Edited by

B. Vazhuthi, D.T.Ed., M.A., B.Ed.,

B.T. Assistant (Eng), P. U. M. School,
Thagarakuppam, Vellore District - 631102.
Mobile No: 9047718345
Mail ID: vazhuthidhiliban@gmail.com
1 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Preface
These lessons are designed to teach new learners to
read by building a phonics based foundation. The
beginning reader can use the consonant charts and the
vowel charts to learn the basic sounds and spelling of letter
combinations. The lessons are arranged in a format that
can be easily used by parents and teachers as
instructional materials for the purpose of developing
basic reading and spelling skills. Phonics skills are key
elements to the successful development of basic reading
and spelling skills.

Thanks to:
www.theschoolhouse.us
www.myenglishteacher.eu

2 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Contents
Unit Title Page
1. Frequently Used Sight Words 4
2. Short Vowel Patterns 6
3. Long (a) Spelling Patterns: (ai), (ay), (au) & (eigh) 12
4. Long (e) Spelling Patterns: 1 (-e), (ee) & (-ey) 13
5. Long (e) Spelling Patterns: 2 (-ea) & Short (-ea) 14
6. Long (e) Spelling Patterns: 3 (-ey), (-y) & (-ly) 15
7. Long (i) Patterns: (-ie), (-y), (-igh), (-ind) & (-ild) 16
8. Long (o) Patterns: (-o), (-oa), (-oe), (-old) & (-ost) 17
9. Long (u) Spelling Patterns: (-ue), (-ui) 17
10. Magic “e” Rule 18
11. Bossy "r" Spelling / Reading Patterns 20
12. Variant Vowel Patterns: (oy, oi) 21
13. Spelling Patterns: (-aw), (-ew) & (-ow) 22
14. Spelling Patterns: Long (oo) & Short (oo) 23
15. Spelling Patterns: (wa), Ending (are) & (le) 24
16. Digraph: ch 25
17. Digraphs: (ph), (sh), (th) & (wh) 26
18. Initial Consonant Blends 27
19. Final Consonant Blends 29
20. Soft Letter (c) & Soft Letter (g) 30
21. Suffixes: Word Endings (sion, tion & ed, ing) 31
22. Spelling Rule: Singular & Plurals 33
23. Silent Letters 34
24. Contractions 39
25. Syllables Rules 40
26. 300 Most Frequently Using Words 42
3 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 1
Frequently Used Sight Words
Sight Words are numerous and one cannot “sound them out”
according to their phonetic spelling pattern. However, the spelling
(visual patterns) in sight words, are such that the common phonic
generalizations cannot be applied in decoding. These words
appear frequently and must be memorized.

Frequently Used Sight Words - Part 1

a from once sure

above give one the
again gives only their
any gone or there
are have other they
away here over to
been I own today
before into pretty too
buy knew push two
children know put very
color laugh ready want
come live really was
could love said were
do many says what
does mother school where
don’t Mr. shall who
done Mrs. Should work
door none some would
father of something you
friend often sometime your

4 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

Frequently Used Sight Words - Part 2

across dove language soldier

air dozen laughed son
against dye leather soul
aisle early library special
already earn lion spread
answer enough lived square
anxious every machine steak
around eye measure taught
bear eyes million though
beautiful field minute thought
beauty folks mischief through
because garage move together
believe ghost neither ton
calf gloves ocean tongue
carry great office toward
coming grew onion usual
cough guard open vein
couple guess ought view
course guide patient warm
cousin head piece weather
cruel heart please whom
curve heaven quiet whose
dead heavy ranger wolf
deaf hour rough woman
debt idea science won
desire Indian scissors write
double instead sew wrong
doubt isle sign young

5 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Unit 2
Short Vowel Patterns
Short Vowels means the sound of the vowel is soft. When a
vowel is followed by one consonant (consonant blend,
digraph), that vowel is usually short.
A vowel is usually short when there is only one vowel in a word
(either at the beginning or between two consonants) or syllable as
in on, red and fantastic.

Words with Short “a” vowel sound

at brat bad bag brag
bat chat cad gag crag
cat flat dad hag drag
fat scat fad jag flag
hat slat had lag snag
mat spat lad nag stag
pat that mad rag swag

am clam an bran clap

cam cram ban flan flap
dam dram can plan scrap
ham gram fan scan slap
jam scam man span snap
ram scram pan Stan strap
Sam sham ran than trap

cab drab ax and bland

gab crab lax band brand
lab grab tax hand grand
tab slab wax land stand

6 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

bass brass cast back black
lass class fast hack crack
mass crass last Jack flack
pass glass past lack quack
sass grass vast pack track

camp champ ash brash bank

damp clamp bash clash dank
lamp cramp cash crash lank
ramp scamp dash flash rank
tamp stamp gash slash sank
vamp tramp hash smash tank

ask daft craft asp catch

bask haft draft gasp hatch
mask raft graft hasp match
task waft shaft rasp patch

bath bang clang can’t chant

lath gang slang pant grant
math hang sprang rant plant
path rang twang want scant

