Soc 224 PDF
Soc 224 PDF
Soc 224 PDF
Chapter 1: Determining Deviance
Who is Deviant?
• People who commit crimes are considered deviant
• Using the term “deviance” in reference to our own pet peeves may be a common practice
o It transcends the individual level and exists at the societal level
• Deviance is a characteristic of the broader society and sociocultural processes
How Can We Recognize Deviance When We See It?
• Deviant: straying from an accepted norm
• Deviance is studied by deviance specialists who analyze criminal forms of deviance and criminologists focus on criminal forces of
deviance
Objective Subjective
• A common characteristic (something inside of • No common characteristics
them, the way they think, their physiology) • Someone must tell us
• Privileges the “external world”
• Privileges (our opinions) internal evaluations
• No matter what you opinion is, deviance exists
• Everyone sees things differently “deviance
glasses”
• Homosexuality people have different opinions
Objective/Subjective Dichotomy:
• There has been a shift to the subjective approach.
• Sociology is a young discipline (quick progression)
o Where were people coming from in the beginning?
o Why were they so objective at the start?
• Objective: older way of determining what deviant
o Claims the presence of certain characteristics defines deviance behaviors or people, and people lacking these characteristics are
normal
Characteristics that have been most debated are statistical rarity, harm, a negative societal reaction, and normative
violation
o All “deviants” have something in common that enables us to recognize them
Deviance from the Demonic Perspective:
• Deviance come from devil/evil spirits/sinful aspects of our own character
• Battle between forces of good and evil. Objective approach!
o Our opinions on the matter don’t matter
o What we do makes no difference to the God vs. Satan battles
o God wins either way
o We are small characters
Good and Evil are External to Us:
• Eg. Devil and angel on your shoulder that are objective
• Today, those ideas are more humorous. Devil and angel are subjective
o The angels/demons look like us!
o Different facets in our opinion
Horror Movies:
• Portray an idea of objective deviance
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o Bad spirit comes into the person
o Demonic possession used to be the way of thinking
o Scary to use today because children are supposed to be innocent and angelic. We don’t normally believe in this stuff nowadays
which is why its scary
o Easy way to explain it. “Some being outside came into her and its this that’s speaking”
o Now we have medicine…chemical imbalances etc. not a demon inside of them
Witch Burnings: The Mass Against the Few:
• The social structure shapes how we define deviance
• Normally turns mass against the few
o Scapegoat?
• Encourages the creation of a power structure to “deal” with these deviant people
The Inquisition Created Elites and A Power Structure:
• Change in roles…witches were stripped of their medical professions
o Felt that is encroached on the churches beliefs
• Creates a demonstration to people they “they” are now the powerful ones
Interpreting Other Religions into the Framework During the Expansion of Christianity:
• Christianity felt that “if you’re not with us, you must be from the devil”
o Eg. Druids were demonized
Voodo was seen as “dark”
o Christians sucked at interpreting other religions into their frameworks
• Deviance + power structure power structure feels threatened
• Father Christmas kind of initially Pagan
o This religion was “appropriated” for Christianity (more peaceful)
• Witches were not appropriated
• In possession…
o Objective: believe that something about a deviant is bad, the spirit possessed
It’s the belief in the spirit that makes it real for them
The church has accepted a secondary position in society nowadays
o Objective approaches of deviance spans way longer than sociology itself
Based on a historical objective foundation
Objectivism:
1. Statistical Rarity
2. Harm
3. Negative Societal Reaction
4. Normative Violation
1) Statistical Rarity:
• Definition: “often heard in everyday conversation”. If something is not typical, it is deviant
• There are many rare behaviors in society and can’t just deem that person deviant
o Left handed people are rare but doesn’t necessarily make them deviant
• More than the statistical number of people who engage in a specific behavior determines what is considered deviant in our society
Problem 1: What is the statistical threshold? Threshold is subjective itself
• Eg. Class is 30% male. Are they deviant?
o 50%?
o 10%?
o Where the line is drawn is arbitrary
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Problem 2: Common things may still be seen as deviant
• Eg. Downloading online
Problem 3: Rare things may be acceptable
• Eg. Being left handed or being a genius
o Encouraging statistical rarity (statistics aren’t a good measure of right and wrong)
2) Harm:
• If an action causes harm then it is considered deviant
• Physical harm: physical harm to oneself or to others (eg. Smoking increases the person’s risk to various types of cancer)
• Emotional harm: emotional abuse or harm to oneself (dating partners with addictions)
• Social harm: harm to society because they interrupt with the smoothing running of society
o Eg. Criminals. They threaten the safety of the population
• Threat to the way we understand the world and our place in it: Religion
o Muslim women who don’t cover their heads might be seen to others as threatening the fundamental assumptions upon which their
religious belief is based on
• West baro Baptist Church protests
•
White pride parades
Problem 1: Perceptions of harm vary over time
• If it’s objective, this doesn’t really work
• Objective people want a definition that’s always true
o Eg. Weed. Reefer madness to legalization in Colorado
So it’s hard to say if weed is objectively deviant…
o Eg. Tobacco. Now seen as deviant
Problem 2: Perceptions of harm may be subjective and contested. Harm itself is subjective
• Eg. Abortions. Unborn child is harmed.
o Prochoice…say that its their body so their rights are being harmed
Problem 3: Sometimes “the cure is worse than the disease”
• Eg. Tasers. Guy in airport who was tasered and died
o Should have just wrestled him to the ground
3) Negative Societal Reaction:
• Definition: Negative reaction by society’s “masses”
o Negative response (dislike, anger, hatred) vs. positive (tolerance, admiration) person’s act is seen as deviant
• Surveys, public opinion polls show surveys reveal societal reactions are not uniform and different groups of people react in various ways to
the same behavior or issue
o Elected officials as a proxy
• Societal reaction doesn’t determine how a particular behavior is treated in Canadian society
• Limitations
o Whose reactions count the most?
