Sampling and Testing of Waste For Landfill PDF

Waste Sampling and Testing for
Disposal to Landfill
EBPRI 11507B
Final March 2013
Title here in 8pt Arial (change text colour to black) i

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ii Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

Executive summary
We have written this guidance for waste producers and waste management operators
so that they can show that their wastes are acceptable for disposal at an appropriate
class of landfill in accordance with the Landfill Directive1 and Council Decision2. This
document updates and supersedes our Technical Guidance on sampling and testing of
waste to meet landfill waste acceptance procedures, 2005.
Waste producers must apply the waste hierarchy3 in the management of their wastes. If
waste must be disposed of to landfill it has to be characterised to ensure that waste
management operators fully understand the nature of the wastes they will be receiving.
This guidance is companion guidance to the Environment Agency's Hazardous Waste
Technical Guidance WM2, which waste producers must follow for wastes that may
contain dangerous substances. Waste producers must apply Waste Acceptance
Criteria (WAC) to all waste destined for disposal to landfill once they have decided
whether their waste is hazardous or non-hazardous.
This guidance covers:
 Classification and characterisation requirements for waste;
 Responsibilities of each party within the waste characterisation, sampling

and testing regime (Section 3);
 Sampling schedules and testing requirements (Sections 4 and 5);
 Supporting information (Sections 3 and 4);
 Actions that could be undertaken in the event of failing a test criterion

(Section 6);
 Key laboratory process steps (Appendix 3).
Responsibilities
This guidance details the sampling and testing waste producers have to undertake to
ensure their wastes are properly characterised. Landfill operators must receive
sufficient information to make an informed decision about whether they can accept the
waste.
1
The Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26th April 1999 on the landfill of waste
2
The Council Decision of 19th December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of
waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC
3
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/legislation/waste-hierarchy/
Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill iii

The following three levels of testing are defined:
Testing Level Responsibility Objective
Level 1: Waste Producer Full understanding of the waste.
Basic Characterisation
Level 2: Waste Producer Periodic sampling to demonstrate
Compliance with Basic consistency with original understanding of a
Characterisation (i.e. regularly generated waste (i.e. the basic
consistency testing for characterisation) using key characteristics.
regularly generated For singularly produced waste streams, Level
wastes) 2 testing is not required.
Level 3: Landfill Operator Consistency / compliance with basic
On-site Verification characterisation for visually non-conforming
wastes and 'quick check' of key relevant
characteristics where appropriate.
Level 1 Basic Characterisation

Waste producers are responsible for describing their waste in detail. This will include
background information on the source and origin of the waste that they should have
access too. They may also need specific chemical test data unless there is a justifiable
reason why testing is not required. The Basic Characterisation must include:
 Waste source and origin.
 The code applicable to the waste under the European Waste Catalogue
(EWC)4 .
 Determination if the waste has any hazardous properties as per WM2.
 In the case of hazardous waste, the properties which render it hazardous.
 The process producing the waste (including a description of the process, its
SIC code and characteristics of its raw materials and products which may
affect its behaviour under landfill conditions).
 The waste treatment applied, or a statement of why treatment is not

considered necessary.
 The appearance of the waste (including smell, colour, consistency and

physical form).
 Confirmation that the waste is not prohibited from disposal to landfill (for
example liquid waste and whole used tyres).
 The class of landfill the waste can be disposed at.
 Confirmation of whether the waste requires testing. If the waste producer

decides that he cannot5 or should not6 test, he must agree why with the
Environment Agency.
4 In England, the EWC is transposed into domestic legislation by The List of Wastes (England)
Regulations 2005 SI 2005/895. We refer to the EWC here to reflect the requirements of the
Council Decisions annex, paragraph 1.1.2(f). However, the lists are essentially the same so
references are interchangeable.
iv Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

We expect the following for wastes that require sampling and testing:
 The full composition of the waste including hazardous constituents /
properties based on the known composition of the waste and likely
contaminants. The suite analysed should be informed by the requirements
of WM2.
 The likely behaviour of the waste in a landfill and any additional precautions
the landfill operator must take. This may include short term leaching effects
if highly leachable components are present.
 An assessment against any relevant limit values and its other characteristic
properties.
 Identification of key variables for compliance testing for regularly generated

wastes.
WAC testing and limits

Waste producers may have to test waste to determine if it is hazardous or non-
hazardous. They may also have to test waste to confirm to all parties that the waste
has been fully characterised. The characterisation must be representative of the
wastes physical and chemical properties and consider any variability in the waste
stream. The Basic Characterisation must also be representative of each individual load
sent to the disposal site. The waste producer should develop a sampling plan using
Best Practice with reference to BS EN 14899 (and supporting technical guidance
CEN/TR 15310) to ensure samples are representative of the waste.
The Council Decision sets specific limits, commonly referred to as 'WAC leaching
limits', for a sub-set of the components that the waste producer must consider in the
Basic Characterisation. These apply to all wastes destined for disposal in a landfill for
hazardous, stable non-reactive hazardous and inert waste. These limits are
independent of the test data used to determine if a waste is hazardous or non-
hazardous. Waste producers cannot use them to decide whether their waste is
hazardous or non-hazardous, which they must do before they can decide which class
of landfill is suitable for their waste.
The WAC limits are based on:
 Total concentration limits for the organic components and pH; as well as
 Leachable components.
The Environmental Permitting Regulations (2010)7 dictates that the 10 l/kg leaching
test (to EN 12457-2002) is carried out for all waste types, unless there is any reason to
suspect that short term leaching will occur. For such highly leachable wastes, the
5 i.e. a physical form that makes testing impractical. A testing laboratory should be consulted
for confirmation and justification agreed with the Environment Agency
6 i.e. specific wastes which have known detailed composition and properties that would cause
undue health and safety concerns when tested. By definition, these wastes contain dangerous
substances and would be classified as hazardous. A testing laboratory should be consulted for
confirmation and justification agreed with the Environment Agency
7
The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010, schedule 10, paragraph
7(e)
Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill v

waste producer can apply column leaching or lower L/S ratio tests identified in the
Council Decision (BS EN 12457-2002 Part 1 and prEN 14405).
Level 2 Compliance with Basic Characterisation
The waste producer may undertake Compliance testing to show that a 'regularly
generated waste' remains consistent with the original Basic Characterisation. Testing is
therefore to demonstrate that variability is within an acceptable range. Council
Decision 2003/33/EC requires that Compliance Testing is carried out at least once per
year and to the scope and frequency determined by the Basic Characterisation for
regularly generated wastes.
Level 3 Verification
Verification testing is for the landfill operators to confirm that the waste he accepts
conforms to the Basic Characterisation at the point of disposal. Checks at this stage
are primarily visual and through verification of the accompanying documentation for
each load received. However, we expect landfill operators to routinely sample and test
the waste they receive to confirm the Basic Characterisation. Landfill operators must
ensure that samples are retained either at the receiving site or at the testing laboratory
for at least one month after they receive the test results to ensure that they can verify
failures across a larger sample population.
Test failures
Where sample results exceed WAC leaching limits at the site of production (that is, with
the Basic Characterisation or Compliance testing for regularly generated wastes) these
must be resolved before the waste producers send their waste off site.
If a landfill operator accepts and deposits waste in his landfill prior to the receipt of test
results that exceed a WAC leaching limit, he must report that to the waste producer. He
must also provide a risk assessment (or reference to a suitable existing risk
assessment) to the Environment Agency to show that the substance that exceeded the
limit will not result in a significant environmental threat.
Once a failure has been identified, the landfill operator must not continue to accept
deliveries of the waste until the characterisation data has been reviewed and measures
taken to stop a reoccurance.
Statistical approaches
We will accept statistical analysis of data sets where the waste producer or landfill
operator believe that a test result that exceeds a WAC leaching limit is due to analytical
uncertainty or is not representative of the waste population. Where results exceed
WAC leaching limits at the site of production, the waste producer can use this
information to decide the most appropriate management option for his waste that may
include further treatment before he sends his waste off site.
Any statistical analysis must be justified and agreed between the waste producer, the
receiving landfill operator and the Environment Agency as part of the process that
shows that the waste is acceptable at a particular class of landfill.
vi Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

Acknowledgements
AMEC Environment UK Ltd and Infrastructure and Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd
are acknowledged for the collation and drafting of this guidance.
The Landfill Regulation Group (LRG), compliance sub-group and consultees
(Appendix 1), for their assistance in providing a consultation forum throughout the
development of this guidance
Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill vii

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives of the sampling and analysis programme 2
1.3 Supporting guidance 2
2 Waste Classification 4
2.1 European waste catalogue (List of Wastes) 4
2.2 Waste characterisation 4
3 Waste Sampling and Testing Responsibilities 6

3.1 Introduction 6
3.2 Cases where testing is not required 7
3.3 Waste producer (land development) 8
3.4 Waste producer (industrial or commercial process) 9
3.5 Waste producer (following treatment) 10
3.6 Landfill disposal operator 11
4 Sampling Requirements 12
4.1 Waste population and sample preparation 12
4.2 Sampling density 13
5 Testing Requirements 15
5.1 Introduction 15
5.2 Sample characterisation 16
5.3 Characterisation information 17
6 Information Interpretation 21
6.1 Introduction 21
6.2 Basic characterisation (Level 1 Testing) 21
6.3 Compliance (Level 2 Testing) 23
6.4 Verification (Level 3 Testing) 23
Table 3.1 Waste Sampling and Testing Responsibilities 6

Table 4.1 Laboratory Sample Testing Frequency for Level 1, 2 and 3 Testing where the waste can be clearly
classified as a single waste type. 14
Table 5.1 Waste acceptable at landfill for inert waste without testing, derived from a single source 15
Table 5.2: Basic Characterisation 19
Table 5.3: Criteria for Granular Waste Acceptable at Landfills (Transposed from Council Decision Annex
2003/33/EC) 20
Table 6.1 Number of Samples Required to Pass the Statistical Test Limit (using Non-parametric Method outlined
in WM2) 22
References
List of abbreviations
Glossary
Appendix 1 Consultees
viii Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

Appendix 2 Data interpretation
Appendix 3 Sample Preparation and Analysis
Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill ix