Words with Short “e” vowel sound

get bed bled den blend
let fed bred fen spend
met led fled hen kept
net Ned shed men wept
pet red shred pen bend
set Ted sled ten end
7 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
bell quell bent Brent
fell shell cent scent
sell smell rent spent
tell spell sent Trent
well swell went

best blest deck check

nest chest neck fleck
rest crest peck speck

edge dredge Bess bless

hedge fledge less chess
ledge pledge mess dress
sedge sledge ness stress

absent compel fragment patent

address competent freshmen pellet
advent confess hamlet quicken
asset content helmet redneck
banquet contest henchmen rotten
basinet convent henpeck selfish
basket dentist impel shipment
basset dispel impress spectrum
beckon distinct inject splendid
bellhop docket inkwell subject
Benjamin dragnet insect sudden
billet eggshell intellect sunbelt
bonnet enrich intent sundeck
bracket evident kitchen suspect
brisket exit lapel suspend
bucket expect ligament talent
buffet expend liniment tenement
cabinet extend magnet thicket

8 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

Words with Short “i” vowel sound
hip clip bit chit dim grim
lip flip fit quit him skim
nip grip hit skit Kim slim
tip ship it spit rim swim
zip skip pit split Tim trim

bid grid big brig din chin

did quid dig sprig in skin
kid skid fig trig pin spin
lid slid pig twig sin thin
mid squid rig Whig tin twin

kick brick ding bring fink blink

lick chick king cling ink brink
nick click ping fling link chink
pick flick ring sling mink clink
rick quick sing spring pink drink
sick stick wing string rink shrink
tick thick swing sink stink
wick trick gilt thing wink think
imp blimp hilt quilt dint flint
limp crimp kilt spilt hint print
wimp primp silt stilt lint sprint

gift drift disk brisk fist grist

lift shift risk frisk list twist

ditch glitch midge bridge finch clinch

hitch stitch ridge fridge inch flinch

9 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

admit dismiss lavish rabbit
avid famish limit rabid
axis finish limpid radish
backlit flagship lipid rapid
backspin frigid lipstick rigid
bandit gambit liquid satin
Baptist habit livid shindig
blacklist handspring maxim timid
cabin hatpin misfit transit
candid impish misprint valid
catfish imprint napkin vapid
catnip insist nitpick victim
digit kidskin nitwit visit
diminish kingpin picnic vivid
dipstick kinship pinprick within

Words with Short “o” vowel sound

job blob cot blot hop chop
mob glob got plot lop crop
nob slob hot shot mop drop
rob snob not slot pop shop
sob throb pot spot top stop

dock block dog blog bog flog

hock chock fog frog cog grog
jock clock log smog jog slog

boss cross bong prong bond chomp

loss dross long strong fond clomp
moss floss song thong pond stomp
toss gloss long throng
10 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
Words with Short “u” vowel sound
bug chug but bum chum
dug drug cut gum drum
jug shrug hut mum plum
lug slug jut rum scum
mug smug nut sum slum

bun cub chub bud crud

fun hub club cud spud
run pub flub dud stud
sun rub scrub mud thud

bump chump blush buck chuck

dump clump brush duck cluck
hump grump crush luck pluck
jump plump flush muck shuck
pump slump plush suck struck

bunch brunch Dutch budge drudge

lunch crunch hutch fudge grudge
munch scrunch clutch judge sludge

album discus hubbub pickup

animus disgust humbug pumpkin
backup distrust humdrum ruckus
buckskin dumbstruck hummus sacrum
bumpkin dumdum litmus sanctum
bunkum dumpling magnum shantung
buskin flashgun manhunt status
cactus fungus maximum stinkbug
campus gamut minimum stratus
catgut grampus nimbus sunlamp
11 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 3
Long (a) Spelling Patterns: (ai), (ay) & (au)
When a vowel has a long sound, it says its name.
Rule: 1
When two vowels go walking usually the first one does the talking,
(it says its name) the second vowel does the walking, (it is silent).
Rule: 2
If a one syllable word ends with a vowel, the vowel is usually long.
Rule: 3
The vowel i and o have the long vowel sound when followed by
two or more consonants usually has a long vowel sound. (Usually
words with just one vowel have a short vowel sound. These two
spelling patterns are exceptions.)

