT 2
LGMT 3
LGFP 2
Temperature
LGLT 2
LGHP 2
LTL LTPL HTPL HTL
LTL Low Temperature Limit For operating temperatures above 150 °C,
LTPL Low Temperature Performance Limit SKF LGET 2 is recommended
HTPL High Temperature Performance Limit
HTL High Temperature Limit
60
Lubrication
Temperature range ply of lubricant to the contact surfaces of the

– the SKF traffic light concept rolling elements and raceways. In diagram 1,
The temperature range over which a grease this temperature limit is indicated by the low
can be used depends largely on the type of temperature performance limit (LTPL). Values
base oil and thickener used as well as the for the low temperature performance limit are
additives. The relevant temperatures are different for roller and ball bearings. Since ball
schematically illustrated in diagram 1 in the bearings are easier to lubricate than roller
form of a “double traffic light”. bearings, the low temperature performance
The extreme temperature limits, i.e. low limit is less important for ball bearings. For
temperature limit and the high temperature roller bearings, however, serious damage will
limit, are well defined: result when the bearings are operated con
tinuously below this limit. Short periods in
• The low temperature limit (LTL), i.e. the this zone e.g. during a cold start, are not
lowest temperature at which the grease will harmful since the heat caused by friction will
allow the bearing to be started up without bring the bearing temperature into the green
difficulty, is largely determined by the type zone.
of base oil and its viscosity.
• The high temperature limit (HTL) is deter
mined by the type of thickener and for soap Additives
base greases it is given by the dropping To obtain grease with special properties one
point. The dropping point indicates the or several additives are included. Below are
temperature at which the grease loses its some of the most commonly used:
consistency and becomes a fluid.
• Anti-rust additive to improve the protection
It is evident that operation below the low tem against corrosion.
perature limit and above the high temperature • Anti-oxidants to delay the degeneration
limit is not advised as shown in diagram 1 by of the greases. 4
the red zones. Although grease suppliers indi • EP (extreme pressure) additives to increase
cate the specific values for the low and high the load carrying capacity of the oil film.
temperature limits in their product information, Note that EP additives may be harmful to
the really important temperatures for reliable bearings above 80 °C. In electric motor
operation are given by the SKF values for applications, EP additives are almost never
recommended due to moderate loads
• the low temperature performance applied and relatively high operating tem
limit (LTPL) and peratures.
• the high temperature performance
limit (HTPL).
It is within these two limits, the green zone

in diagram 1, where the grease will function
reliably and grease life can be determined
accurately, Since the definition of the high
temperature performance limit is not stand
ardized internationally care must be taken
when interpreting suppliers’ data.
At temperatures above the high tempera
ture performance limit (HTPL), grease will age
and oxidize with increasing rapidity and the
by-products of the oxidation will have a detri
mental effect on lubrication. Therefore, tem
peratures in the amber zone, between the
high temperature performance limit (HTPL)
and the high temperature limit (HTL) should
occur only for very short periods.
An amber zone also exists for low tempera
tures. With decreasing temperature, the ten
dency of grease to bleed decreases and the
stiffness (consistency) of the grease increases.
This will ultimately lead to an insufficient sup
61
Grease selection
Grease selection SKF greases

For small and medium sized bearings where
Using the best and most suitable lubricant the grease life is longer than the expected
related to specific operating conditions is of service life of the bearings, one single filling
crucial importance in obtaining appropriate of grease is sufficient. The grease must then
motor performance and reliability. Areas of be retained in the bearings and prevented
consideration should include from escaping.
For sealed and greased-for-life bearings in
• bearing type and size electric motor applications, SKF recommends
• operating temperature the greases listed in table 1a.
• load Table 2 lists SKF greases suitable for relu
• speed range bricating bearings in electric motors.
• operating conditions e.g. vibration Never mix different grease types since they
levels, orientation of the shaft may not be compatible († table 3). Mixing
(horizontal or vertical) different grease types normally results in
• cooling reduced performance.
• sealing efficiency It is also important to consider the grease
• environment. compatibility with rubber seals and different
cage materials:
Table 1a Table 2
SKF standard and application specific greases for greased-for-life deep groove ball bearings Suitable SKF greases for relubrication
in electric motors of bearings in electric motors
Temperature, °C SKF grease Use, properties

designation
SKF grease –50 0 50 100 150 200 250
suffix1)
LGMT 2 Small bearings (outside
MT33, MT47 diameter up to approx. 62 mm)
Light to moderate loads
Moderate temperatures
WT2) , GWB Low friction, quiet, good
protection against corrosion
LHT233)
LGMT 3 Medium-sized bearings
(outside diameter > 62 mm
GJN up to approx. 240 mm)
Moderate loads
HT, GXN Moderate temperatures
Multi-purpose grease, good
protection against corrosion.
LT, LT20 Vertical shafts
LT10 LGLT 2 Small, lightly loaded bearings

at high speeds
Low temperatures
1) Grease suffix in the bearing designation, e.g. 6204-2Z/C3WT. Bearings with standard greases Low friction, water repellant
do not have a designation suffix. Information about the standard grease is provided in table 1b)
2) High performance grease for small/medium electric motors. Wide temperature range LGFP 2 Low temperatures
3) Very silent, low friction grease for small electric motors. Wide temperature range
Food compatible
Water repellant
Table 1b LGHP 2 Wide temperature range

Low friction at start-up,
SKF standard greases for sealed deep groove ball bearings quiet, good protection against
corrosion
Bearings of SKF standard greases in bearings with outside diameter High speeds
Diameter D ≤ 30 mm 30 < D ≤ 62 mm D > 62 mm For vertical shafts
Series d < 10 mm d ≥ 10 mm Very long life at high
temperatures
8, 9 LHT23 LT10 MT47 MT33
0, 1, 2, 3 MT47 MT 47 MT47 MT33
62
Grease selection
• Greases containing ester oils are in general both sides if possible. In many cases, the
not compatible with ACM rubber (high- space is so limited that it is not possible to
temperature rubber mix). grease the bearing from the side when it is
• Standard SKF rubber mixes are compatible mounted on the rotor. In this case, it should
with standard SKF greases. be greased from the front with a grease gun
• EP additives containing sulphur act aggres or grease packer, e.g. SKF LAGP 400. Make
sively on brass cages above 100 °C sure that the bearing is completely filled and
(210 °F). that the grease has penetrated the bearing
• EP additives may act aggressively on and appears on the other side.
standard polyamide 6,6 cage material, Of the bearing types used in electric motor
(designation suffix TN9 or P), above 110 °C applications cylindrical roller bearings are
(230 °F). separable and the most commonly used one
is the NU design (two flanges on the outer
ring, none on the inner ring).
How to grease a bearing The outer ring with cage and rolling elem
Greasing techniques vary according to the ents can, and should, be greased when in the
design of the bearing and its housing. How separated state during the mounting operation.
ever, one thing that remains constant over all Mount the inner ring on the shaft and apply
bearing types is that overfilling the bearing a thin layer of grease to the raceway, in order
cavity with grease will lead to increased tem to prevent scratching of the inner ring when
peratures and possible bearing failure. When mounting († chapter 5 “Mounting and dis
greasing a bearing, be sure to leave enough mounting”, starting on page 77). Apply grease
space in the housing so that grease can be in the outer ring, cage and rolling elements
ejected from the bearing during start-up. In and make sure all spaces are well filled. Mount
high speed motors, grease quantity should be the outer ring in the housing (motor shield).
kept at a low level. For further information Then proceed with the assembly.
contact the SKF application engineering service. 4
Whenever possible open bearings should
be greased after they have been mounted
(† fig. 2).
Non-separable bearings, such as deep
Greasing a deep
groove ball bearings, angular contact ball groove ball bearing
bearings, spherical roller bearings and CARB mounted on a rotor
bearings, should be filled with grease from shaft
Table 3 Fig. 2
Grease compatibility
Base oils
Silicone: menthyl
Polyphenylether
Silicone: phenyl
Mineral oil
Polyglycol
Ester oil
Mineral oil + + - - + •
Ester oil + + + - + •
Polyglycol - + + - - -
Silicone: menthyl - - - + + -
Silicone: phenyl + + - + + +
Polyphenylether • • - - + +
+ = compatible, - = incompatible, • = individual testing required
63
Relubrication intervals
Grease life Relubrication intervals

The life expectancy of grease depends on sev
eral factors including the type of bearing, the It is only possible to base recommendations
type of grease, the orientation and speed of on statistical rules; the SKF relubrication
the motor and the operating temperature of intervals are defined as the time period, at
the bearings. For instance, roller bearings the end of which 99 % of the bearings are still
have shorter relubricating intervals than ball reliably lubricated. This represents the L1
bearings. Other factors to consider are the grease life.
sealing arrangement, operating environment The relubrication intervals tf for bearings
and contamination. on horizontal shafts under normal and clean
For small ball bearings grease life usually conditions and operating at 70 °C can be
exceeds the service life of the motor. As a obtained from diagram 3 as a function of
result, these bearings are usually fitted with
seals or shields, and greased-for-life. • the speed factor A multiplied by the relevant
However, if the grease life is shorter than bearing factor bf where
the expected bearing life, the bearings need A = n dm
to be relubricated while the grease is still n = rotational speed, r/min
performing satisfactorily. dm = bearing mean diameter
= 0,5 (d + D), mm
bf depends on the bearing type. Recom
Replenishment mended limits for the speed factor A,
For replenishment of grease lubricated bear depending on the load ratio, and values
ings in electric motors, use the manufacturer for bf are provided in table 4 on page 66.
recommendations, if available. Otherwise, • the load ratio C/P
suitable quantities for replenishment from the
side of a bearing can be obtained from The relubrication interval tf is an estimated
value, valid for an operating temperature of
Gp = 0,005 D B 70 °C, using good quality lithium thickener/
mineral oil greases. When bearing operating
and for replenishment through the bearing conditions differ, adjust the relubrication
outer ring from intervals obtained from diagram 3 according
to the information given under “Deviating
Gp = 0,002 D B operating conditions and bearing type”.
If the speed factor A exceeds a value of 70 %
where of the recommended limit according to
Gp = grease quantity to be added when table 4, or if ambient temperatures are high,
replenishing, g SKF recommends checking the operating
D = bearing outside diameter, mm temperature and whether a suitable lubricant
B = bearing width, mm is used († diagram 2, page 60).
When using high performance greases,
a longer relubrication interval and grease life
may be possible. Contact the SKF application
engineering service for additional information.
See also the section “Grease life in sealed bear
ings”, starting on page 70.
64
Deviating operating conditions The relubrication interval tf may be extend

and bearing type ed at temperatures below 70 °C (160 °F) if
the temperature is not close to the lower tem
Operating temperature perature performance limit († diagram 2,
To account for the accelerated ageing of grease page 60, LTPL). A total extension of the relu
with increasing temperature, SKF recom brication interval tf by more than a factor of
mends halving the intervals obtained from two is never recommended. In case of full
diagram 3 for every 15 °C (27 °F)increase in complement bearings and thrust roller bear
operating temperature above 70 °C (160 °F), ings, tf values obtained from diagram 3
remembering that the high temperature per should not be extended.
formance limit for the grease
(† diagrams 1 and 2, page 60, HTPL)
should not be exceeded.
Diagram 3
Relubrication intervals at operating temperatures of 70 °C (160 °F)
tf, operating hours

