Introduction To Guidance and Counselling: Windows On Practice Guide

semester 6
Introduction to Guidance
and Counselling
WINDOWS ON PRACTICE GUIDE
B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary
2012
This product has been made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the authors, and do
not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
Technical Support: Education Development Center (EDC); Teachers College, Columbia University
Foreword
Teacher education in Pakistan is leaping into the future. This updated Scheme of Studies is the latest
milestone in a journey that began in earnest in 2006 with the development of a National Curriculum,
which was later augmented by the 2008 National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan and
the 2010 Curriculum of Education Scheme of Studies. With these foundations in place, the Higher
Education Commission (HEC) and the USAID Teacher Education Project engaged faculty across the
nation to develop detailed syllabi and course guides for the four-year B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary and the
two-year Associate Degree in Education (ADE).
The syllabi and course guides have been reviewed by the National Curriculum Review Committee
(NCRC ) and the syllabi are approved as the updated Scheme of Studies for the ADE and B.Ed. (Hons)
Elementary programmes.
As an educator, I am especially inspired by the creativity and engagement of this updated Scheme of
Studies. It offers the potential for a seismic change in how we educate our teachers and ultimately our
country’s youngsters. Colleges and universities that use programmes like these provide their students
with the universally valuable tools of critical thinking, hands-on learning, and collaborative study.
I am grateful to all who have contributed to this exciting process; in particular the faculty and staff
from universities, colleges, and provincial institutions who gave freely of their time and expertise for
the purpose of preparing teachers with the knowledge, skills, and dispositions required for nurturing
students in elementary grades. Their contributions to improving the quality of basic education in
Pakistan are incalculable. I would also like to thank the distinguished NCRC members, who helped
further enrich the curricula by their recommendations. The generous support received from the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) enabled HEC to draw on technical
assistance and subject-matter expertise of the scholars at Education Development Center, Inc., and
Teachers College, Columbia University. Together, this partnership has produced a vitally important
resource for Pakistan.
PROF. DR SOHAIL NAQVI

Executive Director
Higher Education Commission
Islamabad
B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY ii

How the Windows on Practice
guide was developed
As part of nationwide reforms to improve the quality of teacher education, the
Higher Education Commission (HEC), with technical assistance from the USAID
Teacher Education Project, engaged faculty across the nation to develop detailed
syllabi for courses in the new four-year B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary programme.
The process of designing the syllabus for each course in years 3–4 of the
programme began with curriculum design workshops. Deans and directors
from universities where these courses will be taught were invited to attend the
workshops. In the first workshop, national and international subject matter experts
led participants in a seminar focused on a review and update of subject (content)
knowledge. The remainder of this workshop was spent reviewing the HEC
Scheme of Studies, organizing course content across the semester, developing
detailed unit descriptions, and preparing the course syllabi. Although the course
syllabi are designed primarily for Student Teachers taking the course, they are
useful resources for teacher educators too.
Following the initial workshop, faculty participants developed teaching notes

that include ideas for teaching units of study and related resources. Working
individually or in groups, participants focused on their own teaching methods
and strategies and how these could be useful to future teachers of the course.
Subsequent workshops were held over the course of a year to give faculty sufficient
time to complete their work, engage in peer review, and receive critical feedback
from national and international consultants. In designing both the syllabi and the
teaching notes, faculty and subject matter experts were guided by the National
Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan (2009).
All of the syllabi developed by faculty who participated in the workshops are
included in this document, along with a list of topical teaching notes. Additional
references and resources appear at the end of the document. These should provide
a rich resource for faculty who will teach this course in the future. Sample syllabi
with accompanying teaching notes are also included to provide new Instructors
with a model for developing curricula and planning to teach. This Windows on
Practice guide is not intended to provide a complete curriculum with a standard
syllabus and fully developed units of study, but rather aims to suggest ideas and
resources for Instructors to use in their own planning. Hence, readers will find
sample units and materials that reflect the perspective of faculty designers rather
than prescriptions for practice.
iii HOW THIS COURSE GUIDE WAS DEVELOPED

We respect intellectual property rights and to the best of our knowledge, we have
not included any suggested materials that are copyright protected or for which we
have not secured explicit permission to use. Therefore, all materials included may
be used in classrooms for educational purposes. Materials in this document are not
intended for commercial use, however. They may not be used in other publications
without securing permission for their use.
Initial drafts were reviewed by the National Curriculum Review Committee

(NCRC) and suggestions were incorporated into final drafts, which were then
submitted to the NCRC for approval.
Faculty involved in course design: Abid Hussain Chaudry, Punjab University,

Lahore; Dr Ali Murtaza, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzzafarabad;
Amir Bano, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad; Liaquat Hussain, Institute
of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa; Maroof Bin Rauf, University of Karachi, Karachi; Mubeen Ahmed
Langah, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur; Muhammad Nisar-ul-Haq,
Karakoram International University, Skardu; Dr Muhammad Sarwar, University of
Sargodha, Sargodha; Munazza Ambreen, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad;
Nida Mirza, University of Sindh, Jamshoro; Nadeem Khan, Institute of Education
and Research, University of Peshawar, Peshawar; Raqeeb Imtiaz, University
of Gujrat, Gujrat; Dr Saddaf Ayub Raja, Fatima Jinnah Women University,
Rawalpindi; Shahla Ambreen, Sardar Bahadur Khan University, Quetta; and
Zarghuna Naseem, University of Education, Lahore.
National subject expert leading the seminar: Dr Anjum Kazmi, Dean of Education,
Sindh Madressatul Islam University.
National Curriculum Advisor who reviewed and compiled the Windows on Practice
guide: Martin Thomas, Faculty, Notre Dame Institute of Education, Karachi.
NCRC review dates: 24 and 25 April 2013
NCRC reviewers: Dr Asif, Faisalabad University, Faisalabad; Dr Javed Iqbal,

Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan; and Dr Riasat Ali, Kohat
University, Kohat.
B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY iv

Table of contents
1 Rationale for a course on

guidance and counselling....................................................7

Common misconceptions about
guidance and counselling....................................................8
2 Course syllabi........................................................................ 10
Syllabus 1: Maroof Bin Rauf, Nida Mirza, Raqeeb Imtiaz,
Dr Saddaf Ayub Raja, and Shahla Ambreen ...................... 11
Syllabus 2: Amir Bano, Liaquat Hussain, Mubeen Ahmed
Langah, Muhammad Nisar-ul-Haq,
and Munazza Ambreen ...................................................... 20
3 Representative syllabus with teaching notes................ 28

Dr Ali Murtaza, Zarghuna Naseem,
Abid Hussain Chaudry,
and Dr Muhammad Sarwar ................................................ 29
4 Integrated teaching notes.................................................. 52
5 References.................................................................64
6 Readings and resources.................................................... 67
7 7 Methods and strategies to use in planning................... 71

1
Rationale for a
course on guidance
and counselling
07 COURSE SYLLABUS: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Introduction
In the HEC 2010 document, Curriculum of Education: B.Ed. (Hons.) 4-year Degree
Programme, Guidance and Counselling is added as a professional course. Teachers
need a basic knowledge of school guidance and counselling techniques to address the
personal and social problems of students that they may encounter in the classroom.
This course will assist Student Teachers in understanding the role of various members
of a guidance and counselling system in supporting students in addressing their
future and social challenges. They will master the basic skills of school guidance
and counselling by practicing these skills during their sessions. The course will also
increase their ability to exercise active listening skills, reflect on students’ concerns,
assist students in arriving at solutions to problems, advise them on potential solutions
to stated problems, and make responsible social choices and informed decisions.
Common misconceptions about

guidance and counselling
It is anticipated that Student Teachers studying the Guidance and Counselling course
will hold a number of misconceptions about guidance and counselling. Course
Instructors need to be aware of such misconceptions, which are commonly shared
by the public, so that they can help Student Teachers confront and critique these
misconceptions. Some of the important misconceptions are listed below:
• Guidance and counselling deal only with severe psychological problems and,
hence, are not required for schoolchildren.
• When dealing with schoolchildren, there is not much relationship between the
theory and practical aspects of guidance and counselling.
• Guidance is always provided in group form, as many students have more or
less similar issues on which they need guidance.
• Counselling is always counselee-centred, and the counselee plays a
proactive role.
• There is a single theory of guidance and counselling that can be applied to all
scenarios.
• Counselling is a complex process that can only be facilitated by professional
experts. A teacher cannot be a counsellor.
• Every teacher can be a counsellor without undergoing any counselling training,
as it does not require specific skills.
• Counselling cannot be given in a classroom situation because it involves the
utilization of various resources.
• Counselling for personal, emotional, and social problems is the responsibility
of the parents, not the teacher.
• Counselling is only for children who are experiencing problems, and not for
children who are bright and happy at school.
• A counsellor can provide a readymade solution to all problems.
• Guidance is a service or process that should be employed to address an
emergency situation.
B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 08

• Counselling is for developed countries.
• Guidance programmes do not work in Pakistani society and schools.
• Counselling is concerned only with educational issues.
• No ethical issues are involved in counselling.
• Counselling is a one-meeting problem-solving strategy.
Adapted from teaching notes by: Maroof Bin Rauf, Shahla Ambreen, Nida Mirza,
Raqeeb Imtiaz, Dr Saddaf Ayub Raja, Munazza Ambreen, Mubeen Ahmed Langah,
Muhammad Nisar-ul-Haq, Liaquat Hussain, Amir Bano, Dr Ali Murtaza, Zarghuna
Naseem, Abid Hussain Chaudry, and Dr Muhammad Sarwar.
09 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

2
Course syllabi
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
This section contains syllabi that have been written by faculty or groups of faculty.
Using the HEC Scheme of Studies for the course, they considered the balance
between the demands of the subject itself, active learning pedagogies, their students,
and the particular university milieu in which they work. The syllabi all reflect the
same key concepts and broad goals, but they vary in sequence and emphasis.
COURSE SYLLABUS 1
By
Maroof Bin Rauf, Shahla Ambreen, Nida Mirza, Raqeeb Imtiaz,
and Dr Saddaf Ayub Raja
Year and semester

Year 4, Semester 7
Credit value
3 credits (contact hours: 3 hours per week)
Prerequisites
Successful completion of the Child Development and Educational
Psychology courses
Course description
This course has been designed to introduce the concept, scope, and theories that
govern the process of guidance and counselling in education. It will enable Student
Teachers to identify areas of guidance and counselling at the elementary level.
Through the knowledge and skills acquired from this course, they will be well
equipped to explore the talents and potential of their students, while preparing them
for life in the 21st century. The course will include both theoretical knowledge of
guidance and counselling and the development of Student Teachers’ counselling skills.
It will strengthen their ability to exercise active listening skills, reflect on students’
problems, and help them choose potential solutions to their problems. The course
will also enable Student Teachers to design school-wide guidance and counselling
programmes.

Course learning outcomes
By the end of this course, Student Teachers will be able to:
• demonstrate knowledge of the importance of guidance and counselling to
teachers and students
• critically analyse the concepts, scope, and theories that govern the process of
• use the principles and functions of guidance and counselling to ensure a safe
learning environment in school
• identify and apply different tools of data collection in different situations
• select and apply appropriate counselling techniques to solve students’ problems
• coordinate and communicate with various stakeholders in the process of
guidance and counselling.
Teaching-learning strategies
The course will include an interactive approach and active learning strategies, such
as brainstorming, discussions, case studies, and role plays. It should provide Student
Teachers with practical experience of identifying and providing better solutions to
problems in a classroom and school setting. The emphasis will be on a student-centred
approach in order to provide maximum opportunity for them to inquire, present,
share their views, and take an active part in all classroom activities. In some sessions,
interactive lectures will also be used.
Unit 1: Introduction to guidance

and counselling
Duration of the unit: 3 weeks
Unit description
This unit will help Student Teachers learn and understand important areas of
educational guidance and counselling, an Islamic perspective on guidance and
counselling, and its implementation in their professional life.
Unit learning outcomes

By the end of this unit, Student Teachers will be able to:
ll differentiate between guidance and counselling
analyse critically the concept of guidance and counselling from an Islamic
ll
perspective
ll identify principles that govern the guidance and counselling process
ll list the main objectives of guidance and counselling programmes in education
ll explore various types of guidance and counselling.