Long (a) Spelling Pattern: -ai (Rule: 1)

aim mail rail tail
brain paid rain trail
chain pail sail train
fail pain snail vain
gain paint sprain wail
jail plain stain wait

Long (a) Spelling Pattern: -ay (Rule: 1)

day hay pay say
clay lay play spray
gray may pray stay

Long (a) Spelling Pattern: -au (Rule: 1)

applause author haul sausage
August because Paul cause

12 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Austin fault sauce
Unit 4
Long (e) Spelling Patterns: 1 (-e), (ee), (-ie) & (eigh)

Long (e) Spelling Pattern: -e (Rule: 2)

be he she we

Long (e) Spelling Pattern: -ee (Rule: 1)

bee feet peewee sheet
beep free queen sleep
beet glee reed steel
beetle green reef street
bleed heed reel sweep
cheek heel see sweet
creek jeep seed teen
deed keep seek teeth
deep meet seem thee
feed need seen three
fee peek seep week
feel peel sheep wheel

Long (e) Spelling Pattern: -ie

The pattern (ie) is an irregular long (e) pattern. It is often used in
names, ex. Katie. This pattern does not follow the long vowel rule.
Angie Bonnie field niece
baggie brie fiend piece
beanie brief frieze shield
belief chief genie siege
believe cookie grief thief

Long (a) Spelling Pattern: -eigh (eigh says a)

13 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

eight sleigh neighbor weight
Unit 5
Long (e) Spelling Patterns: 2 (-ea) & Short (-ea)
Long (e) Spelling Pattern: -ea (Rule: 1)
beach feast meat sea
beagle flea neat seal
cheat heal peach seat
clean jeans peanut speak
cream leaf reach teach
dream lean read teapot
each least reap treat
eat mean scream weak

Read these sentences.

 My neighbor teaches at the beach.

 I like to be clean and neat.

 Peanuts are a good treat.

 The seal screeched a mean scream.

 I feel weak and must sneak a peach.

Short (e) Spelling Pattern: -ea

Most often the spelling pattern (ea) has the long vowel sound as in
teacher. However, there are quite a few words that have the short
“e” sound (as in jet) but have the (ea) spelling pattern instead.
Usually you will find these words among the sight words.

bedspread deaf lead stealth

bread death leapt sweat
breakfast head leaven threat
breast health meant tread
breath heaven read wealth
14 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
dead instead spread weapon
Unit 6
Long (e) Spelling Patterns: 3 (-ey), (-y) & (-ly)
When “ y ” functions as a vowel it:
The vowels are: a-e-i-o-u- and sometimes y.
a) Concludes a word which has no other vowel (my).
b) Concludes words of more than one syllable (happy).
c) Immediately follows another vowel (key, monkey).

Long (e) Spelling Pattern: -ey (Rule: 1)

alley donkey honey kidney monkey
chimney galley jockey Mickey valley
chutney hockey key money volley

Long (e) Spelling Pattern: -y

When (-y) appears at the end of a word that has at least two
syllables, it usually has the long (e) sound.
baby daddy happy lady rusty
belly easy hungry lucky study
candy envy jelly party ugly
creepy funny jolly puppy windy

Long (e) Spelling Pattern: Suffix Ending -ly

badly deeply gladly openly shortly
barely doubtfully hardly possibly simply
briefly entirely kindly practically slowly
calmly exactly lately purely softly
clearly firmly loudly quickly swiftly
closely finally lowly quietly terribly
costly frankly mainly rarely totally

15 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

critically freely mostly really truly
deadly gently nearly sadly usually
Unit 7
Long (i) Patterns: (-ie), (-y), (-igh), (-ind) & (-ild)

Long (i) Spelling Patterns: -ie (Rule: 1)

die died lie pie tie tied

Long (i) Spelling Patterns: -y

Read the words listed below. Note spelling pattern (-y) at the end
of one syllable words, it usually has the long (i) sound.
by fly my sly
cry fry shy try
dry guy sky why

Long (i) Spelling Patterns: -igh

The vowel (i) followed by (gh), usually has a long (i) sound.
blight fight might sigh
bright high night sight
delight light right tight

Long (i) Spelling Patterns: -ind,-ild (Rule: 3)

The vowel i and o have the long vowel sound when followed by
two or more consonants usually has a long vowel sound. (Usually
words with just one vowel have a short vowel sound. These two
spelling patterns are exceptions.)

behind hind rind child

bind kind unbind mild
blind mind unkind stepchild
find mindset wind wildfire
16 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 grind remind windup wildlife
Unit 8
Long (o) Patterns: (-o), (-oa), (-oe), (-old) & (-ost)

Long (o) Spelling Pattern: -o (Rule: 2)

go no so Exception: no

Long (o) Spelling Patterns: -oa (Rule: 1)

boat coast goal loam oath soap
cloak coat goat loan road throat
coach float load oak roast toad
coal foam loaf oat soak toast

Long (o) Spelling Patterns: -oe (Rule: 1)

doe foe hoe Joe toe woe

Long (o) Spelling Patterns: -old, -ost (Rule: 3)

bold cold gold Mold sold told
billfold fold hold old scold
ghost* host most post poster postman