1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The Landfill Directive (Article 11) and Annex II, requires that waste is properly
characterised and meets specific Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) prior to disposal at
a landfill site. For the purposes of this guidance, we assume that waste producers
have considered the waste hierarchy8 (that is to recover, re-cycle and re-use waste in
preference to landfilling it) and no practical alternative treatments are available.
This guidance updates and supersedes our guidance on, 'Sampling and testing of
wastes to meet landfill waste acceptance procedures' (Environment Agency, 2005).
We have produced this guidance, following consultation with industry (Appendix 1) to
clarify the sampling and testing requirements for wastes to ensure that when you must
dispose of your waste to landfill you send it to the appropriate class9 of site. The
information you gather as a waste producer will also ensure you provide sufficient
information to any waste management operator to help him decide the most
appropriate treatment prior to disposal to landfill and to inform the post-treatment waste
characterisation.
We have primarily targeted this guidance towards waste producers, once they have
decided whether their waste is hazardous or non-hazardous and where there is a
requirement to test against a specific acceptance limit for disposal at a landfill. A
number of wastes types do not require testing. However, where a waste producer
decides not to test their waste, they must justify why they consider testing is
unnecessary (see section 3.2). .
A waste producer must only send his waste to the class of landfill designed and
operated to protect the environment from the contaminants within his waste. The
Landfill Directive identifies a set of Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC), which includes
screening to determine what analytical testing is required. It also includes a
combination of concentration limits for total composition and leachable content to
ensure that waste is properly characterised. The European Commission developed the
WAC limit values (reproduced in Table 5.3) by running model scenarios, to reflect how
they expect the contaminants within a landfill to respond to water infiltration over time.
They set leaching limits at a concentration that is unlikely to lead to emissions resulting
in harm to the environment against World Health Organisation (WHO) and Drinking
water standards (DWS). We therefore use WAC limit values to decide which class of
landfill is appropriate for a particular type of waste.
Within this guidance the primary relevant legislation referred to as the 'Landfill
Directive' and 'Council Decision' are;
Landfill Directive refers to
 EC Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26th April 1999 as applied under the
Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/31867.aspx
Council Decision refers to
8
9
Landfill Directive, Article 4
Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill 1

 EC Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19th December 2002 establishing criteria
and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16
and Annex II of Directive 1999/31/EEC on the landfill of waste. Official
Journal of the European Communities L11 16.1.2003 http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:011:0027:0049:EN:
PDF
We expect waste producers and landfill operators to be familiar with the requirements
of this legislation so that they understand the conditions and limitations of their use.
1.2 Objectives of the sampling and analysis programme

The Landfill Directive and associated Council Decision set out the waste acceptance
procedures for landfill. We summarise these as four overarching objectives:
 To ensure that waste is disposed of at a site permitted to accept it in
compliance with European and UK legislation.
 To demonstrate that there is insufficient organic material within the waste to

produce landfill gas in inert, hazardous or stable non-reactive hazardous
waste (SNRHW) cells.
 To ensure that leachable substances are only accepted at landfills that are
designed and operated to manage them.
 To inform appropriate treatments of waste from leachable and total waste

concentrations prior to the deposit of wastes within landfills. Relevant source
content information may also be required for the treatment operator to
compile an appropriate characterisation prior to final disposal.
The first objective above relates to the compliance limits established by the Council
Decision to meet the subsequent three objectives.
The second and third objectives are to demonstrate that the waste is suitable for
disposal at a specific class of site, while the fourth objective summarises the Landfill
Directive requirement (to pre-treat wastes prior to disposal), to reduce the volume and
potential harm that could occur following landfilling.
1.3 Supporting guidance

We have produced supporting regulatory guidance that provides overlapping
information for specific waste types and pre-acceptance procedures that you can use
for further reference, context and industry specific factors:
1. Waste acceptance at landfills http://a0768b4a8a31e106d8b0-
50dc802554eb38a24458b98ff72d550b.r19.cf3.rackcdn.com/geho1110bte
w-e-e.pdf
2. Technical Guidance WM2 on hazardous waste (April 2011)

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEHO0411BTRD-E-
E.pdf (an updated development draft was issued for review in August
2012 and includes discussion of the statistical techniques which could
be used as part of WAC). Herein referred to as WM2 or Technical
Guidance WM2
2 Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

3. Using the List of Wastes to code wastes. http://www.environment-
agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/low_guide_v1.2_1397222.pdf
4. Classifying and coding wastes from physico-chemical treatment

facilities (HWR06) http://www.environment-
agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/104765.aspx
5. Guidance on WAC and treatment: http://www.environment-

agency.gov.uk/business/sectors/108918.aspx
6. Treatment of waste for landfill (November 2011)

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEHO1111BVDF-E-
E.pdf
7. Guidance on hazardous waste http://www.environment-

agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/32200.aspx
8. Guidelines for Ash Sampling and Analysis (March 2011)

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEHO0311BTPZ-E-
E.pdf
This is not an exhaustive list and we will add to it as further guidance is published.

2 Waste classification
2.1 European waste catalogue (List of Wastes)
Prior to waste destined for landfill leaving the premises of production, waste producers
must classify their waste using the List of Wastes (LoW) (formerly commonly identified
using the European Waste Catalogue10 (EWC)). This provides a range of codes based
on the process that produces the waste. Taken alongside the further interpretation
given in WM2, these can fall within one of five potential classifications:
 Absolute Hazardous (AH).
 Mirror-entry* Hazardous (MH) (to be confirmed by testing and/or source

material knowledge as per WM2).
 Mirror-entry Non-hazardous (MN) (to be confirmed by testing and/or source

material knowledge as per WM2).
 'Absolute' Non-hazardous (AN) (i.e. wastes not classified by a hazardous or

mirror-entry code).
 Inert11.
The waste producer should assess and sample his waste to determine its status and
classification in accordance with our Hazardous Waste Technical Guidance (WM2).
While the WM2 guidance is for assessing hazardous waste, you can use the same
processes to characterise any waste. This will inform you what waste management
options you should consider.
Where a 'waste population'* is composed of more than one waste type, for example
when two or more wastes or a mixed waste are placed in a single container, then more
than one waste is present. You must classify and describe each separately at the
premises of production. The use of mixed waste codes is acceptable if justified for
non-hazardous wastes. Equally, you must consider the sampling of each waste type to
be a different sub-population12 for separate assessment.
If you intend to dispose of the mixed waste at a landfill, you may need to undertake
additional testing to decide what pre-treatment is required.
2.2 Waste characterisation

Waste classification includes allocation of an EWC code and a detailed evaluation of
the waste properties using a combination of a detailed knowledge of any source
process in combination with chemical testing (Basic Characterisation).
You can use the combination of EWC code and Basic Characterisation to refine the
waste description to a level of detail that can inform landfill operators and regulators.
This description must accompany the waste in accordance with your Duty of Care13 to
10
Commission Decision 2000/532/EC
11
Sub-classification of non-hazardous waste from Landfill Directive, Article 2(e) and Council
Decision Annex, Section 2.1
12
as defined in Technical Guidance WM2 and See Glossary for definition
13
The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991 (as amended)

ensure that the waste is disposed of legally and within the risk-based operational
framework of the receiving landfill site.
Any subsequent testing is to confirm that the Basic Characterisation remains valid for
that particular waste stream disposed of via a particular route. Mixing of waste
populations prior to compliance testing would invalidate the original Basic
Characterisation.
Testing to WAC limit values is required for wastes disposed of to landfills for hazardous
and inert waste as well as all wastes disposed of in cells for stable non-reactive
hazardous waste.
While the EU has not set WAC limit values for non-hazardous wastes, non-hazardous
waste producers that wish to dispose of their waste to landfill must still fully
characterise their waste to show that it is not hazardous and to ensure they send it to
the appropriate class of landfill. Where a waste is within the WAC limit value for a
particular class of landfill or a site where limits set at the EU level do not apply, the
behaviour of the waste must be within the requirements of the risk based framework
used to permit the landfill. That is, the waste received must not adversely affect the
environment as predicted by the site specific hydrogeological and landfill gas risk
assessments.

3 Waste sampling and testing
responsibilities
3.1 Introduction
There are three levels of waste assessment:
 Level 1. Basic Characterisation.
 Level 2. Compliance with the Basic Characterisation for regularly generated

waste.
 Level 3. Verification at the disposal site.
The test methods undertaken at each level for substances analysed are similar.
However, we accept that the sampling frequency and suite will reduce from Level 1
(Basic Characterisation) to Level 3 (Verification) testing as set out in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Waste sampling and testing responsibilities
Testing Level Responsibility Objective
Level 1: Waste Producer Full understanding of the waste.
Basic Characterisation
Level 2: Waste Producer Periodic sampling to demonstrate
Compliance with Basic consistency with original understanding
Characterisation (i.e. of a regularly generated waste (i.e. the
consistency testing for basic characterisation) using key
regularly generated characteristics.
wastes) For singularly produced waste streams,
i.e. where the entire waste stream has
been considered as part of the Basic
characterisation, Level 2 testing is not
appropriate.
Level 3: Landfill Operator Consistency / compliance with basic
On-site Verification characterisation and 'quick check' of key
relevant characteristics where
appropriate.
Sampling undertaken for the Level 1 Basic Characterisation and Level 2 Compliance
with Basic Characterisation should be carried out at the site of waste production
(Sections 4 and 5). Waste producers should use the Basic Characterisation
information to design a strategy for how they will manage their waste and, for regularly
generated wastes, ensure that the selected management strategy remains appropriate.
Where Level 2 Compliance testing or Level 3 Verification testing indicates variation
from the original Level 1 Basic Characterisation, the waste must be re-characterised in
full and the management strategy reappraised.
WAC testing (Section 5) of wastes for both total and leachable concentrations from the
site of production is important. We consider that where testing is required, waste
should remain at the site of production until the test data confirms which class of landfill
can accept it. Minimum laboratory turnarounds between sampling and receipt of
results for Level 1 or Level 2 tests are typically 7 to 14 days. Waste producers must
make provisions for keeping their waste on site pending receipt of the test results,

unless there are over riding environmental or amenity reasons why the waste must be
moved sooner (for example, waste is odorous), or we have agreed that the waste is
sufficiently homogeneous that it can be moved sooner. Waste producers must comply
with their Duty of Care obligations prior to moving their waste to ensure that the
receiving landfill operator can accept the waste in accordance with the permit.
The waste producer's primary responsibility is to fully assess the waste as part of the
Level 1 Basic Characterisation. Based on their knowledge of the pollution potential of
his waste, the waste producer may need to test for substances other than those where
specific limits are set in the Council Decision Annex to demonstrate no significant
impact once the waste is within the body of the landfill. The analytical suite must use
information from the producing industrial source or known historical practices during
site redevelopments in order to provide landfill operators with details of a fully
characterised waste. This may include components such as solvents, ammonium,
cyanide, metals and petroleum products.
Waste producers should use Best Practice to sample the waste for example to BS EN
14899:2005 (Characterisation of Waste - Sampling Waste Materials (2006) (previously
referred to from the European standard CEN/TR15310)
 Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under
various conditions.
 Part 2 Guidance on sampling techniques.
 Part 3 Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field.
 Part 4 Guidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation,

transport and delivery.
 Part 5 Guidance on the process of defining the sampling plan (see section
5.2).
3.2 Cases where testing is not required