Essential knowledge
Essential knowledge for course Instructors in this unit includes background knowledge
of child development; related theories, especially regarding emotional development;
educational psychology; and the scope of guidance and counselling.
1 UNIT 1:
Introduction to guidance and
counselling
Week # Session topics/chapter Teaching strategy
group work
Session 1 interactive lecture
1
Introduction to guidance and counselling self-reflection
brainstorming
Session 2 group work

The basic concepts of guidance and oral presentation
1
counselling: Guidance, counselling, and discussion
psychotherapy individual reading
Session 3 short lecture

1 The Islamic concept of guidance and individual reading
counselling pair-share work
Session 4 completing stories

2 The scope of guidance and counselling: skit-writing
Community, family, administration, and peers presentation
group discussion
Session 5
2 self-reflection
Principles of guidance and counselling
writing specimen
Session 6 discussion
2 Types of guidance and counselling: brainstorming
Educational and personal reflection
video session
Session 7
computation
3 Types of guidance and counselling: Social
mini-lecture
and vocational
brainstorming
Sessions 8 and 9
Theories of guidance and counselling
interactive lecture
• Carl Roger
3 handouts
• Erik Erikson
concept note
• Alfred Adler
• B. F. Skinner
Unit assessment
This unit is based on content knowledge; therefore, Student Teachers can be assessed
in several ways, including questions and answers in classroom practice, quizzes, mini-
assignments, and presentations.

References
Butcher, P. A. (2005). Sociology (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Hurlock, E. B. (2008). Developmental psychology (5th ed.). London: McGraw-Hill.
Nayak, A. K. (2007). Guidance and counselling. New Delhi: APH Publishing.
Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: Childhood
and adolescence (8th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.
Unit 2: The course instructor

as a counsellor
Unit description
This unit will help Student Teachers understand the importance of guidance and
counselling in educational discipline. They will be encouraged to implement guidance
services in different situations. It will also help them to understand not only the
required qualities of a good counsellor but also the related ethical considerations.

ll critically analyse the role of a teacher as a guide in school
ll differentiate among various guidance services
ll identify various qualities of a teacher necessary for a counselling role
ll discuss the different counselling services that a teacher can provide to students
ll demonstrate knowledge of the ethical considerations related to guidance and
counselling services.
Essential knowledge
The basic purpose of a guidance and counselling programme is to ensure the physical,
emotional, social, and educational development of learners. Since primary school
students spend most of the school day with just a few teachers, these teachers are in
a favourable position to perform their role as a counsellor for their students. They
can assume their counselling role at two levels – school and classroom. At school
level, their role as counsellor will be oriented towards the more general and common
problems of primary schoolchildren. In contrast, their role as classroom counsellor
will be slanted towards the more specific and individual problems of their students.

2 UNIT 2: The course instructor as a counsellor
Session 10
group work
4 Qualities of a counsellor: Personal
self-analysis
and professional
multimedia presentation
Sessions 11 and 12
4 discussion
Guidance services that a teacher can provide
role play
Sessions 13 and 14 analysis of the content

5 The teacher as an agent of change: Problems individual work
in the classroom for guidance and counselling concept paper
Session 15
interactive dissociation
5 The teacher as an agent of change: Issues in
writing activity
school for change
Session 16 brainstorming
The role of a teacher as a counsellor pair-share
6
in classroom for improving academic problem-solving
performance self reading
6 The role of a teacher as a change agent reading
in school problem-solving
interactive lecturing
Session 18 multimedia presentation of
6 Ethical considerations of guidance and news cuttings
counselling group discussion
panel discussion
Unit assessment
This unit can be assessed using a quiz and a small-scale project in which Student
Teachers, in groups, identify classroom problems that require counselling, such
as aggressive behaviour, shy and withdrawing children, slow learners, fear and
anxiety, attendance problems, and so forth. In groups, Student Teachers will plan
out strategies for solving problems identified by their group and then present them.
In this project, Student Teachers can be assessed for their group harmony and
participation. Secondly, they can be assessed for the authenticity of their identified
classroom problems and suggested strategies for the solution of these problems.
References
Thompson, R. A. (2012). Professional school counseling: Best practices for working in the
schools (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

Unit 3: Procedures and tools for
Unit description
This unit deals with procedures and tools required in the process of guidance and
counselling. It aims to develop knowledge and skills among Student Teachers,
so that they can identify students or cases in their classrooms and then select
appropriate strategies for intervention.

ll illustrate and examine the procedures and steps involved in counselling
ll identify students who need counselling services
ll select and devise appropriate strategies for interventions or problem-solving
identify various professionals to whom students with severe problems can be
ll
referred.
Essential knowledge
Essential knowledge for course Instructors in this unit includes theoretical
knowledge about procedures and steps of counselling and tools and strategies for
collecting information and solving problems, as well as practical knowledge to
implement these in different situations.
3 UNIT 3:
Procedures and tools for guidance and
counselling
reading and discussion
Sessions 19 and 20
7 material, case studies,
Steps and procedures of counselling poster-writing
Session 21
panel discussion, individual
7 Strategies for solving problems or staging
work, group discussion
interventions
out-of-class activity
Sessions 22–24 (observation), interactive
Techniques and strategies for problem-solving lecturing, group work, role
8 • Observation play, group presentations,
• Interview spaceman analysis, gallery
• Cumulative record walk, critical friends, pair-
share work
Sessions 25 and 26
group discussion, handouts
9 • Questionnaire
dramatization
• Case study
Session 27 group discussion
9 individual work
Referring cases to the concerned professionals

Unit assessment
Student Teachers’ understanding and skills can be assessed through quizzes, mini-
assignments, presentations, and a small-scale project in which they, in groups, identify
problems in relevant schools related to academic, social, and intellectual capability, as
well as major academic problems of students at individual level.
References
Okum, B. F., & Kantrwitz, R. E. (2008). Effective helping: Interviewing and counseling
techniques (7th ed.). Belmont: Thomson.
Perry, W. (2008). Basic counselling techniques: A beginning therapist’s toolkit (2nd ed.).
Bloomington: Author House.
Unit 4: School-wide guidance

and counselling
Unit description
This unit aims to help Student Teachers understand and identify issues in the primary
school setting for which guidance and counselling become necessary. It also aims to
equip them with the knowledge and skills required for the effective implementation of
guidance and counselling programmes in a school setting.

ll identify issues and problems in schools for guidance and counselling
lldemonstrate the ability to initiate guidance and counselling programmes in a
school setting
lldesign strategies for collaborating and communicating with various stakeholders
in guidance and counselling programmes
ll design a school development plan for implementing guidance and counselling
in an primary school setting.
Essential knowledge
The basic aim of a guidance and counselling programme is to help Student Teachers
identify problems or issues in schools, and then to develop a rationale for a guidance
and counselling programme in a school setting. This unit will provide comprehensive
knowledge about school-wide guidance and counselling programmes, which will
encourage Student Teachers to use their creativity and fresh ideas to conceptualize
their own guidance and counselling programmes in school. It will also develop their
ability to perceive, respond to, and manage the whole spectrum of guidance and
counselling in schools through an action plan.

4 UNIT 4: School-wide guidance and counselling
Sessions 28 and 29
Problems and issues in primary schools: interview
10
Educational, social, physical, psychological, questionnaire
and career
Session 30
10 Initiating guidance programmes in schools: imaginative thinking
Needs assessment
Session 31
jigsaw reading
11 Initiating guidance programmes in schools:
group discussion
Support structure
12 Initiating guidance programmes in schools: written work
Vision, mission, and goal-setting critical review (critical friend)
Session 33
designing activities
12 Initiating guidance programmes in schools:
class presentation
Tasks and activities
Session 34
Initiating guidance programmes in schools:
12 assessment plan
Assessment of guidance and counselling
programmes
Session 35
13 Involving various stakeholders in the guidance panel discussion
programme: Parents
Session 36 lecture
13 Involving various stakeholders in the guidance brainstorming
programme: Community discussion
Sessions 37 and 38
13
Visualizing action plans
14 Session 38 (continued)
Sessions 39 and 40 discussion

14
Preparing an action plan powerPoint presentation
Sessions 42 and 43
presentations and simulations
• Emergency drills: Earthquake, fire,
15 on hypothetical scenarios,
and bomb drills
group work, role plays
• Traumatic stress management
Sessions 44–46
Assigning responsibilities
Implementation of action plan or doing
16 activity use of action plan templates
Documentation and report-writing
Evaluation
Future plan

References
Bannister, C., & McInnes, B. (2005). RCN working well initiative guidance on traumatic
stress management in the health care sector. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/78543/001804.pdf
Dougherty, A. M. (2009). Psychological consultation and collaboration in school and
community settings (5th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole.
Hederson, D. A., & Thompson, C. L. (2011). Counseling children (8th ed.). Belmont:
Cengage Learning.
NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority). (2007). National disaster risk
management framework Pakistan. Islamabad: NDMA, Government of Pakistan.
Retrieved from:
ØØ http://unportal.un.org.pk/sites/UNPakistan/OneUN/DRM%20Documents/
NDRM%20Framework%20Pakistan.pdf
Sharif, R. S. (2009). Applying career development theory to counseling (5th ed.). Stanford:
Brooks/Cole.
Zunkar, V. G. (2006). Career counseling: A holistic approach (7th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole.

COURSE SYLLABUS 2
By
Munazza Ambreen, Mubeen Ahmed Langah, Muhammad Nisar-ul-Haq,
Liaquat Hussain, and Amir Bano
Year and semester

Year 4, Semester 7
Credit value
Prerequisites
Successful completion of the Child Development and Educational
Psychology courses
Course description
This is a compulsory course in the B.Ed. (Hons) programme. It is designed to give
teachers and other stakeholders an in-depth understanding of the ideas of guidance
and counselling. It also covers trends and issues, including an Islamic perspective, a
global perspective, and challenges of the 21st century. The major focus is on how
these concepts are applied to students to maximize their learning by resolving
their issues and to develop them as balanced personalities. The course covers
an introduction to guidance and counselling, the major areas in which guidance
is provided to schoolchildren, and different theories, types, and techniques of
counselling. Student Teachers will be equipped with the skills and qualities of a
counsellor, so that they can effectively perform this function in schools in particular
and more generally in society. Finally, the action plan is included to prepare Student
Teachers to perform counselling functions in real-life situations.

After studying this course, Student Teachers will be able to:
• define different concepts associated with the field of guidance and counselling,
as well as different trends in and perspectives on guidance and counselling in
relation to the present scenario
• identify different guidance and counselling needs and provide appropriate
services in the educational, vocational, and social life of students
• develop and demonstrate the attributes and qualities of a good counsellor
• utilize appropriate techniques in the light of counselling theories in an
educational setting
• develop mechanisms for establishing guidance and counselling services in
their institutions
• implement the action plan in collaboration with internal and external
stakeholders of their institutions.