Eg. Occupy wall street, we are the 90% in society but our opinion don’t carry that much weight
4) Normative Violation:
• Definition: violating social norms
• Norms are culturally specific
• Even though some norms are broken doesn’t mean they are deviant
o Eg. Being obese, an alcoholic
• Folkways: everyday behaviors that if you break might be considered off
o Eg. Type of clothes you wear, etiquette
• Mores: are standards that are often seen as the foundation of morality in a culture, such as prohibitions against incest or homosexuality
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o If you break these, you are seen as immoral and or evil
• Other norms are seen to be central to the running of society. Such as the legal system
• Consensual view: of the law, wherein the law is perceived as arising out of social consensus and is equally applied to everyone
• Conflict view: used by criminologists
o Perceive the law as a tool used by the ruling class to serve its own interests and believe the law is more likely to be applied to
members of the powerless classes of society
• Interactionist view: suggests that society’s powerful define the law
o Criminal law is emerging for the interests of certain groups in society
• Absolutist view of norms Culturally specific view of norms
o Absolute – norms dependent of us that it’s always going to be true
Written on stone
In grained in our nature, genetically
“The Golden Rule” is expressed in different ways in different culture but all have a version of the rule
• Treat other people the way you want to be treated
“Incense” is not accepted in any culture around the world
• Different cultures have different views that constituent it but all have it
o Culture – norm that isn’t true for all people all the time
Not written on stone
Eg. Putting whatever you want on fries; ketchup or mayonnaise
All norms are culturally specific
• Limitations:
o Lack of consensus over norms
Objectivist study what is the most serious things but anyone’s standards (rape)
o Thio (1983) distinguished between “highconsensus deviance” and “lowconsensus deviance”
High consensus (homicide, rape) – studied more often by criminologists who take an “objectivist perspective
• Most interested in the deviant act itself
o Deviance – doing something, something we can observe, count and measure
Low consensus (pornography, gambling, tattoos) studied more often by sociologists who take a more “subjectivist”
view
• Most interested in our perception of and reactions to the act
• Study something were there is disagreement
• Norms are not absolute, are variable
Questions to Review:
1. What does the “problem of definition” refer to, and how is it related to the objective/subjective dichotomy?
2. What is the core assumption underlying the objective side of the objective/subjective dichotomy?
3. What are the 4 different objective definitions of deviance? Provide examples of each
4. What are the limitations of each of the objective definitions of deviance? Provide examples of each
5. What are the different types of harm that can occur?
6. How has the objectivity notion of normative violation changed over time?
7. What are the different views of the role of consensus in the development of criminal law text?
Objective Subjective Continuum:
• Objective (“absolute moral order”) Subjective (“radical constructionism”)
• Not a dichotomy
• On a continuum, you can be in between
• Definitions of deviance fall along a continuum of objectivism and subjectivism.
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Subjectivism:
• The underlying assumption tends to be that what/who we think is deviant is arbitrary (could be this way or could not be this way)
o Eg. Hand signals (they don’t really have definite meanings, they have been assigned by some culture and could have gone any
way), language
Thumbs up – “good job” “I need to go up – scuba diving”
• In other cultures, raised thumb means what the middle finger is
• There is misunderstanding because symbols are arbitrary
o At core of being, “what is deviant is arbitrary” and can change across context
o Eg. “Reclaim the Swastika”
Nazism
Symbol exist long before 1920’s when Hilter used it as a symbol of Nazism
Used to be used as a good luck charm for hockey (shocking b/c women play hockey)
Ancient religion symbol in Hindu and Buddhism
Things that Hilter claim we can’t even use anymore
CocaCola “good luck” charm, 1920’s USA
Swastika, Ontario. A goldmining town named for good luck in 1900
Arbitrariness has real power and force in the real world
o Eg. Gender and Color (the modern view)
Blue for boys
Pink for girls
Characterization of gender looks the same what we see expressed in cultures that boys are more “decided and stronger”
and girls are more “delicate and dainty”
• We haven’t challenged anything
o Eg. Abortion – killing or not killing, eating meat, killing a spider
o Depends on culture that you’re in
• Subjectivism: it’s the label that counts. “The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behavior is
behavior that people so label.” –Outsider 1963
o More recent definition of deviance
o NO shared or observable characteristics that can clearly tell us who or what is deviant and who or what is normal
MUST tell us who is deviant in Canadian society
o Social groups create deviance
o Central idea of arbitrariness
o Something that a social group created by agreeing with one another that it’s deviance
o Dominant moral codes: serves as the foundation for determining who or what is deviant
List of right or wrong behaviors
Are shaped by the interests and actions of groups that hold some power
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
• Subjectivist view = Relativist perspective
• Of sociological significance is not the behavior or characteristic itself, but:
o How many people condemn an act?
More people condemn it then it must be evil
o How much power do they have?
o How strong is their disapproval?
Is it sort of strange and I’m okay with it or OMG, NO.