50 000
10 000
5 000
1 000
C/P = 15
500
C/P = 8
C/P = 4
100
0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000
A bf
65
Moreover, it is not advisable to use relubri For high temperature applications please
cation intervals in excess of 30 000 hours. contact the SKF application engineering service.
For many applications, there is a practical
grease lubrication limit, when the bearing ring Vertical shaft
with the highest temperature exceeds an For bearings on vertical shafts, the intervals
operating temperature of 100 °C (210 °F). obtained from diagram 3 on page 65 should
Above this temperature special greases be halved. The use of a good seal or retaining
should be used. In addition, the temperature shield is a prerequisite to prevent grease leak
stability of the bearing and premature seal ing from the bearing arrangement.
failure should be taken into consideration. In
electric machines, bearings often operate at
temperatures close to 100 °C (210 °F). Under
certain conditions, SKF LGHP 2 grease is a
suitable selection († diagram 2, page 60).
Table 4
Bearing factors and recommended limits for the speed factor A
Bearing type1) Bearing Recommended limits for the speed factor A

factor for load ratio
bf C/P ≥ 15 C/P ≈ 8 C/P ≈ 4
– – mm/min
Deep groove ball bearings 1 500 000 400 000 300 000
Angular contact ball bearings 1 500 000 400 000 300 000
Self-aligning ball bearings 1 500 000 400 000 300 000

– non-locating, bearing 1,5 450 000 300 000 150 000
– locating bearing, without external axial loads
or with light but alternating axial loads 2 300 000 200 000 100 000
– locating bearing, with constantly acting light axial load 4 200 000 120 000 60 000
– without cage, full complement2) 4 NA3) NA3) 20 000
Needle roller bearings 3 350 000 200 000 100 000

– when load ratio Fa/Fr < e and dm ≤ 800 mm
series 213, 222, 238, 239 2 350 000 200 000 100 000
series 223, 230, 231, 232, 240, 248, 249 2 250 000 150 000 80 000
series 241 2 150 000 80 0004) 50 0004)
– when load ratio Fa/Fr < e and dm > 800 mm
series 238, 239 2 230 000 130 000 65 000
series 230, 231, 232, 240, 248, 249 2 170 000 100 000 50 000
series 241 2 100 000 50 0004) 30 0004)
– when load ratio Fa/Fr > e
all series 6 150 000 50 0004) 30 0004)
CARB bearings
– with cage 2 350 000 200 000 100 000
– without cage, full complement2) 4 NA3) NA3) 20 000

– pure axial load and rotating shaft washer 4 200 000 120 000 60 000
1) The bearing factors and recommended limits for the speed factors apply to bearings with standard internal geometry and standard cage execution.
For alternative internal bearing design and special cage execution, please contact the SKF application engineering service
2) The t value obtained from diagram 3 on page 65 needs to be divided by the factor 10
f
3) Not applicable, for these C/P values a caged bearing is recommended instead
4) For higher speeds oil lubrication is recommended
66
Vibration Cylindrical roller bearings

Moderate vibration will not have a negative The relubrication intervals from diagram 3,
effect on grease life, but high vibration and page 65, are valid for cylindrical roller bear
shock levels, such as those in vibrating screen ings fitted with
applications, will cause the grease to churn.
In these cases the relubrication interval • an injection moulded cage of fibre rein
should be reduced. If the grease becomes too forced polyamide 6,6, designation suffix P
soft, grease with a better mechanical stability • a roller guided two-piece machined brass
or grease with higher stiffness up to NLGI 3 cage, designation suffix M.
should be used.
For bearings with a pressed steel cage, desig
Outer ring rotation nation suffix J or shoulder guided cages, des
In applications where the outer ring rotates, ignation suffixes MA, ML and MP, the value for
the speed factor A is calculated differently: the relubrication interval from diagram 3
in this case use the bearing outside diameter should be halved. Moreover grease with good
D instead of dm. The use of a good sealing oil bleeding properties should be applied.
mechanism is a prerequisite in order to avoid
grease loss.
For applications where there are high outer
ring speeds (i.e. > 40 % of the bearing refer
ence speed), greases with a reduced bleeding
tendency should be selected.
For spherical roller thrust bearings with
a rotating housing washer, oil lubrication is
recommended.
Contamination 4
In case of ingress of contaminants, more fre
quent relubrication than indicated by the relu
brication interval will reduce the number of
foreign particles, hence reducing the damag
ing effects caused by the over rolling of these
particles. Fluid contaminants (water, process
fluids) also call for a reduced relubrication
interval. In case of severe contamination,
continuous lubrication should be considered.
Very low speeds

Selecting the proper grease and grease fill is
very important in low speed applications.
Bearings that operate at very slow speeds
under light loads require a low consistency
grease. Bearings that operate at slow speeds
under heavy loads need a high viscosity
grease with very good EP characteristics.
Grease viscosity should be selected according
to the procedures described in the SKF Gen
eral Catalogue.
High speeds
Relubrication intervals for bearings used at
high speeds i.e. above the recommended
speed factor A given in table 4, only apply
when using special greases or modified bear
ing executions, e.g. hybrid bearings. In these
cases continuous lubrication techniques such
as circulating oil, oil air mixture etc, are more
suitable than grease lubrication.
67
Observations Table 5
If the determined value for the relubrication Bearing housing with grease escape valve
interval tf is too short for a particular applica
tion, it is recommended to
• check the bearing operating temperature

• check whether the grease is contaminated
by solid particles or fluids D1
• check the bearing application conditions d d1
such as load or misalignment
and, last but not least, a more suitable grease

should be considered.
a1 B1
Grease escape valve a
When a bearing rotates at high speed and The illustration shows only the principle
needs frequent relubrication, excessive
grease can accumulate in the housing and
cause temperature peaks, which will have a
detrimental effect on the grease as well as Bore diameter Dimensions
d
on bearing service life. In these cases it is Diameter Series
advisable to use a grease escape valve.This 2 3 d1 D1 B1 a a1
min
prevents over-lubrication and allows relubri
cation to be performed while the machine mm mm
is in operation. The typical valve consists of a
30 25 46 58 30 6 – 12 1,5
disc rotating with the shaft, forming a narrow 35 30 53 65 34 6 – 12 1,5
gap at the housing end cover. 40 35 60 75 38 6 – 12 1,5
Grease escape valve
45 40 65 80 40 6 – 12 1,5
50 45 72 88 45 8 – 15 2
Fig. 3 55 50 80 98 50 8 – 15 2
60 55 87 105 55 8 – 15 2
Surplus grease ejected 65 60 95 115 60 8 – 15 2
by the rotating disc 70 – 98 120 60 10 – 20 2
75 65 103 125 65 10 – 20 2
80 70 110 135 70 10 – 20 2
85 75 120 145 75 10 – 20 2
90 80 125 150 75 10 – 20 2
95 85 135 165 85 10 – 20 2
Rotating disc 100 90 140 170 85 12 – 25 2,5
105 95 150 180 90 12 – 25 2,5

110 100 155 190 95 12 – 25 2,5
120 105 165 200 100 12 – 25 2,5
– 110 175 210 105 12 – 25 2,5

130 – 180 220 110 15 – 30 2,5
140 120 195 240 120 15 – 30 2,5
150 130 210 260 130 15 – 30 2,5

160 140 225 270 135 15 – 30 2,5
170 150 240 290 145 15 – 30 2,5
180 160 250 300 150 20 – 35 3

190 170 265 320 160 20 – 35 3
200 180 280 340 170 20 – 35 3
– 190 295 360 180 20 – 40 3

220 200 310 380 190 20 – 40 3
240 220 340 410 205 20 – 40 3
260 240 370 450 225 25 – 50 3

280 260 395 480 240 25 – 50 3
300 280 425 510 255 25 – 50 3
68
Fig. 4 The automatic

Excess grease is collected by the disc, then
lubricator SYSTEM 24
discharged into a cavity in the end cover and
ejected through an opening on the underside
of the bearing housing. The grease valve prin
ciple is shown in fig. 3 and table 5 provides
dimension recommendations.
Automatic lubricator
SYSTEM 24
SYSTEM 24 is an automatic lubricator yielding
a constant grease flow that can be adjusted by
setting a dial for required lubricant flow rate.
It is specially designed to provide a reliable
and economical alternative to the traditional
Fig. 5 The automatic
manual greasing method († fig. 4).
lubricator SYSTEM
MultiPoint
Multipoint lubricator
SYSTEM MultiPoint
The SKF SYSTEM MultiPoint lubricator is an
electromechanical device that can feed up to
eight lines († fig. 5). It is also suitable for
applications that need longer feed lines or
higher feed pressures. Typical applications
include large electric motors, pump and motor
combinations. 4
Automatic lubrication systems

Vogel automatic
With its complete range of products SKF
grease pump
VOGEL is the world’s leading manufacturer
and systems supplier in the field of centralized
lubrication for machinery, industrial plants,
vehicles and off-road equipment. Since lubri
cation is taking place automatically, no manual
activity of the operator or service staff is
required.
Application examples: Automatic single- or
multi-line lubrication systems ensure grease
supply of bearings in large motors, “windlub”
lubrication and monitoring systems for wind
power generators e.g. lubrication of rotating
components, gear lubrication and cooling.
69
Grease life in sealed deep groove ball bearings
Grease life in sealed deep of one of the standard factory fill greases
groove ball bearings (x-axis GPF = 1).
For grease life calculations related to deep
Modern SKF greases often perform better at groove ball bearings with other seals, cages,
high speeds and high temperatures than the or other special bearing executions, contact
standard mineral oil greases with a lithium the SKF application engineering service.
thickener on which the relubrication interval The grease life is presented as L10, i.e. the
diagram is based. Therefore SKF recommends time period at the end of which 90 % of the
a separate grease life diagram for sealed SKF bearings are still reliably lubricated.
deep groove ball bearings that are greased- The grease life is valid for normal operating
for-life. conditions and
• Horizontal shafts
Grease life diagram • Stationary machines
The grease life obtained from diagram 4 is • Inner ring rotation
valid for deep groove ball bearings with steel • Light loads (C/P ≥ 15)
shields and metal cages. It applies to bearings • Low vibration levels
that are filled and capped under clean condi
tions in an SKF factory with a normal quantity
Diagram 4
Grease life in greased-for-life deep groove ball bearings with steel shields and metal cages, running at light loads
L10(h) life L , operating hours