Teaching and learning strategies
The following learning and teaching strategies will be used:
• Interactive lecture method
• Demonstrations
• Inquiry approach
• Group discussions
• Fieldwork
• Library assignment
• Project work
• Individual assignment or self-study
• Handouts
Unit 1: Introduction to guidance and

counselling
Unit description
This course is designed to give Student Teachers an overview of the concept, nature,
needs, functions, and principles of guidance and counselling. Islamic and global
perspectives are reviewed, while present challenges and issues are also discussed.

After completing this unit, Student Teachers will be able to:
ll describe the nature of guidance and counselling
ll highlight the difference between guidance and counselling
ll advocate the importance of guidance and counselling programmes in an
educational setting
ll discuss concepts and processes of guidance and counselling in a global and
Islamic perspective
ll deliberate on the need for and issues in establishing guidance and counselling
in Pakistani schools.

1 UNIT 1: Introduction to guidance and counselling
Week # Content
• The nature of guidance and counselling (1 hour)
1
• The difference between guidance and counselling (2 hours)
• The need for and functions of guidance and counselling (2 hours)
2
• Principles of guidance and counselling (1 hour)
• Islamic and global perspectives on guidance and counselling (2 hours)
3
• Challenges in guidance and counselling (1 hour)
Teaching strategies
The course Instructor will use a variety of teaching strategies, like video sessions;
think, pair, share; presentations; inquiry learning; and so on, according to the
requirement of the topic, and will emphasize active learning.
References
Barki, B. G., & Mukhopadhyay, B. (2008). Guidance and counseling: A manual (10th
reprint). New Delhi: Sterling.
Gibson, R. L., & Mitchell, M. H. (2007). Introduction to counseling and guidance (7th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kinra, A. K. (2008). Guidance and counselling. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley.
Kottler, J. A., & Shepard, D. S. (2008). Introduction to counseling: Voices from the field
(6th ed.). Belmont: Thomson.
Unit 2: Areas and services

Unit description
Guidance and counselling cannot be confined to educational settings. There may
be problems that relate to different areas. During this course, Student Teachers are
provided with different services to ensure their smooth progress in school. This
unit covers the major areas of guidance and counselling, and also the services that
are provided within the premises.

ll realize that students need guidance and counselling services for their optimum
growth and development
ll identify areas of difficulty
ll explore different areas of guidance and counselling
ll plan actions, collect information, and develop motivation in school personnel
for guidance and counselling programmes.
2 UNIT 2: Areas and services

Week # Content
Major areas
• Educational
4 • Vocational
• Avocational
• Social
• Health
5 • Moral
• Personal
Services provided
• Pre- and admission service
• Orientation service
• Information service
6 • Counselling service
• Placement service
• Remedial service
• Follow-up service
• Evaluation service
Teaching strategies
The course Instructor will use a variety of teaching strategies, such as video sessions;
think, pair, share; presentation; inquiry learning; and so forth, according to the
References
Kochhar, S. K. (2008). Educational and vocational guidance in secondary schools.
New Delhi: Sterling.
Dimmitt, C., Carey, J. C., & Hatch, T. (2007). Evidence-based school counseling: Making a
difference with data-driven practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Cengage Learning.

Unit 3: Theories and techniques
Unit description
This unit specifically deals with the governing theories of guidance and counselling
and the types and techniques applied for this purpose. Theories will provide the
rationale for different techniques used in guidance and counselling to address the
problems of the students.

After studying this unit, Student Teachers will be able to:
understand the concepts of human development as described by various
ll
theorists
ll identify the individual needs of primary schoolchildren
ll develop attitudes that support different theories in their dealing with children
ll explain types of guidance and counselling
ll appreciate and practice techniques of guidance and counselling in dealing
with students’ problems.
3 UNIT 3: Theories and techniques

Week # Content
Theories
7 • Carl Roger (1.5 hours)
• Alfred Adler (1.5 hours)
• B. F. Skinner (1.5 hours)
8 • Erik Erikson (1.5 hours)
Types of guidance and counselling
9 • Individual (1.5 hours)
• Group (1.5 hours)
Techniques of counselling (one session per technique)
• Directive
10 • Non-directive
• Eclectic
Teaching strategies
The course Instructor will use a variety of teaching strategies, like video sessions;
think, pair, share; presentations; inquiry learning; and so forth, according to the

References
Barki, B. G., & Mukhopadhyay, B. (2008). Guidance and counselling: A manual (10th
Corey, G. (2008). Theory and practice of group counseling (7th ed.). Stanford: Cengage
Learning.
Henderson, D. A., & Thompson, C. L. (2011). Counseling children (8th ed.). Belmont:
Brooks/Cole.
Kottler, J. A., & Sheppard, D. S. (2008). Introduction to counseling: Voices from the field
Sharif, R. S. (2011). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases (5th ed.).
Stamford: Cengage Learning.
Unit 4: Skills and qualities of a counsellor

Unit description
This unit explores the role and qualities of personnel involved in the provision of
guidance and counselling. It focuses on developing basic guidance and counselling
skills among Student Teachers, so that they may use their competencies in selecting,
sequencing, and implementing different techniques of guidance and counselling.

Student Teachers will be able to:
ll explore the role and qualities of a school counsellor
ll develop basic guidance and counselling skills and use their competencies in
selecting, sequencing, and implementing different techniques of guidance
and counselling
ll explore various ethical issues involved in guidance and counselling and their
impact on the process of guidance and counselling.
4 UNIT 4: Skills and qualities of a counsellor

Week # Content
Personnel involved in counselling
11
The role and qualities of a school counsellor
12 Skills for the counselling process
13 Ethical issues

Teaching strategies
The course Instructor will use group, individual, and pair work to develop interactive
learning and an environment that builds confidence. Discussion, projects, reflective
journaling, and portfolios will also be used to develop analytical and inquiry skills
among Student Teachers.
References
Geldard, K., & Geldard, D. (2008). An integrative approach: Personal counseling skills.
Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Ivey, A. E., Ivery, M. B., & Zalaquett, G. P. (2010). International interviewing and
counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (7th ed.). Belmont:
Brook/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Sutton, J., & Stewart, W. (2004). Learning to counsel: Develop the skills you need to counsel
others. Oxford: How To Books.
Unit 5: Implementation strategies

and action plan
Unit description
This unit deals with procedures and strategies required in the process of guidance
and counselling. It aims to develop knowledge and skills among Student Teachers, so
that they can find information about students, identify those who need guidance and
counselling in their classrooms, and then select appropriate strategies for intervention.

ll prepare different data-gathering tools according to the data required for the
provision of guidance and counselling
ll use different data-gathering tools and collect information about students who
need guidance and counselling
ll devise an action plan to develop a school-wide guidance and
counselling programme.

5 UNIT 5: Implementation strategies and action plan
Week # Content
Data-gathering tools
• Test
14 • Observation
• Questionnaire and anecdotal record
• Interview
• Checklist
15 • Rating scale
• Projective techniques
Developing an action plan for a school-wide guidance and counselling programme
• Planning orientation seminar: Administrative and teaching staff
16 • Planning orientation seminar: Parents and other external stakeholders
• Dossier
Teaching strategies
The course Instructor will use group, individual, and pair work to develop interactive
learning and an environment that builds confidence. Discussion, projects, reflective
journaling, and portfolios will also be used to develop analytical and inquiry skills
among Student Teachers.
References
Cormier, S., Nurius, P. S., & Osborn, C. J. (2013). Interviewing and change strategies for
helpers (7th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole.
Dimmitt, C., Carey, J. C., & Hatch, T. (2007). Evidence-based school counseling: Making a
difference with data-driven practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Ivey, A. E., Ivery, M. B., & Zalaquett, G. P. (2010). International interviewing and
counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society (7th ed.). Belmont:
Brook/Cole, Cengage Learning.

3
Representative
syllabus with
teaching notes

This section contains a syllabus with accompanying teaching notes. It is included
for purposes of illustration. The Integrated Teaching Notes section offers additional
notes that have been integrated using broad themes addressed in the course. Faculty
who are teaching the course for the first time or who are interested in the process
of curriculum design may find it useful to see how the authors of this representative
syllabus chose to develop particular ideas and themes in their notes. (Ideas presented
here are not duplicated in the Integrated Teaching Notes.)
REPRESENTATIVE SYLLABUS
By
Abid Hussain Chaudry, Dr Ali Murtaza, Dr Muhammad Sarwar,
Nadeem Kahn, and Zarghuna Naseem
Year and semester

Year 4, Semester 7
Credit value
Prerequisites
Successful completion of the Educational Psychology or the Human
Development and Learning course
Course description
Guidance and counselling help teachers to solve the day-to-day problems of their
students by using specialized techniques based on sound knowledge of the discipline.
This course intends to enhance Student Teachers’ knowledge and conceptual
understanding of and skills in guidance and counselling.
In this course, Student Teachers will develop their contextual understanding of

guidance and counselling by exploring the historical background of, comparative
perspectives on, approaches to, and areas of guidance and counselling. The course
will also describe the role and responsibilities of the counsellor and the counselling
process. New trends in guidance and counselling will also be introduced.
The course will enable Student Teachers to identify their students’ problems
through the use of relevant tools and strategies, and to develop insights to solve their
problems in the light of different theories of guidance and counselling.

After studying this course, Student Teachers will be able to:
• conduct a healthy discussion on the concept of guidance and counselling
• apply the theories of guidance and counselling in different situations
• identify their students’ problems with the help of appropriate tools
• utilize different counselling techniques to help their students deal
with various problems
• perform the responsibilities of a counsellor and apply counselling ethics
• develop and simulate an action plan.
Teaching and learning strategies

The course Instructor will use a variety of instructional techniques, including
practical examples, and will use data collection tools, data analysis techniques,
and decision-making processes in guidance and counselling. Student Teachers are
to work as change agents in school and develop guidance and counselling action
plans for classrooms or schools.
Unit 1: Introduction to guidance

and counselling
Unit description
This unit intends to develop among Student Teachers a conceptual and
contextual understanding of guidance and counselling in local and international
settings.

Student Teachers studying this unit will be able to:
ll define and differentiate the concepts of guidance and counselling
ll justify the need for and significance and status of guidance and counselling
in Pakistan
ll describe the historical development of guidance and counselling
ll explain the comparative perspective on guidance and counselling.
Teaching strategies
While teaching this unit, the following strategies will be applied: interactive
lecture, assignments, projects, tutorials, and class discussions.

1 UNIT 1:
Introduction to guidance
and counselling
Week # Content Sessions Teaching strategies
Introduction to the course
1 The concept of guidance 3 hours interactive lecture
and counselling
Guidance and counselling in brainstorming
2 3 hours
Pakistani schools interactive lecture
Guidance and counselling in a
discussion and project
3 comparative perspective: India 3 hours
or assignment
and the United States
References
Gibson, R. L., & Mitchell, M. H. (2007). Introduction to counseling and guidance (7th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Unit 2: Areas of guidance

and counselling
Unit description
This unit intends to provide an understanding of different areas of guidance and
counselling, including academic, psychological, spiritual, and socio-moral areas
where guidance and counselling are provided to students in elementary grades.

ll explain different areas of guidance and counselling, whether academic,
personal, emotional, psychological, spiritual, socio-moral, civic, or vocational
ll identify problems related to different areas of guidance and counselling.
Teaching strategies
The strategies that will be used to teach this unit will include brainstorming,
discussion, and a project or assignment.

2 UNIT 2:
Areas of guidance and
counselling
Areas of guidance and
counselling
Awareness and importance of
brainstorming
4 problems 3 hours
discussion
The importance of academic
problems and their impact on
personal development
Spiritual, social, moral, and
cultural problems
brainstorming
Social, moral, spiritual, and
interactive lecture
5 cultural problems and their 3 hours
discussion
impact
project or assignment
The need for learning guidance
and counselling
References
Kochhar, S. K. (2008). Educational and vocational guidance in secondary schools. New
Delhi: Sterling.
Unit 3: Theories of guidance and

counselling: Application in education
Unit description
This unit intends to help Student Teachers apply different theories of guidance
and counselling to solve students’ problems. It also encourages them to explore
different techniques of counselling developed by different schools of thought,
such as the psychoanalysis, behaviourism, and cognitivist schools.

ll explain and apply different theories of guidance and counselling in
different situations
ll select the theory that best serves the purpose in a given problem.