Section 1.1.4 of the Annex to the Council Decision identifies the conditions where
laboratory testing for the Basic Characterisation is not required:
(a) the waste is on a list of wastes not requiring testing as laid down in Section 2 of the
annex to the Council Decision.
(b) all necessary information, for the basic characterisation, is known and duly justified
to the full satisfaction of the competent authority.
(c) certain waste types where testing is impractical or where appropriate testing
procedures and acceptance criteria are unavailable. This must be justified and
documented, including the reasons why the waste is deemed acceptable at the landfill
class.
In all cases where testing is not required, the Basic Characterisation must contain the
source, origin and all descriptive requirements for the waste as well as a reference to
the precise sub-section(s) of the Council Decision which justifies the dispensation in
testing.
Although WAC limit values are not set at the EU level for non-hazardous wastes
received at a landfill for non-hazardous waste, the waste must conform to the
requirements of the site specific hydrogeological, landfill gas and amenity risk
assessments. Basic characterisation is therefore necessary to ensure that the waste

producer sends their waste to the appropriate class of landfill. The Environment
Agency may accept a Basic Characterisation based on evidence from an industry
sector or specific waste stream under (b) above.
3.3 Waste producers (land development)

Information from commercial laboratories indicates that the majority of samples sent to
them for WAC testing are soil-forming materials from land development /
redevelopment schemes. For many of these samples, the testing programme is
undertaken for the dual purpose of risk assessment to determine if they can remain on-
site as well as to establish disposal options. Where there is an intention to dispose of
material's to landfill, then a site investigation and desk study should be designed to
inform the sampling and testing plan for waste classification to identify the appropriate
EWC codes and to identify which 'waste types' you will consider separately.
We do not expect additional testing if the waste producer has obtained sufficient total
and leaching data for each waste type, carried out as part of a recent comprehensive
site investigation.
The land developer must separate waste from areas containing hazardous waste from
non-hazardous waste. The developer must recover or dispose of these wastes under
separate EWC codes. The developer must keep auditable records relating site
investigation locations to the classified waste. Land development is likely to comprise
one, or a combination of the following schemes:
Contaminated land redevelopments
Developers should design their site investigation programmes to distinguish
contaminated ground from non-contaminated ground. A properly designed sampling
and analysis programme, including desk study information should be capable of
designating the site into four classification types, namely:
 Materials which can be reused on-site and do not require disposal or testing
under WAC for disposal purposes;
 Hazardous soils or materials, which require treatment and separate disposal;
 Non-hazardous or inert soils which can be disposed of to non-hazardous

waste landfills;
 Non-hazardous soils which can be disposed of to inert waste landfills with

WAC testing to inert limits;
 Soils that the developer can recover or dispose of directly to a landfill for inert
waste without testing.
Waste from each designated area will require a separate Basic Characterisation based
on site investigation data. Land developers must not mix waste materials classified as
hazardous mirror-entries with those classified as non-hazardous to ensure that they
can identify appropriate treatment routes.
It is the land developer's responsibility to segregate the hazardous from non-hazardous
waste at source using site investigation information. Where the land developer cannot
confirm segregation, we expect them to classify the waste using the most hazardous
classification prior to excavation. The land developer must not dilute hazardous
components, for example by mixing with less or non-hazardous waste on site to meet
WAC limit values. It is in the land developer's interests to fully identify contaminated

areas to reduce the quantity of waste sent for treatment or disposal as hazardous
waste.
Once the developer has undertaken an initial Basic Characterisation on each waste
stream, he can manage the soils as part of the on-site processing programme (for
example, stockpiling, treatment, screening and separation). The producer and landfill
operator can then agree the suite of Level 2 Compliance testing for regularly generated
waste to demonstrate compliance with the initial Basic Characterisation prior to
disposal.
It is also in the land developer's interests to understand the variability in composition of
Made Ground. Land developers should have an understanding of how this variability
compares with the threshold limits for disposal to inert class sites. Where there is
minimal variability, the waste can be characterised as homogeneous for testing
purposes.
Construction / development sites
Developers can apply the same principles that apply to contaminated land sites to
construction sites.
Land developers should initially segregate wastes for recovery. Only wastes destined
for landfill will require a Basic Characterisation prior to disposal or to identify further
treatment requirements, notwithstanding your obligations to describe waste under the
Duty of Care.
Utility wastes from highway excavations
Waste producers can apply the same principles that apply to contaminated land sites to
wastes from highway excavations.
The primary responsibility of the waste producer will be to segregate recyclables and
contaminated materials for treatment from non-contaminated wastes before
undertaking the Basic Characterisation.
Greenfield developments
Where the waste producer is confident about the quality of a soil at a greenfield site,
we accept that sampling and laboratory testing is not necessary for the Basic
Characterisation. This can be limited to visual assessment and written description of
the waste in addition to supporting evidence such as a desk study assessment,
historical or landuse data of the greenfield status.
The waste producer must separate topsoil prior to disposal at a landfill for inert waste
and either set it aside for restoration works, or recover it elsewhere.
3.4 Waste producer (industrial or commercial process)

For any regularly generated waste, industrial or commercial waste producers should:
 Apply a Basic Characterisation based on a suite from knowledge of the
source process and the data available for existing processes to establish the
underlying variability of his waste as per Section 1.1.3 of the Annex to the
Council Decision. The waste producer can then apply the Level 2 testing
schedule for that waste stream.
 For new processes the waste producer should use the expected annual
production rate to define the Basic Characterisation quantity and an

appropriate number of samples to take for the first 3 batches of wastes to
understand variability before proceeding to Level 2 testing (see Section 4).
For the Level 2 testing industrial or commercial waste producers should:

 Identify each ‘process’ batch sub-population quantity for compliance testing.
 For regularly generated wastes, the waste producer must re-characterise his
waste when there is a change in production process that will produce waste
that is outside of the original characterisation such that it is a separate
population. The waste producer must also re-characterise when the median
concentration of the Level 2 Compliance Test data exceeds the 85th
percentile of the upper range of the original Basic Characterisation or when
the waste exceeds a leaching limit.
For existing processes, the waste producer should be able to define 3) in the list above
from a knowledge of the process and ongoing data collation where the variability is
understood. Once the producer has collated this Basic Characterisation (Level 1)
information, he can apply Level 2 Compliance testing for targeted substances. The
waste producer will need to re-characterise their waste where there is a change to the
inputs to the process that may affect the quality of the waste produced, or the
compliance testing results suggest that the waste quality may not achieve the WAC
limit value for the receiving landfill.
3.5 Waste producer (following treatment)

Waste treatment is undertaken, whenever possible, to reduce the hazardous or
polluting nature of a waste (or to enhance recovery) and, in the case of disposal, to a
level that is acceptable for disposal within a particular class of landfill. Treatment can
include a range of techniques from separation to physico-chemical processes that
change the properties of the waste. You can find more information in our guidance on
the Treatment of waste for landfill.
Where waste producers have classified their waste as hazardous prior to treatment,
they should follow the procedures for reclassification of the treated waste in Technical
Guidance WM2 and HWR06:
 The original waste producer is required to supply characterisation information
to the waste treatment operator based on WM2 requirements and to a suite
agreed with the treatment operator. This includes sufficient total
concentration data (Section 4) which can be used for process control as well
as that required to allow the treatment operator to produce a Basic
Characterisation following treatment.
 The waste treatment operator must supply a Basic Characterisation to the

landfill operator that reflects the changes due to the treatment process.
A waste treatment operator's testing requirements are dependent on the process batch
arrangements. For example:
 Where the treatment operator receives waste from a single waste producer,
then he can accept successive batches from that producer using the same
Basic Characterisation (supplied as part of the first batch disposed to landfill)
as long as the received batches are kept physically separate from other
wastes prior to or during treatment. In these circumstances we will accept
Level 2 testing prior to disposal for successive batches landfilled.

 Where individual wastes are received under separate Basic
Characterisations and are mixed during treatment, we expect a Level 1 Basic
Characterisation for each process batch prior to disposal to landfill.
 Where treatment separates mixed wastes, we expect a new Basic

Characterisation for each separate fraction prior to disposal. If hazardous
and non-hazardous components from a combination of received wastes
could be mixed as part of this process, the waste producer must follow the
procedures within WM2.
 We expect a Basic Characterisation prior to disposal where the treatment

operator bulks up wastes segregated from mixed sources for logistical
reasons (for example, trommel fines).
3.6 Landfill disposal operators

Landfill operators are responsible for ensuring that they only accept wastes that their
landfill sites are permitted to accept. That includes compliance with WAC limit values
for materials disposed of to the body of the landfill. Landfill operators must ensure that
any other wastes they accept (for example, for engineering purposes) are fit for
purpose. They may need to test these as per the requirements of their permit.
Landfill operators must carry out the following checks:
 Ensure that there is sufficient waste characterisation information available to
make a decision about whether to accept the waste prior to receipt and that
this information, once assessed, can be cross-referenced to the waste
received.
 Visual check of each waste load to verify that it conforms to the written waste
description.
 Verification sampling and testing of key, relevant characteristics (as set out in
Sections 4 and 5) to ensure that the waste he accepts complies with the
Basic Characterisation.

