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    CH 20. The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Liu UCD Phy9B 07 1

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    hamdi muhumed
    This document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts like heat engines, refrigerators, and the Carnot cycle. It explains that heat cannot be completely converted to work and outlines the different statements of the second law, including that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without a net change occurring elsewhere. The document also introduces key thermodynamic concepts like entropy, efficiency, and reversible vs irreversible processes.

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    CH 20. The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Liu UCD Phy9B 07 1

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    hamdi muhumed
    55 views11 pages
    This document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts like heat engines, refrigerators, and the Carnot cycle. It explains that heat cannot be completely converted to work and outlines the different statements of the second law, including that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without a net change occurring elsewhere. The document also introduces key thermodynamic concepts like entropy, efficiency, and reversible vs irreversible processes.

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    Heat Engine

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    This document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts like heat engines, refrigerators, and the Carnot cycle. It explains that heat cannot be completely converted to work and outlines the different statements of the second law, including that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without a net change occurring elsewhere. The document also introduces key thermodynamic concepts like entropy, efficiency, and reversible vs irreversible processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    55 views11 pages

    CH 20. The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Liu UCD Phy9B 07 1

    Uploaded by

    hamdi muhumed
    This document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts like heat engines, refrigerators, and the Carnot cycle. It explains that heat cannot be completely converted to work and outlines the different statements of the second law, including that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without a net change occurring elsewhere. The document also introduces key thermodynamic concepts like entropy, efficiency, and reversible vs irreversible processes.

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    You are on page 1of 11

    Ch 20.

    The Second Law of


    Thermodynamics

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 1


    20-1. Directions of Thermodynamic
    Processes

    Reversible vs. Irreversible processes

    Equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium processes

    Converting heat into mechanical energy: how efficient?

    Please read text on your own.

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 2


    20-2. Heat Engine
    Converts heat partly into work or mechanical energy

    Goes through a cyclic process, thus ∆U=0

    W=Q=QH+QC=|QH|-|QC|

    For the heat engine


    QH +; QC -

    Thermal Efficiency (x100%)

    e=W/QH
    =(|QH|-|QC|)/QH
    =1- |QC/QH|
    e <1
    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 3
    20-3. Internal Combustion Engines

    Minimum volume V
    Maximum volume rV
    Compression ratio r (typically 8-10)

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 4


    Otto Cycle
    Two adiabatic + two isochoric processes

    QH=nCV(Tc-Tb) >0

    QC=nCV(Ta-Td) <0

    QH + QC Tc − Tb + Ta − Td
    e= =
    QH Tc − Tb

    1
    e = 1−
    r γ −1

    Read about Diesel cycle on your own.


    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 5
    20-4. Refrigerators

    Here:
    W<0; QH<0; QC>0

    Coefficient of performance

    | QC | | QC |
    K= =
    | W | | QH | − | QC |

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 6


    20-5. Second Law of Thermodynamics
    “Engine Statement”:
    It is impossible for any system to undergo a process in
    which it absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single
    temperature and converts the heat completely into
    mechanical work, with the system ending in the same
    state in which it begins.

    “Refrigerator Statement”:
    It is impossible for any process to have as its sole results
    the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body

    No device can transfer a given amount of heat completely into work.

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 7


    Equivalent Statements

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 8


    20-6. Carnot Cycle
    Ideal engine with maximum efficiency that is
    still consistent with the 2nd law of thermodynamics

    Rationale: maximum reversible processes


    2 isothermal + 2 adiabatic processes

    Carnot engine
    QH ~ TH
    QC ~ TC

    eCarnot =1- |QC/QH|=1- TC/TH

    (in Kelvin)
    Real engine
    e< eCarnot <100%

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 9


    Example

    A nuclear power plant operates at 75% of its Carnot


    efficiency between 600 C and 350C. If the plant produces
    electric energy at a rate of 1.3 GW, how much exhaust heat
    is discharged per hour?

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 10


    20-7. Entropy
    S: a quantitative measure of disorder

    For a reversible process


    dQ
    dS =
    T
    2 dQ
    ∆S = ∫
    1 T

    “Entropy statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics”:


    When all components taking part in a process are included, the entropy
    either remains constant or increases.

    Liu UCD Phy9B 07 11

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