Unit 9 Long (u) Spelling Patterns: (-ue) & (-ui)

Long (u) Spelling Patterns: -ue (Rule: 1)
argue cue rescue tissue
blue due statue true
clue glue Sue Tuesday

Long (u) Spelling Patterns: -ui (Rule: 1)

bruise fluid juice suit
17 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
cruise fruit ruin suitcase
Unit 10
Magic “e” Rule

Magic “e” Rule

When the “e” at the end of the word, e is silent. It is a signal that
sits at the end of a word. It tells the first vowel to say its name. This
rule is known as the magic "e" rule.
Notice the pattern: Vowel + consonant + silent e = long vowel sound
Long (a) Magic “e” words: -a_e
ape fame pace shake
blame game pane shave
cake grade plane snake
came grape place slate
care lame race state
chase late rake take
crane made same trade
dame name save whale

Long (i) Magic “e” words: -i_e

bike hide pile spine
bite hive pipe strife
bribe jibe pride strike
crime jive prize stripe
dike kite quite time
dive life ride tribe
drive like rife vine
file lime ripe while
fine line size white
five mile slime wide
glide mine smile wife
18 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
gripe pike spike wipe
Long (o) Magic “e” words: -o_e
bone dope lode robe
bore doze lone rode
coke drove lope rope
cone froze mole rose
cope globe mope shore
core grove more slope
cove grope nope smoke
choke hole nose stone
clone home note stove
close hone poke those
close hope pole throne
cone hose phone tone
dole joke probe vote
dome lobe quote zone

Long (u) Magic “e” words: -u_e

brute fluke mule puke
chute flute mute pure
cube fume muse rude
cure fuse nude rule
cute June perfume tube
dude lube plume tune
duke lute prude use

Short vowel sound & Magic 'e' longer sound words:

at ate quit quite
bit bite rid ride
cap cape sit site
cub cube slim slime
hop hope slop slope
mad made strip stripe

19 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

mat mate tap tape
pin pine tub tube
Unit 11
Bossy "r" Spelling / Reading Patterns
The combination of a vowel + r is called Bossy “r” pattern.
Bossy “r” is bossy but polite, it lets the vowel go first, but it doesn't
let it say its sound. You only hear the consonant sound of “r”.

Bossy "ar" Pattern Words:

arch bark chart hard spark
arm car dark march star
art card far mark start
artist carpet farm park target
bar cart garden smart yard

Bossy "er" Pattern Words:

after dinner germ mother sister
brother faster her person under
clerk father jerk serve were

Bossy "ir" Pattern Words:

admiral first shirk squirrel T-shirt
bird flirt shirt stir virtue
birth girdle sir third whir
birthday girl skirt thirsty whirl
chirp quirk smirk thirty zircon

Bossy "or" Pattern Words:

alligator cursor favor word world
color doctor tailor work worse

Bossy "ur" Pattern Words:

20 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
burn curl fur hurt purse
church curve hurry nurse turn
Unit 12
Variant Vowel Pattern: (oy) & (oi)
The diphthongs (oy, oi) have two adjacent vowels in a single
syllable, each of which contribute to the sound heard.
(boy = boi; boil = boil)

Spelling Patterns: -oy

annoy decoy enjoy oyster soybean
boy destroy joy royal toy
corduroy employ joyful royalty voyage

Read these sentences.

 The boy is wearing corduroy jeans.
 Roy enjoyed dining on oysters.
 The cowboy has a loyal sheepdog.
 What destroyed our field of soybeans?
 Mom says that I’m a tomboy.

Spelling Patterns: -oi

appoint coin joint oil rejoice
avoid doily moist ointment soil
boil foil moisture pinpoint spoil
broil hoist noise point toilet
coil join noisy poison voice

Read these sentences.

 Does the soil feel moist?
 Did you wrap the moist cake in foil?

21 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 I rejoice when I recognize mom’s voice.
 The new toilets have a noisy flush.
Unit 13
Spelling Patterns: (-aw), (-ew) & (-ow)
Spelling Patterns: -aw
The letters (aw) have the short (a) sound.
awful crawl jaw lawn raw
claw draw law paw yawn

Spelling Patterns: -ew

The letters (ew) have the long (u) sound.
blew crew few knew screw
brew dew flew new threw
chew drew grew pew view

Spelling Patterns: -ow (long o sound)

The combination (ow) has two sounds.
This portion concentrates on (ow) have the long (o) sound.
bellow bowler glow owe slow
billow bungalow grow own snow
blow crow low pillow sow
borrow elbow meadow row throw
bow fellow mellow shadow tow
bowl flow mow show yellow

This portion concentrates on (ow) have the (ou) sound.