• Social constructionism: social characteristics (thin) are creations of a particular society at a specific time in history, just as artifacts (house,
cars) are artifacts of that society
• Most deviance specialists are constructionalists
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o 2 types of constructionalists
1. Radical / strict: world is characterized by endless relativism. If everything and anything is simply looked at a certain
way, that is the way it is
2. Soft / contextual; social phenomena come to be perceived in particular ways n a given society at a specific time in
history
a. Eg. Homosexuality
• Way deviance is socially constructed emerges from ongoing interconnected processes occurs in 4 levels:
1. Sociocultural: beliefs, ideologies that have meaning have an influence on the path of social construction
2. Institutional: structure of our society (government, education system) affect social construction
3. Interactional: our interactions with other people influence the way we think and feel about others, and determine the role that each of us
play in social construction
4. Individual: our own identities, and understanding of our own existence in the world affect social construction
The Role of Power: Moral entrepreneurs:
• Politicians
1. Highlight a problem
• Scientists
a. Eg. Oprah highlighted new problems
• Religious institutions i. Had a platform
• Media ii. She had to bring an issue to our attention eg. Bullying
• Commercial enterprise 1. Invite bullies and victims to the same stage
Martin Luther King: 2. Facilitate moral discussion
• Constitution of America made us promises a. Eg. She would invite us in to participate and social deconstruct
“that all men are created equally” bullying
• There wasn’t equally i. She has to appeal to us and we have to agree with her
• He highlighted the problem of inequality and bringing it to people’s imaginations
Media:
• Most important medium that all entrepreneurs have to work with
• Have to use if you want to affect people across societies
THE SOCIAL TYPING PROCESS
• Process by which a person, behavior, or characteristic is deviantized
• Three components:
1. Description – the label or category
2. Evaluation – the judgment or assumptions
3. Prescription – the social control
a. Methods of social control can be:
b. Can be a combination like formal and preventative
TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
• Informal or formal
o Informal: interacting with one another
o Things people do, call someone a name.
o Enforcing the deviance through social control
o Formal: has been written down and in laws and a code of conduct
Level of the state
Written into constitution of Lululemon:
• The person has to represent the lifestyle of lululemon
Eg. School in Alberta have to have some sort of physical education in curriculum
• Retroactive or preventative
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o Retroactive: after the fact
Calling someone a day
Deviance already exist and trying to control in a way
o Preventative: control this type of deviance before it exists
Curriculum with physical education
Alberta nutrition guide
• Regulation of others or selfregulation
o Regulation of others: or becomes to serious that other people see as their responsibility
People might be hospitalized
o Selfregulation: take maters into their own hands
• Eg. Saying some is fat
o Evaluation: lazy
o Prescription: ignore them or don’t invite them into your friendship group
Smoking:
Informal: coughing when someone is smoking
Formal: specific laws how close the entrance you can stand when you smoke, can’t smoke inside a restaurant
Preventative: you make it really expensive, education programs
Retroactive: coughing when someone walks by, scientists that want to prove link between lung cancer and smoking
Regulation of others:
Selfregulation:
Chapter 4: Deviant and Normal Sexuality
What is Deviant Sexuality?
• Social processes determines what is considered deviant and normal sexuality in society
• Objectivist: cultural and historical variations in norms that is used as the standard
• Subjectivist: refer to processes of social construction
• Social processes determines what is deviant through processes of:
1. Description: placed in category because of their sexuality
2. Evaluation: judged on the basis of the category into which they have been placed
3. Prescription: made subject to particular measures of regulation
• In contemporary sociology of sexuality, constructionist perspective predominates
• Seidman (2002) intertwined gays and lesbians to determine meaning “the closet”
• Shirpak, MatickaTyndale and Chinichian (2007) found Iranian immigrants see sexual permissiveness of Canadian society as threat to own
family
• Elite discourses: knowledge about sex conveyed by authority and becomes truth
o Place limits on what kinds of persons is acceptable or not
• Late 19th century that homosexual identities became possible
o Sexual behavior and sexual identity
• Foucauldian sociologists analyze political, legal, media discourses shape our sexual identity
Gender and Sex:
• Sex: (These make us biologically male or female)
o Hormones
o Chromosomes (XX, XY)
o Physiology (sex organs)
• Gender: refers to the roles that we take as sexual beings in society, as well as ideas about sexual identity (such as “masculinity” and
“femininity”)
o What sociologists study
o What does it mean to be male or female in our culture?