3 UNIT 3:
Theories of guidance and
counselling: Application in
education
Psychoanalysis interactive lecture
6 Behavioural 3 hours discussion
Cognitive: Counsellor-centred case study
interactive lecture
7 Cognitive: Client-centred 3 hours discussion
case identification (project)
References
Corey, G. (2008). Theory and practice of group counseling (7th ed.). Stamford: Cengage
Learning.
Sharf, R. S. (2011). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases (5th ed.).
Stamford: Cengage Learning.
Unit 4: Problem identification and tools

of data collection
Unit description
This unit intends to introduce Student Teachers to different data collection tools that
can be used for the identification of problems (whether classroom or school-based)
of primary school students. An opportunity will be provided for Student Teachers
to administer different tools to collect relevant data in order to address different
problems.

ll identify problems in educational settings
ll review different data-gathering tools and improve their validity
ll modify or construct data-gathering tools that best fit the schools in a
Pakistani context.

4 UNIT 4:
Problem identification and
tools of data collection
Data collection tool
• Questionnaire (1 hour)
• Interview (1 hour)
lecture
• Observation and rating scale
reading
8 and 9 (1 hour) 6 hours
interactive discussion
• Profile and portfolio (1 hour)
presentation
• Sociometric (1 hour)
• CR (cumulative records)
(1 hour)
References
Dimmitt, C., Carey, J. C., & Hatch, T. (2007). Evidence-based school counseling:
Making a difference with data-driven practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Unit 5: Guidance services

Unit description
This unit intends to enable Student Teachers to provide guidance services to
students at their respective schools.

ll describe and practice providing guidance services to students
ll understand and implement different techniques of counselling
ll identify the role and responsibilities, counselling process, and counselling
ethics of the counsellor.
Teaching strategies
The strategies to teach this unit include interactive lectures, discussions, case
studies, case identification (project), and so forth.

5 UNIT 5: Guidance services
Services
• Orientation information
interactive lecture
• Counselling techniques
10 3 hours discussion
• Placement
case study
• Follow-up
• Research
Counselling process
• Techniques of counselling
• Freudian (catharsis)
interactive lecture
• Behavioural (reinforcement
and modelling)
case identification (project)
• Cognitive (cognitive
restructuring and believe
change)
The role of the counsellor
interactive lecture
• The role and responsibilities
of a counsellor
case study
• Counselling ethics
References
Conte, C. (2009). Advanced techniques for counseling and psychotherapy. New York:
Springer.
techniques (7th ed.) Belmont: Thomson.
Perry, W. (2008). Basic counseling techniques: A beginning therapist’s toolkit (2nd ed.).
Unit 6: Action plan for guidance and

counselling for primary schools
Unit description
This unit intends to encourage Student Teachers to devise an action plan for
guidance and counselling. It is expected that the action plan will play a proactive
role in engaging all stakeholders to work towards the achievement of school goals.

ll develop a grade-wise curriculum on different areas of guidance,
including personal, social, academic, and career guidance
ll construct an action plan for initiating a guidance and counselling
programme for a school
ll develop their leadership skills in curriculum development and
school development.
6 UNIT 6:
Action plan for guidance
and counselling for primary
schools
Developing lesson plans for
guidance and counselling: discussion
13 3 hours
Personal, social, academic, and developing lesson plans
career
Preparing a step-by-step guideline
group work
14 for a school development 3 hours
review and feedback
programme
Presentation of curriculum
presentation and
15 and 16 sessions and guideline for school 6 hours
feedback
development programme
References
Dimmitt, C., Carey, J. C., & Hatch, T. (2007). Evidence-based school counseling:
Making a difference with data-driven practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Kochhar, S. K. (2008). Educational and vocational guidance in secondary schools. New
Delhi: Sterling.
Thompson, R. A. (2012). Professional school counseling: Best practices for working in
the schools (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

Teaching notes
The following sample sessions will guide course Instructors in planning their
sessions. Please note that these are samples, and therefore teaching notes are not
provided for all the sessions included in the syllabus.
Unit 1: Introduction to guidance and counselling

Week 1, Session 1 (1 hour)
Topic: Introduction to the course
Introduction (10 minutes)

Brief the Student Teachers on the course.
Activity (20 minutes)

Distribute the course outline and brief the Student Teachers on the rationale for
including a Guidance and Counselling course in the teacher education curriculum.
Later, divide them into four groups to read specific sections of the syllabus:
• Course description and course outcomes
• Teaching-learning strategies
• Unit description and unit outcomes
• Course assignments and assessment criteria
Respond to each group’s questions for clarification and give them time to share their
expectations of the Guidance and Counselling course.
Activity sheet (30 minutes)

Distribute activity sheets in groups of two and ask Student Teachers to complete
them. The activity sheet will have the following questions to answer:
• What are guidance and counselling?
• In your schooling, who was responsible for guidance and counselling?
• What areas of guidance and counselling are provided in a school?
• What role do parents play in guidance and counselling?
Course Instructor’s input

Summarize points shared by the Student Teachers and highlight and address
misconceptions regarding guidance and counselling. Also describe the terms
guidance and counselling.
NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following sources to prepare notes for this
session.
History and definition of guidance and counselling:

ØØ http://86ilanbank-informasi.blogspot.com/2011/10/history-definition-of-guidance-
and.html
Standard Technical Training Institute:
ØØ http://www.tvtc.gov.sa/ENGLISH/TRAININGUNITS/VOCATIONALINSTITUTES/
TVTS/TRAINEES/Pages/DirectionGuidance.aspx

Topic: The concept of guidance and counselling
Introduction
• Pose a discussion question to the class: ‘What is the difference between
guidance and counselling?’
• Encourage Student Teachers to participate in the discussion.
• Give input by summarizing the discussion and elaborating on the points
highlighted in the discussion.
Interactive lecture
• Explain the concept of guidance and counselling (15 minutes).
• Provide extended reading material to Student Teachers and ask them to
use the think, pair, share technique and answer the questions at the end of the
reading material (30 minutes).
• Conclude the session by consolidating the concepts of guidance and
counselling shared by the Student Teachers (5 minutes).
NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following source to prepare your teaching notes:

Available from:
ØØ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=yVjJcaCug3YC&pg=PA1&dq=concept+
of+guidance+and+counselling&hl=en&sa=X&ei=s61eUd-
EDsHHrQfRwoDABQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=concept%20of%20
guidance%20and%20counselling&f=false

Topic: Guidance and counselling in Pakistani schools

Conduct a brainstorming session on the topic ‘Guidance and counselling practice in
Pakistan and its status in policies with reference to different educational policies and
plans’. Briefly explain the background of the topic.
Activity 1 (45 minutes)

Divide Student Teachers into small groups and ask them to use library resources to
research the following topics (20 minutes):
• The status of guidance and counselling in Pakistan
• The infrastructure or system supporting or not supporting guidance
and counselling activities in Pakistani schools
• Procedures of guidance and counselling
• The experiences of stakeholders involved in guidance and counselling in
Pakistan
Ask Student Teachers to discuss these topics in small groups and then to present the
main points to the whole class (15 minutes).

At end of the session, sum up the discussion and presentations and answer questions
if there are any (10 minutes).
Week 3, Sessions 7, 8, and 9 (3 hours)

Topic: Guidance and counselling in a comparative perspective: India and the United States

Introduce the topic by using the following words:
‘Teachers must be enriched with the latest knowledge of guidance and counselling
practices in general and their implementation in the developing and developed world
in particular.’

Ask Student Teachers to use library and online sources and find information about
the following question: What is the status of guidance and counselling in developing
and developed countries, particularly in the United States and India? Explore the
following aspects of guidance and counselling in these countries:
• Objectives
• Status
• Structure
• Procedure
• Outcomes or results
• Suggestions for Pakistani schools
Presentations: Guidance and counselling in a comparative perspective:

India and the United States (60 minutes)
Let Student Teachers present their research work on a comparative perspective on
developing and developed countries. Encourage them to generate healthy discussion
on the topics presented (50 minutes). Conclude the session by dealing with any
queries (10 minutes).
NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following sources to enhance your
background knowledge:
Sharma, R. N., & Sharma, R. (2004). Guidance and counselling in India. New Delhi:
Atlantic. Available from
ØØ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=n_xNqxbnazEC&printsec=frontcover&d
q=guidance+and+counselling+in+India+%26+USA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Qbx
fUavxHcGNrgf6ioH4Bg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=guidance%20and%20
counselling%20in%20India%20%26%20USA&f=false
History and definition of guidance and counselling:

ØØ http://86ilanbank-informasi.blogspot.com/2011/10/history-definition-of-guidance-and.
html
Standard Technical Training Institute:

ØØ http://www.tvtc.gov.sa/ENGLISH/TRAININGUNITS/VOCATIONALINSTITUTES/TVTS/
TRAINEES/Pages/DirectionGuidance.aspx

Unit 2: Areas of guidance and counselling

Topic: Area of guidance and counselling
Session learning outcomes

ll understand the diverse problems students face in primary schools
ll explore different aspects of guidance and counselling, including academic,
personal, emotional, and moral areas
ll bring awareness among school staff and parents about various academic,
personal, emotional, and moral problems of students in primary school.

Introduce the topic by using the following information:
Primary school students have many issues during their study that are of major
concern for teachers. They suffer from pressures in their home and school
environments. Most of the time, unsupportive behaviour by their parents, siblings,
teachers, friends, and class fellows disturbs them. Each issue needs to be resolved
under the guidance of the teacher, counsellor, and parents by taking careful actions
for fixing different problems. A teacher with knowledge of these areas can change
anxiety and hopelessness into a feeling of satisfaction and well-being among
students. Students may see significant changes in their personality through the
guidance services, which will ultimately enhance academic achievement in schools.

• Ask Student Teachers to identify and list problems that may have occurred
during their schooling (15 minutes).
• Divide them into small groups and ask them to share their problems and
list common problems faced by the group members (10 minutes).
• Ask them to categorize the problems into four categories, namely academic,
social, moral, and emotional problems (5 minutes).
• Ask the groups to present their list of problems to the bigger group and hold
a whole-class discussion by asking the following questions: What were the
problems? Why did these problems occur? What impact did these problems
have on people’s lives? What could have been done to overcome the
problems? (15 minutes).
Encourage Student Teachers to have a healthy discussion about problems. Participate

in the discussion and share your knowledge and experiences with the group.

NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following source to prepare notes:
Sharma, R. N., & Sharma, R. (2004). Guidance and counselling in India. New Delhi:
Atlantic. Available from:
ØØ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=n_xNqxbnazEC&printsec=frontcover&d
q=guidance+and+counselling+in+India+%26+USA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Qbx
fUavxHcGNrgf6ioH4Bg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=guidance%20
and%20counselling%20in%20India%20%26%20USA&f=false

Topic: Awareness and importance of problems

ll reflect on different problems and identify their solutions
ll recognize the impact of problems addressed or not addressed.

Introduce the topic with the help of the following information:
Students face a number of problems during their elementary education, as

categorized in Unit 2, Session 1. In this session, Student Teachers will discuss
different strategies for and approaches to handling problems. They will also identify
the importance of certain strategies and approaches that have been helpful or not so
helpful in solving their own problems.