brown crowd flower now towel
clown crown frown owl town
22 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
cow down how shower vowel

Unit 14
Spelling Patterns: Long (oo) & Short (oo)
Spelling Pattern: -oo (long sound)
balloon loose rooster smooth
broom moon root spooky
choose noon school spoon
cool pool scoop too
food roof scooter tooth
fool room shoot zoo

Sight words that have the same vowel sound.

coupon route through truth
do shoe to two
group soup true who

Spelling Pattern: -oo (short sound)

Short double (oo)/(u) has two spelling patterns.
"u" as in put or pull; "oo" as in foot or book
- not the same sound as short "u" in duck.

book foot look stood

brook football nook took
cook good plywood unhook
cooker goodbye rook wood
cookie hood rookie woodcut
cookout hoodie shook woodpecker
crook hoof soot woof
fishhook hook sooty wool

23 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Sight words that have the same vowel sound.
could pussyfoot should sugar
Unit 15
Spelling Patterns: (wa) , Ending (are) & (le)

Spelling Pattern: -wa (short o sound)

The letter (a) in the (wa) pattern usually has the sound of short
(a), with a few exceptions. Unless the (wa) is part of the long (a)
vowel pattern, a-e in wade (“magic e”).
flyswatter swat waft was
swab swath walk wash
swamp swatter wampum wasp
swan 'twas wand watch
swap wad wander water
swarm waddle want watt
swastika waffle wanton wattle

Spelling Pattern: Ending -are

A vowel or vowels followed by the letter “r” results in a blended
sound, which has neither the short nor long sound of the vowel.
aware dare mare scare
bare fare nightmare snare
care flatware parent spare
careful glare prepare stare
compare hare rare welfare

Spelling Pattern: Ending -le

At the end of a word, "le" sounds like (l); the e does not affect the
vowel sound. It is not “magic e”.
apple gobble middle scribble
bubble handle nibble sniffle
24 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
dribble jungle pickle tickle
freckle little puddle uncle
Unit 16
Digraph: (ch)

Digraph: (ch)
Digraphs consist of two consonants that are blended to make one
sound. (Digraph has two letters, but only one sound).

The consonant digraph (ch) has three different sounds.

 The most common sound "ch" is heard in chimney and much.
 "ch" is also presented as ch = sh (or) ch = k.

The most common sound "ch" is heard in chimney and much.

chaff chase chess chill chock
chain chat chest chin choose
chair check chicken chink chop
champ cheek chili chirp chuck
chap cheese chimney chip

attach clutch hitch much scratch

beach crunch inch patch sketch
bench each itch pitch stitch
branch fetch latch porch stretch
bunch finch lunch reach such
catch French match rich which

"ch" is also presented as ch = sh.

chef Chicago machine machinery parachute

"ch" is also presented as ch = k.

ache chemistry Christmas echo parachute

25 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

anchor chord chrome headache Nicholas
character chorus chrysalis mechanic school
Unit 17
Digraphs: (ph), (sh), (th) & (wh)

Digraph Pattern: ph (This digraph has the sound of f)

alphabet digraph graph orphan pheasant
autograph dolphin microphone pharmacist phone
cellophane elephant nephew pharmacy phonics

Digraph Pattern: sh (This digraph has the sound of __)

shed dish shift rush splash
shelf finish fish shin trash
brush shell fresh ship wish

Digraph Pattern: th (This digraph has the sound of __)

than them thick thing thrill
thank then thin think thump
that thick fresh this thus

Digraph Pattern: th (This digraph has the sound of __)

whack when which whip whippet
whelp whet whim whirl whit

26 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Unit 18
Initial Consonant Blends: bl–, cl–, fl–, gl–, pl–
sl–, br–, cr–, dr–, fr–, gr–,pr–, tr–, sc–, sk–, sm–
sn–, sp–, st–, sw–, tw–
Consonant blends may consist of two or three letters whose sounds
are blended together. Each letter within the blend is pronounced
individually, but quickly, so they blend together.

bl- cl- fl- gl-

black claim flag glad
blame class flame glasses
blanket clay flat glider
blast clean float glitter
blaze climb flood glitzy
blind clock floor globe
block close flower gloves
blood clothes fly glue

pl- sl- br- cr-

place slam brain crab
plan slap branch cracker
plant sleep brave crazy
play sleeve bridge cricket
plaza slice bring cripple
please slip brother crisp
plenty slither brown crutch
plus slow brush cry

27 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

dr- fr- gr- pr-
drastic frantic grade practice
draw freezer graduate prevent
dream frequent grandpa pride
dress fresh grass private
dribble friend great promise
drink frighten grocery protect
drop from ground prove
dry frozen grow prune

tr- sc- sk- sm-

trade scab skate small
traffic scale skeleton smart
travel school ski smash
treat score skill smear
tree scrap skin smell
true scratch skinny smile
trust scream skip smog
try scribble sky smooth

sn- sp- st- tw-

snack space stage twelve
snail spank stand twenty
snake speak star twice
snap special step twilight
sneak spend stone twin
snore spirit stop twinkle
snow sport strong twist
snug spot study twitch