Is culturally dependent
o Sex and gender are different
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• Most times sex and gender match up
• Right from birth, our gender is ”fixed” through surgery, or other means
o Try to make clear that is a baby is a particular gender
Find ways to give cultural signals
• Eg. Blue and pink, baby bangs
o Up to the doctor and parents to make a decision
Baby grow up and might be confused
o Try to make gender and sex coincide which can have consequences on the children themselves
Modern, Western Sexual Identities:
1. Binary: mutually exclusive categories: “male” and “female”
a. 2 categories and everyone fits into 1 category or the other
b. On or off
2. Statics: there is no possibility of changing one’s sexual identity or gender role over the lifespan
a. Once you’re in that category, you are in it for life
3. Gender roles are prescriptive
a. Gender: you can do specific things, and who we can be
The Double Standard and Romantic Love:
• Men are supposed to want sex intensely, whereas women are supposed to be passive, almost asexual
o This idea supports an ageold stereotype of the male as hunter and the female as prey
o Data suggests that, in this situation, nobody gets good, romantic, passionate sex
o Sexual pleasure is only possible for people who can freely date
• Childbearing tends to increase gendered inequality within couples just as high rates of fertility tend to increase gender inequality within
societies
o Women don’t have that much control over relationships and tend to have more babies
o Contraception wasn’t accepted in some cultures and villages
o High gender inequality = High fertility rates
HETERONORMATIVITY
• Hetero: from the Greek, meaning different from the other + Normative: “the way things ought to be”
• Movie: Age of 4 or 5, have good standards of what boys and girls can do
o Natural opinion – Barbie likes to clean
o Static and binary is expressed early on
Challenges to Heteronormativity:
• Challenges the ideas that sex determines gender
• Challenge the binary/static nature of gender
• Challenge he roles that gender prescribes
The Cultural and Historical Construction of Sexuality:
• Cross cultural variations in sexuality studied by anthropologists
o Gilbert Herdt! Research on Sambia of New Guinea reveal crosscultural in what is seen as normal and question categories of
heterosexuals and homosexuals
SAMBIA OF NEW GUINEA
• Characterized by misogyny & patriarchy
• A warrior culture
• Men as “warriors”
• Ritualized homosexuality
o We have a period where we are homosexual and then overcome that stage when they become a warrior
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o They thought he was stuck in that stage
o Ethnocentrism: belief that one’s own culture is better than another’s
• Femininity is not productive and polluted development of warfare
• Is a very binary culture
o And fluid are even exchanged (during BJ’s) to turn boys into men
• Challenges static culture
o Job of boys warrior
• Deviant in Sambia:
o 1) Men who didn’t participate in the rituals
o 2) Older male giving the BJ than other way around
o 3) Father who still performs homoacts after allowed period of time
o 4) Spilling semen on the ground
“Life Cycle” Metaphor for the Sambia:
• Gender is binary but not static
• Once they are transformed they are male and can’t be tainted by females
ANCIENT ATHENS (5th CENTURY BCE)
• Pederasty: love of boys
Sexuality in Ancient Athens: The Deck of Cards Metaphor:
• Aristocratic males (top of society) are the “jokers” or “wildcards”, being able to have sex with anyone other than equals
o Women (married to)
o Other female, slaves and foreigners (male or female) that were “lower than them”
o Adolescent aristocratic boys, to teach them how to be powerful (but not between dusk and dawn)
o NOT: another aristocratic male and no anal between males)
• Sex is unidirectional, between a superior and an inferior
• “Normal” and “deviant” sex behaviors were defined on power and needs of aristocratic males to further continue social structure
• Marriage were economic arrangements
o Purpose to produce children and more specific male children
• Sambia and Athens show sexuality changes across time and place
TRADITIONAL ABORIGINAL CULTURES
• Sexuality = Gift from the Creator, to be enjoyed and was magical
• Sexuality was interwoven with other aspects of social life
• Sexuality and life = components of physical and intellectual + emotional + spiritual
• Nadleeh: both masculine femalebodied and feminine malebodied members of the community
o Celebrate the “TwoSpirit” people: challenge to binary sexuality
o Had a dance
o Seen as good negotiators and good to relating
• Two spirited: weren’t seen as deviant in Aboriginals
o Les femmes du pays: Aboriginal women which whom early European settlers formed relationships with
o Berdache (derogatory term used by European explorers), or “Twospirited”
Basically a male prostitute
Physically male but take on female elements of gender roles like sex with men
• Europeans saw as original sin – covering genital parts. Adam and Eve
o Sex was to reproduce and sinful
In All Sexual Cultures Today:
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• Dominant moral codes define sexual “deviance” and “normality
• Deviant sexuality is socially confined
• CONSENT + NATURE OF SEXUAL PARTNER + NATURE OF THE SEXUAL ACT = HOW WE EVALUATE SEXUALITY
AND JUDGE IT IF IT”S DEVIANT OR NOT
• Exhibitionists: people who enjoy having sex in places where others might see them
The “TwoSpirited” and Modern Transgendered People:
• Trying to remove from deviant category
Shrie and McGlone (2000):
No sex before big fight
Wealthy Father Offer’s 63million to Man Who Will Marry Lesbian Daughter:
• Upset she’s not conforming to the gender roles of being a female
• Father has tradition ideas about sex and gender
• Giving money to the man
o Dowry and somehow daughter is something to be exchange with other considerations
o Father get is conformity to gender roles and haven’t deal with embarrassment of not marrying a man
Contemporary Canada:
• While there is greater sexual freedom than in the past, this freedom is not limited
• Can enjoy more sexual practices than before
Criteria For Determining “Deviant” Sexuality:
1. Consent
2. Nature of the partner
3. Nature of the act
i. Type of sexual act being performed
1. CONSENT
• Usually defined as “some form of agreement to engage in sexual activity”
o Both people or all 5 people know that sex is going to happen
Sexual assault
• Where 1 person wants to engage in sexual activity and other person doesn’t agree
Date rape drugs
• Late 1990’s use
• Something that is color and odorless and poured in a drink
• Makes you unconscious can’t give consent
• IS sexual assault
• Rohypnol (roofies) and GHB (liquid X)
Age of consent laws
• Set up laws that certain activities, legally children do not have ability to give consent
• Junior high teacher 35 year old with 12 year old student
o Became pregnant
o Public debate about how bad this was
o Men are seen as active sexual pursuer – usually
• Consent: A special case: “safe words” and BDSM
o Fifty Shades – out grew sales of the Bible
o BDSM – form of sexual practice where the excitement of sexual practice has to do with the perception that there is no consent
o Safe words? Special words that you say in middle of activity that they’ll know you’re serious
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The bases of ending the sexual activity
Contract – this is the safe word and if I say this word then it has to stop
• If it goes beyond the safe word, then it’s assault
• Walk down alley ways:
o Why can’t people walk down alley’s way
o Why is it their fault that they’re walking in an alley way
o Consent is fudged with a little bit
o If they were sexually assaulted, what environment were they in
o Somehow their clothes, behaviors might be consenting something
• Going on date
o Agreeing already to the contract of sex?