Divide Student Teachers into four groups and ask them to reflect on their problems
and think what steps were taken to address them. Ask them to list these problems on
a piece of a paper, as given below:
Area Nature of problem Strategies used
Let a representative from each group present the list prepared by the group to the
class for further discussion. Ask all the representatives to display their lists on a
soft board, and ask Student Teachers to move around and write comments on the
appropriateness of the guidance and counselling strategy deployed to solve the
problem. Later, ask the whole class to discuss the strategies and their impact on their
personal development.

Farrell, M. (2001). Key issue for primary schools. New York: Routledge. Available
from:
ØØ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=CHnv4NCbgh0C&printsec=frontcover&d
q=problems+in+school+education&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2cFfUeeSDsSPrge5h4H
gAw&sqi=2&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBw

Topic: The importance of academic problems and their impact on personal
development

After studying this topic, Student Teachers will be able to:
llexplore the role of an educational or academic council to address the academic
problems of students
llunderstand the impact of guidance received or not received on students’
academic performance.

Introduce the two topics, linking them with the previous sessions. The following
information may be used to start the introduction.
What is educational guidance? What are some key components of educational guidance?
Educational guidance prepares a student to carve out a suitable individual
educational programme and see how it progresses. Types of guidance may include
choosing subjects, courses or schools; working with peers; and adjusting to a school
culture. Educational guidance can also be given to students in selecting subjects
at the secondary level to pursue further education, depending on their academic
interest and the current job opportunities. In order for them to succeed in academic
work during school, guidance and counselling can also be provided on study habits
and on areas needing more attention, with proper support from teachers and peers
for learning and skills development.

Ask Student Teachers to individually read the given statements and agree or disagree
with them, based on their personal experiences.

Statements Agree Disagree
Educational guidance given at school helped me pursue the right type
of education.
I was motivated to maximize my contribution to society.
Guidance and counselling assisted me in making informed decisions about
my education.
I had the choice of which stream of education to pursue.
I had a smooth transition from home to school, from primary to secondary
school, and from secondary to higher-secondary educational institutions.
I was helped to cope with examination anxiety and fear of failure that
discouraged me from striving for the highest grades.
I developed effective study habits.
Guidance and counselling assisted me in improving my competence in
reading, note-taking, and academic achievement.
Guidance and counselling provided me with meaningful educational
experiences.
I have had an experience of holistic development.
Activity 2: Scoring responses by comparing individual sheets (25 minutes)

Ask Student Teachers to sit in four groups and collate their scores, and then create a
single score sheet. They should also discuss who had been their guide in educational
successes and what they lost when no guidance was provided. Ask them to share
their group analyses on a chart, along with faces showing emotions such as happy,
sad, embarrassed, hurt, angry, or accomplished.
Summing up (5 minutes)
Conduct a brainstorming activity about the following topic: ‘What kind of academic
guidance components would have helped to make learning experiences at school
more useful?’

Topic: Socio-moral, spiritual, and cultural problems

After studying this topic, Student Teachers will be able to:
ll acquire the skill of examining problems in each area of guidance and
counselling and identifying solutions to those problems
ll examine the role of the media and other factors in originating various
problems among primary school students.

Students at school are developing spiritually, socially, morally, and culturally.

Students in elementary grades can face problems when they interact with each other
in society. They get emotionally disturbed by opposing views and ideas between
their families and society. When asked about what influences their standards of
behaviour and fashion, they mostly refer to their peers and the media. However, that
goes against what they have been taught by their parents and the teachings of Islam.
Morality involves issues of right and wrong, good and evil, and what is permitted
and what is prohibited. Students’ moral and social development involves the ways
in which they understand and follow the rules of their social world. Counselling for
spiritual, moral, social, and cultural development in primary school must therefore
be provided by teachers or counsellors.

Ask Student Teachers to evaluate their spiritual, social, moral, and cultural
development by responding in column B to the query shown in the column A in the
table below.
A: Query B: Response
Do you feel that your moral values do not match
those of society or your family? Explain.
Who is responsible for this mismatch?
Your moral development is influenced by…
Write down two mismatches between moral
preaching and action.
How can morning assemblies of schools contribute
to spiritual and moral development?
How is culture influenced?
What cultural developments affect society at large?
How do you think your primary school supported
your holistic development?
Name those social practices that are disappearing
from society.
Let Student Teachers share their responses in small groups, develop a single group
sheet, and display it on a soft board. Pull out the common points and discuss them
with the whole class. Afterwards, generate a discussion on the following topic:
‘What strategies can be used to improve these areas of personal growth and how can
different problems be minimized?’

Topic: Understand the need for learning guidance and counselling

ll understand the need for learning guidance and counselling
ll identify strategies to solve emerging problems needing guidance and
counselling.
Today our children are growing up in very complex and insecure living conditions,
where the lives of people are often threatened. Growing children do not have
control over their living conditions and are constantly encountering life-threatening
challenges. The demands of living in such a world create problems for children,
because they have few strategies for adapting to them. We have read in previous
sessions about different social, moral, spiritual, and cultural problems. These
problems may affect children and will be obvious in their behaviours through
anxiety, stress, smoking, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, suicide, and so forth. In
order to help children cope with these issues, guidance and counselling strategies,
such as decision-making, problem-solving, setting goals, interpersonal relationships,
and open communication, can be used. These personal and social concerns make
personal and social guidance a necessity, not only in educational institutions but also
in society as a whole.

Introduce the following task:
The table below highlights causes of problems in column A and their effects in
column B. You need to match the causes with their effects.
Causes Effects
Peer criticism and pressure Fear
Teacher’s high-handedness Stress
Teacher’s neglect Anger
Teacher’s ridicule Anxiety
Corporal punishment Frustration
Parental neglect Low self-esteem
Parental overprotection Lack of confidence
Ready to get on the bandwagon (fashion or
Paranoia
cultural changes and eating habits)
Weak religious beliefs Depression
Consumerism and materialism Suicide ideation
Let Student Teachers share their responses in small groups, develop common sheets
in groups, and display them on a soft board.

Discuss coping strategies to deal with the above problems with the whole class.
NOTE: Notes on coping strategies can highlight assertiveness, stress management, com-
munication skills, decision-making, and goal-setting.
Summing activity (15 minutes)

Ask Student Teachers to make a resolution on how they will address any social,
moral, spiritual, or cultural problem encountered during their schooling. The
following template might be used for the resolution:
If I am confronted with peer pressure I will talk to a person/write a note/ask my teacher
for assistance/share it with a family member for guidance (because/and)
Unit 3: Introduction to theories of guidance

and counselling
Topic: Psychoanalytic theories

ll enhance their knowledge of the view of human nature promoted by the
psychoanalytic theory of Freud
ll understand the human mind and personality
ll explore the characteristics of different stages of human development
ll identify their own personality development in terms of the id, ego, super ego,
and mind (conscious, subconscious, and unconscious).

Sigmund Freud is the person primarily associated with these approaches and his
genius created the original ideas associated with psychoanalysis. Some theorists
(including Carl Rogers and B. F. Skinner) developed theories in direct opposition to
Freud’s principles.

• Divide the class into three groups and ask them to read a handout on the
psychoanalytic theory of Freud (i.e. human personality, human mind, and
developmental stages).
• Assign each group one subtopic and ask them to elicit key points and note
them down.
• Ask Student Teachers to reflect on the theory and see whether it matches
their own developmental stages.
Conclusion (5 minutes)
Wind up the session by clarifying the concepts and removing misconceptions, if any
(5 minutes).

Topic: Person-centred theories

After completing this session, Student Teachers will be able to:
ll differentiate between client-centred and counsellor-centred counselling
ll explore various topics, such as the self in personality development, the
human development process, human potential and ways of growing this
potential, and techniques of counselling.

Introduce the topic using the following information:
According to the person-centred approach, there are two ways of doing counselling:
client-centred and counsellor-centred. These are also called the directive and
non-directive approaches to counselling. Humans are characteristically positive,
forward-moving, constructive, realistic, and trustworthy. They need to be motivated
to discover their inner potential. In this approach, the counsellor establishes rapport
with the clients and develops insight to solve their problems. Techniques used
include empathy, positive regard (acceptance), and congruence (similarity).

• Divide Student Teachers into small groups and ask them to explore the
concept of ‘self’ and relate their own ‘self’ to the concept highlighted in the
literature (10 minutes).
• Ask each group to choose the best concept of ‘self’ explained by the group
members and share it with the bigger group. Also ask the groups to identify
their abilities and potential, and present these to the whole class (20 minutes).
• Provide handouts on the techniques of counselling and ask each group to
choose one technique to read, explore, and discuss with the whole class
(15 minutes).

Topic: Behavioural theories

ll explore human nature and learning habits
lluse different techniques to modify habits and align them with personal,
cultural, social, and emotional needs.

Use the following information and introduce the topic:
According to behaviourists, human personality is composed of traits. All behaviours

are learned, and learning can be effective in changing maladaptive behaviour. In
general, learning and development occur in one of the three main ways: respondent
learning, operant conditioning, and social modelling.

• Divide the class into small groups, provide them with handouts, and allot each
group one way of learning (respondent, operant, or social) (15 minutes).
• Ask each group to identify problematic behaviour within themselves or in
the class and discuss techniques for modifying the behaviour (15 minutes).
• Ask the groups to present their work to the class. Let them also highlight
the method they used to acquire learning about their behaviour and its
solution (respondent, social, or operant) (15 minutes).

Topic: Eclectic approach

Student Teachers will be able to use diverse techniques that best address the problem.

Introduce the topic with the following information:
Many counsellors identify themselves as eclectic in the use of theory and techniques,
that is, they use various techniques to match the needs of their clients. An eclectic
approach can be hazardous to the counselling process if the counsellor is not
thoroughly aware of the process involved.

• Divide Student Teachers into four groups.
• Ask each group to identify a problem and apply the technique that best suits
that problem.
• Ask the groups to blend two techniques to solve one problem and present
to the bigger group, identifying the process and advantages or disadvantages
of using the electric approach.
Unit 4: Problem identification and tools of data collection

Topic: The questionnaire as a tool: Qualities of a good questionnaire
Session outcomes
ll understand the importance of a questionnaire as a data-gathering tool in
ll analyse different aspects of a questionnaire and identify the qualities of a
good questionnaire.
Activity (1 hour)
• Provide a questionnaire to the Student Teachers, focusing on collecting data
from primary school students. Divide them into small groups to analyse
different aspects of the questionnaire and to identify the qualities of a good
questionnaire.
• Provide input on the questionnaire as a data-gathering tool and on the
qualities of a good questionnaire.

Topic: The interview as a tool: Structured interview
Session outcomes
ll conduct peer interviews and identify problems faced by the interviewer and
interviewee
ll understand the importance of interviews in guidance and counselling
ll understand the process of the interview.

Activity
• Divide Student Teachers into five groups, provide a structured interview
schedule, and ask them to imagine that they have returned to their past when
they were in primary school.
• Ask one member of each group to interview the second member of the same
group and let other members of the group observe the interviewer and
interviewee and take notes.
• Ask Student Teachers to share their experiences and mistakes or problems
they observed during the interview.
• Hold an interactive discussion on the topic ‘The interview as a data-gathering
tool for guidance and counselling’.
• Conclude the topic by summarizing the whole activity.