28 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Unit 19
Final Consonant Blends: –st, –sk, –sp, –nd, –nt,
–nk, –mp, –rd, –ld, –lp, –rk, –lt, –lf, –pt, –ft, –ct
-st -sk -sp -nd -nt
best ask clasp and different
fast desk crisp band important
just disk cusp blend parent
last dusk gasp end plant
lost husk grasp find president
must mask lisp kind student
rest risk wasp land want
trust task wisp stand went

-nk -mp -rd -ld -lp

bank camp afford child gulp
drink damp bird cold help
junk dump card fold kelp
pink jump discard gold palp
sink lamp hard held pulp
shrink pump record hold scalp
thank stamp word old whelp
think swamp yard wild yelp

-rk -lt -pt -ft -ct

ark adult accept craft act
clerk belt adopt drift direct
irk difficult attempt gift expect
jerk fault crept left fact
lurk melt except lift object
park result kept raft project
work salt slept soft respect

29 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Unit 20
Soft Letter (c)
Soft L e t

The letter “c” has two sounds, hard “c” and soft "c".
When "c" is followed by (e, i, y) it is sounded as "s" (soft c).
When "c" is followed by (a, o, u) it is sounded as "k" (hard c).
ce ce ce ci cy
celebrate ice race circle bicycle
cement nice sentence city bouncy
cent office slice decide fancy
dance place spice excited lacy
face price twice pencil mercy
fence prince voice recipe spicy

Soft Letter (g) L e t

The letter “g” has two sounds, hard “g” and soft "g".
When "g" is followed by (e, i, y) it is sounded as "j" (soft g).
When "g" is followed by (a, o, u) it is sounded as "g" (hard g).
ge ge ge gi gy
cage general orange digit apology
damage gentle package engine clergy
danger language page giraffe gym
emergency luggage stage margin gymnastics
garbage manage strange magic gyp

Soft (g) Pattern: dge

When words contain the letters dge, “g” sounds like “j”.
badge budget edge judge lodge
bridge cartridge grudge ledge pledge
30 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 21
Suffixes: Word Endings (sion, tion & ed, ing)
Prefixes and suffixes are structural changes added to root words.
The root is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning.
Words ending with “sion” & “tion” sounds like (shun).

Suffixes Pattern: Word Endings (sion) & (tion)

-sion -sion -tion -tion
admission lesion action explanation
collision mansion addition fiction
comprehension mission attention frustration
compassion occasion caution hibernation
confusion permission celebration invitation
decision possession commotion lotion
exclusion suspension condition motion
explosion television contraction nation
expression tension decoration option
impression vision definition position

Suffixes Pattern: Word Endings ed, ing (“Bye-bye - e”)

"Bye-bye - e” Rule: Drop final “e” before adding a suffix that
begins with a vowel. This pattern suffixes (-ing, -ed) are added
to base / root words that show action. A double vowel would
be incorrect (rideing).

bake baked baking live lived living

chase chased chasing love loved loving
dine dined dining race raced racing
hike hiked hiking trade traded trading
hope hoped hoping use used using
judge judged judging wave waved waving
31 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
Suffixes Pattern: Word Endings ed, ing
Common endings that begin with a vowel (-er, -est, -ing, -ed, able)
are usually sounded as syllables. A syllable is a vowel or a group of
letters containing a vowel sound which together form a
pronounceable unit. All words include at least one vowel.
Spelling Rule: (Applies to words that have one syllable). When
a short vowel is followed by one consonant at the end of the root
word, double the last consonant and add (ed) or (ing).
To state this rule simply; “short vowel, one consonant, double” (It
needs a friend)

beg begged begging jog jogged jogging

box boxed* boxing* mix mixed* mixing*
clip clipped clipping pat patted patting
dim dimmed dimming plan planned planning
drag dragged dragging plug plugged plugging
drop dropped dropping shop shopped shopping
fix fixed* fixing* stop stopped stopping
flap flapped flapping tag tagged tagging
grab grabbed grabbing run running
grip gripped gripping sit sitting
*Words (verbs) ending with the letter “x” are not doubled because
the letter “x” is a blend of two consonants “ks”.
If the short vowel is followed by two or more consonants (mp), as
in the word jump, the last consonant is not doubled - jumping.

bake baked baking live lived living

chase chased chasing love loved loving
dine dined dining race raced racing
hike hiked hiking trade traded trading
hope hoped hoping use used using
judge judged judging wave waved waving
32 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 22
Spelling Rule: Singular & Plurals