o Consent is complicated
• Sexual assault and “Blaming the Victim”
o Protest action interrogate this idea that people should fight the idea of blaming the victim
o Blame the rapist, not the victim
o “Slutwalks” March where women would wear what they wanted
All over N.A
o “Take Back the Night” happen in Sep.2014
Where mostly women gather to walk in the most dangerous part of the city, very late
This is where we should be freely walk and not have the fear that we might be raped
• NAMBLA (North American Man Boy Love Association): says teens can give consent to have sex with adults
2. NATURE OF THE PARTNER
• Still don’t have “complete” freedom of a sexual partner in North America
Unacceptable partners, according to Canadian Law:
• Children
• Family members (parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and halfsiblings)
o Informal level first cousin marriage normal in other countries
• Animals
• People who are in a position of trust or authority, or who are in relationship of dependency
o Doctors and patients
Claudio Soares, resigned came to UofA international
• Allegations from a patient
• Problematic legally and other ways
o Bosses
o Police officers when they’re in uniform when they’re in relationship with authority
Fiction:
• Sexualization of children, even by parents in child pageants
o Age where we feel is too young are rendered as sexual beings
• English – pedophiles after drawings of children
o Deviance and conformity
o Disturbed by the idea but others say that this can’t be changed and fictionalized is preferable
o “Hentai” child porn
Homosexuality:
• Informal and formal level, homosexuality seen as inappropriate
o Everett Klippert sent to jail 1967, for saying he was gay
• Some U.S Catholic bishops don’t see as sin because not a choice
3. NATURE OF THE SEXUAL ACT
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• Deviant sexualities are “kinky”
• “Sex is only dirty if it’s done right” – Woody Allen
• Looners – popping of balloons arouses someone
• Paraphilia – outside normal, outside love. Outside what we can expect love to be like
o Infantalism – like treated like a baby
o Fomphilia – like furniture?
• Sexual freedom as in our bedrooms and consent between 2 adults
• Pierre Trudeau “government has no place in bedroom of adult Canadians”
• Certain locations have sex are deviant
• Exhibitionists: people who enjoy having sex in places where others might see them
• Location and frequency other criteria evaluate sexuality
Pornography:
• Functional definitions: anything used by an individual for the purposes of sexual arousal
• Genre definitions: products created for the purposes of arousing the consumer constitute “pornography”
• Labeling definitions: focuses on community standards
o Anything that the community deems explicit
o “Community standards test” one way of determining if a magazine publication can be considered obscene
• Child pornography: representation of someone under the age of 18 engaged in explicit sexual activity or any representation of someone
under the age of 18 for sexual purpose
• Recently moved away from concept of “community standards” to concept of “harm”
• The issue of pornography is characterized by the “deviance dance” – disagreement, debate, resistance, and plurality are related to sexuality
Deviance and Conformity: Gender/Sexual Minorities (GUEST LECTURE)
SESSION GOALS
• Understanding Language/Terms/Social realities of LGBTQ group
• Outline the changing environment of sexual and gender minorities
o Stigma
o Societal changes
o Personal experiences
• Education (formal and informal) as an influencing factor
TERMS
• Queer: changed over time
o Derogatory term that is aimed to someone that is gay
o Today doesn’t have the same connotation
o Don’t box me into something
• Twospirit: Aboriginal term
o Has both male and female spirit
o Long history in N.A
o Where the mediators for arguments
o Used as the diplomat between one tribe and another tribe
Working together or conflict
• Heterosexism: marriage is normal and that’s the way you view the world
• Gay/straight alliance: student led organizations in high schools and colleges that make schools safe for all students regardless of
orientation
• Homophobia: being scared of someone who is a homosexual
• Transgender: individual who biologically has genitally as a male but identified as a female
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o Express themselves as female
o Sometimes don’t express to everyone
o Transsexual: similar in many ways but an another term
Someone who had surgery to change their organs
GENDERNEUTRAL PERSON
• Gender identity: in your head, how you see yourself
o Most people identify as M or F by the age of 8
• Sex: sexual organs
o M or F genitally
• Gender expression: how you let other people know your gender
o 6,7,8 start expressing
• Sexual orientation: who you prefer to have sex with
o 1215 years of age when puberty starts
LEGISLATURE and SOCIETAL CHANGES (CANADA and ALBERTA)
• Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, 1985, Amended in 1995
• Alberta Human Rights Act, 2010 (Bill 44)
• Same Sex Marriage Act, 2005
• Edmonton Public School Sexual and Gender Minority Policy 2012, Implementation 2013
• Media, LGBTQ Organization, Public attitudes
Other Local Initiatives:
• Resilience research
• Leadership (GSA, Camp fYrefly)
7 RESILIENCY FACTORS FOR SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITY STUDENTS
• Positive representations
• Family and community acceptance
• Positive peer and school relationships
• LGBT support networks
• A variety of coping strategies (resiliency mindset)
• Higher selfesteem/social esteem
• Just ONE supportive adult
Chapter 7: Mental Disorders
• Have 2 dimensions:
1. Experience of the disorder itself
2. Social dimension of disorder
• Definition: “Alterations of thinking, mood or behavior associated with significant distress and impaired functioning”
o Not just variance of our moods
o Impaired functioning – what you’re doing in regular life is being disrupted
Responsibly at school, home, you can’t do anymore
6 months or more