Topic: Profile: Sample profile of primary school students
Activity
• Let Student Teachers study a sample profile of primary school students for 10
minutes and explore different aspects of their personalities.
• Conduct an interactive discussion on the profile as a tool for collecting data
about their likes, dislikes, and personalities.
• Let Student Teachers bring portfolio samples completed as assignments in the
previous semesters. Ask them to study various aspects of the portfolios and
then conduct a whole-class discussion on various aspects of a portfolio.
Unit 6: Developing an action plan for initiating a

guidance and counselling programme at schools
Action plan model
Topic: Implementing guidance and counselling through a School Development Plan
Introduction
Use the following information to introduce the topic:
All schools prepare a School Development Plan, which involves all the relevant
stakeholders, such as management, teaching, administrative and support staff,
parents, and, where possible, senior representative students, who are responsible for
the design and execution of the Plan. When needed, community members are also
co-opted to be a part of the School Development Plan.

Let Student Teachers practice the following steps to create a School Development
Plan for initiating a guidance and counselling programme in schools:
Step 1: Developing an awareness-raising campaign, making a guidance and

counselling framework, and identifying structures, resources, and spaces (2 sessions)
Step 2: Preparing assessment plans for collecting the data of the students or teachers
using the tools discussed in previous units, such as observation, interviews, or
records: the assessment data will be collected in two of five categories (academic,
social, spiritual, cultural, and moral) (4 sessions)
Step 3: Prioritizing severe cases needing attention with the help of a checklist (later,
cases that are not very severe can also be addressed in a similar way) (1 session)
Step 4: Implementing guidance and counselling strategies to address the identified

cases (2 sessions)
Step 5: Evaluating and measuring the successes of the guidance and counselling
programme (1 session)
Step 6: Using proactive strategies to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes among
the students for social, academic, and vocational guidance (2 sessions)
Student Teachers can use the action plan template to initiate a guidance and
counselling system in schools. Before converting the model into an action plan, they
should spend time thinking about the rationale for starting school-wide counselling
and preparing some goals and objectives. The goals or objectives and the rationale
should be consistent with the action steps that teachers would plan.
Give a stimulus for some areas of the action plan. For instance, engage in a mission
or visioning exercise, in which you provide questions that Student Teachers will try
to answer, and then convert the responses into a vision or mission statement.
• What have we done to prepare our students for a successful future in this
world and hereafter?
• How does the students’ overall performance in academic and co-curricular
programmes compare with our competitors?
• How can we work around the weaknesses currently encountered in the
school for the success of all children?
Let Student Teachers prepare a complete action plan for a school guidance and
counselling programme.

4
Integrated
teaching notes

During the curriculum development process, faculty were encouraged to keep notes
that would be useful to them and others who may teach the course in the future.
These were submitted along with the course syllabus. Teaching notes include ways
to introduce the course, ideas for teaching units and sessions, sample lesson plans,
and suggestions for reading and resource material. These have been integrated into
a single section of this document to avoid repetition and to make the collection of
rich and varied ideas easily accessible to others. The section is organized by theme.
Except in cases where there is duplication of ideas, faculty are credited with their
contribution.
Introduction to guidance and counselling

Session 1: Introduction and overview of the course
Duration: 1 hour

By the end of this session, Student Teachers will be able to:
ll describe the concepts of guidance and counselling
ll list common misconceptions about guidance and counselling
ll appreciate and differentiate between real concepts and misconceptions.
Material required
Chart paper and markers (four or five multicoloured chart papers and markers)
Activity
• Ask Student Teachers to write at least three reasons to include the Guidance
and Counselling course in a teacher education curriculum. Afterwards, allow
five or six Student Teachers to present their reasons to the class and explain
the terms ‘guidance’ and ‘counselling’.
• Give Student Teachers some readings about guidance and counselling
and give them time for writing down the difference between guidance
and counselling.
Worksheet
Instruction: Write two or three personal views on guidance and counselling, and
also differentiate between guidance and counselling after reading the material
provided by the course Instructor.
No. Guidance Counselling The difference between guidance and
(personal view) (personal view) counselling (after reading)
Contributed by: Maroof Bin Rauf, Shahla Ambreen, Nida Mirza, Raqeeb Imtiaz, and
Dr Saddaf Ayub Raja

Session 2: Principles of guidance and counselling
Duration: 2 hours

llexplore factors that influence the guidance and counselling programmes in a
school setting
lldiscuss various strategies for overcoming the challenges faced by teachers or
counsellors while implementing guidance and counselling programmes in
school settings.
Material required
• Multimedia
• Multicoloured sheets and markers
Activities
Introduction of the topic (20 minutes)
Introduce the topic by inviting themes from the Student Teachers about the concept
of challenges, problems, and issues, and also regarding the potential challenges of
guidance and counselling programmes and processes.
Explanation through multimedia (35 minutes)

Explain the factors that may hinder the effectiveness of a guidance and counselling
programme and process. These factors may be clustered into the following groups:
• Individual attitudes
• Socio-economic factors
• Infrastructure and technology-related factors
• Political factors
• Competency enhancement or training of the counsellor
Group work (40 minutes)

Divide Student Teachers into small groups and ask them to discuss the common
problems and challenges that emerged from the factors discussed. Afterwards,
provide case studies based on the selected challenges.
Review of cases studies (20 minutes)

When they are finished, let them review each other’s work and share new ideas.
Conclusion (5 minutes)
Conclude the topic through revisiting the objectives.

Session 3: Islamic and global perspectives on
lldescribe the Islamic perspectives on guidance and counselling with the help
of the Quran and the Sunnah
ll interpret the global perspective on counselling and guidance
ll compare the local and global perspectives on guidance and counselling.
Material required
• Chart papers, markers, and multimedia
• Reading material
Activities
Introduction of the topic (5 minutes)
Give a brief introduction of the topic by inviting Student Teachers’ ideas.
Multimedia presentation (30 minutes)

Present the Islamic and Western models of guidance and counselling through a
multimedia presentation.
Group discussion (20 minutes)

Divide Student Teachers into small groups and hold a discussion, focusing on the
Western counselling methods that are evident in Islam.
Closure (5 minutes)
Conclude the topic by inviting questions from the Student Teachers and summing
up the main ideas.
Readings
You may use the following source to prepare notes:
Abdullah, S. (2007). Islam and counselling: Models of practice in Muslim communal

life. Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 42–55. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.iona.edu/academic/artsscience/orgs/pastoral/issues/2007_v42/
SomayaAbdullaha.pdf
Contributed by: Munazza Ambreen, Mubeen Ahmed Langah, Muhammad Nisar-ul-

Haq, Liaquat Hussain, and Amir Bano

Session 4: Islamic perspectives on guidance
and counselling
ll explore the Islamic perspective on guidance and counselling
llcompare and contrast the Islamic and the traditional perspectives on guidance
and counselling.
Material required
Handouts on the Islamic perspective on guidance and counselling
Activities
Counselling is an important conduit for personal life. In practice, a counsellor (as
a helper) and individuals or groups (as clients) meet each other. The process the
counsellor follows is guided by a certain set of theories. The traditional counselling
paradigms, including psychoanalysis, behaviourism, and humanism, have generally
dominated the process of guidance and counselling. However, factors like culture,
gender, and religion have influenced the counselling process in recent years. These
factors have challenged the traditional process of guidance and counselling and
have encouraged counsellors to move beyond traditional counselling paradigms,
especially when working in diverse religious and cultural contexts (Abdullah, 2007).
Generally, in Muslim communities, counsellors are encouraged to use the Islamic

perspective on guidance and counselling. This perspective can be located in three
sources of Islamic doctrine and practice: (1) Muslim Personal Law, which regulates
the Muslim family; (2) Islamic healing, based on the model of spirit (jinn) possession;
and (3) Sufism, the mystical tradition of Islam (Abdullah, 2007).
Group discussion (25 minutes)

• Divide Student Teachers into six small groups.
• Ask two groups to read the handout on the Muslim Personal Law as a model
of guidance and counselling in Islam, and discuss the process of guidance and
counselling according to this model.
• Ask the next two groups to read the handout on traditional healing as a model
of guidance and counselling in Islam, and discuss the process of guidance and
counselling according to this model.
• Ask the next two groups to read the handout on Sufism as a model of guidance
and counselling in Islam, and discuss the process of guidance and counselling
according to this model.
• Encourage the groups to share the main points of their discussions with the
whole class.
• Contribute to the discussion and elaborate on the processes of guidance and
counselling with examples.
Comparison (25 minutes)
• Ask Student Teachers to work in the same groups and discuss the similarities
and differences between the traditional and the Islamic guidance and
counselling models.
• Encourage them to use a Venn diagram and list similarities and differences
on chart paper.
• Invite them to share the similarities and differences between the traditional
and the Islamic perspectives on guidance and counselling with the whole class.
• Generate healthy discussion with the help of the presentations.
Closure (5 minutes)
Summarize the main points discussed by the Student Teachers and add information
if needed.
NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following sources to prepare notes:
Abdullah, S. (2007). Islam and counseling: Models of practice in Muslim communal life.
Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 42–55. Retrieved from:
SomayaAbdullaha.pdf
Othman, K., & Sipon, S. (2012). Researching solution based on Islamic views and
practice in managing financial and work place stress. International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(8), 239–252. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/1052.pdf
Contributed by Martin Thomas, Notre Dame Institute of Education, Karachi
Procedures and tools for guidance

and counselling
Session 1: The interview as a data-gathering tool
for guidance and counselling
Duration: 1 hour

ll explain the interview as a tool for collecting information about students
ll explain the process of conducting different kinds of interviews.
Material required
Reading material, charts, and markers

Activities
Step 1 (5 minutes)
Introduce the topic briefly.
Step 2 (20 minutes)

Divide the class into small groups and identify three members who will take up
the roles of counsellor, counselee, and observer. Hide the responsibilities of these
participants from other group members.
The counsellor in each group will identify:

• the problem
• the various components of the problem
• factors contributing to the problem
• the intensity of the problem
• the client’s resources, strengths, and coping skills.
The counselee in each group will:

• identify an existing problem in life
• discuss the problem with the counsellor
• try to reach a solution.
The observer in each group will observe:

• the type of questions asked
• the body language of both the counsellor and the counselee
• the facial expression of both the counsellor and the counselee
• note-taking by the counsellor
• addressing the problem.
Step 3 (5 minutes)
Call the observers one by one and ask them to share their observations with the
whole class.
Step 4 (25 minutes)

Elucidate the role of counsellor and counselee by explaining the interview process
and how it is carried out in a real situation.
Interview as data collection tool:

ØØ http://www.slideshare.net/vivekgaurmba/presentation1-intervies- as-data-collection-tool
Contributed by: Maroof Bin Rauf, Shahla Ambreen, Nida Mirza, Raqeeb Imtiaz, and
Dr Saddaf Ayub Raja

Disaster reduction, readiness, and
traumatic stress management
Session 1: Disaster reduction and readiness
Duration: 1 hour

ll prepare a survey checklist or questionnaire to identify sources available (or
needed) that can assist in reducing the harmful effects of an earthquake
ll prepare a survey checklist or questionnaire to identify sources available (or
needed) that can assist in managing fire or bomb threats.
Material required
Sample checklists and questionnaires
Activities
Introduce the session by using the following information:
Throughout history, Pakistan has been exposed to a number of natural hazards
and disasters, including earthquakes, droughts, floods, landslides, avalanches,
cyclones, tsunamis, river erosion, and so forth. Pakistan’s exposure to natural
hazards and disasters can be ranked between moderate and severe. In addition, a
number of human-induced hazards, such as nuclear and transport accidents, oil
spills, fire, and civil conflicts, have also been threatening society, the economy,
and the environment of the country (NIDM: NDMA, n.d.). As schools are equally
affected by natural and human-induced disasters, it is imperative for teachers to
equip themselves with the necessary skills for assessing school-wide preparation for
disaster reduction and risk management.
Brainstorming (5 minutes)
Through a brainstorming session, elicit Student Teachers’ experiences of earthquake
and fire or bomb threats and their experiences of the harmful effects of these events.
Guidelines for preparing checklists and questionnaires (10 minutes)

• With the help of Student Teachers, identify areas to be considered while
preparing checklists and questionnaires for assessing school readiness for
natural or human-induced disasters.
• Divide Student Teachers into small groups, provide them with sample survey
checklists or questionnaires, and ask them to analyse items on these and
identify contextually appropriate items.