Grease 10
100 000
n dm = 100 000 n dm = 20 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
10 000
500 000
600 000
700 000
1 000
100
GPF = 1 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115
GPF = 2 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130
GPF = 4 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
Operating temperature, °C
scale depending on grease performance factor, GPF
n = rotational speed, r/min

dm = mean diameter = 0,5 (d + D), mm
70
Grease life in sealed deep groove ball bearings
If operating conditions differ, adjust the grease

life obtained from diagram 4, namely
• On a vertical shaft, reduce by 50 %

• For heavier loads (C/P < 15), use the
adjustment factor provided in table 7
Grease performance factor

In diagram 4, a “grease performance factor”
(GPF) is introduced as a way to take improved
high speed, high temperature performance of
the grease into account. The standard SKF
grease for deep groove ball bearings has a
GPF = 1.
In cases where the required grease life can
not be achieved using standard SKF grease,
an application specific SKF grease with a
higher GPF can be used.
The grease life diagram gives the option to
assess the life for application specific greases
with GPF = 2 or GPF = 4, by using the cor
responding temperature scales on the horizon
tal axis of diagram 4.
See table 6 for grease performance factors
of SKF deep groove ball bearings with factory
fill. 4
It is important to note that grease perform
ance factors are valid only for the specified
temperature and speed ranges for that grease
(† table 1, page 62). Greases with GPF > 1
have an advantage at elevated temperatures,
but might not release adequate amounts of oil
at lower temperatures. For this reason using
the GPF outside the range of diagram 4 is not
recommended.
Table 6 Table 7
Specification of grease performance factors Life adjustment factor for load ratios
for SKF bearings with factory fill
Load ratio Adjustment
Factor Grease suffixes Maximum n ¥ dm C/P factor
GPF = 1 no suffix1) 500 000 ≥ 15 1,0
GPF = 1 MT47, MT33 500 000 10 0,7
GPF = 1 LT, LT20 700 000 8 0,5
GPF = 2 GJN, LHT23, HT, GXN 500 000 4 0,2
GPF = 4 WT, GWB 700 000
1) Smallbearings in the 8 and 9 Diameter Series with D < 30 mm are filled with LHT 23
(GPF = 2) when d < 10 mm or LT10 when d > = 10 mm (GPF = 1)
71
Oil lubrication
Oil lubrication the internationally standardized reference

temperature of 40 °C (105 °F) can be
Oil is typically selected as a lubricant when obtained from diagram 6, which is compiled
rotational speeds or operating temperatures for a viscosity index of 95.
make it impractical or impossible to use grease.
In applications where there are high operating
temperatures, recirculating oil systems are Oil change
used to dissipate heat. Recirculating systems The frequency with which it is necessary to
can also be used to remove and filter out con change oil depends mainly on the operating
taminants. conditions and the quantity of oil.
Oil lubrication requires more sophisticated
seals and there could be a risk of leakage.
In general only large electric motors and
generators are oil lubricated.
Oil bath lubrication

For large electric machines, SKF has developed
a range of flanged housing units equipped with
rolling bearings († fig. 6).
Oil bath lubrication is applied and if needed
the housing can be equipped with an oil level
ler to maintain the correct oil level in the
bearings (the oil level almost reaches the cen
tre of the lowest rolling element when the
bearing is stationary) († section “Large and
very large electric machines”, pages 109 and
110).
Circulating oil
For applications that have a very high normal
operating temperature, an oil recirculation A flanged housing unit
system can be used to remove heat. These with a CARB bearing
systems typically have a filtering system that
removes contaminants from the fluid, which Fig. 6
prolongs the life of the lubricant and the ser
vice life of the bearings.
Selecting a lubricating oil

Oil selection is based primarily on the viscosity
required to provide adequate lubrication for
the bearing at normal operating temperature.
The viscosity of oil is temperature dependent
and the viscosity-temperature relationship of
oil is characterized by the viscosity index (VI).
For rolling bearings, oils having a high viscos
ity index of at least 95 are recommended.
In order to form a sufficiently thick oil film
in the contact area between the rolling
elements and raceways, the oil must retain
a minimum viscosity at the normal operating
temperature. The rated kinematic viscosity
required at the normal operating temperature
can be determined from diagram 5, provided
a mineral oil is used. When the operating
temperature is known from experience or
simulation, the corresponding viscosity at
72
Oil lubrication
Diagram 5
Estimation of the minimum kinematic viscosity n1 at operating temperature

Required viscosity n1 at operating temperature , mm²/s
1000
2
500 5
10
20
200
50
100
10
0
20
50 0
50
0
20 n=
10
1 00
2 500 r/m
30 000 in
50 00
10 00
10
00
20 0
00
0
500
5 10 0
000 0
0
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 4
dm = 0,5 (d+D), mm
Diagram 6
Conversion to kinematic viscosity n at the reference temperature (ISO VG classification)

Required viscosity n1 at operating temperature, mm²/s
1000
500
200 IS
O
15
10 00
100 68 00
46 0
32 0
22 0
50 15 0
10 0
0
68
46
32
20
22
15
10 10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100 110 120
C
Operating temperature, °C
73
Seals
Seals Internal seals – sealed deep groove

ball bearings
The purpose of a seal is to protect the internal SKF offers three different sealing arrange
environment of an application by retaining ments for deep groove ball bearings. The type
lubricant and protecting the bearings from to choose depends on the application, bearing
external contaminants such as dirt and mois series and size. For the latest information on
ture. The sealing arrangement to select for the availability of any preferred sealing
an  application typically depends on both the arrangement please contact the local SKF
operating and environmental conditions. representative.
Operating conditions include The three standard sealing arrangements
are
• type of lubricant
• sliding velocity of the sealing surface • Metallic shields
• whether the seal is to be mounted vertically 2Z († fig. 8). Typical applications are cata
or horizontally logue motors with a limited demand for
• the extent of misalignment. dust and water exclusion but requiring
a low friction sealing arrangement.
Environmental conditions include • Low friction seals
Bearings in the 60, 62 and 63 series up to
• presence of chemicals or water 52 mm outside diameter are equipped with
• thermal conditions RSL seals († fig. 9a) . Other bearings have
• mechanical factors RZ seals († fig. 9b). Typical applications for
these seals are low torque motors, high
which can influence sealing performance. speed motors, DC machines. These seals
Seals can be divided into external seals and have good sealing and grease retention
internal seals, i.e. seals integrated within properties and do not affect the speed rat
the bearing. ing of the bearing.
• Contact seals
Bearings in the 60, 62, and 63 series up to
External seals 52 mm outside diameter are equipped with
SKF offers a wide assortment of seals, including RSH seals († fig. 10a). Other bearings
have RS1 seals († fig. 10b). Typical appli
• radial shaft seals cations are open motors, DC machines and
• V-ring seals geared motors.
• mechanical seals.
These and other external sealing arrange Seal materials

ments are described in detail in the catalogue A variety of seal materials are available to
“Industrial shaft seals”, or the SKF Interactive meet specific application requirements such
Engineering Catalogue online at www.skf.com. as operating temperature and compatibility
Fig. 7 shows an example of an external seal. with greases, oils or any other materials.
The standard seal for an SKF deep groove
ball bearing is made from acrylonitrile-buta
diene rubber (NBR). The seal material is com
Fig. 7 Fig. 8
Bearing with metallic

External seal shields – 2Z
74
Seals
Fig. 9 patible with grease, oil and other standard

machinery fluids and can be used effectively
when normal operating temperatures range
between –40 to +100 °C (–40 to +210 °F)
and for brief periods temperatures of up to
120 °C (250 °F) can be tolerated. Another seal
material which is commonly used in more
aggressive (chemical) environments and high
temperature applications is a fluorocarbon
rubber (FKM), known as Viton. Viton can be
used in applications where normal operating
temperatures range from –30 to +180 °C
(–20 to +350 °F).
a
a) Bearing with low

friction seals – 2RSL b 4
b) Bearing with low
friction seals – 2RZ
Fig. 10
a) Bearing with
contact seals
– 2RSH
b
b) Bearing with
contact seals
– 2RS1
75

5 Mounting
and dismounting
77 Mounting
85 Dismounting
Mounting and
dismounting
Rolling bearings are precision products that must be handled
carefully during mounting if they are to perform properly.
A variety of factors – incorrect mounting techniques or
methods, dirty hands or tools, contaminated grease or oil –
can cause bearing damage. Regardless of the quality level of
the bearing or seal, these factors can quickly lead to bearing
failure.
Mounting
Preparations before mounting
A clean working surface, correct mounting
methods and appropriate tools are essential
elements for a successful bearing installation.
The mounting environment needs to be abso 5
lutely clean and free from any contaminants
or corrosive fluids that might damage the
bearing. Contaminants include but are not
limited to metal particles, saw dust, sand and
cement. If the mounting process is discon
tinued for any reason, the bearing should be
protected immediately so that dust and dirt
can not enter the bearing cavity († fig. 1,
page 78).
77
Mounting
Keep the work area Fig. 1

clean
Checking the shaft and housing 40,018 mm; the minimum diameter is
Prior to an installation, always check the shaft 40,002 mm for a tolerance grade of IT6 or
and housing seatings for any damage that 0,016 mm. However, cylindricity should be
may have occurred. Be sure that the seating to tolerance grade IT5/2 (measured on the
dimensions and form accuracy († fig. 2) cor radius). Therefore the diameter variation
respond to the specifications and/or applicable should not exceed 0,016 mm.
SKF recommendations († chapter 3 “Toler The shaft and housing seatings need to be
ances and fits”, starting on page 51). checked for straightness and abutments for
perpendicularity. Straight edges and gauges
How to measure can be used for this. Whenever there is rea
The shaft and housing seatings and their son to suspect that the radial and/or axial
cylindricity can be checked by measuring the runouts are not appropriate, they should be
diameter in two cross-sections and in four checked as well.
planes by using outside and inside micro Check the assembly drawings for specifica
meters. In order to check the seatings proper tions. Record the measurements for future
ly it is advisable measuring the bearing seat reference.
ings as shown in fig. 3.
If, for example, a 40 mm diameter shaft has
a k6 tolerance, the maximum diameter is
Fig. 2
Checking the shaft
78
Mounting
Fig. 3 Measuring the bearing

seatings
A
B
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
A A
B B
C C
D D
Handling bearings
New SKF bearings are well protected in their
package. Do not remove them from the pack
age until immediately before mounting.
All surfaces of a new bearing are covered
with a rust-inhibiting preservative that should
not be removed unless it is incompatible with
the grease or oil being used. Just before
mounting wipe off the preservative from the
bore and outside diameter of the bearing. If
the preservative is not compatible with the
lubricant, wash and carefully dry the bearing. 5
79
Mounting
Fig. 4
mounting a bearing with an interference fit on the inner ring mounting a bearing with an interference fit on the outer ring
The right method Cold mounting and substantially decrease bearing service
for cold mounting
bearings with an Bearings up to approximately 100 mm bore life.
interference fit diameter can be mounted onto a shaft with
out heat. Mounting a bearing cold is not diffi Appropriate tools
cult and will not have an effect on bearing Small bearings, with a bore diameter up to
service life provided it is installed properly; approximately 50 mm, can best be cold
with the correct tools. mounted by using the SKF TMFT fitting tools
(† figs. 5 and 6).
Appropriate method Medium size bearings with a bore diameter
To cold mount a bearing, apply a thin film of less than 100 mm are usually cold mounted
light oil to the bearing seating. Then gently with a mechanical or hydraulic press. To do
position the bearing so that it lines up with its this, a sleeve must be placed between the
counterpart. Position the mounting tool and press and the bearing ring being mounted
apply the mounting force to the bearing ring with an interference fit († fig. 7).
being mounted with an interference fit
Appropriate tools († fig. 4).
for cold mounting –
the SKF TMFT series Applying the mounting force to the other
fitting tools, figs. 5 ring only, will transfer the mounting force via Cold mounting
and 6 the rolling elements to damage the bearing with a press
Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7
80
Mounting
Electric hot plate Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Induction heater
Hot mounting automatic demagnetization, are extremely