4 Sampling Requirements
4.1 Waste population and sample preparation
Laboratories require relatively small quantities of sampled materials to perform all of
the WAC characterisation tests. The laboratory is unlikely to have information
regarding the waste and its heterogeneity. Therefore, someone with knowledge of the
objectives of the waste producer's 'sampling plan' and the nature of the waste must
design and manage the initial sampling programme at the waste source site.
Waste producers and landfill operators must develop their sampling plan in accordance
with BS EN 14899:2005 Characterisation of waste – Sampling of waste materials -
Framework for preparation of a sampling plan, BSI 2006 and associated Technical
Reports (CEN/TR 15310 series). For more information on sampling plans, see our
guidance on Waste Acceptance at Landfills.
You must consider the range in particle size of the waste and any variation in its
material when taking representative samples for analysis. We recommend that you
contact the analysing laboratory in advance of sampling to discuss sample preparation.
Those sampling the waste should screen it at the point of sampling to remove large
items and materials unsuitable for laboratory testing. We consider that this smaller
particle sized fraction generally provides the most representative sample, with respect
to leaching, as it is likely that most leachable contamination is associated with the sub
10mm fraction. A description of the material removed prior to testing and its likely
behaviour in a landfill must be included within the Basic Characterisation.
Those sampling wastes can then take one of two approaches, either;
 From knowledge of the waste's chemical properties and justified assumption
that the contamination is associated with a particular size fraction and target
this fraction for sampling and analysis, then recalculate the total
concentration based on the quantity of the fraction analysed. The method
used including a justification that the constituents excluded are unlikely to be
significant must be described in the Basic Characterisation; or
 Sort / screen the waste to remove the larger fraction that would then be
disposed of via a separate EWC code and Basic Characterisation. Those
sampling waste should clearly identify fractions unsuitable for testing.
The approach you select must be justified and documented within the Basic
Characterisation information. If the analysed fraction is hazardous, you must assume
the waste is hazardous without further processing.
You must separately identify components such as gypsum, asbestos, organic matter
and other identifiable items requiring a specific, individual classification and specific
disposal conditions in a mixed waste. These components must be fully described and
form part of the classification, or physically separated and managed as a separate
waste stream.
The test for total organic carbon in granular wastes utilises minimal sample quantities
(<0.2g) such that visible organic matter is unlikely to be properly characterised.
Therefore, you must separate all visible organic matter from wastes destined for
disposal at cells where active gas control will not be in place (i.e. hazardous, SNRHW
or inert cells) or otherwise demonstrate that the organic matter is within the TOC limits
for disposal at a particular class of site.

The leaching test method requires a 2kg sample where the sample particle size is less
than 10mm (e.g. soils). Larger quantities can result in additional effort to cone,
homogenise and quarter the sample prior to analysis, as well as increase laboratory
sample disposal costs. Each sample must be representative of the waste you are
characterising.
You need only take larger samples where the sample physical variability is high and
you cannot obtain smaller, representative samples (for example, stones and brick
waste). You should discuss with the laboratory prior to sampling whether they can
properly crush and homogenise the waste to below 10mm. You should also ensure that
you supply samples to the laboratory in containers suitable for sample preservation
during transit.
It is the waste producer's responsibility to ensure that any sample sent to the laboratory
for analysis is representative of the source waste. Your sampling strategy must
therefore consider what sampling and sub-sampling procedures you will employ to
generate representative samples for laboratory analysis. WM2 provides guidance on
how to sample and the sample size appropriate for the testing laboratory to ensure it is
representative of the waste sub-population. We will accept the statistical approach
identified in WM2 for leachable content and waste acceptance limits for all waste
classifications. You must demonstrate, at the 95th percentile confidence limit, that your
waste has been properly characterised to decide whether the waste population is within
a particular limit (Table 5.2) and thus acceptable for disposal at the appropriate class of
landfill site.
Waste producers should segregate and assess wastes that are unsuitable for
laboratory testing for an appropriate treatment and / or disposal route.
4.2 Sampling density

For all wastes defined as absolute hazardous (AH) or mirror-entry hazardous (MH), the
waste producer must follow the approach taken within Technical Guidance WM2 to
classify a waste population. Where all test data is likely to be below a WAC limit value
for acceptance at a site, you can apply the sampling densities presented in Table 4.1.
We consider the sample frequencies for laboratory testing presented in Table 4.1
(based on professional judgement) are pragmatic for the purposes of WAC limit values
as we accept that such limited sampling could never fully characterise a waste. The
principal purpose of the WAC limit value is to identify the appropriate class of landfill for
disposal and, in broad terms, the wastes potential to cause pollution. We consider
these frequencies sufficient for waste streams where there is a thorough knowledge of
the waste chemistry. Where waste producers have a poor knowledge of their waste's
chemistry, they will have to take more samples for analysis. Waste producers must
consider historical datasets and known analytical precision when they decide the
number of samples for the Basic Characterisation.
Waste producers must apply a higher sampling frequency and analytical precision (as
per the methods outlined in Technical Guidance WM2) for new waste streams where
they have no prior characterisation knowledge.
Waste producers can classify regularly generated wastes based on their known
variability and their knowledge of the waste source and/ or the treatment process
undertaken.
 Homogeneous solid residues from a known process and with low variability
in the input stream are wastes where you can show continuity, with negligible
variability, in substance concentrations over successive waste populations
(that is, analytical data is within the expected concentration range

demonstrated by previous Basic Characterisations once outliers are removed
from the original characterisation dataset).
 Heterogeneous or stratified solid waste residues are wastes from an

unknown process and with a high level of variability in input stream, for
example, transfer station fines and new wastes without source knowledge.
Table 4.1 provides laboratory testing frequencies for Level 1, 2 and 3 testing. We will
accept alternative rates of testing providing they are fully justified with reference to a
detailed knowledge of the wastes physical and chemical properties and descriptive
Basic Characterisation (see section 5.3).
Table 4.1 Laboratory sample testing frequency for Level 1, 2 and 3 testing
where the waste can be clearly classified as a single waste type.
Population Homogeneous Heterogeneous and

(tonnes) (number of samples) new wastes
(number of samples)
Level 1 Characterisation <100 t 2 5
for Descriptive, < 500 t 3 8
Total Concentration & <1000 t 5 14
Leaching Tests 10,000 t 11 22
plus per
additional
10,000 t +5 (pro rata) +10 (pro rata)
Level 2 Compliance for regularly 1 per defined waste 3 per defined waste
generated wastes. (Total sub- population sub-population
Concentration and Leaching Tests to a targeted suite per to a targeted suite per
Required) year or as defined in year or as defined in
the Basic the Basic
Characterisation Characterisation
Level 3 Verification Visual - Each load Visual - Each load
Delivery document & visual check. Chemical - 1 per year Chemical - 3 per year
Sample using Level 2 Testing suite or per waste stream or per waste stream or
as identified from Basic source / carrier source /carrier
Characterisation >2,000T/a > 2,000T/a
Note: Council Decision 2003/33/EC requires a minimum of one sample to be taken
annually for Level 2 testing of regularly generated wastes
All composite samples for granular wastes must be prepared from 7-sub-samples and
be representative of the visual variability in the waste.

5 Testing Requirements
5.1 Introduction
The sampling and testing of wastes is a requirement of the Landfill Directive to properly
characterise waste and demonstrate that the waste is acceptable for disposal at a
specific class of landfill site. Waste acceptance procedures are therefore a
combination of regulatory limits and site-specific, risk-based standards. This section
describes the types of tests and pre-analytical processing required as well as the
minimum testing standards.
Further to section 3.2 above, the Council Decision annex identifies a limited number of
waste types which do not require testing prior to disposal in a landfill:
 Municipal wastes classified as non-hazardous in Chapter 20 of the European
waste catalogue for disposal in a landfill for non-hazardous waste (See
Council Decision Annex, Section 2.2.1).
 Asbestos waste for disposal in a separate cell of a landfill for non-hazardous

waste (See Council Decision Annex, Section 2.3.3).
 Inert wastes listed in the Council Decision Annex, table in paragraph 2.1.1
(as detailed below).
The Council Decision Annex assumes that waste fulfils the Landfill Directive definition
of inert and Council Decision Annex, Section 2.1.2 leaching limit values where it is on a
short list of wastes on the 'absolute' non-hazardous waste classification. Any mirror
entry codes will require a non-hazardous classification as per WM2. We have
summarised this in Table 5.1.
Please refer to the Council Decision Annex, Section 2.1.1 for the conditions and
limitations of use of this table. You must also be able to classify the mirror entry codes
(identified as MN in Table 5.114) as non-hazardous in accordance with the Hazardous
Waste technical guidance (WM2)
Table 5.1 Waste acceptable at landfill for inert waste without testing, derived
from a single source
EWC code Description Restrictions

10 11 03 (AN) Waste glass-based fibrous Only without organic binders
materials
15 01 07 (AN) Glass packaging
17 01 01 (AN) Concrete Selected C & D waste only(*)
17 01 02 (AN) Bricks Selected C & D waste only(*)
17 01 03 (AN) Tiles and ceramics Selected C & D waste only(*)
17 01 07 (MN) Mixtures of concrete, bricks Selected C & D waste only(*)
tiles and ceramics
17 02 02 (MN) Glass
14
Recent Agency investigations have demonstrated that 61% of Mirror Entry EWC coded
Construction and Demolition Waste was wrongly classified as inert. You must ensure by visual
inspection that your waste is not mixed and is free of contamination (including soluble organic
components).

