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QUERYING DATA FROM A TABLE QUERYING FROM MULTIPLE TABLES USING SQL OPERATORS

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t; SELECT c1, c2 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1

Query data in columns c1, c2 from a table FROM t1 UNION [ALL]
INNER JOIN t2 ON condition; SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
SELECT * FROM t; Inner join t1 and t2 Combine rows from two queries
Query all rows and columns from a table
SELECT c1, c2 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t FROM t1 INTERSECT
WHERE condition; LEFT JOIN t2 ON condition; SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Query data and filter rows with a condition Left join t1 and t1 Return the intersection of two queries

SELECT DISTINCT c1 FROM t SELECT c1, c2

WHERE condition; FROM t1 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
Query distinct rows from a table RIGHT JOIN t2 ON condition; EXCEPT
Right join t1 and t2 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Subtract a result set from another result set
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
ORDER BY c1 ASC [DESC]; SELECT c1, c2
Sort the result set in ascending or descending FROM t1 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
order FULL OUTER JOIN t2 ON condition; WHERE c1 [NOT] LIKE pattern;
Perform full outer join Query rows using pattern matching %, _
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
ORDER BY c1 SELECT c1, c2
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
LIMIT n OFFSET offset; FROM t1
WHERE c1 [NOT] IN value_list;
Skip offset of rows and return the next n rows CROSS JOIN t2;
Query rows in a list
Produce a Cartesian product of rows in tables
SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t SELECT c1, c2 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
GROUP BY c1; FROM t1, t2; WHERE c1 BETWEEN low AND high;
Group rows using an aggregate function Another way to perform cross join Query rows between two values

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2) SELECT c1, c2 SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

FROM t FROM t1 A WHERE c1 IS [NOT] NULL;
GROUP BY c1 INNER JOIN t2 B ON condition; Check if values in a table is NULL or not
HAVING condition; Join t1 to itself using INNER JOIN clause
Filter groups using HAVING clause
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MANAGING TABLES USING SQL CONSTRAINTS MODIFYING DATA

CREATE TABLE t ( CREATE TABLE t( INSERT INTO t(column_list)

id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 VARCHAR, VALUES(value_list);
name VARCHAR NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (c1,c2) Insert one row into a table
price NUMERIC(10,2) DEFAULT 0 );
); Set c1 and c2 as a primary key INSERT INTO t(column_list)
Create a new table with three columns
VALUES (value_list),
CREATE TABLE t1( (value_list), ….;
DROP TABLE t CASCADE; c1 SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, Insert multiple rows into a table
Delete the table from the database c2 INT,
FOREIGN KEY (c2) REFERENCES t2(c2) INSERT INTO t1(column_list)
); SELECT column_list
ALTER TABLE t ADD column; Set c2 column as a foreign key FROM t2;
Add a new column to the table
Insert rows from t2 into t1
CREATE TABLE t(
ALTER TABLE t DROP COLUMN c ; UPDATE t
c1 INT, c1 INT,
Drop column c from the table SET c1 = new_value;
UNIQUE(c2,c3)
); Update new value in the column c1 for all rows
ALTER TABLE t ADD constraint; Make the values in c1 and c2 unique
Add a constraint UPDATE t
CREATE TABLE t( SET c1 = new_value,
c1 INT, c2 INT, c2 = new_value
ALTER TABLE t DROP constraint; WHERE condition;
Drop a constraint CHECK(c1> 0 AND c1 >= c2)
); Update values in the column c1, c2 that match the
Ensure c1 > 0 and values in c1 >= c2 condition
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME TO t2;
Rename a table from t1 to t2 DELETE FROM t;
CREATE TABLE t( Delete all data in a table
c1 SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME c1 TO c2 ; c2 VARCHAR NOT NULL
Rename column c1 to c2 ); DELETE FROM t
Set values in c2 column not NULL WHERE condition;
Delete subset of rows in a table
TRUNCATE TABLE t CASCADE;
Remove all data in a table
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MANAGING VIEWS MANAGING INDEXES MANAGING TRIGGERS

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2) CREATE INDEX idx_name

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name
AS ON t(c1,c2);
WHEN EVENT
SELECT c1, c2 Create an index on c1 and c2 of the table t
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
FROM t;
EXECUTE stored_procedure;
Create a new view that consists of c1 and c2
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name Create or modify a trigger
ON t(c3,c4);
CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2) Create a unique index on c3, c4 of the table t
WHEN
AS • BEFORE – invoke before the event occurs
SELECT c1, c2 • AFTER – invoke after the event occurs
FROM t; DROP INDEX idx_name;
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION; Drop an index
Create a new view with check option EVENT
• INSERT – invoke for INSERT
SQL AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS • UPDATE – invoke for UPDATE
CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW v • DELETE – invoke for DELETE
AS AVG returns the average of a list
select-statement -- anchor part
COUNT returns the number of elements of a list
UNION [ALL] TRIGGER_TYPE
select-statement; -- recursive part SUM returns the total of a list • FOR EACH ROW
Create a recursive view • FOR EACH STATEMENT
MAX returns the maximum value in a list

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW v MIN returns the minimum value in a list CREATE TRIGGER before_insert_person
AS BEFORE INSERT
SELECT c1, c2 ON person FOR EACH ROW
FROM t; EXECUTE stored_procedure;
Create a temporary view Create a trigger invoked before a new row is
inserted into the person table

DROP VIEW view_name;

Delete a view DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;
Delete a specific trigger