The force needed to mount a bearing increas easy to use.
es rapidly with bearing size. Larger bearings When an interference fit is required
cannot be pressed easily onto a shaft or into between the bearing and housing, a moderate
a housing because of the mounting force increase in housing temperature is required.
required. Therefore, if there is an interference In most cases, a temperature increase of 20
fit between the bearing and shaft, the bearing to 50 °C (70 to 120 °F) is sufficient because
should be heated. If the interference fit is the interference fit is usually light. Another
between the bearing and housing, the hous option is to cool the bearing before it is
ing should be heated. mounted into the housing.
The requisite temperature difference
between the bearing and its seating depends 5
on the magnitude of the interference fit and
the bearing size.
Normally a bearing temperature of 80 to
90 °C (175 to 195 °F) higher than that of the
shaft is sufficient for mounting. Never heat a
bearing to a temperature greater than 125 °C
(255 °F). Overheating may alter the bearing
metallurgically and dimensionally. Local over
heating must be avoided.
Wear clean protective gloves when mount
ing a heated bearing. Lifting (hoisting) gear
can facilitate mounting. Push the bearing onto
the shaft or into the housing until it is pressed
firmly against the abutment. Hold the bearing
in place against the abutment until the heated
parts cool and form a tight fit..
Appropriate tools
SKF has a full line of heating tools, such as Important!
electric hot plates and induction heaters. An • Do not heat a bearing using an open
electric hot plate († fig. 8), with adjustable flame.
thermostat and cover, is used for smaller size • Sealed bearings (contact seals or
bearings. An induction heater († fig. 9) is shields) should not be heated over
used for medium and larger size bearings. 80 °C (175 °F) because of their grease
Induction heaters, which are generally fill and because damage to the seal
equipped with adjustable thermostats and material could result.
81
Mounting
Additional consideration The rollers in a single row cylindrical roller

There are several aspects to consider when bearing are axially guided between integral
mounting bearings. Some of the more basic flanges on one of the bearing rings. The
ones are listed below: flanged ring and the roller and cage assembly
form a unit that can be separated from the
• Keep the bearing clean. other ring. This separable feature facilitates
• Handle the bearing with care. mounting. Mount the separable ring first.
• Make sure that the bearing is mounted When mounting the inner ring of a cylindric
at a right angle onto the shaft/into the al roller bearing, an induction heater might be
housing. necessary. The outer ring is usually just
• Apply the mounting force to the pressed into the housing.
appropriate ring. Apply lubricant to the cage and roller
assembly. Make sure the lubricant also reach
Non-separable bearings es the raceway. Also apply a thin layer of
The non-separable bearing types typically lubricant to the raceway of the other ring.
used in electric motors are deep groove ball When assembling, make sure that the roller
bearings, single row angular contact ball bear assembly is not at an angle to the other ring.
ings, CARB bearings and spherical roller bear If either part of the bearing is assembled at
ings. an angle, it is easy to damage a ring or rollers,
When an interference fit is required for the especially if the rollers or raceways are not
inner ring, first mount the bearing onto the lubricated. To avoid this kind of problem it is
shaft. Then carefully assemble the housing recommended to use a guiding sleeve
and bearing and shaft assembly († fig. 10a). († fig. 11). To help prevent the rollers from
INSOCOAT and hybrid bearings are mount scratching the raceway of the other ring, the
ed in the same manner as the basic bearing rings need to be rotated relative to each other
type. as the bearing is being assembled.
When a CARB bearing is mounted with an
interference fit on a shaft, use a tool that will Checking the alignment
support both the inner and outer rings For a cylindrical roller bearing to achieve
(† fig. 10b). maximum service life, misalignment between
the shaft and housing should be avoided.
Separable bearings For large bearings the alignment between
Cylindrical roller bearings are separable radial the inner and outer rings can be checked with
bearings used in electric motors († fig. 11). the tool shown in fig. 12, once the bearing
Because these bearings are typically mounted and shaft assembly has been properly
with an interference fit on both the shaft and installed in the housing. The tool consists of
in the housing, the rings are usually mounted a dial indicator mounted on a steel segment.
Mounting non- separately. This steel segment has two set screws for
separable bearings height adjustment, and to provide two solid
Fig. 10
Non–separable bearings with When mounting

an interference fit on the a CARB bearing
inner ring are first mounted onto a shaft with
on the shaft. The bearing/ an interference fit,
shaft assembly is then care both rings should be
fully installed in the housing supported.
or housing shield.
a b
82
Mounting
Fig. 11 Mounting of separable

bearings
Oil the raceway and rollers. Use a

guiding sleeve. During assembly,
rotate the rings relatively to each
other.
contact points with the shaft. The steel seg The maximum allowable value for the angle
ment is pressed against the side face of the of misalignment b is 4 minutes of arc.
inner ring and the shaft. The gauge is directed
against the side surface of the bearing outer
ring.
To obtain a value for misalignment, first
determine the maximum deviation dx by
measuring the two points with highest values
on the outer ring side face that are 180
degrees apart. The misalignment angle can
then be calculated from
5
b = 3 438 dx/D
where
b = misalignment angle, minutes of arc
dx = maximum deviation, mm
D = bearing outside diameter, mm
Fig. 12
Tool for checking

alignment
83
Mounting
Fig. 13 Greasing bearings

Lubricating the bearings
Grease lubricated open bearings should be
greased after they have been mounted onto
the rotor († fig. 13):
• For cylindrical roller bearings, the interior

space of the cage and roller assembly
should be filled immediately after it is
mounted. Grease is also applied to the
raceway of the free ring immediately after
it has been installed. Only then should the
bearing be assembled.
• Non-separable bearings, due to lack of
space, are filled with grease from the front.
Use an SKF grease packer, for example,
and check that the grease has penetrated
through the bearing, to be sure that the
bearing cavity is completely filled.
• Do not fill all the free space in the housing.
The grease fill should not exceed 30–50 %
Fig. 14 Test rig for the motor
of the free space.
• Make sure that the grease is free from con
taminants.
• For oil lubricated bearings, fill the housing
with fresh, clean oil to the required level.
More information about mounting

General information about mounting bearings
can be found in the SKF General Catalogue, or
in the SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
online at www.skf.com. Further information
can also be found in the SKF Bearing Mainten
ance Handbook. Information about mounting
a specific type of bearing can be obtained
Fig. 15 Vibration levels can be
online at www.skf.com/mount.
checked with SKF
condition monitoring
equipment
Procedures after mounting
When the motor is to be tested after assem
bly, a load should be applied to the rotor shaft
so as not to damage the bearings because of
too light loads († fig. 14).
Only deep groove ball bearings can be run
without an external load, provided the bear
ings are spring loaded in the axial direction.
To make a final check of the motor assem
bly and to check the vibration levels in par
84
Dismounting
Lock the shaft and

the bearings before
Fig. 16 Dismounting
transport
A number of points need to be observed when
dismounting bearings:
1. Study assembly drawings to determine the

bearing arrangement and make sure the
proper dismounting tools are available.
2. Review the paper work to determine the
cause of the rebuild.
3. Before initiating the dismounting procedure
inspect the motor for signs of damage, e.g.
leaks, arcing, broken fins
4. Clean the exterior of the motor and make
sure the work area is clean.
Wrap the motor Fig. 17 5. Disassemble the motor without dismount
ing the bearings at this stage.
6. Inspect the bearings and seals looking for
wear and damage.
Dismounting undamaged bearings
should be avoided if possible, as improper
dismounting could cause internal bearing
damage. If dismounting is necessary the
bearings should be wrapped to avoid con
tamination. It is easier to prevent bearings
from becoming dirty, than to clean them.
Many bearings cannot be separated, mak
ing it very difficult to clean them.
7. Even if a bearing is to be replaced, dis
mounting should be done with care, to
ticular, SKF recommends using SKF condition avoid further damage to the bearing and to
monitoring equipment († fig. 15). the surrounding parts. If the bearing is 5
Before transportation, the bearings have to damaged, examine it to determine the root
be locked radially and axially by locking the cause of the damage and to take corrective
shaft († fig. 16). These precautions need to action to avoid reoccurrence († Chapter
be made to prevent movement between the ”Bearing damage and corrective actions”
rolling elements and the raceways inside the starting on page 91).
bearing. Otherwise bearing damage can be 8. To dismount an undamaged bearing, mark
caused by vibrations during transportation. its orientation and position on the shaft and
Thoroughly wrap the motor for protection make sure the shaft or the housing is sup
during transportation († fig. 17). ported properly during dismounting. Inap
propriate dismounting can easily damage
the raceways and rolling elements and
shorten bearing service life.
An undamaged bearing should be re-
mounted onto the shaft in the same orien
tation and in the same position as before
dismounting.
85
Dismounting
Standard jaw puller Fig. 18 Fig. 19 Mechanical jaw puller

with spring operated
arms
Dismounting methods suitable tool for each individual case should be