Spelling Rule: Singular & Plural Nouns

A noun is a word that names a person, place or thing. When a word
stands for two or more things, it usually has a plural ending, which
most often is “s”. Plural means more than one.
ant ants dog dogs kid kids
bug bugs drum drums ship ships
cat cats gift gifts van vans

Spelling Rule: Plural Ending - 1

When the base word ends with ch, sh, s, ss, x, z, add (es) to make
it plural.
box boxes dish dishes lunch lunches
branch branches dress dresses rush rushes
brush brushes fox foxes stitch stitches
bus buses glass glasses wish wishes

Spelling Rule: Plural Endings - 2

Words ending with a consonant + y, change y to i and add es.
army armies family families party parties
baby babies fly flies puppy puppies
body bodies kitty kitties sky skies
candy candies lady ladies spy spies

Spelling Rule: Plural Endings - 3

Words ending with a vowel + y, add s to the word.
bay bays key keys tray trays
day days kidney kidneys way ways
33 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 23
Silent Letters
The English language has a lot of silent letters that makes the
pronunciation of words different from their written forms. Around
60 % of English words contain silent letters, so it is important to
know how to spot them, when they can be pronounced and when
they cannot. Here are the rules to help you understand when to
use some silent letters, but remember there are usually some
Exceptions!
Silent Letter Rules:
 B is not pronounced after M at the end of the word.
B is not pronounced before T at the end of the word.
 C is usually redundant before the letters K or Q.

 D is not pronounced in the combination DG.

 When added E at the end of a word, it changes the pronunciation

of the word, but is in itself, silent.
 Vowel + consonant + silent e = long vowel sound

 The C says / S / & the G says / J / because of the E.

 G is not pronounced when it comes before N.

GH is not pronounced when it comes after a Vowel.
 H may be not pronounced when it comes after W.
 K is silent when it comes before N at the beginning of the word.
 L is not pronounced after the vowels A, O and U.
 N is silent after when it comes after M at the end of the word.
 T may be silent when it between S and L.
T is silent when it before the digraph ch.
 U is not pronounced when it comes after G.
 W is silent at the beginning of a word; it is before the letter R.
W is not pronounced when it comes after O.
34 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
Silent Letter: a (-ally)
A is not pronounced in the following common words.
automatically domestically optically symbolically
basically lyrically periodically tactically
classically musically romantically tragically

Silent Letter: b (-mb, -bt)

B is not pronounced after m at the end of the word.
bomb comb lamb plumber
climb crumb limb thumb

B is usually not pronounced before t at the end of the word.

debt debtor doubt subtle

Silent Letter: c (-ck, -cq)

C is usually redundant before the letters t or q.
-ck -ck -cq -cq
back luck acknowledge acquire
duck rock acquaintance acquit

C is not pronounced in the following common words.

ascent muscle scene scissors
fascinate scenario scent science

Silent Letter: g (-gn)

G is not pronounced when it comes before n.
alignment champagne foreign reign
assign design gnaw sign
assignment feigned gnashing undersigned

Exceptions: cognitive magnet signature

35 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
Silent Letter: g (-vowel gh)
GH is not pronounced when it comes after a vowel.
bright eight height right
daughter fight light through

GH is sometimes pronounced like f.

cough enough laugh rough

Silent Letter: h (-wh)

H may be not pronounced when it comes after w.
what which wheat while
when why wheel whisper
where whale whether white

Exceptions:
who whom whole whose

H is not pronounced in the following common words.

choir ghost hour honor
echo rhythm honest heir

Silent Letter: k (kn)

K is not pronounced when it comes before n at the beginning of a
word.

knack kneecap knight knockout

knapsack kneel knit knockwurst
knave kneeling knob knot
knead knew knock know
knee knickers knock-off knowledge

36 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

Silent Letter: l
L is not pronounced after the vowels a, o and u.
Almond calm folk salmon
balm chalk half should
calf could palm talk
Exceptions:
bulk fold hold sold

Silent Letter: n (-mn)

N is not pronounced after m at the end of the word.
autumn column hymn solemn

Silent Letter: p & s

P and s is not pronounced in the following common words.
pneumonia coup aisle debris
psychologist cupboard island raspberry
psychology receipt isle viscount

Silent Letter: t
T may be silent when it between s and l.
apostle bustle nestle thistle
castle hustle pestle whistle
bristle jostle rustle wrestle

T is silent when it before the digraph ch.

batch hatch match stretch
catch kitchen patch switch
fetch latch stitch watch

T is not pronounced in the following common words.

asthma Christmas gourmet soften
ballet depot often rapport
37 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
Silent Letter: u
U is not pronounced when it comes after g.
guard guild guilty dialogue
guarantee guide guy league
guess guitar catalogue vogue
guest guild colleague