17 05 04 (MN) Soil and stones Excluding topsoil peat; excluding
soil and stones from
contaminated sites
19 12 05 (AN) Glass
20 01 02 (AN) Glass Separately collected glass only
20 02 02 (AN) Soil and stones Only from garden and parks
waste; Excluding top soil peat
AN - 'Absolute' non-hazardous entry. MN - mirror entry non-hazardous
(*) Selected Construction and Demolition waste (C & D waste): with low contents of other types of materials (like metals,
plastic, soil, organics, wood, rubber, etc). The origin of the waste must be known.
— No C & D waste from constructions, polluted with inorganic or organic dangerous substances, e.g. because of
production processes in the construction, soil pollution, storage and usage of pesticides or other dangerous substances,
etc., unless it is made clear that the demolished construction was not significantly polluted.
— No C & D waste from constructions, treated, covered or painted with materials, containing dangerous substances in
significant amounts.
In addition to the above waste codes, testing is not required where the waste is in a
physical form that prevents testing or where specific wastes have known composition
and properties that would cause undue health and safety concerns when tested. By
definition, these wastes contain dangerous substances and would be classified as
hazardous.
In both cases a testing laboratory should be consulted for confirmation that the waste is
not suitable for testing and the justification agreed with the Environment Agency at the
earliest opportunity prior to completion of the Basic Characterisation.
5.2 Sample characterisation

There are four types of sample characterisation required by the Basic Characterisation,
namely:
 Source information;
 Visual (descriptive);
 Total concentration;
 Leachable content.
Where a producer or landfill operator undertakes chemical testing, it must follow the
procedures in the Council Decision Annex, section 3. We identify the key procedural
stages in Appendix 3 to this guidance.
It is the waste producer's responsibility to provide a detailed Basic Characterisation
based on:
 Substances identified from a knowledge of the process generating the waste.
 A suite based on the requirements of WM2 and Table 5.2.
The total concentration elements of the Basic Characterisation comprise a wider suite
of substances than those identified for leaching limits (Table 5.2). Where a testing
suite has been carried out under the requirements of WM2, the waste producer can
use this data to demonstrate whether a waste is hazardous or non-hazardous and for
the receiving landfill operator to understand the nature of the waste they will be
receiving.
Examples of specific total chemical testing over and above the requirements of Table
5.2 will include solvents, petroleum products, pesticides and herbicides, inorganic

nitrogen forms (e.g. ammonium, cyanide, nitrate, nitrite), carbides, metal oxides, native
metals, phosphates and phosphides, oxidising agents, etc.
In some circumstances and for some waste types, different tests may be of value to
assist in the characterisation of leaching behaviour. For most wastes destined for
disposal in landfill sites government15 consider that a single step leaching test at a
Liquid to Solid (L:S) ratio of 10:1 l/kg is adequate for establishing and monitoring the
cumulative mass leached and general leaching behaviour.
The limits in Table 5.3 are set at a level where a single waste stream should not have a
discernible impact or unacceptable impact16 on leachate quality (unless landfilled in a
specifically designated mono-cell). However, the L:S 10:1 ratio leaching test has
limited use in determining the initial leachate concentration expected from the presence
of a highly leachable constituent (for example, chloride).
It may be that the cumulative mass leached does not provide sufficient information to
fully characterise the waste for operational controls and risk assessment purposes. A
landfill operator may request evidence from a leaching test at a lower liquid to solid
ratio (For example, at L:S of 2:1, or L:S of 0.1:1, by batch or column test) to determine
if the waste is acceptable for disposal without further treatment.
The leaching test is sensitive to the exact method of extraction and filtration. We
outline further information on the required techniques in Appendix 3 to this guidance.
5.3 Characterisation information

The waste producer's characterisation should include as a minimum, the following
background information on the source and origin of the waste and specific chemical
test data, unless there is a specific reason why testing is unnecessary. These details
should be readily available to the waste producer.
 Waste source and origin.
 The code applicable to the waste under the European Waste Catalogue
(EWC)17 .
 Determination if the waste has any hazardous properties as per WM2;
 In the case of hazardous waste, the properties which render it hazardous.
 The process producing the waste (including a description of the process, its
SIC code for receipt at the landfill, the characteristics of its raw materials and
products which may affect its behaviour under landfill conditions).
 The waste treatment applied, or a statement of why treatment is not

considered necessary.
15
Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010, schedule 10, paragraph
7(e)
16
i.e. the impact is within the parameters assessed in the site's hydrogeological risk
assessment
17
In England, the EWC is transposed into domestic legislation by The List of Wastes (England)
Regulations 2005 SI 2005/895. We refer to the EWC here to reflect the requirements of the
Council Decisions annex, paragraph 1.1.2(f). Hereafter we will refer to the list of wastes.

 The appearance of the waste (including smell, colour, consistency and
physical form).
 Confirmation that the waste is not prohibited from disposal to landfill (for
example liquid waste and whole used tyres).
 The class of landfill the waste can be disposed at.
 Confirmation of whether the waste requires testing. If the producer decides

that he cannot18 or should not19 test, he must agree why with the
Environment Agency.
We expect the following for wastes that require sampling and testing:
 The full composition of the waste including hazardous constituents /
properties based on the known composition of the waste and likely
contaminants. The suite analysed should be informed by the requirements
of WM2.
 The likely behaviour of the waste in a landfill and any additional precautions
the landfill operator must take. This may include short term leaching effects
if highly leachable components are present.
 An assessment against any relevant limit values and its other characteristic
properties.
 Identification of key variables for compliance testing for regularly generated

wastes.
The specific suite requirements should be based on:

 WM2.
 Source material knowledge.
 Whether additional testing is required.
 The proposed disposal route WAC requirements and any additional

substances not identified below.
Where a waste producer does not test his waste, references should be provided to the
WM2 classification information or commentary made why a test is unnecessary. The
waste producer must agree the testing suite with the landfill operator.
This includes reference to the justification of why leaching tests are not carried out for
landfill classes where limits are not set at the EU level, that is, non-hazardous waste.
Notwithstanding this, the waste must conform to the risk based framework used to
permit the site; hence a knowledge of the likely leaching behaviour under landfill
conditions is required.
18
i.e. a physical form that makes testing impractical. A testing laboratory should be consulted for
confirmation and justification agreed with the Environment Agency
19
i.e. specific wastes which have known detailed composition and properties that would cause undue
health and safety concerns when tested. By definition, these wastes contain dangerous substances and
would be classified as hazardous. A testing laboratory should be consulted for confirmation and
justification agreed with the Environment Agency

Table 5.2: Basic Characterisation
Tests to consider Parameter Commentary required to discuss data (where
necessary), justify why a specific test was not
carried out or supply descriptive information
Source & originating Description
process
Appearance Visual description Include artificial constituents and soil type (e.g. silty
clay), as well as material size variability with particular
attention paid to oversized material and non-crushable
material
Population Size Quantity to be disposed of
Sub-population Size See attached glossary and Technical Guidance WM2
Nature Homogeneous Delete as applicable
Heterogeneous Comment on whether heterogeneous nature is visible
EWC Code 6-digit code *AH - Absolute Hazardous, MH - Mirror Hazardous entry (to be confirmed by
testing and/or source material knowledge), MN - Mirror Non-hazardous (to be
and Waste AH/MH/MN/AN* confirmed following Hazardous Waste Guidance WM2). AN - Absolute non-
Classification Inert hazardous entry (testing and/or source knowledge required to demonstrate
inert status)
Disposal Route For Treatment Site Type - Delete as applicable

Hazardous
SNRHW
Non-hazardous
Inert
Total concentration for Basic Characterisation
Refined Petroleum C6- C40 Speciated to include PAH (US EPA 16 and B(a)P,
Hydrocarbons BTEX, and aliphatic hydrocarbons
PCBs 7 congeners PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-118, PCB-138, PCB-
(for disposal to inert 153 and PCB-180 * (BS EN 15308:2008, the Barbour
waste sites only) Index)
Organic screens VOC To be considered and extended if appropriate based on
SVOC a knowledge of the source material
pesticide / herbicide
Inorganic Screen e.g. cyanide To be considered and extended if appropriate based on
ammonia a knowledge of the source material
Acid Neutralisation Determination of whether a waste is corrosive or caustic
Capacity / pH to include leachable pH
Asbestos Presence or Include commentary if test is not required or discussion
absence/ trace where trace quantities are below quantifiable amounts
Matrix constituents Mineral Identify the type and nature of the unanalysed
- anions CO3 components (with justification) where composition does
- cations Ca, Mg, Na, K not equate to 100% (e.g. unanalysed silicates)
Total and leachable concentration for Basic Characterisation
Matrix Constituents Cl, SO4, F
Inorganic Cd, Hg, Speciate for Cr(VI) based on knowledge of source
Contaminants of Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, material
Concern Sn
As, Se, Mo, Sb
Fe, Mn, Ba
Total Organic Content TOC* & DOC Comment if possible between active / degradable
(TOC) and Loss on content and natural stabilised soil organic matter for
Ignition (LOI) process control. Distinguish inorganic carbon (i.e.
elemental & carbonate) from organic carbon
*LOI can be substituted for TOC.
Phenol Index (leachable only) (For inert classification only)

Note: additional substances may be required based on source knowledge
Table 5.3: Criteria for granular waste acceptable at landfills (Transposed from
Council Decision annex 2003/33/EC)
Stable non-
reactive
hazardous waste
Inert waste Hazardous
Parameter and non-
landfill waste landfill
hazardous waste
co-disposed
with SNRHW
Parameters determined on the waste – total concentration
Total organic carbon 3% 5% 6%*
(%w/w)
Loss on ignition (%w/w) 10%*
BTEX (mg/kg) 6
PCBs (7 congeners) 1
(mg/kg)
Mineral oil C10-C40 500
(mg/kg)
PAHs (mg/kg) 100
pH >6
Acid neutralisation To be evaluated To be evaluated
capacity
Limit values (mg/kg) for compliance leaching test using BS EN 12457 at L/S 10
l/kg
As (arsenic) 0.5 2 25
Ba (barium) 20 100 300
Cd (cadmium) 0.04 1 5
Cr (chromium (total)) 0.5 10 70
Cu (copper) 2 50 100
Hg (mercury) 0.01 0.2 2
Mo (molybdenum) 0.5 10 30
Ni (nickel) 0.4 10 40
Pb (lead) 0.5 10 50
Sb (antimony) 0.06 0.7 5
Se (selenium) 0.1 0.5 7
Zn (zinc) 4 50 200
Cl (chloride) 800 15,000 25,000
F (fluoride) 10 150 500
#
SO4 (sulphate) 1,000 20,000 50,000
Total dissolved solids
4,000 60,000 10,0000
(TDS)+
Phenol index 1
Dissolved organic carbon ⊕500 800 1,000
at own pH or pH7.5-8.0@
* Either TOC or LOI must be used for hazardous wastes
# If an inert waste does not meet the SO4 L/S10 limit, alternative limit values of 1500 mg/l SO4 at C0 (initial eluate from
the percolation test (prCEN/TS 14405:2003)) AND 6000 mg/kg SO4 at L/S10 (either from the percolation test or batch
test BS EN 12457), can be used to demonstrate compliance with the acceptance criteria for inert wastes.
+ The values for TDS can be used instead of the values for Cl and SO4.
@ DOC at pH 7.5-8.0 and L/S10 can be determined on eluate derived from a modified version of the pH dependence
test, prCEN/TS 14429:2003, if the limit value at own pH (BS EN 12457 eluate) is not met.
⊕ In the case of soils, a higher TOC limit value may be permitted by the Environment Agency at an inert waste landfill,
provided the DOC value of 500mg/kg is achieved at L/S 10 l/kg, either at the soil’s own pH or at a pH value between 7.5
and 8.0.

