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All Values in The First Column

This document provides instructions for common data management and analysis tasks in R, including importing and exporting data, subsetting and restructuring data, creating basic descriptive statistics and graphics, and conducting statistical tests such as t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. Key functions are demonstrated for examining and manipulating data structures, labeling variables, creating frequency tables and cross-tabulations, and producing bar charts, histograms, scatter plots, and other common graph types.

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Pitambar Poudel
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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31 views

All Values in The First Column

This document provides instructions for common data management and analysis tasks in R, including importing and exporting data, subsetting and restructuring data, creating basic descriptive statistics and graphics, and conducting statistical tests such as t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. Key functions are demonstrated for examining and manipulating data structures, labeling variables, creating frequency tables and cross-tabulations, and producing bar charts, histograms, scatter plots, and other common graph types.

Uploaded by

Pitambar Poudel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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dim(mydata) # Display no.

of rows and
columns
length(mydata) # Total observations
head(mydata) # Display mydata's column
headers and first 6 rows
head(mydata, n=10) # Display mydata's column
headers
or
and first 10 rows
head(mydata, 10)

tail(mydata) # Display mydata's column


headers and last 6 rows

# Display mydata's structure


str(mydata)

colnames(mydata) # Display mydata's column


names
rownames(mydata) # Display mydata's all values
in the first column
summary(mydata) # Extract a basic statistics
install.packages("psych") # To extract elaborated
statistical summary
library(psych)

describe(mydata)

mydata [,2:4] # Display all rows but just


columns 2 through 4
mydata [,-3] # Display all rows and all
column except the third one
mydata [,c(2,4)] # Display all rows but just
columns 2 and 4
mydata[mydata$age>20,] # Display mydata but age
above 20
mydata[mydata$age>20,c(3,7)] # Display mydata age above
20 of colunm 3 and 7
mydata[mydata$age>20,c("mpg","hp")] # Display mydata age above
20 of mpg and hp
seq(fro=1, to=15, by=2) or # Display sequence from 1 to
seq(1,15,2) 15 by the interval of 2

rep(1, times=10) or # repeat 1 at 10 times


rep(1,10)
rep(c("m", "f"), times=5)

mydata[,-c(1:20)] # Removes mydata's variables


1 to 20

Recode Variables
# Recode using ifelse function
ifelse(mydata$age<=15, ”small”, ”large”)
# Combining several comparisons with logical operators
ifelse((mydata$age<=15 &
mydata$gender=="female"), "small", "large")
# Coding in to several steps (e.g. age into groups)
data$AgeGroup <- cut(data$age, c(1, 15, 30, 100), c("Below 15", "15-
29", "30 or Above")) #Where, 1= lower limit and 100= upper limit
Subsetting
mean(age[gender=="female"])# = is used to assign object and == is
used to represent the meaning of equality

maleOver15 <- mydata[Gender=="male" & Age>15, ]

Getting Data into R

mydata <- read.csv("filename.txt")

mydata <- read.csv("filename.txt", header=FALSE)

mydata <- read.csv(file.choose(), header=T)

mydata <- read.table("filename.txt", sep="\t",


header=TRUE)

mydata <- read.table(file.choose(), header=T, sep=",")

mydata <- read.table(file.choose(), header=T, sep="\t")

mydata <- read.delim(file.choose(), header=T)


SPSS & excel ............... ???????

Export R Data

# Export to text file


write.table(mydata, "dat1.txt", sep="\t")

# Export to csv file


write.csv(myeata,"mydata.csv")

# Export to Excel file


library(xlsx)
write.xlsx(mydata, "dat.xlsx")

# Export to SPSS file


library(foreign)
write.foreign(mydata, "data1.txt", mydata.sps", package="SPSS")

Labelling Variable (Relabel)

R's ability to handle variable labels is somewhat unsatisfying. However, it can


be done using Hmisc package.
names(data)[c(2,3,4)]<-c("Eyes", "Span.mm", "Gender")

# Where, c(2,3,4) is variable no. 2, 3 and 4

Labelling Values
# variable v1 is coded 1, 2 and 3
# we want to attach value labels 1=Yes, 2=No, 3=Don't Know

mydata$v1 <- factor(mydata$v1,


levels = c(1,2,3),
labels = c("red", "blue", "green"))

Remove All Objects


rm(list=ls())

q() # Exits R

R Operators
+ Add, 2 + 3 = 5
- Subtract, 5 - 2 = 3
* Multiply, 2 * 3 = 6
/ Divide, 6 / 2 = 3
^ Exponent, 2 ^ 3 = 8
%% Modulus operator, 9%%2 = 1
%/% Integer division, 9 %/% 2 = 4
< Less than
> Greater than
= Equal to
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
!= Not equal to
! Not
| OR
& And

knitr (or Export to word) package


Graphics using ggplot2
Bar Chart

3-d bar chart

Pie Chart

3-d Pie Chart

Histogram

Error Bars

High-Low

Scattered Plot

Line graph

Population Pyramid

Box Plot

ROC curve

Statistics
summary(mydata) # Extract a basic statistics
install.packages("psych") # To extract elaborated statistical
summary
library(psych)

describe(mydata)

Frequency Tables

Crosstabs

Multiple Response Table


Hypothesis Test
chi-square test

library(MASS)

Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) test

t-test:

a) one-sample

b) paired

c) independent sample

One Way ANOVA

Two Way ANOVA

Repeated Measures ANOVA

MANOVA

Correlation

Regression: Logistic, linear, ...


Note
Deviant observations: Data actually not an outlier

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