1978 Worley Ne PHD
1978 Worley Ne PHD
1978 Worley Ne PHD
1 List of plates.
Part I Introduction.
10. 1 Introduction
25. 2. The Castleton - Bradwell area.
37. 3. The Eyam - Stoney Middleton - Tideswell area.
45. 4. The Bakewell - Lathkilldale - Monyash - Longstone area.
58. 5. The Matlock - Wirksworth - Youlgrave area.
8l 6. Regional correlations and geological history.
85. 7. Structure.
Part IV
- I \
~.41. References.
L
~ist of Plate s
Plate L I
Plate 2. ,
Fig 1 Grey calcarenite facies limestone, Smalldale Opencast Mine,
photomfcr-ogr-aph, plane polarised light X40.
Fig 2. Grey calcarenite facies Lime stone, Smalldale Opencast Mine,
.
:Photomicrograph plane polarised light X40.
Fig 3. Grey calcarenite facies Iime stone, Smalldale Openca st Mine,
photomicr-ogr-aph, plane polarised light X40.
Plate 3. ,
Fig 1 Lower Shell Bed, Stoney Middleton, Monsal Dale Limestones.
Fig 2. Biomtcarenfte, Glebe Mine, Monsal Dale Limestones.
Fig 3. Reef facies lime stone, Eyam Gr-oup, Raper Fluorspar Opencast I
Youlgrave.
Plate 4. ,
Fig 1 Pseudobrecciated biomicrite, Matlock Lower Lime stones,
Masson Qua r'r-y, Matlock.
Fig 2 Fossiliferous micr-ite, ,Matlock Lower Ltme stone, Masson Quar ry,
Matlock.
Fig 3 Pseudobrecciated bfom ic rudite, Matlock Lower Limestone,
Masson Qua r r-y, Matlock.
Plate 5. I
Plate 6. ,
Fig 1 Fossiliferous ,micrite, dark facies Matlock Lower Limestone,
Tearsall Quarry, Matlock, photomicrograph, plane polarised
light X40.
Fig 2. Biomicrite, Cawdor reef facies limestone, Old Ash Mine,
,
Wensley.
Fig 3. Pelsparite, dark facies Matlock Lower Limestone, Tearsall
Quarry, Matlock, photomicrograph plane polarised light X40.
Plate 7. ,
Fig 1, Pipe vein cavity mineralisation, Smalldale Opencast, Bradwell
Fig 2. Fluorite replacement of reef facies Eyam Limestone, Jeffrey
Lane replacement, Bradwell
Plate 8. ,
Fig l Blue John fluorite replacement, Treak Cliff, Castleton.
Fig 2. Laminated fluorite texture, Nether Fear Mine, Bradwell
Fig 3. "Throstle breasted" fluorite, baryte, quartz replacement,
Hancock Shaft, Watergrove Pipe.
Plate 9. ,
Fig 1 Fluorite quartz ore, Jeffrey Lane replacement, Bradwell,
photomicrograph, plane polarised light X40.
Fig 2. Granular fluorite with galena from the flat in Moorfurlong
Mine, Bradwell, photomicrograph, plane polarised light X40.
Fig 3. Fluorite, baryte, quartz replacement, Hancock Shaft, Water-
grove Pipe, photomicrograph, crossed polars, X40.
Plate 10. ,
Fig 1. Mineralised solution cavity in the cheeks of Hucklow Edge Vein,
Ladywash Mine, Broadlow sublevel
Fig 2. Fluorite baryte breccia, Hucklow Edge Vein, Ladywash Mine,
3.
Plate 11 ,
Fig 1 Calcite lined pipe vein cavity, Old Nestus Pipe, Masson,
Matlock
Fig 2. Pipe vein cavity with laminated fluorite ba.ryte replacement,
300 ft. level Oxclose Mine, Snitterton.
Plate 12. ,
Fig 1 Fluorite calcite flat, Old Nestus Pipe Masson Matlock
Fig 2. Fluorite flat, High Loft Mine, Masson Matlock
Plate 13. ,
Fig 1 Pseudobrecciated fluorite, High Loft Pipe, Masson Matlock
Fig 2.
.
Fluorite baryte r ossettes, Old Nestus Pipe, Masson, Matlock
Plate 14. ,
Fig 1 Relic calcite pipe vein cavity with fluorite quartz replacement.