6 Information Interpretation
6.1 Introduction
Waste producers must consider information from the visual assessment, knowledge of
the source material and sampling and analysis to determine whether a waste is
hazardous or non-hazardous waste20. The test data should also show whether the
waste could comply with the WAC limit values for the proposed class of landfill.
For the purposes of this guidance, we have assumed that waste producers can
separate their waste populations so that they can classify each waste under a single
EWC code. Wherever possible you must separate mixed wastes that you cannot
classify under a single EWC code and classify them individually. Where separation is
not possible, you must classify the waste under the most appropriate hazardous
classification.
A key factor in a sampling and analysis programme is to properly classify and
characterise a waste population to decide whether it is above or below a WAC limit
value for acceptance at a given class of landfill site. However, given the variability in
waste, we accept it is possible that individual samples analysed are not representative
of the waste as a whole. In these cases, at the landfill operator's discretion, we will
accept the use of statistical techniques using all available data as part of the decision
making process for waste acceptance. Further information on statistical methods that
you can use is in our Hazardous Waste Technical Guidance WM2.
For statistical interpretation purposes we will accept all 'less than' concentrations to be
at the limit of detection providing they are below the leaching limit value.
This is a significant change from the current practice, which does not allow any
statistical interpretation of WAC limit data. Whenever a statistical interpretation is
included as part of a Level 1 or Level 2 test interpretation, you must clearly identify it
and discuss it with the landfill operator. They will notify us as part of routine information
submissions.
Applying this approach is not mandatory. Landfill operators can insist that a waste is
below all WAC limit values for any waste sent to them.
We intend to apply this statistical approach to assessing compliance to help us
understand the proportion of samples failing and thus build evidence about the
effectiveness of the statutory analytical methods. We will continually review the
approach and may remove it on advice from government or regulatory experience.
6.2 Basic characterisation (Level 1 Testing)

The waste producer is responsible for the Basic Characterisation and must firstly
decide if the waste is hazardous or non-hazardous, by referring to the EWC code and/
or following the approach in WM2 to classify a waste population. compliance with the
waste acceptance criteria must then be established for both total concentration and
leachable content.
Where the characterisation data suggests that certain substance concentrations
exceed the WAC limit values for a specific class of landfill due to statistical outliers,
20
Recent Agency investigations have demonstrated that over 61% of construction and
Demolition waste tested was not inert.

then the waste producer must take more samples to achieve greater certainty to
develop a more representative characterisation. The producer can use the data from
the additional sampling to show whether a large or minor proportion of the original data
was unrepresentative of the waste originally sampled and whether the overall
concentration (that is, if the entire waste mass could be sampled) is within the WAC
limits set for the proposed class of landfill.
The waste producer can use any of the statistical methods to demonstrate that their
waste has been properly classified as hazardous or not.
There are a number of methods for establishing that the waste is below an appropriate
WAC limit value which can be transposed from the approach taken for classifying a
waste as hazardous or non-hazardous as set out in WM2. Table 6.1 illustrates the
minimum number of samples required to reach the 95th percentile confidence level (the
level we will accept for compliance purposes):
 A minimum of 2 samples (Section 4) will be required to demonstrate WAC
limits for wastes landfilled under a single EWC code.
 For mirror-entry wastes, the total concentration elements of the Basic

Characterisation should follow WM2.
 Where there has been a failure of a specific WAC limit a minimum of 5

samples (Table 6.1) will be required to demonstrate that a waste can be
accepted at a particular class of landfill.
 Where the waste producer cannot demonstrate that their waste is

homogeneous (from prior knowledge of the waste type) or the average
concentration approaches a WAC limit, we expect the waste producer to take
additional samples to conclusively show that a limit has not been exceeded.
Table 6.1 Number of Samples Required to Pass the Statistical Test Limit (using
Non-parametric Method)
Number of Number of failures that can Number of samples that
samples analysed occur and allow the average must be below the test
concentration to be estimated limit
as below the leaching limit with
sufficient confidence (95th
percentile
<5 0 all
5 1 4
6 1 5
8 2 6
10 2 8
We present worked examples of the non-parametric method for a soil and filter cake in
Appendix 2 of this guidance document.
You may also apply the other statistical techniques presented in WM2, including those
based on a mean and standard deviation.

6.3 Compliance (Level 2 testing)
Waste producers may undertake Level 2 Compliance testing for regularly generated
wastes to demonstrate consistency with the Basic Characterisation. They must
maintain an ongoing statistical record for each sub-population of regularly generated
waste tested (to the schedule identified in the Basic Characterisation) to demonstrate
that:
 The average concentration between successive sub-populations does not
change so much from the Basic Characterisation that the waste would have
to be sent to a different class of landfill.
 There is no significant increase in average concentration in successive sub-

populations.
All Level 2 Test data must be supplied to the receiving landfill operator for each Level 2
test undertaken to the schedule required by the Basic Characterisation. The waste
producer should also identify the cumulative quantity of waste disposed of under each
Basic Characterisation and the frequency of testing.
If a sample exceeds a total concentration or leaching limit, this may be limited to the
specific sub-population tested or may reflect a real change in the waste population. The
producer must confirm the result by taking additional samples so that he understands
the reasons for that variability. This should include analysis of each individual batch
that makes up the sub-population.
The waste producer should undertake statistical analysis and the application of the
limits in Table 5.2 to demonstrate that there is no significant change to the average
concentration or classification. Where there is a significant change, the waste producer
must repeat the Basic Characterisation.
6.4 Verification (Level 3 testing)

Landfill operators can identify non-conforming wastes by visual inspection at the site
entrance and/ or point of disposal and by comparing this with the written description of
the waste that accompanies the load.
The waste may only be accepted at the landfill, if it is the same as that which has been
subjected to basic characterisation and/ or compliance testing and which is described
in the accompanying documents. If this is not the case, the waste must not be
accepted.
Landfill operators must either reject the waste load or quarantine any such waste until
the waste producer demonstrates that it is acceptable for disposal. We suggest a
waste producer - operator 'Partnership Approach' with full disclosure of data for
verification testing for regularly generated wastes.
Where there is reasonable doubt that the waste is not as described, the landfill
operator must refuse to accept the waste. All rechecked loads must be documented
and recorded.
The Council Decision requires that Member States shall determine the testing
requirements for on-site verification (i.e. Table 4.1), including where appropriate rapid
test methods. Where there has been the failure of a limit the landfill operator must:
 Cross-check the test data provided with the waste to the site's risk
assessment for both leachable and total concentration (for example, organic

carbon), so that he can decide whether the objectives of Section 1.2, bullet
points 2 and 3 are met (that is, a risk-based demonstration21 that the waste
would not cause pollution from leachate seepage or uncontrolled landfill gas
emissions).
 Assess the landfill site's test data with the data supplied prior to receipt to
assess whether the total waste population received is acceptable at the site.
Where Basic Characterisation or Compliance testing results exceeds leaching limit

values, but statistical analysis shows that the waste population is acceptable, then in
order to continue accepting the waste, landfill operators must be supplied with:
 Additional testing of the waste (i.e. increase the Level 1 and 2 testing
frequency to a re-evaluated suite, informed by the test data).
 Increase the verification sampling density for that waste stream.
 Comment in the following year's annual report whether that waste has had
any impact on the site's leachate chemistry and/ or surface emissions.
Where landfill operators cannot confirm the classification and / or the waste exceeds
WAC limits, they should not continue to accept the waste population at the site until the
waste producer has provided adequate characterisation information.
We consider it good practice for landfill operators to routinely test all the waste they
accept at the sampling density suggested in Table 4.1.
21
this assessment can be a demonstration that the waste accepted is compatible with an
existing hydrogeological or landfill gas risk assessment

References
The Waste Hierarchy: EC Council Decision 2008/98/EC of 19 November 2008.
The Landfill Directive: EC Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26th April 1999 as applied
under the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010.
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/31867.aspx
Waste Acceptance Procedures EC Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19th December

2002 http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:011:0027:0049:EN:PDF
The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991 (as amended)
The List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 2005/895

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/895/contents/made
Environment Agency, 2011 Hazardous Waste: Interpretation of the definition of

hazardous waste. Technical Guidance WM2 http://publications.environment-
agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEHO0411BTRD-E-E.pdf
Environment Agency, 2011. Classifying and coding wastes from physico-chemical

treatment facilities (HWR06)
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/104765.aspx
Environment Agency, 2011. Treatment of waste for landfill

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEHO1111BVDF-E-E.pdf
Environment Agency, 2010. Waste acceptance at landfill

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/sectors/108918.aspx
Environment Agency, 2011. Guidance on hazardous waste

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/waste/32200.aspx
Environment Agency, 2011 Guidelines for Ash Sampling and Analysis

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEHO0311BTPZ-E-E.pdf

List of abbreviations
ANC Acid neutralising capacity
BTEX Volatile aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and
xylenes
DOC Dissolved organic carbon
EWC European waste catalogue
LOI Loss on ignition
LoW List of Wastes
MFSU Manufacture, formulation, supply and use
PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SVOC Semi-volatile organic compound
TOC Total organic carbon
VOC Volatile organic compound
WAC Waste acceptance criteria