o Moods and behaviors must be a magnitude and duration substantial enough to interfere with daily functioning
• 1/5 people have a mental disorder
• 80% of adults know someone with a mental disorder
• “The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) handbook by American Psychiatric Association outlines moods and
behaviors that constitutes a mental illness
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Albertan Statistics:
• 80% don’t have psychiatric symptoms, 20% have
• Most common (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints) = 1/3 people
• 1% have schizophrenia
• Hysteria – floating womb
o Histamines
o Some problem with the womb and woman had problems with this
o More likely to have mental disorders
Rates of Mental Disorder:
• In total, mental disorder = 1/3 all disabilities in the world
• Equal overall rates for women/men
• Different types of mental disorders
o Women: depression and anxiety
Social factors = in lower positions in society
Responsible for certain things – domestic sphere
For that reason, certain disorders with stress, familiar stress
Being in a subordinate position
o Men: antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse disorder, conduct disorder
• Seen in both: men and women with low socioeconomic status = increases the rates
• Lower socioeconomic status
o Social Causation Hypothesis: because of negative position, contribute to certain disorders
People of lower class (no access to food, education)
Depends on the specific mental disorder
• Usually depression, drug abuse, antisocial disorders
o Social Selection Hypothesis: because illness, affect social position
People with mental disorders become poor because they can’t carry out daily function
• Usually schizophrenia, conduct disorders, ADHD
Maybe I’m CEO of company and doing really well increasing share price of company then find I’m incapable of
making meetings
• Doing strange things and embarrassing people
• Pretty soon I’ll lose my position
• I’ll interact with family in different way and become isolated
Selects for you
• Mental illness increase rate in adolescents and young adults
• University 30% experience psychological disorder
• Age + socioeconomic status + gender = factors related to prevalence and patterns of mental illness
Lack of Treatment:
• Two thirds of people with mental disorders remain untreated due to:
o Lack of services (eg. Long wait times)
o Perceptions of the treatment as inadequate
o Discomfort with selfdisclosure in treatment
Afraid to talk about mental illness and that they have it
o Neglect within families or communities
Don’t want to deal with or say that their family has history of mental illness
o Fear of stigmatization
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Look at the discourse of the public
THE COST OF MENTAL ILLNESS
• Objectivist view: mental disorder contribute to more negative life outcomes (eg. Teen pregnancy)
• Mental illness associated with low education, low employment, low incomes
• Depression = 9th global disease burden
• 14 billion Canada $ (work absences, health expenses)
• Economies experience lost productivity because
a) Premature death from suicide
b) Absent from work because of illness
c) Inability to be employed
d) Decreased productivity while ill
e) Family absence work to take care another
• Less ½ of mental disorders are seen by professionals
• Subjectivist view: cost of illness should be viewed with some level of caution (Wolff)
o She points out:
1. Estimates nut just a product of biochemistry
2. Estimates don’t take into account individual with disorder contribute to society as parents, neighbors
CONTROLLING MENTAL ILLNESS AND STIGMATIZATION
• Main stream people don’t seek assistance is because presumed reaction from people
• 1) Stigmatization of mental illness
• 2) Medicalization of mental disorders
Stigmatization and Perceptions of Mental Illness:
• Look at media to see how mental illness if stigmatized
o Mental illness is associated with violence
• Granello, Pauley and Carmicheal study
o Media prime source info about mental illness and influent behavior
• Great Britain 34% people with mental illness fired or resigned
o ½ abused, 14% physically attacked
• ½ people with mental illness say health professionals treat unfairly deal with complaints
o Blame symptoms on mental disorder
• Most well trained professionals fellow some stereotypes about mental illness as general public
• Simply being aware of negative social perceptions lo self esteem
• Selfstigma: people internalize “label” and it’s components
• Negative perceptions of mental disorder discrimination health care, housing
• Societies that see mental illness is negative don’t see important in policy
• Mental health policies embedded in 2 paradigms:
o 1) Discrimination paradigm: resistance to discrimination of mental illness
o 2) Disease paradigm: medicalization of the actual disorder
• Is fear of stigmatization realistic? Yes
o Negative attitudes remain unchanged
o Discrimination in employment, housing, health care
• Even cost of illness estimates reflect stigmatization
o Eg. Assumption that persons with mental illness do nothing to contribute to families, communities or societies
o How much do the services cost to take care of these people?
o Think of them as a drain on society
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Don’t think about the benefits of people with mental illness (eg. Are productive)
• Movement towards community and based treatment has benefited many
Resisting Stigmatization:
• Human rights legislation to reduce discrimination
• Selfhelp groups reduce discrimination through education, communication, and media information
• Government and medical community and selfhelp groups resistance of inadequate care for individuals with mental illness
Resisting Inadequate and Insufficient Care:
• Mental Health Commission (MHCC) focuses:
o A) A knowledge exchange centers
o B) Antisigma center
o C) Program reduce homelessness
o D) Mental health strategy
The History of Mental Illness:
• Trepanning: earliest evidence of efforts to socially control mental disorders?