To dismount a bearing, apply the dismounting used.
force to the ring that needs to be removed, i.e.
the ring with a tight fit. Mechanical pullers
For bearings in electric motors, there are Small and medium-size bearings mounted
four dismounting methods, i.e. with an interference fit on the shaft can be
dismounted using a conventional puller
• using a mechanical puller († fig. 18). To virtually eliminate the risk of
• using a hydraulic puller damaging the bearing and/ or bearing seating
• using a press by applying uneven pressure during removal,
• using heat. always use self-centring pullers. Therefore,
for safe and easy dismounting SKF recom
The method applied may depend on the mends using a puller in the TMMA series.
bearing size. If the bearing is relatively small, They are self-centring and the unique spring
a bearing puller can be used. However, operated arms facilitate the dismounting
medium and large size bearings may require operation († fig. 19).
a hydraulic puller. If possible, let the puller engage the inner
Using heat is appropriate when removing ring. This is facilitated if the shaft is provided
the inner ring of cylindrical roller bearings. with notches to engage the puller († fig. 20).
Remove the bearing with a steady pulling
force until the bearing has been completely
Dismounting tools removed from its seating.
Choosing appropriate tools for dismounting is In applications where the inner ring is not
crucial. For successful dismounting the most accessible with normal jaw pullers, the bear
ing can be removed with a strong back puller
Fig. 20 († fig. 21). Keep in mind however, that a
strong back puller requires a certain amount
of free space behind the bearing.
If it is not possible to apply force through
the inner ring, the bearing can be removed via
the outer ring. SKF does not recommend re-
using a bearing after it has been removed in
this way. If the bearing is to be analysed after
wards, or if there are other reasons to min
imize bearing damage, the outer ring should
be rotated during dismounting († fig. 22).
This can be done by locking the screw and
Notches in the shaft producing the pulling force by continuously
facilitate dismounting
86
Dismounting
Fig. 21 Strong back puller

turning the puller until the bearing comes
free.
Sometimes it is difficult to remove the
outer ring from the housing due to fretting
corrosion or housing deformation. In these
cases, dismounting is facilitated if the housing
is provided with tapped holes as shown in
fig. 23.
Sometimes neither the inner ring nor the
outer ring is accessible. In these cases, special
internal bearing pullers can be used, such as
the SKF TMMD 100 deep groove ball bearing
pullers († fig. 24), the SKF TMIP internal
pullers or the SKF TMBP20E blind housing
pullers.
Fig. 22 Minimize damage by
rotating the outer ring
Fig. 23 Tapped holes in the

housing facilitate
dismounting of the 5
outer ring
Fig. 24 SKF deep groove ball

bearing puller
87
Dismounting
SKF hydraulic puller Fig. 25 Presses

A convenient way to remove a bearing from
the rotor shaft seating is by using a press
(† fig. 26). Make sure, however, that only the
bearing inner ring, having the interference fit,
is supported.
Heaters
The inner ring of a cylindrical roller bearing is
often removed using heat. To do this, SKF has
developed a number of special tools including
aluminium rings that are available for bear
ings in the NU, NJ and NUP series
(† fig. 27).
The dismounting method is simple.
Remove the outer ring and coat the inner ring
raceway with a thick oxidation-resistant oil.
Place the heating ring, pre-heated to about
280 °C (535 °F), around the inner ring and
press the handles together. When the inner
Hydraulic pullers ring starts loosening, withdraw it from the
The force needed to dismount bearings hav shaft.
ing an interference fit on the shaft increases If dismounting inner rings of various diam
rapidly with the bearing size. To facilitate dis eters frequently, an SKF adjustable induction
mounting, hydraulic tools can be used for heater may be more convenient († fig. 28).
small and medium size bearings († fig. 25).
Using a puller with an integrated hydraulic Dismounting large bearings
cylinder and pump further facilitates the dis To dismount large bearings normally the
mounting process. same methods can be applied as for smaller
bearings.
However, the use of the oil injection meth
od considerably facilitates dismounting. This
presupposes that the necessary oil supply
ducts and distributor grooves have been
designed into the arrangement. Furthermore,
Important! hydraulically-assisted heavy-duty jaw pullers
It is dangerous to stand directly behind are available, providing withdrawal forces up
a hydraulic puller. When the bearing to 500 kN.
comes loose the puller can suddenly Use a lifting yoke, or similar lifting equip
move backwards. Therefore, it is safer ment, in combination with an SKF Bearing
to stand to one side instead. Handling Tool to facilitate the dismounting
process († fig. 29).
Removing the bearing Aluminium heating
using a press ring
Fig. 26 Fig. 27
88
Dismounting
SKF adjustable Fig. 28

induction heater
Further information about mounting and

dismounting bearings can be found in the
SKF General Catalogue or the SKF Interactive
Engineering Catalogue online at www.skf.com,
the SKF Bearing Maintenance Handbook and
online at www.skf.com/mount.
Fig. 29
5
SKF Bearing Handling

Tool for medium and
larger size bearings
89

6 Bearing damage
and corrective actions
91 Electrical erosion
94 Inadequate lubrication
96 Material fatigue
96 Damage from vibration
97 Damage caused by improper

installation and set-up
99 Insufficient bearing load
99 Other damage
Bearing damage and
corrective actions
Bearings are key components of electric motors and must
therefore meet exacting performance criteria in terms of load
carrying capacity and reliability.
Today, SKF has the means to calculate bearing life with con
siderable accuracy, making it possible to match bearing life
with the service life of the machine.
There are cases, however, where a bearing does not attain
its calculated life and there can be a number of reasons – some
more obvious than others.
Bearings in electric motors can fail prema Electrical erosion

turely for a number of different reasons
including: heavier than expected loads, inade The problem of a damaging electric current
quate or unsuitable lubrication, too light loads, passing through a bearing is common in elec
damage during transport or standstill, elec tric motors and generators.
trical erosion, mounting problems, improper This phenomenon, known as electric ero
handling, contaminants inside the bearing, sion or arcing, can happen when a current
ineffective seals, or improper shaft or housing passes from one ring to the other through
fits. the rolling elements. The extent of the dam
Each of these factors produces its own age depends on the amount of energy and
particular type of damage and leaves its own its duration. However, the result is usually the
special imprint on the bearing. same: pitting damage to the rolling elements 6
Consequently, by examining a damaged and raceways, rapid degradation of the lubri
bearing it is possible in the majority of cases cant and premature bearing failure.
to determine the root cause of the damage Recently, with the increased use of fre
so that the requisite actions can be taken to quency converters, there has been a dramatic
prevent a recurrence. increase in the number of bearing failures
related to electrical erosion.
91
Electrical erosion
Typical bearing damage Fig. 1 Shielded and

symmetric versus
a non-shielded and
Currents due to flux asymmetries asymmetric cable
Due to manufacturing limitations it is impos (PE = Power Earth)
sible to obtain perfect electromagnetic sym
metry. PE
Asymmetry leads to the generation of a flux U U
of alternating magnitude, inducing a shaft PE
W V
voltage. This in turn leads to a circulating V
W
current flowing through the bearings. The
problem occurs especially with large motors
having a low number of pole pairs (e.g. 2-pole
motors).
Currents due to asymmetric cabling

The design and arrangement of the cabling very steep-edged voltage pulses create high
on an electric motor or generator is a very frequency current transients.
important design consideration. Asymmetric, The condition is often referred to as “com
non-shielded motor cabling can generate mon mode noise”. The amplitude of these
damaging currents († fig. 1). High Frequency (HF) currents varies with
motor or generator size, converter type and
High frequency currents cable parameters. Most of this HF current
New effects have been observed when returns to the converter through the cable
a motor or generator is connected to PE-lead and shield. But the remainder can
a frequency converter. cause trouble, and it is now known that both
The three phase output voltages from the high switching frequency and high switching
converter are shaped as series of square rate of rise are harmful.
pulses (not true sine waves). The sum of the
three phase voltages is not zero, which cre
ates a common mode voltage († fig. 2).
Most modern frequency inverters try to
simulate sine wave supply by Pulse Width
Modulated (PWM) signals, using newer tran
sistor technology – integrated gate bi-polar
transistors (IGBTs). These operate with not
only a high switching frequency (frequent
pulses) but also with very fast voltage switch
es (steep-edged pulses). The speed of switch
ing has increased rapidly († fig. 3). These
Fig. 2
Vu (Udc) 0
-1
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03
1
Vv (Udc) 0
-1
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03
1
Vw (Udc) 0
-1
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03
1
V common (Udc) 0
The three phases and -1
their sum is not zero – 0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03
but leads to the time (s)
common mode voltage
92
Electrical erosion
Voltage pulse of a GTO Fig. 3

thyristor compared to
an IGBT transistor
old (GTO) new (IGBT)
Spikes
U U U U
t t t t
500 V/µs
500 V/µs 2500 2500
V/µs V/µs
This means that in frequency converter molten pit marks. To the eye, this looks like
drive systems, there is always a common a dull grey surface († fig. 4). Multiple micro-
mode voltage that can cause a current flow craters cover the rolling element and raceway
from the converter output terminals to surfaces. Crater sizes are extremely small,
ground. Also, it is not uncommon that the mostly from 5 to 8 μm in diameter, irrespect
three phases are not fully symmetric, which ive of being found on the inner ring, the
creates further stator flux dissymmetry. loaded zone of the outer ring or on a rolling
To sum up, there are three additional cat element. The real shape of these craters can
egories of bearing currents in converter drive only be seen under a microscope using great
systems: magnification.
• High frequency circulating currents.

• High frequency shaft grounding currents.
• Capacitive discharge currents.
Effects of electric current going

A dull grey surface
through the bearing of the rolling elements 6
When an electric current passes through the can be a sign of micro-
contact zone of the rolling elements and race cratering
way, the energy of the electric discharge gen
erates heat, the temperature can raise so high Fig. 4
that it causes local melting of the surface.
When the spark is gone, the material cools
and solidifies, welding the two surfaces
together. When they break apart, a crater is
formed. The material is re-hardened (typically
66 to 68 HRC) and is much more brittle than
the original bearing material.
Below the re-hardened layer is a layer
of material that was annealed by the heat.
This material has become softer than the
surrounding bearing material (typically 56
to 57 HRC).
Micro-cratering
Since frequency converters are more com
monly used today, micro-cratering is by far
the most common effect of electric current
passage. The damage is characterized by
93
Electrical erosion/Inadequate lubrication
Fluting or washboarding Inadequate lubrication

Fluting or “wash boarding” is seen as a pat
tern of multiple grey lines across the raceways Inadequate lubrication will cause either sur
(† fig. 5). The fluting results from a mechan face distress or abrasive wear, thereby sub
ical resonance vibration caused by the rolling stantially reducing bearing service life. If the
elements when rolling over micro-craters. lubricant film between the rolling elements
Fluting is not considered to be a primary and raceways is too thin, due to inadequate
failure mode. Instead, it is considered to be viscosity or contamination, the surfaces will
secondary bearing damage – something that no longer be fully separated and metal-to-
becomes visible over time. metal contact occurs.
Lubricant degradation Surface distress

Local high temperatures cause the additives There is a risk of surface distress for any
in the lubricant to char or burn the base oil. bearing when the lubricant film is too thin.
This causes the additives to be consumed That risk is increased if there is sliding in
more quickly. the rolling contact. All rolling bearings show
In case of grease lubrication the grease some sliding, also called micro slip, in the
turns black and hard († fig. 6). This rapid rolling contacts.
breakdown drastically shortens grease life. Surface distress is the consequence of
If relubrication is not performed in time, asperities of rolling elements and raceways
secondary damage due to poor lubrication coming in direct contact.
might result. When load and frictional forces rise to a
given magnitude, small cracks form on the
Corrective action contact surfaces. These small cracks eventu
To prevent damage from electric current pas ally develop into microspalls († fig. 7).
sage, an electrically insulated bearing at the When microspalls develop, the surface just
non-drive end is usually used. There are two looks dull and grey († fig. 8), but under a
types of insulated bearings available from microscope a number of cracks and spalls can
SKF: INSOCOAT bearings and hybrid bearings. be detected. Over time this damage can lead
More information about INSOCOAT and hybrid to flaking or the debris from microspalls can
bearings can be found in chapter 1 on also lead to increased abrasive wear.
pages 25 and 27.
Fluting or
washboarding in Black discoloured
a raceway caused grease caused by
by electrical erosion passage of current
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
94
Inadequate lubrication
Surface distress: Micro Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Dull surface due to

spalling caused by micro spalling
metal-to-metal
contact
Abrasive wear Corrective action