Glossary
Mirror-entry
A European Waste Catalogue term for waste types which could be classified as either
hazardous or non-hazardous dependent on the presence of dangerous substances.
Classification as hazardous or non-hazardous must be confirmed by testing for wastes
capable of being tested.
Waste population
The ‘population’ is the total amount of waste that you want to obtain information on by
sampling. Examples might include:
 A single container of waste.
 A batch of waste from a process (including an excavated soil stockpile); or
 A continuous stream of waste produced by a production process in a specific

period of time (e.g. a day, a week, a month).
The population must always be defined explicitly with reference to spatial or temporal
factors otherwise it is impossible to determine if sampling of that population is
representative or not. The choice of population relies on experience and judgement,
rather than statistics.
Key point: If the waste producer defines a population as the waste from a process
produced over a period of one month, then the testing programme will not be complete
until that one month of production has been sampled. The waste producer cannot
assess, classify and dispose of the waste before then. Once the population has been
characterised properly for WAC, then a further testing programme will be required if the
process continues under Level 2 sampling and testing frequencies.
Waste sub-populations
It is sometimes necessary to divide a population into sub-populations; that is, a portion
of the population that the waste producer needs to sample and consider the results
separately. For example, a process might generate 24 batches of waste (the
population), however each batch is a sub-population that is sampled and assessed
separately.
The division into sub-populations is required where the samples from one portion of the
population generate a different classification when considered separately from another
portion. If the waste producer wishes to consider all the wastes to be part of a single
population, with no sub-populations, the testing programme would need to demonstrate
that this is a reasonable assumption and that no sub-populations exist.
The nature of the waste production process is the principal factor that determines the
need for sub-populations. The more consistent, controlled and characterised the
process, its outputs and its raw materials/feedstock, the fewer sub-populations are
likely to be generated.
Sub-populations may also be generated:
 Where access restrictions inhibit or prevent access to the population as a
whole; or
 by characteristics such as non-conforming or deviating parts in the waste.
Due consideration needs to be given to ‘scale’ when defining the subpopulation.

You can only consider the samples taken from a sub-population to be representative of
that sub-population. The relevance of these results to the population is entirely
dependent on the validity of the assumptions made in generating the sampling plan.
One-off production waste
The simplest form of waste production is a one-off production of a single waste stored
in a single container, stockpile, lorry or other container. The waste producer can easily
define the ‘population’ as the material in the specific container or location. There is no
need to divide this into sub-populations.
The next level of complexity is where a one-off production of a waste is stored in more
than one container. Although sampling would normally include multiple containers, the
need to divide this into sub-populations would be dependent on whether other factors
differentiate the containers (for example different storage conditions or methods).
Continuous production of a homogenous stream of waste
Where a continuous process produces a stream of waste that is homogenous, the
waste producer can define the population in time. For example, all the waste produced
in one month or one year.
The waste producer can use his sampling plan for that entire period to classify and
assess his waste. However, the Sampling Plan would have to demonstrate that the
material is homogenous. We would look for two key factors to underpin this:
 A process with demonstrably consistent, well characterised, and controlled
inputs/ raw materials that do not vary in composition or quantity.
 The results from the sampling demonstrate that no statistical difference

exists between samples taken over the time period (i.e. one batch is the
same as any other).
This is more likely to be applicable to manufacturing processes using quality raw

materials, than the waste disposal or recovery processes where the waste producer
cannot achieve that level of input control.
Continuous production of a heterogeneous stream of waste
Continuous production processes can often result in a stream of heterogeneous
(variable quality) waste. This is particularly true of waste disposal or recovery
processes where the nature, composition, consistency and quantity of input materials is
more variable than the higher quality raw materials used in production processes.
(a) Wastes regularly generated in the same process
These are individual and consistent wastes regularly generated in the same process,
where:
 The installation and the process generating the waste are well known and
the input materials to the process and the process itself are well defined.
 The operator of the installation provides all necessary information and

informs the operator of the landfill of changes to the process (especially
changes to the input material).
The process will often be at a single installation. The waste can also be from different
installations, if it can be identified as single stream with common characteristics within
known boundaries (e.g. bottom ash from the incineration of municipal waste).
For these wastes the basic characterisation will comprise the fundamental
requirements listed in section 1.1.2 and especially the following:

 Compositional range for the individual wastes.
 Range and variability of characteristic properties.
 If required, the leachability of the wastes determined by a batch leaching

test and/or a percolation test and/or a pH dependence test.
 Key variables to be tested on a regular basis.
If the waste is produced in the same process in different installations, information must
be given on the scope of the evaluation. Consequently, a sufficient number of
measurements must be taken to show the range and variability of the characteristic
properties of the waste. The waste can then be considered characterised and shall
subsequently be subject to compliance testing only, unless significant change in the
generation processes occur.
For wastes from the same process in the same installation, the results of the
measurements may show only minor variations of the properties of the waste in
comparison with the appropriate limit values. The waste can then be considered
characterised, and shall subsequently be subject to compliance testing only, unless
significant changes in the generation process occur.
Waste from facilities for the bulking or mixing of waste, from waste transfer stations or
mixed waste streams from waste collectors, can vary considerably in their properties.
This must be taken into consideration in the basic characterisation. Such wastes are
more likely to fall under case (b).
(b) Wastes that are not regularly generated
These wastes are not regularly generated in the same process in the same installation
and are not part of a well-characterised waste stream. Each batch produced of such
waste will need to be characterised. The basic characterisation shall include the
fundamental requirements for basic characterisation. As each batch produced has to
be characterised, compliance testing is not appropriate.

Appendix 1
Consultations
Views on drafts of this document were sought from all of the national landfill operators,
hazardous waste treatment operators and testing laboratories as well as two industry
bodies; the Landfill Regulatory Group Compliance sub-group and Mineral Products
Association. The consultations have been focused on the companies who have to date
taken responsibility for ensuring classification and testing before disposal.
We received comments from 80% of the national landfill operators, testing laboratories
and hazardous waste treatment operators. We also received comments from
representatives of environmental consultants, waste producers and regional waste
treatment companies. The following companies and bodies are thanked for their
consultation comments throughout the development of this guidance:
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure Scientific Analysis Laboratories

Alcontrol Laboratories Severn Trent Services
Augean PLC Shotley Holdings Ltd
Bone Environmental Consultancy Ltd. Tata Steel
Castle Environmental Veolia Environmental Services
Chemtest Ltd Viridor
Churngold Group Ltd
Cory Environmental Ltd
Derwentside Environmental testing Services
Environmental Scientifics Group
FCC Environmental (formerly WRG)
Hanson
Hills Waste Solutions
Lafarge
LRG compliance sub-group
Minerals Products Association
MJCA
Outo Kumpu
Red Industries

Appendix 2
Data interpretation
We have produced two worked examples using data from a recent inter-laboratory trial
under the CONTEST scheme for a soil and for a filter cake produced at a waste
treatment plant.
The soil would fail the inert WAC limits for at least 9 parameters and would be
classified as non-hazardous. The filter cake fails the SNRHW limit for 11 parameters
and the hazardous waste limits for 5 parameters and hence could not be accepted at a
landfill without further treatment. However, an inspection of the data demonstrates that
the majority of limit failures were not representative of the majority of the results and
under most circumstances would be considered as statistical outliers. For
demonstration purposes of a proposed methodology to interpret these results an
illustrative proportion of the data has been considered in more detail below.
Statistical interpretation
Section 6 of this guidance, identifies a method for assessing analytical data which
should be carried out on a substance by substance basis. For samples where the
nature of the statistical distribution is uncertain, this is the non-parametric method
presented in WM2. This method is based on a sample median (50th percentile) and a
probabilistic demonstration that:
 at least 95% of samples are within the WAC limit; and that
 when the analytical variation is taken into account average concentrations

are within the limit for each substance.
For waste acceptance purposes where statistical techniques are being used, the
primary objective is to demonstrate that the waste population being considered is
below the WAC limit (to a pre-defined level of confidence), primarily by demonstrating
that any limit exceedances are not representative of the whole population. This test,
based on the cumulative binomial distribution of the test data, is shown below using the
following steps:
Step 1.
Average (mean and median) concentrations can be used to support a case and
establish the whole waste composition. Mean concentrations are determined by
dividing the cumulative concentration by the number of samples.
For the median concentration, sample results are ranked, with the lowest concentration
assigned the rank (r) of 1, the second lowest rank of 2.
The median concentration is the middle sample number and can be identified from the
following equation:
X50 = (No Samples +1)/2.
for 22 samples X50 = (22+1)/2 = 11.5
X50 is therefore estimated by the sample with rank 11.5, which can be rounded up to
the sample with rank 12.

Step 2.
The 95th% confidence interval that the estimate of X50 for 'n' samples is below the WAC
limit can be defined by the following cumulative binomial expression to identify the
lowest ranked sample (r) that satisfies the expression
 CumB(r; n, 0.5) ≥ 0.95
This can be calculated using the expression "Binomdist(r-1, n, 0.5, True)" in readily
available spreadsheet software.
Where the average waste concentration and the 95th percentile ranked samples
concentration is below the WAC limit, a case could be made that the waste population
being considered is acceptable for disposal by landfilling. For less than five samples,
the 95th percentile test would automatically be failed if one sample fails a WAC limit
test.
Two worked examples are presented below
Example - soil sample
Twenty two samples were taken of a soil for leaching tests to determine if it is
acceptable for disposal within a landfill for inert waste.
The data indicates that up to 6 samples failed the inert leaching test criteria.
Each sample was then ranked from the lowest concentration to the highest
concentration for each substance and given the ranks r1 to r22 as a series of columns
within a spreadsheet.
The binomial distribution for each sample rank was then calculated within the
spreadsheet using the function "Binomdist(r-1, 22, 0.5, True)" and the percentile
confidence level calculated for each sample rank.
From the distribution of the upper confidence limit is represented by the 16th Sample.
All substance concentrations for the 16th ranked sample were within the inert waste
leaching test limits and therefore the soil would be considered as acceptable for
disposal at a landfill for inert waste if the average mercury concentration was below the
threshold limit.
Although mercury median concentrations are within the test limit, the average (mean)
concentration is double the test limit. However, the mean is significantly skewed by two
samples. In such cases we recommended that the waste is either disposed of via an
alternative route or further samples taken to comprehensively demonstrate that the
highest concentrations reported are likely to be analytical irregularities.