• Back in the day must have suffered from some forms of mental illness
• Skulls with holes drilled into them
o Attempt to release the demons in their heads
o Evidence of healing
o Religious authorities
• Objective. A thing that exists inside your skull
• “Treatment”: physical torture to drive out demons
• Middle ages: refusal social norms = sign allegiance with Devil
• 18th century = madhouse to isolated people with mental illness so other feel safe
• 19th century = madhouse replaced with asylums to “treat” them trained to conform to norms
• Late 1950’s [ep[;e questioned how removing them from support of family would help
• Deinstitutionalization: social control of mental illness in community based on programs rather than in institutions
TREATING MENTAL ILLNESS TODAY: MEDICALIZATION
• Treatment options become quite effective to increase quality of life
o Effective treatment helps 60% of people with depression recover fully and 80% with schizophrenia
• Combination of medical support (eg. Medications) and psychological support (therapy) = most effective, even for most severe mental
illnesses
• Hospitalization only for most severe cases but only shortterm
o Hospitalization only voluntary
• Least restrictive alternative: legislation stating involuntary admission only occur if no other reasonable alternatives
Mental Illness in Early Christian Thought:
• “Demon, you get out of this person”
• A law of conservation of demons. Exists out there, can’t get rid of it, it’s out there
Exorcism and Torture in the Middle Ages:
• People in middle ages were subjected to lots of horrible procedures
o Periods of isolation, submerged in cold water
o Have to torture the body so the Demon will leave
o Subjecting the body to pain and inhospitable
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Madhouses of the 18th Century:
• Served a warehousing” function
o Also for people who had large debts
o People you owe debt to and locks you up until you pay it up
• Generally, there was no therapeutic aim
o Just locked away and protecting everyone else from you
o BEDLAM (name of a particular madhouse) (mean any uproar scene,today)
• A place for all undesirables including the mentally ill, but also sometimes the poor
• Lived a life of sin, then you’re going to for it in the long run
th
Bedlam, 19 Century:
• Function of patients for entertaining and a warning for people outside
th th
Asylums: Bedlam and “Bethlehem, in the late 19 and Early 20
Centuries:
• More of a therapeutic aim
o Come out of religious thought, that they did something wrong and sinned to become this way
• The beginning of the “disease paradigm”
• Lobotomies
• Fever therapies
DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION
• Began in the 1960s
• Enabled by the discovery of new drugs
• Treatment within communities, not institutions
o Positive because they can function in some way
o Maybe half time they are normal and half have the symptoms
o Periodic episodes
• Has improved the lives of many people
• Hospitalization rare: psychiatrists now look for “least restrictive alternative”
• Lock people up if drugs won’t help
• Compelling reason why drugs aren’t the alternative
• Effective deinstitutionalization requires:
o Supportive family network
o An accepting community
o Adequate community resources
o A place to live
Allows them to have a routine and not open to being victimized by people on the streets
Can easily stay on the medication
• Deinstitutionalization movement began 1970’s
• Seen as more humans and people with mental illness prefer live in community
• Serious illness = dissociation of many marriages
• Only good for people that have close support network
• Treatment function = increase urban areas and decrease rural
• Problems = insufficient community resources and discrimination and no close family or friends
• May be homeless and mental ill
o Criminality = 2nd dimension to social tying of people with mental illness
• Hydraulic relationship between mental health system and justice system
• Deinstitutionalization = real services for people who many benefit from them
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Disease and Discrimination Paradigms:
For some people, it has led to:
• Homelessness
o 2550% of the homeless have mental disorders
• Crime
o 700 mental health beds within the criminal justice system
o 1500 inmates require daily mental health care
• Not supported in right way (community, family) then when they’re out of the institution, another one takes its place
Policies and Programs:
• Embedded within 2 paradigms (ways to look at mental illness)
• Disease paradigm
o Address symptoms of mental illness
o Increase access to treatment
• Discrimination paradigm
o Try to resist the stigmatization of mental illness through public education; human rights laws, etc.
o How to treat people with mental illnesses
o Are they stigmatized in society?
o And don’t suffer from deviance status?
o Through education and legislation
o How do they get labeled with mental illness?
DSM (Labeling, Expanding Jurisdiction):
Criticizing the DSM:
• Controversy if ADHD is mental disorder
o Concern children’s restlessness and inattention diagnosed on mental disorder
• Criticizing of DSM and role of power (economics) in determining what is and isn’t mental disorder
Concerns About the DSM:
• Debates over categories of “mental disorders”
o Eg. Homosexuality removed in 1973
o Eg. ADHD
• Role of power in the creation and revisions of the DSM and connections to Big Pharma
• Have to have 3/5 symptoms and have for a certain time then you can diagnose them
o Medication can be prescribed
o Child can get more funding in school
o In court, can change the ruling and in trial
• Discrimination paradigm has a more subjective view
• DSM isn’t written by people with specific interests
o Know that if we have more mental illnesses that you can diagnose people with and make it easier to diagnose people with mental
illness, then certain people benefit
More drugs can be prescribed and benefit the drug companies
• DSM 4, task force to develop the book, 70% had industry ties
The Expansion of the DSM:
• The books can thicker
British Psychological Society’s Criticisms of the Drafts of the DSM5:
• Reflecting current normative social expectations
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• How people coming from different angles where authority should come from
• A lot of these diagnoses are coming from social norms
A Critique From the Outside Shyness of “Social Phobia”?
• “Shyness isn’t shyness anymore. It’s a disease”
Mental terms for Low Intelligence:
• Terms of classification were (moron, imbecile, idiot) (mild, moderate, severe, profound)
• Language of retardation
• Any term we develop to describe someone with a low IQ will be appropriated or taken on by the public and used as an insault in some way
• See scandal (when people use it to describe them or others)
• Increasing stigma that associated with someone who is mentally different than the rest of us
The Cyclical Nature of Labeling and Deviance:
• Expressing ourselves differently and works its way into the culture and language
The Rosenhan Experiments:
Rosenhan’s Conclusion:
• Factors outside of the individual influence psychiatric diagnosis
• Psychiatric diagnosis is precarious
• Documented dehumanizing treatment
• None were released without a diagnosis
Being Sane in Insane Places:
• Rosemham questioned how sane can be distinguished from insane
o Influence of social factors and other biases on diagnosis
o Had 8 research associates admit themselves to psychiatric hospitals and act normal to be released
o Discharged with diagnoses of “schizophrenia in remission”
o When pseudoparents tried to engage conversation with nurses, they all ran away
o “Power that a diagnosis of mental illness carries:
o Schema: mental framework
o Characteristics in diagnosis of mental illness lie within social context (environment), than with the individual
• His research showed:
1. People without mental disorders could be kept in hospitals
a. Lead to legislature when people can’t and can be admitted for care against their own will
2. Dehumanized treatment (being ignored, too much medication, mistreated)
3. Has broader theoretical implications
a. Stigmatism and labeling positive?