Abrasive wear occurs between two mating Check first whether the appropriate lubricant is
surfaces sliding in relation to each other in being used and that re-greasing intervals and
the presence of grinding media. The sliding quantity are adequate for the application. If
motion wears the surfaces like sandpaper the lubricant contains contaminants, check
does. Abrasive wear is normally characterized the seals to determine if they should be
by dull surfaces. Abrasive wear is a self-per replaced or upgraded. In some cases, depend
petuating process because the wear particles ing on the application, a lubricant with a higher
further reduce the lubricant’s effectiveness viscosity may be needed to increase the oil film
which increases wear. thickness.
Sometimes, however, the wear particles act
as a polishing agent to make the contact sur
faces extremely shiny. The result of abrasive
wear depends on the size of the particles and
their hardness († fig. 9).
Cylindrical roller with

mirror-like surface
due to polishing
abrasive wear
Fig. 9
95
Material fatigue/Damage from vibration
Material fatigue The absence of this lubricant film allows

metal-to-metal contact between the rolling
Most bearings outlive the machines to which elements and raceways. If external vibrations
they are fitted. However, if the operating con are introduced, the vibrations cause very small
ditions are not optimal, or if the bearing loads movements of the rolling elements relative to
are higher than the fatigue load limit, sooner the rings. These movements cause a combin
or later material fatigue will occur. The period ation of corrosion and wear, forming depres
of time until the first sign of material fatigue sions in the raceway. The depressions appear
appears is a function of at rolling element distance and can often be
discoloured or shiny. This damage is known
• the number of revolutions performed as false brinelling († fig. 10).
by the bearing False brinelling occurs also in large
• the magnitude of the load machines with heavy rotors. Roller bearings
• the operating temperature. are more sensitive to this phenomenon as
rollers can slide along the contact line with
Material fatigue is the result of cyclically the raceways.
stressing the bearing material. This leads to It takes some time for the initial damage to
a build-up of residual stresses that will cause develop in size to such an extent that it will be
structural changes immediately below the discovered. Therefore, it can be difficult to
load carrying surface. trace the root cause of the failure to vibration
Over time, cracks develop in this subsurface at standstill and in particular to ”transporta
area. When these cracks come to the surface, tion” without a careful analysis of the dam
fragments of material start to flake off as the aged components.
rolling elements pass over the cracks. This is
known as spalling and is a result of subsur
face fatigue. The flaking gets progressively
worse until the bearing is unusable.
The rated life of a bearing is defined as the
number of revolutions the bearing performs
until incipient flaking occurs.
Flaking will gradually extend, but this can Fig. 10
happen over a relatively long period of time,
depending on the application and its operat
ing conditions. As the bearing’s condition
worsens, noise and vibration levels will
increase. As a rule, there is usually enough
time to prepare a replacement before the
bearing fails catastrophically.
Subsurface fatigue was an important fail
ure mode in the past. With the present
improvements in bearing steel manufacture,
False brinelling
however, it has been found that failures initi in a cylindrical roller
ate from the surface rather than from cracks bearing due to
formed beneath the surface. vibration at standstill
Fig. 11
Damage from vibration
Motors that are transported without the rotor
shaft held securely in place, can be subjected
to vibrations within the bearing clearance that
could damage the bearings.
Similarly, if a motor is at a standstill
and subjected to external vibrations over
a period of time, the bearings can also
become damaged.
When a motor is at a standstill, there is
no lubricant to form a film in the contact Motor secured
zones between the bearing components. for transport
96
Damage from vibration/Damage caused by improper installation and set-up
Corrective action Damage caused by

False brinelling during transport can be avoid
ed. Secure the bearings during transport in the
improper installation and
following manner. First lock the shaft axially set-up
using a flat steel bent in a U-shape, while care
fully preloading the ball bearing at the non- Electric motors are an important component
drive end. Then radially load the bearing at the of any machine. Therefore, we have all come
drive end with a strap († fig. 11). By doing so, to rely on electric motors to operate effectively
the rolling elements are locked in position and and to provide trouble-free operation.
no relative movement can occur. Vibration However, unless a motor is installed and
damage is avoided. set-up properly, it will not realize its expected
In case of prolonged periods of standstill, service life even if it is made from high quality
turn the shaft from time to time. False brinel components.
ling can also be avoided by installing motors The following are some examples of typical
with spring preloaded bearings († chapter 2 installation and set-up errors that can signifi
“Bearing arrangements – Preloading with cantly reduce motor life – especially as they
springs” on page 47). relate to the bearings.
Mounting components on the drive end

of the shaft
Using a hammer or other similar tool to mount
a coupling half or belt pulley onto a shaft can
significantly reduce bearing life. When the
component is struck, the force from the blow
is transferred from the inner ring to the outer
ring through the rolling elements. This axial
shock load will cause indentations in the
bearing raceways to dramatically reduce
bearing service life.
Corrective action
Press the component onto the shaft with the
appropriate tool. Make use of the shaft thread
or heat the component before mounting.
Poor alignment
If the shaft of an electric motor is not aligned 6
carefully with the shaft of the driven compo
nent, the bearings in both applications will be
subjected to additional forces. These addition
al forces could be substantial enough to sig
nificantly reduce the service life of the bear
Use a shaft alignment ings of both the motor and driven unit.
tool
Corrective action
Fig. 12 Use a precision instrument like the SKF Shaft
Alignment Tool († fig. 12), to be sure that
the shafts of both the drive and the driven
units are aligned correctly. If after using a
precision instrument the shafts are still not
aligned, check for a “soft foot”.
97
Damage cause by improper installation and set-up
SKF Microlog Analyzer Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Where to place

for vibration the pulley
measurements
Unbalance Corrective action

Substantial unbalance in the driven unit can Mount the belt pulley as close as possible to
be transferred to the motor. These vibrations the drive end bearing.
can shorten bearing service life. The pulley should be positioned with its
centre being to the left of the middle of the
Corrective action shaft end (dimension C † fig. 14).
Check the vibration level of the driven unit
looking for the root cause of the problem
(† fig. 13). For a fan, for instance, check the
fan blades and clean them if necessary. If the
vibration level is still too high, re-balance the
impeller.
Excessive belt tension

Excessive belt tension is a common cause of
premature bearing failure. In most cases, the
excessive loads from the belt cause unneces
sarily heavy loads on the motor bearings to
significantly reduce the service life of the
bearings and the belt.
Heavier loads also mean higher operating
temperatures, which will reduce the effective
ness of the lubricant and consequently the
bearing service life.
Excessive belt tension can also cause
movements of the inner ring relative to the
shaft to cause fretting corrosion.
Corrective action
Check that the belts have the correct tension.
Simple tools for measuring belt tension are
available on the market.
Excessive shaft deflection

If the bending torque on a shaft is excessive,
the shaft deflection will give rise to additional
bearing forces, leading to shorter bearing
service life. Mounting a belt pulley at the very
end of a shaft will create high bending torque
and consequently heavier bearing loads.
Excessive shaft deflection might also lead
to fretting corrosion or creep of the bearing
inner ring.
98
Insufficient bearing load/Other damage
Insufficient bearing load Other damage

When a motor runs without a load, there is an Overload from mounting errors
immense risk that the bearings will become Incorrect mounting methods can significantly
damaged, since they always need to have a reduce bearing service life. Damage caused
minimum load to function well. The damage by incorrect mounting frequently appears as
will appear as smearing on the rolling elements equally spaced indentations where the rolling
and raceways. elements were pushed into the raceways.
It takes time for the initial damage to devel Over time, flaking is likely to start from these
op to such an extent that the bearing damage indentations († fig. 15).
can be detected. These indentations are usually formed
when the mounting force is applied to the
Corrective action wrong bearing ring and the force is transmit
Make sure to apply a sufficiently large exter ted through the rolling elements; or when
nal load to the bearings. It is most important a hammer or similar tool is used to mount
to remember this when using cylindrical roller a component, such as a shaft pulley, sprocket
bearings, since they are typically used to or coupling.
accommodate heavier loads. Cylindrical roller bearings must be assem
This does not apply to preloaded bearings bled very carefully in order not to damage the
(† section “Preloading with springs” on bearing. Often times the two rings are not
page 47). properly aligned during the assembly process
and the rollers scratch the other raceway
causing long transverse streaks († fig. 16).
Corrective action
Use appropriate mounting tools and methods.
In the case of cylindrical roller bearings the
use of a guiding sleeve is strongly recom
mended († chapter 5 “Mounting and dis
mounting – Mounting separable bearings”
on page 82.
Transverse smear 6
streaks from faulty
assembly
Fig. 15 Fig. 16
Mounting error:
Flaking will start from
the indentations at
rolling element
distance
99
Other damage
Fig. 17 Indentations in
Damage due to indentations from the raceway caused
contaminants by over-rolled
Contaminants can be introduced into the contaminants
bearing cavity from a variety of sources. The
most common sources of contamination ori
ginate from
• the work surface or the work area, such as

casting sand and other dirt that was not
washed from the housing,
• contaminants contained in the lubricant,
• damaged or inefficient sealing,
• damaged shaft surfaces,
• inadequate relubrication practice, if applic
able.
These contaminant particles, when over

rolled by the rolling elements, create indenta
tions in the raceways († fig. 17) that may
cause fatigue and eventually cause spalling.
Corrective action
• Do not unpack the bearing until immediately
before mounting.
• Keep the workshop and tools clean.
• Use clean lubricant.
• Make sure the grease nipple is clean when
relubricating.
• Make sure seals and counterfaces are in
good condition.
100
101

7 SKF solutions
104 SKF Engineering Consultancy
Services
105 SKF calculation tools
107 Application specific solutions
112 Condition monitoring