Table A1 Estimate of confidence level that a soil is acceptable for disposal at a
landfill for Inert waste using the binomial statistical test
r r -1 Binomial Antimony Selenium Cadmium Mercury
Dist
(Sample No)
(Column A) (Column B) Cum B mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
1 0 0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 0.0000 0.005 0.001 0.000 0.000
3 2 0.0001 0.009 0.001 0.000 0.000
4 3 0.0004 0.010 0.002 0.001 0.000
5 4 0.0022 0.010 0.002 0.001 0.000
6 5 0.0085 0.010 0.002 0.001 0.000
7 6 0.0262 0.010 0.003 0.001 0.000
8 7 0.0669 0.011 0.004 0.001 0.001
9 8 0.1431 0.013 0.010 0.001 0.001
10 9 0.2617 0.016 0.010 0.002 0.001
11 10 0.4159 0.016 0.010 0.002 0.002
12 11 0.5841 0.017 0.010 0.003 0.002
13 12 0.7383 0.020 0.014 0.004 0.003
14 13 0.8569 0.020 0.020 0.005 0.005
15 14 0.9331 0.020 0.030 0.005 0.005
Minimum No samples which must pass the test limit AND average concentration be within limit
16 15 0.9738 0.021 0.040 0.005 0.005
17 16 0.9915 0.021 0.050 0.007 0.011
18 17 0.9978 0.028 0.050 0.008 0.012
19 18 0.9996 0.040 0.080 0.010 0.030
20 19 0.9999 0.100 0.120 0.020 0.050
21 20 1.0000 0.120 0.320 0.050 0.140
22 21 1.0000 0.300 0.320 0.060 0.210
0.04 0.05 0.01 0.02 (fail)
Average (mean) concentration (pass) (pass) (pass)
Inert Leaching Limit 0.06 0.1 0.04 0.01
Number analyses 22 22 22 22
Max number of failures allowed
from 22 tests 7 7 7 7
Samples above Inert Limit 3 (pass) 3 (pass) 2 (pass) 6 (pass)
Shaded cells - Concentration exceeds the leaching test limit for inert waste
Example - treatment plant filter cake
Twenty six samples were taken of a plant filter cake for leaching tests to determine if it
is acceptable for disposal within a SNRHW cell or a landfill for hazardous waste.
Each sample was then ranked from the lowest concentration to the highest
concentration for each substance and given the ranks r1 to r26 as a series of columns
within a spreadsheet.
The binomial distribution for each sample rank was then calculated within the
spreadsheet using the function "Binomdist(r-1, 26, 0.5, True)" and the percentile
confidence level calculated for each sample rank.
From the distribution of the upper confidence limit is represented by the 17th ranked
sample.

Table A2 Estimate of confidence level that a filtercake is acceptable for
disposal at a hazardous waste site using the binomial statistical test
r r-1 Binomial Ba Cr Ni SO4 Cl
Dist
(Column A) (Column B) Cum B mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
1 0 0.0000 0.31 0.47 2.88 3,813 5,280
2 1 0.0000 1.2 0.69 4.5 4,700 29,020
3 2 0.0000 1.6 0.7 4.7 8,000 45,369
4 3 0.0000 1.8 0.94 5.54 8,060 53,870
5 4 0.0003 1.9 0.95 5.92 8,157 56,302
6 5 0.0012 2 0.96 7.63 8,189 57,342
7 6 0.0047 2 0.98 7.76 8,304 57,460
8 7 0.0145 2 0.99 7.85 8,430 57,550
9 8 0.0378 2.02 1.01 7.9 9,020 58,550
10 9 0.0843 2.1 1.07 7.97 9,165 60,034
11 10 0.1635 2.2 1.1 9.1 9,290 61,200
12 11 0.2786 2.2 1.1 9.2 9,290 61,800
13 12 0.4225 2.3 1.1 9.29 9,454 62,028
14 13 0.5775 2.3 1.12 9.36 9,530 62,934
15 14 0.7214 2.4 1.16 9.4 9,670 63,469
16 15 0.8365 2.4 1.17 10 9,987 64,000
17 16 0.9157 2.5 1.22 10.11 9,999 64,330
Minimum No samples which must pass the test limit AND average concentration be
within limit
18 17 0.9622 2.5 1.23 10.15 10,000 64,408
19 18 0.9855 2.5 1.24 10.65 10,000 64,500
20 19 0.9953 2.5 1.32 10.86 10,000 64,900
21 20 0.9988 2.6 1.4 10.95 10,217 65,652
22 21 0.9997 2.6 1.41 11 10,725 66,500
23 22 1.0000 2.7 1.47 11.1 11,005 67,540
24 23 1.0000 2.9 1.49 11.43 12,590 71,056
25 24 1.0000 3.1 1.49 11.81 13,472 83,945
26 25 1.0000 45 4.4 12 28,240 84,000
Average (mean) concentration 4 1.2 9 9,973 59,732
SNRHW Leaching Limit 10 0.2 10 20,000 15,000
Haz Waste Leaching Limit 30 2 40 50,000 25,000
No Analyse 26 26 26 26 26
Max No failures from 26 tests 9 9 9 9 9
Samples above SNRHW limit 1 26 10 1 25
Samples above Hazardous waste limit 1 1 0 0 25
Brown shaded cells between SNRHW and hazardous waste limit.
Red shaded cells above hazardous waste limit
The data indicates that for chromium all samples failed the SNRHW limit. One sample
also failed the hazardous waste limit for chromium and barium which is otherwise
below the WAC limit for a SNRHW site. A single exceedence of the hazardous waste
limit for chromium is within tolerance as indicated by the maximum number of failures.
However, chloride failed the hazardous waste limit for 25 out of the 26 samples.
Therefore, disposal could not be considered to a landfill for hazardous waste and
further treatment would be required prior to disposal.

Appendix 3
Sample preparation and analysis
Analysis of the waste should be carried out to industry standard methods capable of
meeting the limits of detection required. Samples must be taken into appropriate
containers (including consideration of glass and no headspace where organic and
volatile parameter analysis is also being undertaken). Additionally, where compounds
have short stability times, efforts should be made to minimise sample degradation by
correct storage/ transportation conditions and carrying out analysis as soon as possible
after sampling to avoid the sample being classed as unrepresentative.
The person sampling the waste should seek advice from their testing laboratory.
Recommended leaching test
Legislation requires that leaching test report to the L:S 10 l/kg test Method BS EN
12457:2002. We recommend that the test is performed to BS EN 12457-2:2002
"Characterisation of waste – Leaching – Compliance test for leaching of granular waste
materials and sludges – Part 2 One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg
for materials with high solid content and with particle size below 4mm (without or with
size reduction)."
However, where a size reduction to 4mm is not possible we will accept the method BS
EN 12457-4:2002 for a particle size below10mm.
The main points to note of this method are:
 Moisture content of the waste is required to determine the amount of water to
add in the leaching process.
 95% of the sample used should have particle size of <4mm. If necessary
samples should be ground to achieve this (under no circumstances should
the sample be ground finer).
 An end over end or roller bed shaker is the preferred option. A flatbed
shaker is unsuitable.
 After leaching the total eluate should be filtered through a 0.45µm membrane
filter.
Alternative leaching tests and analytical methods

Laboratories must undertake all leach testing to EN12457-2 or EN12457-4 and results
assessed against the L:S 10 l/kg limits. We do not consider it necessary in most
circumstances to apply the L:S 2 l/kg batch test (approved methods EN12457-1 and
12457-3) or percolation testing (approved method prEn 14405). While limits are set for
these tests in the Council Decision annex, the Environmental Permitting Regulations,
schedule 10 state that the L:S 10 l/kg test must be used.
We will amend the above list as CEN standards become available. For tests and
analyses for which CEN methods are not yet available, British Standard methods are
acceptable or other tests approved by the Environment Agency.

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Waste Sampling and Testing for

Title here in 8pt Arial (change text colour to black) i

© Environment Agency 2013 Further copies of this report are available

ii Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

 Responsibilities of each party within the waste characterisation, sampling

 Sampling schedules and testing requirements (Sections 4 and 5);

 Supporting information (Sections 3 and 4);

 Actions that could be undertaken in the event of failing a test criterion

 Key laboratory process steps (Appendix 3).

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill iii

Level 1 Basic Characterisation

 Determination if the waste has any hazardous properties as per WM2.

 In the case of hazardous waste, the properties which render it hazardous.

 The waste treatment applied, or a statement of why treatment is not

 The appearance of the waste (including smell, colour, consistency and

 The class of landfill the waste can be disposed at.

 Confirmation of whether the waste requires testing. If the waste producer

iv Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

 Identification of key variables for compliance testing for regularly generated

WAC testing and limits

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill v

vi Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill vii

3 Waste Sampling and Testing Responsibilities 6

Table 3.1 Waste Sampling and Testing Responsibilities 6

viii Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill ix

Council Decision refers to

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill 1

1.2 Objectives of the sampling and analysis programme

 To demonstrate that there is insufficient organic material within the waste to

 To inform appropriate treatments of waste from leachable and total waste

1.3 Supporting guidance

2. Technical Guidance WM2 on hazardous waste (April 2011)

2 Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

4. Classifying and coding wastes from physico-chemical treatment

5. Guidance on WAC and treatment: http://www.environment-

6. Treatment of waste for landfill (November 2011)

7. Guidance on hazardous waste http://www.environment-

8. Guidelines for Ash Sampling and Analysis (March 2011)

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill 3

 Mirror-entry* Hazardous (MH) (to be confirmed by testing and/or source

 Mirror-entry Non-hazardous (MN) (to be confirmed by testing and/or source

 'Absolute' Non-hazardous (AN) (i.e. wastes not classified by a hazardous or

2.2 Waste characterisation

4 Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill 5

 Level 2. Compliance with the Basic Characterisation for regularly generated

 Level 3. Verification at the disposal site.

6 Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill

 Part 2 Guidance on sampling techniques.

 Part 3 Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field.

 Part 4 Guidance on procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation,

3.2 Cases where testing is not required

Waste Sampling and Testing for Disposal to Landfill 7

3.3 Waste producers (land development)

 Hazardous soils or materials, which require treatment and separate disposal;

 Non-hazardous or inert soils which can be disposed of to non-hazardous

 Non-hazardous soils which can be disposed of to inert waste landfills with