Preparing and presenting a survey checklist or questionnaire (35 minutes)
• Conduct a whole-class discussion session to ensure that Student Teachers
have selected items concerning physical and environmental risk reduction, the
assessment of staff or students’ competencies in relevant areas, and their
capacity development.
• Ask Student Teachers to work in small groups and prepare a checklist or
questionnaire for assessing schools’ disaster reduction facilities and readiness
for risk management.
• Invite Student Teachers to share and re-evaluate their checklists or
questionnaires with the whole class.
Closure (5 minutes)
Summarize the session by highlighting Student Teachers’ learning and outcomes of
the sessions.
NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following sources to prepare notes:

management framework Pakistan. Islamabad: NDMA, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved
from:
ØØ http://unportal.un.org.pk/sites/UNPakistan/OneUN/DRM%20Documents/NDRM%20
Framework%20Pakistan.pdf
NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management): NDMA (National Disaster Management

Authority). (n.d.). Handbook on disaster risk management mainstreaming in development.
Islamabad: NDMA. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications_One_UN_DRM/DRR%20Mainstreaming/13_
Standard_Handbook_DRM_Mainstreaming.pdf
Risk RED. (2010). School disaster reduction and readiness checklist. Nan Nuys, CA: Risk
RED. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/15316_rrschooldrrchecklistv.4.pdf
Risk RED for Earthquake Country Alliance. (2009). School disaster response drill: Models
and templates. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/15319_rrschooldisasterresponsedrillmodela.pdf
Session 2: Emergency drills: Earthquake and bomb

or fire drills
Duration: 2 hours

ll explore natural disaster and human-induced disaster situations in Pakistan
ll participate in earthquake and bomb or fire drills.

Material required
• Handouts on natural and human-induced situations in Pakistan
• Emergency siren
• Whistle
Activities
Preparation for the drill (25 minutes)
• Briefly explain the purpose of the earthquake and bomb or fire drills.
• Divide Student Teachers into small groups, provide them with handouts on
natural disaster and human-induced disaster situations in Pakistan, and ask
them to discuss at least two disaster scenarios in their groups.
• Prepare a hypothetical scenario with the help of scenarios that Student
Teachers have discussed in their groups.
• Introduce the following rules for the drill:
¡¡ Earthquake:
-- Emergency siren: Listen to the emergency siren or whistle.
-- Drop: Drop down to your knees to make yourselves small.
-- Cover: Cover your face, head, and neck, closing your eyes. Keep your
body under or below the level of a desk, table, or chairs, with your back
to windows. If you are outside, get clear of buildings, power lines, trees,
light poles, and other dangers, drop down to your knees, and cover your
head and neck.
-- Hold: Hold for 45 seconds. You may count together.
¡¡ Bomb:
-- Do not touch: Clear yourself and others from the area.
-- Notify: Notify the main office immediately.
¡¡ Fire:
-- Extinguish: Extinguish small fires (do not use water or any other
conductor if it is an electrical fire).
-- Notify: Notify the main office immediately.
-- Emergency siren: Listen to the emergency siren.
-- Evacuate: Evacuate the area.
¡¡ Evacuation (earthquake, bomb, or fire):
-- Four rules: Use four rules: don’t talk; don’t push; don’t run; and
don’t turn back.
-- Emergency routes: Use emergency routes.
-- Emergency siren: Listen to the emergency siren or whistle.
-- Notify injuries: Under the guidance of the teacher, representative
students may visit the school and notify authorities if there are any
injuries. The person needing help may use flash cards showing ‘NEED
HELP!’
Source: Risk RED for Earthquake Country Alliance. (2009). School disaster response
drill: Models and templates. Retrieved from http://www.preventionweb.net/
files/15319_rrschooldisasterresponsedrillmodela.pdf

Earthquake, bomb, or fire drills (30 minutes)
Divide responsibilities among Student Teachers and ask them to conduct an
earthquake, bomb, or fire drill.
Post-drill activities
Debriefing (15 minutes)
Hold a debriefing session and discuss the successes and failures of the drill as well as
reasons for these. With the Student Teachers, set targets for future drills.
Introduction to traumatic stress management (5 minutes)

Highlight that some people acquire traumatic stress after exposure to a critical or
traumatic incident. The role of the counsellor is to help them overcome this stress.
A traumatic incident can be defined as an uncommon emotional, cognitive,

behavioural, and psychological human experience that may present a challenge to
the individual’s normal coping mechanism and may result in several potentially
distressing reactions that compromise functioning. However, it should not be
assumed that exposure to a traumatic incident will always lead to psychological
complications, as most people are highly resilient and have the ability to self-manage
during traumatic incidents (Bannister & McInnes, 2005; Lerner, Volpe, & Lindell,
2008).
When an individual’s psychological defences are overwhelmed by exposure to

trauma, a range of acute reactions may occur. These may include intrusive thinking,
crying, irritability, disturbed sleep and nightmares, wariness, guilt or shame,
amnesia, numbing, and at times euphoria (Bannister & McInnes, 2005).
Role plays (25 minutes)

• Divide Student Teachers into small groups and ask them to read the handouts
on traumatic stress management.
• Give them the following scenario and ask them to prepare a role play in a
small group.
Scenario: Your school has recently established a school-based crisis response team.
The members of the team include the school principal, the vice-principal, the school
counsellor, the school nurse, two representative teachers, a representative of the
school building security, a representative of the ancillary staff, the president of the
parent-teacher association, and a representative of the students. Discuss a plan of
action for helping students who, after exposure to recent earthquake destruction,
have acquired traumatic stress. Your plan of action should include: (1) Fact-gathering:
Pre-trauma factors (e.g. history of emotional problems; substance abuse, such as
drugs; or prior traumatic exposure), characteristics of the traumatic event (e.g.
severity), and post-traumatic factors (e.g. having the opportunity to tell their stories
to others, or the level of support provided); (2) Support mechanisms; (3) Procedure
for notification to parents, the school authority, or any other stakeholder; and (4)
Planning for a debriefing session to report and assess successes and failures.

Feedback and closure (5 minutes)
NOTES FOR FACULTY: You may use the following sources for preparing notes:
Lerner, M. D., Volpe, J. S., & Lindell, B. (2008). A practical guide for crisis response
in our schools: Acute traumatic stress management: Empowering educators using
traumatic events. New York: The Institute for Traumatic Stress.
management framework Pakistan. Islamabad: NDMA, Government of Pakistan.
Retrieved from:
ØØ http://unportal.un.org.pk/sites/UNPakistan/OneUN/DRM%20Documents/NDRM%20
Framework%20Pakistan.pdf
Risk RED for Earthquake Country Alliance. (2009). School disaster response drill:
Models and templates. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/15319_rrschooldisasterresponsedrillmodela.pdf
Give feedback on students’ role plays and summarize the session with their help.
Contributed by Martin Thomas, Notre Dame Institute of Education, Karachi

5
References

Included in this section are textbooks, journal articles, and web resources.
Textbooks
Barki, B. G., & Mukhopadhyay, B. (2008). Guidance and counselling: A manual (10th
Corey, G. (2008). Theory and practice of group counseling (7th ed.). Stamford: Cengage
Learning.
Dimmitt, C., Carey, J. C., & Hatch, T. (2007). Evidence-based school counseling: Making
a difference with data-driven practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Dougherty, A. M. (2009). Psychological consultation and collaboration in school and
community settings (5th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole.
Gibson, R. L., & Mitchell, M. H. (2007). Introduction to counseling and guidance (7th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cengage Learning.
Kottler, J. A., & Shepard, D. S. (2008). Introduction to counseling: Voices from the field
techniques (7th ed.) Belmont: Thomson.
Perry, W. (2008). Basic counseling techniques: A beginning therapist’s toolkit (2nd ed.).
Web-based sources
Ajowi, J. O., & Simatwa, E. M. W. (2010). The role of guidance and counseling in
promoting student discipline in secondary schools in Kenya: A case study of Kisumu
district. Educational Research and Reviews, 5(5), 263–272. Available from:
ØØ http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR
Pattison, S. (2010). Reaching out: A proactive process to include young people with
learning disabilities in counselling in secondary schools in the UK. British Journal of
Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), 301–311. doi: 10.1080/03069885.2010.491849
Yuksel-Sahin, F. (2009). The evaluation of counselling and guidance services based
on teacher views and their prediction based on some variables. International Journal of
Instruction, 2(1). Available from:
ØØ www.e-iji.net

References for extended readings
Guidance and counselling and crisis or disaster
management
Studer, J. R., & Salter, S. E. (2010). The role of the school counselor in crisis planning and
intervention. Retrieved from:
ØØ http://counsellingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas10/Article_92.pdf
Islam and counselling

Abdullah, S. (2007). Islam and counseling: Models of practice in Muslim communal
life. Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 42–55. Retrieved from:
SomayaAbdullaha.pdf

6
Guidance and
counselling readings
and resources

This section contains selected readings that faculty will find useful in preparing for
sessions, as well as student readings. Teaching materials such as handouts or activities
that require elaboration are also included. Intellectual property rights are respected
throughout. All materials are either free-use or are used with permission of the author
or publisher. In some cases, original pieces written specifically for this course are
included. All readings and materials in this section are for classroom use and, unless
otherwise noted, may be duplicated for distribution to Student Teachers. Those who
wish to use them in their own publications will need to consider intellectual property
rights, secure permission for their use, and include proper attribution to sources.
Managing stress
Othman, K., & Sipon, S. (2012). Researching solution based on Islamic views and
practice in managing financial and work place stress. International Journal of Academic
Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(8).
Abstract
Generally, stress is a common factor that influences every human being throughout
their life time. The way people handle it depends to the stress retention level and the
way they manage the stress. Hence, to experience and having stress is considered
normal to every human. However in some cases stress becomes too pressurize,
uncontrollable and damaging. This paper is to highlight how the researching into
Islamic views and practice enables to materialize the Islamic way of managing
stress. The roles of religiosity no doubt play an important factor in stress solution.
Therefore, the focal point of discussions throughout this paper fortifies on belief
and religiosity which has proven as substantial remedy in Islam. Evidenced based on
Quranic verses and prophetic traditions, that stress are manageable in a better way.
For this purpose, this conceptual paper embarked on a few compilations of Quranic
verses and Prophetic traditions which specifically addresses the issues on managing
financial and work place stresses.
Keyword: Managing Stress, Financial Stress, Workplace Stress, Religiosity Factors,

Based on Quranic verses and prophetic tradition.
The abstract is used with the author’s permission. Available from:

ØØ www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/1052.pdf
Problem-based learning
Read about problem-based learning at:
ØØ http://www.studygs.net/pbl.htm
‘Problem-based learning (PBL) is an exciting alternative to traditional classroom

learning. With PBL, your teacher presents you with a problem, not lectures or
assignments or exercises. Since you are not handed “content”, your learning becomes
active in the sense that you discover and work with content that you determine to be
necessary to solve the problem.’
This website provides guidance that will help you plan problem-based learning and
links to other useful resources.
Goals of misbehaviour
The psychologist Alfred Adler theorized that belonging is one of the most important
human goals. Children want to belong. Their misbehaviour is never random; when
they act out, they are trying to belong. Using Adler’s principles, the psychologist
Dreikurs (1971) classified children’s misbehaviour into four goals: attention, power,
revenge, and inadequacy. A child who exhibits these behaviours is a discouraged
child. A number of people have used the goals of misbehaviour to develop schemes
to help teachers interpret the behaviour of children. This is one developed by a
primary school teacher to use in her own classroom.
Teacher’s reaction Child’s response What the child

Child’s goal Child’s logic
to child to reprimand needs
Give attention
when they are
not asking for it
1. Attention
I only count when Annoyed Stops temporarily; in negative ways.
Child is saying:
you notice me. Irritated starts again Involve the child.
‘Notice me!’
Acknowledge
feelings.
Encourage.
Do not argue or
2. Power fight. Give the
I count when I am
Child is saying: child choice and
the boss. (People
‘Make me!’ ‘I Challenged Increases responsibility.
with power are the
want to fight Help them to be a
ones who count.)
with you.’ good boss of self.
Encourage.
Do not give up.
I have been hurt. I Tries to get even
3. Revenge Do not act hurt.
count when I can or do something
Child is saying: Discouraged Acknowledge
hurt others. I am hurtful to another
‘I can hurt you!’ feelings.
not worth liking. child
Encourage.
4. Withdrawal Build up the child’s
or assumed courage. Celebrate
I am not capable; it
disability Passive; no small gains. Help
is no use trying. Hopeless
Child is saying: response the child to feel
‘It doesn’t worthwhile and
matter.’ appreciated.