SKF solutions
SKF has applied its extensive knowledge of industrial appli

cations to develop system solutions that yield cost-effective
results.
These solutions, some of which do not even incorporate
bearings, underscore SKF’s continuing effort to apply its core
competencies in the areas of the future: mechatronics and
electronics.
In this chapter, some of the solutions are presented that
could be offered to meet the real conditions for typical electric
motor and generator applications.
103
7 SKF solutions
SKF Engineering Consultancy Services
SKF Engineering
Consultancy Services
The information required to calculate and
design a bearing arrangement for electrical
motors can be found in this handbook. But
there are applications where it is desirable to
predict the expected bearing life as accurately
as possible, either because sufficient experi
ence with similar bearing arrangements is
lacking, or because economy and/or operation
al reliability are of extreme importance. In such
cases, for example, it is advisable to consult the
“SKF Engineering Consultancy Services”. They
provide calculations and simulations utilizing
high-tech computer programs, in combination
with a 100-year global experience in the field
of rotating machine components.
They can provide support with the com
plete SKF application know-how.
The SKF application specialists can • optimizing system costs, service life, vibra
tion and noise levels.
• analyse the technical problems
• suggest the appropriate system solution The high-tech computer programs used
• select the appropriate lubrication and an within the SKF Engineering Consultancy
optimized maintenance practice. Services as standard for calculation and simu
lations are briefly described in the section
SKF Engineering Consultancy Services pro “SKF calculation tools” on page 105.
vides a new approach to services concerning For further information about the activities
machines and installations for OEM and end- of the SKF Engineering Consultancy Services
users. Some of these service benefits are please contact the nearest SKF company.
• Faster development processes and reduced

time to market.
• Reduced implementation costs by virtual
testing before production start.
• Improved bearing arrangement by lowering
noise and vibration levels.
• Higher power density by upgrading.
• Longer service life by improving lubrication
or sealing.
Advanced computer programs

Within the SKF Engineering Consultancy
Services there are highly advanced computer
programs which can be used for
• analytical modelling of complete bearing

arrangements, consisting of shaft, housing,
gears, couplings, etc.
• static analysis, i.e. determination of elastic
deformations and stresses in components
of mechanical systems
• dynamic analysis, i.e. determination of the
vibration behaviour of systems under work
ing conditions (“virtual testing”)
• visual and animated presentation of struc
tural and component deflection
104
7 SKF solutions
SKF calculation tools

SKF possesses one of the most comprehen
sive and powerful sets of modelling and simu
lation packages in the bearing industry. They
range from easy-to-use tools based on the
SKF General Catalogue formulae to the most
sophisticated calculation and simulation sys
tems, running on parallel computers.
The company’s philosophy is to develop a
range of programs to satisfy a number of cus
tomer requirements; from fairly simple design
checks, through moderately complex investi
gations, to the most advanced simulations for
bearing and machine design. Wherever pos
sible these programs are available for use on
customers’ or SKF engineers’ laptops, desktop
PCs or workstations. Moreover, particular care
is taken to provide integration and interoper
ability of the different systems.
next paragraph) and as such is the result of
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue several years of specific research and devel
The SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue opment within SKF.
(IEC) is an easy-to-use tool for bearing selec
tion and calculation. Bearing searches are Orpheus
available based on designation or dimensions, The numerical tool Orpheus enables engin
and simple bearing arrangements can be eers to study and optimize the dynamic
evaluated as well. The equations used are in behaviour of noise and vibration in critical
line with the theories of the SKF General Cata bearing applications (e.g. electric motors,
logue. gearboxes). It can be used to solve the com
It also enables the generation of CAD bear plete non-linear equations of motion of a set
ing drawings that can be imported into cus of bearings and their surrounding compo
tomer application drawings developed with nents, including gears, shafts and housings.
the major CAD commercial packages. It can provide profound understanding of
The SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue and advice on the dynamic behaviour of an
also contains in addition to the complete application, including bearings, accounting
assortment of rolling bearings, catalogues for form deviations (waviness) and mounting
covering bearing units, bearing housings, errors (misalignment). This enables SKF
plain bearings and seals. engineers to determine the most suitable
The SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue bearing type and size as well as the corres
is published online at www.skf.com. ponding mounting and pre-load conditions
for a given application. 7
SKF bearing beacon
SKF bearing beacon is the mainstream bear Beast
ing application program used by SKF engi Beast is a simulation program that enables
neers to find the best solution for customers’ SKF engineers to simulate the detailed
bearing arrangements. Its technology enables dynamics inside a bearing.
the modelling in a 3D graphic environment of It can be seen as a virtual test rig perform
flexible systems incorporating customer com ing detailed studies of forces, moments etc.
ponents for both static and dynamic simula inside a bearing under virtually any load
tions. SKF bearing beacon combines the abili condition. This enables the “testing” of new
ty to model generic mechanical systems concepts and designs in a shorter time and
(using also shafts, gears, housings etc.) with a with more information gained compared
precise bearing model for an in-depth analy with traditional physical testing.
sis of the system behaviour in a virtual envi
ronment. It also performs bearing rolling
fatigue evaluation using the SKF rating life.
SKF bearing beacon is derived from the
research and development tool Orpheus (see
105
7 SKF solutions
Other programs
In addition to the above-mentioned programs,
SKF has developed dedicated computer pro
grams that enable SKF scientists to provide
customers with bearings having an optimized
bearing surface finish, to extend bearing
service life under severe operating conditions.
These programs can calculate the lubricant
film thickness in elasto-hydrodynamically
lubricated contacts. In addition, the local film
thickness resulting from the deformation of
the three dimensional surface topography
inside such contacts is calculated in detail and
the consequent reduction of bearing fatigue
life.
In order to complete the necessary cap
abilities for their tasks, SKF engineers use
commercial packages to perform e.g. finite
element or generic system dynamics analy
ses. These tools are integrated with the SKF
proprietary systems enabling a faster and
more robust connection with customer data
and models.
106
7 SKF solutions
Application specific solutions
Application specific One very cost-effective way to solve the

solutions problem is to insulate the bearing. One can
apply a ceramic coating to one of the rings –
INSOCOAT († chapter 1, page 25) or use
Induction motors equipped ceramic rolling elements and create a hybrid
with frequency converters bearing († chapter 1, page 27). Either of
Since the 1990’s the use of pulse width these solutions will provide two functions,
modulated (PWM) frequency converters has by acting as a bearing and an insulator
increased. An increase of premature bearing († figs. 1 and 2).
failures caused by electrical erosion or arcing, In applications where electrical erosion is
has been observed († chapter 6 “Bearing caused by circulating currents, a single “insu
damage and corrective actions”, starting on lated bearing” on the non-drive end will be
page 91). These types of failures typically sufficient to break the current path inside the
cause machine shutdowns that decrease pro motor. For additional information contact your
duction while significantly increasing mainten local SKF representative.
ance costs and/or warranty costs. SKF’s insulated bearings have standard
To better understand electrical erosion and boundary dimensions according to ISO 15:1998.
its effect on bearing and machine service life, They should be handled with the same care
SKF has an ongoing program to study the as standard bearings.
problem and develop cost-effective solutions.
Electric behaviour of insulated bearings
A solution to electrical erosion To better understand how insulated bearings
A key to solving the problem of electrical ero work, one must first distinguish between DC
sion is to insulate the shaft from the housing current and AC current applications.
so that stray currents do not “seek ground” In DC applications, INSOCOAT acts as a
through the bearings. Though there is no one pure 50 MW resistor. Therefore, it can accom
best way to do this, some solutions, like spe modate voltages in excess of 1 000 V DC
cial shaft coatings or insulated end shields, before there is a breakdown and an electric
can be more expensive than others.
INSOCOAT is applied to
either the outer ring or Hybrid deep groove
inner ring of a bearing ball bearing
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
107
7 SKF solutions
arc. For the ceramic rolling elements in a ator bearings († chapter 6 “bearing damage
hybrid bearing, those values are even higher. and corrective actions”, starting on page 92).
In AC applications, especially in variable As a consequence electrical erosion, prema
speed drives, (VSDs) one has to consider the ture bearing failure and generator break
impedance of the insulating material. The downs can occur, making an insulation at both
impedance describes the voltage-current sides, DE and NDE, necessary.
relationship in an AC circuit. From a technical point of view, hybrid bear
The value of the impedance depends main ings are the most reliable solution to avoid
ly on two electrical factors: the capacitance passage of high frequency bearing current,
and the frequency. The capacitance should be not only because they are excellent electrical
as small as possible and is dependent on insulators, but they also feature excellent tri
bearing size. bological properties, even under harsh oper
ating conditions.
A range of extra-large (XL) hybrid deep
Wind turbine generators groove ball bearings is available from stock.
To convert wind power into electricity, wind These bearings were especially designed and
turbines are equipped with a generator. For developed for wind turbine generators, to vir
larger turbines, typically above 800 kW, a tually eliminate the risk of harming electrical
double fed type of generator is state of the currents passing through the rolling contact
art. This type of asynchronous generator is area within the generator bearings.
equipped with an active rotor winding that is XL hybrid deep groove ball bearings have
fed by a frequency converter enabling the tur standard boundary dimensions according to
bine to operate with optimized electricity pro ISO 15:1998. There is no need for redesign,
duction within a relatively wide wind-speed additional components or special tools during
range. installation. They should be handled and
Due to the specific design of double fed mounted with the same care as standard
generators and the use of frequency convert bearings.
ers, it is very likely that parasitic high frequen
cy electrical currents pass through the gener
The SKF Sensor
Bearing Unit occupies
no extra radial space,
is well protected inside
SKF Sensor-Bearing the motor and provides
Unit a reliable steady signal
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
108
7 SKF solutions
Motor control in three-phase drives Large and very large electric

Changing from direct current drives to three- machines
phase drives offers many advantages. The Today, the most common bearing solution in
three-phase induction motor is the most large and very large electric motors and gen
commonly used type of motor in industrial erators consists of a sleeve bearing unit. This
applications, offering a robust and virtually unit includes a sleeve bearing, a housing and
maintenance-free solution. However, in order other components such as electrical insulation,
to control speed and direction of rotation, it is and an air pressure chamber for flanged units.
necessary to use an additional electronic The sleeve bearing unit is considered to be
device that records the motor speed. In most costly, especially under certain conditions.
cases, a resolver or an optical encoder is In applications with very low speeds,
mounted on the induction motor to perform changes in the direction of rotation (reversing)
this function. or combined radial and axial loads, the oil film
thickness can drop to almost zero. This inade
SKF Sensor-Bearing Units quate lubrication condition can cause metal-
SKF Sensor-Bearing Units († fig. 3) are to-metal contact that can damage the sleeve
mechatronic machine components that com bearing and cause premature failure. To avoid
bine sensor and bearing technology. They are this condition, additional equipment is needed
designed to perform as incremental encoders so that extra oil pressure can be supplied to
for motor and/or machine control. These units the bearing.
use a sensor that is shielded from external To maximize the service life of a sleeve bear
influences. The sensor body, impulse ring and ing, the lubricating oil must do two things
bearing are mechanically attached to each
other, forming an integrated ready-to-mount • provide a sufficient oil film between the
unit. shaft and bearing
SKF designed and patented Sensor-Bear • dissipate heat from the bearing to keep
ing Units are simple, robust and provide com it running cool.
pact and reliable encoding for highly demand
ing control. They are intended for applications High operating temperature means low oil
with a rotating inner ring and stationary outer operating viscosity. The viscosity might be
ring. insufficient to form a protective oil film.
Especially in forklift trucks the medium-size Therefore sleeve bearing units need special
electric drive motors are becoming more and oil circulation systems that include coolers.
more compact resulting in a motor power To replace these sleeve bearing units, SKF
density increase. Consequently the motor offers flanged housing units that contain roll
currents are rising (600-800 amps) leading ing bearings.
to performance problems with the current
sensor-bearing technology based on Hall-
Effect sensors.
The SKF motor encoder unit BMH using
inductive sensor technology was developed to
be insensitive to magnetic disturbances and to 7
avoid performance problems.
109
7 SKF solutions
SKF flanged housing units with rolling cially designed labyrinth seals are used to
bearings keep the lubricant in and contaminants out.
To counteract the high cost of a sleeve bearing From a maintenance standpoint, regular oil
system, SKF developed a shaft system that changes are all that is necessary.
consists of two flanged housings; each When compared to a sleeve bearing unit,
equipped with a roller bearing. For this sys the SKF shaft system is a cost-effective solu
tem, a spherical roller bearing is used as the tion that is simpler, has fewer components,
locating bearing. The non-locating bearing and is easier to maintain. Moreover, auxiliary
can be either a CARB bearing († fig. 5) or systems such as hydrostatic jacking systems
another spherical roller bearing. The advan or thrust pads to accommodate axial loads are
tage of the CARB bearing is that it accommo not required. Variants using an oil reservoir
dates axial displacement like a cylindrical roll with a clever oil level monitoring device,
er bearing and misalignment like a spherical adjusting and replenishing the oil level during
roller bearing. This is particularly important in operation can also be offered.
applications where thermal expansion of the For further details, please contact the SKF
shaft is a key operating parameter. application engineering service.
The SKF shaft system copes with reverse
directions, axial loads, accommodates thermal
expansion of the shaft and deflections, and
can operate at slow speeds. There is no need
for extra components like thrust bearings or
hydrostatic jacking devices. This can be par
ticularly important for motors used in steel
mills and marine propulsion units.
Designed for oil bath lubrication, the SKF
shaft system does not need expensive oil cir
culation systems, which eliminates the need
for pumps, pipes, oil sumps and coolers. Spe
A flanged housing unit