Silent Letter: w
W is not pronounced at the beginning of a word when it is before
the letter r.
wrap wreckage wrinkle writer
wrapper wren wrist writing
wreath wrench wristband wrong
wreck wring write wrote

W is not pronounced when it comes after o.

bellows crow glow know
blow fellow grow snow
borrow follow grown

W is not pronounced in the following common words.

answer two whoever whom
sword who whole whose

Silent Letters: f, I, m, o, r, x, z
Above letters are not pronounced in the following common words.
f l m n
halfpenny business mnemonic colonel

r x z
iron faux rendezvous
38 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 24

Contractions
A contraction is a short way of writing two words as a single word.
It is formed by combining two words but omitting one or more
letters. Always write an (’) to show where letters are left out.
Negative Contractions:
is not isn't had not hadn't
are not aren't can not can't
was not wasn't could not couldn't
were not weren't will not* won't
do not don't would not wouldn't
does not doesn't shall not* shan't
did not didn't should not shouldn't
have not haven't must not mustn't
has not hasn't ought not oughtn't

Affirmative Contractions:
Word + be + will + have + would / had
I I’m I’ll I’ve I’d
we we're we’ll we’ve we’d
you you're you'll you’ve you’d
he he’s he'll he’s he’d
She she’s she'll she’s she’d
it it's it'll it’s it’d
they they're they'll they’ve they’d
that that's that’ll that's that’d
there there's there'll there's there’d
what what's what'll what's what’d
when when's when'll when's when’d
where where's where'll where's where’d
why why's why'll why's why’d
who who's who'll who's who’d
how how's how'll how's how’d
39 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 Unit 25
Syllables
Syllable Rules:
 Every syllable has one vowel sound.

 The number of vowel sounds in a word equals the number of

syllables.
home - 1 sub ject - 2 pub lish ing - 3

 A one syllable word is never divided.

stop feet bell

 Consonant blends and digraphs are never separated.

rest ing bush el reach ing

 When a word has a ck or an x in it, the word is usually divided

after the ck or x.
nick el tax

 A compound word is divided between the two words that make

the compound word.
in side foot ball tooth brush

 When two or more consonants come between two vowels in a

word, it is usually divided between the first two consonants.
sis ter but ter hun gry

 When a single consonant comes between two vowels in a word,

it is usually divided after the consonant if the vowel is short.
lev er cab in hab it

 When a single consonant comes between two vowels in a word,

it is usually divided before the consonant if the vowel is long.
ba sin fe ver ma jor

40 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 When two vowels come together in a word, and are sounded
separately, divide the word between the two vowels.
ra di o di et i de a
 When a vowel is sounded alone in a word, it forms a syllable
itself.
grad u ate a pron u nit
 A word that has a prefix is divided between the root word and
the prefix.
dis count mis fit un tie
 When be, de, re and ex are at the beginning of a word, they
make a syllable of their own.
be came de fend ex hale
 A word that has a suffix is divided between the root word and
the suffix.
kind ness thank ful stuff ing
 The suffixes able and ible form their own syllable.
print able con vert ible tak able
 When sion, tion and ture are at the end of a word, they make
their own syllable.
lo tion fa tion pos ture
 When a word ends in le, preceded by a consonant, the word is
divided before that consonant.
pur ple fum ble mid dle
 When -ed comes at the end of a word, it forms a syllable only
when preceded by d or t.
start ed fund ed end ed
 When a word or syllable ends in al or el, these letters usually
form the last syllable.
lev el us u al dev el

41 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 Unit 26
300 Most Frequently Using Words
1st Hundred
the or will number
of one up no
and had other way
a by about could
to word out people
in but many my
is not then than
you what them first
that all these water
it were so been
he we some call
was when her who
for your would oil
on can make its
are said like now
as there him find
with use into long
his an time down
they each has day
I which look did
at she two get
be do more come
this how write made
have their go may
from if see part
42 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520
 2nd Hundred

over say set try

new great put kind
sound where end hand
take help does picture
only through another again
little much well change
work before large off
know line must play
place right big spell
year too even air
live mean such away
me old because animal
back any turn house
give same here point
most tell why page
very boy ask letter
after follow went mother
thing came men answer
our want read found
just show need study
name also land still
good around different learn
sentence form home should
man three us America
think small move world

43 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520

 3rd Hundred

high saw important miss

every left until idea
near don’t children enough
add few side eat
food while feet face
between along car watch
own might mile far
below close night Indian
country something walk really
plant seem white almost
last next sea let
school hard began above
father open grow girl
keep example took sometimes
tree begin river mountain
never life four cut
start always carry young
city those state talk
earth both once soon
eye paper book list
light together hear song
thought got stop being
head group without leave
under often second family
story run later it’s

*****
44 P. U. M. SCHOOL, THAGARAKUPPAM, VELLORE DISTRICT- 632520