4. Unintentional influence of social factor on diagnostic processes
Race and Gender in Diagnosis and Treatment:
• Diagnosis and treatment are influenced by race and sex
o Psychiatrists presented with identical “case studies”
o Black persons rated more dangerous
The Role of Social Factors in Diagnostic and Treatment:
• Sex and race influenced diagnosis
o Women = prescribed more drugs for depression
• Resistance to Medicalization:
1. Normal social behaviors deviantized within DSM
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2. Critique against DSM
3. Inaccuracies and biases and labels in mental health profession
4. Criticizing concept of “mental illness” as being a false label
• Thomas Szasz: suggests mental illness is a myth
Examples of Resistance
Resistance: The Neurodiversity Movement
• Fight against stigmatization in various forms
• New term
Chapter 6: Looking Deviant – Physical Appearance (175188)
Appearance Is Important:
• We judge other’s appearances
• Others judge our appearances
• Social typing: description, evaluation, prescription
1) Description: “hippie”
2) Evaluation:
a. Lazy
b. Drug user
c. Dirty
d. Irresponsible
e. Space cadet
3) Prescription: because these three components of social typing flow so easily, “Hippie” constitutes a master status
a. Can be strategic in how present yourself
Impression Management (Erving Goffman)
• “Front stage” vs. “back stage”
• Always acting and performing in a certain way
• Restaurant = stage
o Area for customers
o Swinging door and get glimpse in backstage.
o Management that the front stage is what we see and the backstage is what we don’t see
• Calculated effort to change the way we appear so we send of what we prefer
• Depends on what time period you’re in
• Seek approval from family, peers, work etc.
• Who see our modifications/types of clothing etc
o Everyone?/Select few?
Self and Society
• Our bodies are symbolic of our relationships with culture and other people
• Social typing and cultural myths change over time
• Trench coat = creepy guy vs. a detective in 1950’s
• Things change through time
• Way we look have to manage to current time trends and norms
• Perceptions of “deviant” appearance vary across cultures/over time
o Renascence + Marilyn Monroe = appreciate full women
o Today = modern day reversal of a historical norm
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Today, not too many are starving and so in this context, that not so rare to be fuller
TYPES OF PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Voluntary
• Hair, clothes, makeup, tattoos
• Potential component of lifestyle
• Thing within our control when we send out messages
• Increasing and have more control
Involuntary
• Height, skin tone, eye color
• Visible disabilities
• In shrinking to develop new technology
• Blurred boundaries between voluntary/involuntary
• Eg. Body weight
• Choose how much to eat (voluntary)
• Psychological, social, and biological factors (involuntary)
• Technology is increasing the area of what is voluntary
Body Projects (Shilling, 1993)
• Way we adapt, change, or control our bodies
• 1. Camouflaging
o Normative processes
o Eg. Clothing, hairstyle, makeup
o Socialized into us
• 2. Extending
o Overcome physical limitations
o Extend our abilities
o Eg. Glasses, contact lenses, prosthetic, came, use flashlight
• 3. Adapting
o Removing or repairing part you think are undesirable
o Aesthetic or medical reasons
o Eg. Weight loss, hair removal, body building
• 4. Redesigning
o Reconstruction, body modification/art
o Approach the body that attempts to redesign according to some idea the person has
o Eg. Plastic surgery, body piercings, tattoos, etc.
o Orlan
Interact and recreate messages are presenting to women as to what is beautiful
Body as a canvas
o The Lizardman
Seeing his body as a project
Not camouflaging
Tattoos:
• Changing meaning over time
o 1950’s workingclass masculinity and subcultures (eg. Gangs, convicts, military)
o Tattoos have since become mainstream (eg. “Tattoo Barbie”)
• Today’s college undergraduates
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o 22% have tattoos
o 51% have body piercings (other than the earlobes)
• Women and tattoos
o Perceived as:
More promiscuous
Less attractive
Heavier drinkers
o Picking up idea of being more masculine
o Women with highly visible tattoos are perceived more negatively than any other category
Women exist to be objects to be perceived by other people
Femininity and Tattoos:
Types:
• Established femininity
o Plays into the “male gaze” and dominant gender roles
o Once she’s with the man, he gets to see it
• Resistant femininity
o Opposes dominant gender ideals
o Strong, independent femininity
o Are empowering or sending message of individuality, power and not objects to be captured by other people
Straightedge and Tattooing:
• Declaration against hedonism
o (No drinking, drugs, casual sex)
o Social critique of the “nation of zombies”
Plastic Surgery
• “Plastic”:means malleable, pliable
• 2 types:
o Reconstructive: to restore function or repair damage (eg. Burn victms, cleft palate procedures)
o Cosmetic: defined
Measures to make something appear better, more attractive, or more impressive
Early Plastic Surgery
• Primarily reconstructive
• New techniques developed in the aftermath of WWI
• Functional priority rather than aesthetic
• Walter Yeo, 1st patient. Eyelids burned off
Plastic Surgery Today
• The prevalence of cosmetic surgery has increased dramatically
o U.S 198% increase in procedures between 19902000
• Top surgeries from 2011
o Breasts
Chin Augmentation:
• 2x in 2011
• Popular with men
• 21,000 chins last year
Motives:
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• “Inner” beauty
• Not “cheating” that inner beauty exists was within you and don’t have to worry about idea of cheating and revealing inner beauty
• Competition of women against each other to get gaze of men
• Younger people are more valuable than older women
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