with a CARB bearing
Fig. 5
110
7 SKF solutions
Gearmotors Fig. 6 An ICOS unit
Sealing is important as cleanliness has a dir

ect impact on environment and performance.
In modern gearmotors usually the motor
bearings are grease lubricated and the gear
box oil lubricated.
In the motor, bearing seals are integrated
into the bearing design and are intended for
use with grease. In the gearbox, oil seals are
typically used to keep the lubricating oil inside
and to protect gears and bearings from external
contaminants. These external seals require
• additional engineering
• additional space
• fine machining (and eventually hardening)
• additional logistics
• additional inventory
• special handling.
All of this yields greater efforts and higher

costs.
ICOS units
To simplify the sealing process and reduce
costs, SKF Sealing Solutions developed the
Integrated Compact Oil Seal unit. This unit
integrates a unique spring loaded radial shaft
seal into a bearing († fig. 6).
The unit, which can be used in either
grease or oil lubricated applications without
additional seals, requires less space than the
typical two-component arrangement. The
ICOS unit simplifies mounting and avoids
expensive machining of the shaft because the
inner ring shoulder serves as an optimal seal
counterface.
ICOS units can also provide benefits in
applications
• with a heavily contaminated environment

• with presence of water flow 7
• incorporating brush motors
• where grease leakage cannot be tolerated.
111
7 SKF solutions
Condition monitoring
Condition monitoring machine’s condition. Advanced analysis tech

niques such as Acceleration Enveloping enable
The aim of using a condition monitoring sys analysts to take the guesswork out of mainten
tem is to measure the condition of “wear” ance by supplying the required information
components and other functions that influ needed in order to take the necessary meas
ence machine reliability. The advantage of ures preventing unscheduled downtime.
condition monitoring using vibration analysis
is that it acts as an early warning system.
Consequently, this means that there is suffi Vibration
cient time for corrective actions and bearing Traditional low frequency vibration monitoring
replacement can be well planned remains essential in identifying problematic
(† diagram 1). machinery conditions. Generally, malfunctions
Examples of components and systems that that cause vibration and loss of machine effi
can be monitored are ciency ultimately result in damage to the
machine or its components. While low fre
• bearings quency vibration analysis can be an effective
• belt drives indicator of bearing damage, it may not be
• gearboxes the most timely.
• electric motors.
Some components, such as seals, can not Acceleration enveloping

be monitored, but need manual inspection. For early detection of machine damage,
enveloping techniques are very effective.
Enveloping enhances repetitive signals caused
Multi-parameter monitoring by the pulses emanating from a damaged
Jointly developed by SKF Condition Monitoring bearing, for example. In the early stages,
and the SKF Engineering Research Centre in bearing damage generates a signal that may
The Netherlands, multi-parameter monitoring go undetected amid general machine vibra
is the most comprehensive, reliable and accur tion “noise”. The use of envelope detection
ate approach to machinery monitoring and makes it possible to pinpoint not only the
analysis. Collecting and analysing multiple nature, but the location of the bearing or gear
measurement parameters greatly increases damage.
the capability to accurately and readily identify
bearing damage and other machinery problems.
By measuring a number of machinery re- Data collection tools
lated parameters such as acceleration, velocity Economical, easy-to-use, hand-held instru
and displacement and process parameters ments provide a quick and basic indication of
such as speed, temperature, current, pressure problem areas.
and flow, users gain insight into a specific The Vibration Penplus is a pocket-sized, go
Diagram 1
Vibration, noise
prewarning time bearing

failure
depending on
the background
noise the
detection by SKF prewarning
condition monitoring time can vary
detection by “listen
and feel”
initial damage
detection by traditional low

frequency vibration monitoring
time
112
7 SKF solutions
Vibration Penplus
anywhere measurement device that meas
ures overall vibration levels according to ISO
standards and acceleration enveloping peak
values according to SKF standards.
The hand-held product range also features
the SKF MARLIN data collector and machine
condition detector to collect and compare
operating data to provide advance warning of
costly machine problems.
These technologies enable operators to
become key participants in providing greater
machine reliability. With the press of a button,
operators can identify and record changes in
machine operation that could require further
investigation.
SKF Marlin data
collector with machine
condition detector
Periodic monitoring
The SKF Microlog analyzers enable efficient
vibration data collection and on-site analysis.
Embedded intelligence provides step-by-step
instructions for performing critical analysis
functions. Data collected can be up-loaded to
SKF @ptitude Monitoring Suite software for
further analysis and trending.
Continuous monitoring
Online monitoring for round-the-clock bear
ing and machinery analysis offers significant
SKF Microlog analyzers
advantages. With the SKF Multilog online sys
tems, permanently installed sensors collect
data from critical, hard-to-reach or problem
atic machines, eliminating the need for man
ual, walk-around data collection.
Combined with SKF @ptitude software, the
systems display up-to-date information on
machine operation for powerful “real-time”
analysis. Such systems offer the greatest
degree of worker safety and data consistency.
7
SKF @ptitude Monitoring Suite
SKF @ptitude Monitoring Suite is a know
ledge-engineered, integrated and scalable
SKF Multilog IMx
software program that provides a compre
hensive reliability solution for manufacturing
plants and other facilities. It gives the user
complete control over periodic and continuous
condition monitoring data, as well as analysis
and reporting, with extensive customizable
features. The suite can be easily and effective
ly integrated with add-on modules and is
compatible with Computerized Maintenance
Management Systems, Enterprise Resource
Planning and other information systems.
The software also offers a number of time
saving features. It enables a user to automati
cally schedule key operations such as report
113
7 SKF solutions
@ptitude Analyst
ing or archiving at specific times or after an
action occurs, such as uploading data. An
Alarm Wizard automatically calculates a relia
ble set of alarm criteria, setting appropriate
parameters for vibration levels tailored to the
specific needs of the organization.
For more information, visit www.skf.com/cm
or contact your local SKF representative.
SKF Maintenance Products

In an era of increased downsizing of the fixed
work force and increased pressures to pro
duce more in less time, SKF focuses on pro
viding customers with the tools and services
they need to remain competitive.
The vast assortment of SKF maintenance
products provides simple, flexible and reliable
solutions to its customers’ maintenance
needs. Whether the customer is looking for
the latest hydraulic jaw puller or simply a pair
of heat resistant gloves, SKF has the product
that matches the requirements.
For more information or a detailed product
catalogue, please contact your local SKF rep
resentative or visit SKF Maintenance Products
online at www.mapro.skf.com.
114
7
115
www.skf.com

2.6.08 EM Handbook 6230 - EN

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2.6.08 EM Handbook 6230 - EN

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2.6.08 EM Handbook 6230 - EN

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Rolling bearings

© SKF Group 2008

Publication 6230/I EN · February 2008

This publication supersedes publication 5230 E.

4 Lubrication and sealing

5 Mounting and dismounting

6 Bearing damage and corrective actions

A handbook for the industrial designer and end-user

This SKF applications, lubrication and maintenance handbook

The SKF brand now stands for more

While SKF maintains its leadership 15 Bearing selection

These solutions encompass ways to 25 INSOCOAT bearings

SKF – the knowledge engineering

47 Preloading with springs

3 Tolerances and fits

62 Grease selection 105 SKF calculation tools

64 Relubrication intervals 107 Application specific solutions

5 Mounting and dismounting

6 Bearing damage and corrective actions

96 Damage from vibration

97 Damage caused by improper installation and set-up

99 Insufficient bearing load

SKF is also a leader in automotive by-wire technol-

Working in extreme environments

Developing a cleaner cleaner

Maintaining a 350 km/h R&D lab

Delivering Asset Efficiency Optimization

Planning for sustainable growth

21 Deep groove ball bearings

23 Cylindrical roller bearings

29 Angular contact ball bearings

31 Spherical roller bearings

33 CARB toroidal roller bearings

35 Spherical roller thrust bearings

Design requirements The following pages present the most

Dimensions In order to provide satisfactory operation,

Parameters that have

Table 1 Important parameters

Speed of the system, and the balancing of the rotat­

Coupling, belt and gear drives Environment

Vibration For appropriate calculation methods, refer

• Comparative measurements on a number

SKF has developed the tools and the know­

Handling, tools and transport

Bearing selection When bearing types other than deep

Bearing internal clearance

• Expansion of the inner ring caused by its

It is important to choose the right initial clear­

Relationship between bearing service life and preload/clearance

Calculation example Fig. 2

minimum required bearing life is 30 000 h. E

25 mm on the drive end and 20 mm on the

selected. It is crucial to choose high sealing [

efficiency, since the environment contains [

Use the calculation tools in the SKF Interac­

SKF rating life

Non-drive end bearing

Drive end bearing: 6305-2RS1/C3. • an SKF Explorer 6205-2RSH/C3

Therefore grease life is 29 000 ¥ 0,90 ≈

Speed of the system, and the balancing of the rotat

SKF has developed the tools and the know

It is important to choose the right initial clear

minimum required bearing life is 30 000 h. E

efficiency, since the environment contains [

Use the calculation tools in the SKF Interac

Preloading with springs to check the influence of component toler