Adler supposed that these behaviours are not characteristic of children who feel
as if they belong at home or in school. He noticed that children reared in a rural
environment are given work to do to help the family. They can see that they
belong and are needed. But as families have become more urban, children are not
necessarily given responsibility for family work. They may not feel important to
the family. This spills over into their school life. Teachers need to be proactive
by creating a classroom where children have responsibilities and feel that their
contributions are needed. They need to belong.
Contributed by: Frances Schoonmaker, Professor Emeritus, Teachers College,

Columbia University. Used by permission of the author. For classroom use only.
Additional readings
Dreikurs, R., Grunwald, B. B., & Pepper, F. C. (1982). Maintaining sanity in the
classroom (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Dreikurs, R. (n.d.). Four goals of misbehaviour [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from:

ØØ http://smithsp08.wikispaces.com/file/view/Dreikurs.ppt
This PowerPoint presentation describes the goals of misbehaviour and strategies to
help children who are misbehaving.
Nodrick ,B. (2004). Building stepfamilies that work: The four goals of misbehavior.
Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.stepfamily.ca/BSTW/bstw/wk6/The%204%20goals%20of%20
misbehaviour.rtf
This is from a programme for parents developed by the author. It contains a detailed
description of the goals of misbehaviour, which should be useful to teachers.
John, K. (2011). The crucial Cs and goals of misbehaviour: The basic need to belong.
Retrieved from:
ØØ http://www.5x5x5creativity.org.uk/cms/user_files/files/KJhandout1111.doc
This resource discusses ways in which members of a group (or students in a
classroom) need to belong.

7
Methods and
strategies to use
in planning

An array of teaching-learning strategies has been included in this section to assist
faculty in planning. Not all of the strategies are specific recommendations for the
course; they are included to give faculty ideas for planning their courses.
The following is a list of some of the strategies that can be used by the course
Instructors while planning sessions for the course.
Active lecturing: An active lecture is not too different from any good lecture, but
it attempts to involve listeners directly. There is no single best way to give an active
lecture, but it includes the following:
Give information in small chunks (about 10 minutes), and then have people do
something with the information for 1–3 minutes. You can use the same activity after
each chunk of information is given or you can vary it. Examples of activities are:
• Write a 1-minute reaction to what you have just heard.
• Talk to the person next to you about what you heard and what they heard.
Do you agree? Do you have questions?
• List as many key points as you can remember.
Compare notes taken during the 1-minute chunk. Help each other fill in gaps or
determine if crucial information is missing. (Some people do not allow note-taking
during the lecture, but this is up to the Instructor.)
Another way to do an active lecture is as follows: hand out three colours of cards or
slips of paper. When people are listening to your comments, have them hold up a
different colour for:
• I understand.
• I don’t understand.
• I disagree.
Then either stop and allow questions or adjust what you are saying so there are more
‘understand’ colours showing. This is particularly effective with large groups of 50 or
more people.
Ambassadors: This is a useful way to get groups or individuals to exchange

information. Two or more members move from one group to another to share
and compare discussion, or you may wish to have half the group exchange with
another group. This is especially useful if you do not have ample time for a full class
discussion.
Brainstorming: This is a technique for getting creative ideas on a topic. It may

be an individual activity or be organized as a group activity. Give people a limited
amount of time (e.g. a minute) to say or write down as many ideas as they can on
a topic. No matter how unrelated an idea seems, write it down. (Alternatively, ask
the whole class to brainstorm and write down all ideas on the class board.) After the
brief period of brainstorming, ideas may then be analysed, organized, and the like.
Brainstorming is often used as a problem-solving technique. Ideas are then analysed
in light of how useful they might be in solving the problem.

Gallery walk: This is a strategy that borrows its name from a visit to the art
gallery. Students walk through an exhibit of posters, artefacts, or display items
they have completed. They may or may not be directed to take notes. The idea is to
thoughtfully look at what is displayed.
Group work: There is no single best way to form groups. The best way for you is
the way that suits your purpose. Use a more complicated strategy if students need a
break or need to be energized. Use a simple technique if time is short. Some group-
forming methods are as follows:
• Ask people to count from one to five (depending on the number of people you
want in a group). Appoint all the ones to go to one table (or area of the room),
all the twos to a different area, and so forth, until the whole class is divided
into groups.
• Before class, determine how many people you want in a group or how many
groups you need. Use different-coloured stickers, stars, or dots. Put one
on each student as they enter class. Then when it is time to form a group, ask
students to find people with the same sticker and sit together.
• Put different-coloured bits of paper in a cup or jar on each table. Have people
take one and find other people in the room with the same colour to form a
group.
• Have students get together with everybody born in the same month as
they were.
Make adjustments to the groups as needed.
KWL (Know-Want-Learn): KWL is a strategy that provides a structure for

recalling what students know about a topic, noting what they want to know, and
finally, listing what has already been learned and is yet to be learned. The strategy
allows students to take an inventory of what they already know and what they want
to know. Students can categorize information on the topic that they expect to use as
they progress through a lesson or unit.
Mini-lecture: A mini-lecture contains all the components of a good lecture and is

sharply focused. It begins with an introduction that provides an overview of what
you will discuss. It makes one or more sharply focused points, with an illustration of
each. It summarizes only the main point or points and then concludes.
Minute paper: Ask people to write for a minute on a particular topic (it might be
their reflections or you might assign a specific subject). They are to focus on writing
down their ideas, rather than on proper grammar and spelling. A minute paper
differs from brainstorming because there is more focus.
Pair-share: Use this technique when you want two people to work together to share
ideas or accomplish a task. Simply ask people to work with someone next to them,
or you can have them find a partner using some other criteria. It is very useful when
you want people to quickly exchange ideas without disrupting the flow of the class.
(Sharing in triads and foursomes are other small-group techniques.)

Poster session: This is a useful way to have students organize their thinking on a
topic and present it to others in a quick but focused way. Have individuals or small
groups work to create a poster to explain or describe something. For example, if they
have been doing an inquiry on a particular topic, they would want to include their
focus, methods, and outcomes, along with colourful illustrations or photographs.
The poster can be self-explanatory or students can use it to explain their work. As an
in-class tool, a poster session is often combined with a gallery walk, so that students
visit a number of posters in a short period of time.
Roundtable technique: The class is divided into small groups (four to six), with one
person appointed as the recorder. A question is posed that may have many answers,
and students are given time to think about those answers. Afterwards, members of the
team share responses with one another round-robin or roundtable style. The recorder
writes down the answers of the group members. The person next to the recorder starts,
and each person in the group (in order) gives an answer until time is called.
Text-against-text: This is a way of helping students learn to analyse and compare

written documents. The idea is to look at two documents and search for overlap,
confirmation, or disagreement. It is a way of looking at different perspectives.
Sometimes it is useful to give students readings prior to class and ask them to
compare the readings, following a set of study questions. For example:
1) Look at each author separately. What do you think the author’s main point is?
2) How does the author support the argument?
3) Look at the authors together. In what ways do they agree?
4) What are their points of disagreement?
5) What is your opinion on the issue?
Text-against-text may be used to compare a new reading (or a set of information)

with a reading or information students have already read and discussed in another
unit or earlier in the unit.
In classrooms where the whole class uses a single textbook, instructors often find
they are teaching against what is in the textbook. Sometimes it is hard for students to
accept that a textbook can and should be questioned. Putting together a text-against-
text activity, using the textbook and an article or a set of articles to read instead of the
text, can help them understand that there may be legitimate differences of opinion
on a subject.
Another way to use the activity is to put a set of materials at each table or with each
group of students. Some college or university faculty like to put together text sets
that include both scholarly and non-scholarly works and have students think about
differences. For example, you might provide all students – regardless of their reading
level or learning style – with a ‘way in’ to thinking about a topic by using some
materials that are easy to read. Even competent adult learners seek out easy books
or materials to learn about a new or complex topic. Providing a picture, newspaper
article, and children’s book in a text set might give everyone a means of connecting
to or understanding some aspect of the larger subject. Articles need not contradict
each other. They may be about the same topic, but offer students different ways of
seeing a subject.

Using quizzes or pop tests
Short quiz (15 minutes)
• Prepare and give a short quiz on the different aspects of child development
covered in the unit.
• Have students take the quiz and then circle items about which they are
unsure.
Triads share (10 minutes)

Have students meet in groups of three to go over items about which they are
uncertain.
Review (30 minutes)
• Go over the quiz with students, having them look at their own work and
make corrections.
• Notice points they had difficulty remembering and take time to review
them. You may ask students to assist with this, sharing how they were able to
remember.
• This is a time to correct any misconceptions.
• Have students save their quiz for future study.

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semester 6

PROF. DR SOHAIL NAQVI

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY ii

Following the initial workshop, faculty participants developed teaching notes

iii HOW THIS COURSE GUIDE WAS DEVELOPED

Initial drafts were reviewed by the National Curriculum Review Committee

Faculty involved in course design: Abid Hussain Chaudry, Punjab University,

NCRC review dates: 24 and 25 April 2013

NCRC reviewers: Dr Asif, Faisalabad University, Faisalabad; Dr Javed Iqbal,

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY iv

1 Rationale for a course on

3 Representative syllabus with teaching notes................ 28

4 Integrated teaching notes.................................................. 52

6 Readings and resources.................................................... 67

7 7 Methods and strategies to use in planning................... 71

07 COURSE SYLLABUS: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Common misconceptions about

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 08

09 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 10

Year and semester

11 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Unit 1: Introduction to guidance

Unit learning outcomes

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 12

Session 2 group work

Session 3 short lecture

Session 4 completing stories

13 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Unit 2: The course instructor

Unit learning outcomes

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 14

Sessions 13 and 14 analysis of the content

15 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Unit learning outcomes

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 16

Unit 4: School-wide guidance

Unit learning outcomes

17 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Sessions 39 and 40 discussion

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 18

19 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Year and semester

Course learning outcomes

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 20

Unit 1: Introduction to guidance and

Unit learning outcomes

21 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Unit 2: Areas and services

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 22

2 UNIT 2: Areas and services

23 COURSE GUIDE: Introduction to Guidance and Counselling

Unit learning outcomes

3 UNIT 3: Theories and techniques

B.ED. (HONS) ELEMENTARY 24

Unit 4: Skills and qualities of a counsellor

Unit learning outcomes

4 UNIT 4: Skills and qualities of a counsellor

12 Skills for the counselling process