Old Nestu~ Pipe Masson Matlock.
Fig 2. Galena mineralisation in dolomite. Old Nestus Pipe, Masson,
Matlock
Plate 15. ,
Fig 1 Pseudobedded fluorite, Old Ash Mine ,> Wensley.
Fig 2. Laminated fluorite baryte replacement; 300 ft. level flats
Oxclose Mine, Snitterton.
Fig 3. Bedded fluorite baryte with clasts of igneous clay. Oxclose
Mine, Snitterton.
Plate 16. ,
Fig 1 Pyritic calcite, Old Nestus Pipe, Masson Matlock, polished
section.
Fig 2. Pyritic calcite, Old Nestus Pipe, Masson, Matlock, polished
section
Plate 17. ,
Fig 1 Mixed sulphide inclusion in calcite, photomicrograph, X120
Old Nestus Pipe, Masson, Matlock
Fig 2. Mixed sulphide inclusion in calcite, Old Ne stu s Pipe, Masson
Matlock. photomicrograph X120
4.
Plate 18. , .
Fig 1 Mixed sulphide ore, Blende Vein, Magpie Mine, photo-
micrograph X40.
Fig 2. Zebra texture fluorite replacement. Southern end of
Old Nestus Pipe, Masson, Matlock
Fig 3. Calcite speleothem cementing an alluvial deposit of baryte
and fluorite 200 ft. level, Oxclose Mine, Snitterton.
Plate 19. ,
Fig 1 Laminated fluorite - quartz replacement, Devonshire Cavern,
photomicrograph, plane polarised light, X40.
Fig 2. Baryte - fluorite replacement, Oxclose Mine 300 ft. level
Photomicrograph, plane polarised light, X40.
Fig 3. Fluorite - quartz replacement, Old Ne stus Pipe, Masson,
Matlock, Half crossed polars, photomicrograph, X40.
Plate 20. ,
-Fig 1 Fluorite replacement of calcite, Tearsall Quarry, photo-
micrograph, plane polarised light X40.
Fig 2. Granular fluorite replacement ore, Tearsall Quarry, Matlock,
photomicrograph, plane polarised light, X40.
Fig 3. Fluorite replacement with relic calcite, Old Ash Mine,
. photomicrograph, plane polarised, light X40.
Plate 21,
Fig 1 Calcite lined pipe vein cavity, Blende Vein, Magpie Mine.
Fig 2. Solutionally enlarged pipe vein, Watergrove Mine, Forefield
Shaft, Wardlow.
PART I
INTRODUCTION.
5.
-.JL
li
80
East Moor
....70 70
::: :.
".:
...
..... ~ ::: '.
i-ss:
'
.......
'
.
..
,
.....
'
60
50 50
Key
_____ limestone boundary
the shaft sinking notes and driving records have provided valuable
clues on the distribution of lavas, clay wayboards, and different
types of limestones.
A DJACENT AREAS
VALE OF
. . . YORK
• '--0' • • • •
• (f\ " •
/,'".....::::r:IJ~rnm
A-H+J
rHH1-H-++++I·
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I
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. • • .l++++t+-H-+H
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lfl •
.. .
CHESHIRE PLAIN
1--------------",r.,H.
•
The Southern Pennine Orefield lies largely within Lower Car-
boniferous (Dinantian) Limestones (fig. 2), which are surrounded by
younger Upper Carboniferous shales and coarse thickly bedded sand-
o
v) Acknowledgements
.
Important help has been provided by members of the Peak
District Mines Historical Society notably Les Riley, Terry Worthington,
and John Peel Lynn Willies has helped and simplified many aspects of
the mine history in the area also providing valuable documentary data.
1 Introduction
vent was tIE centre for extrusion of the Upper Millers Dale Lava. The
D / D boundary was ~escribed in detail and Cope found that the
l 2
foraminifera: Saccaminopsis sp. occurred in a band of dark limestones
at the base of the D Station Quarry Beds. Limestones of S2 zone age
2
were also recognised at outcrop in the Buxton area.
The reef belt in the Bradwell- Pindale area was studied in Eden
et al (1964) who found that knoll and flat reef limestones in the D
2
passed laterally into coarsely crinoidallimestones on the shelf. A
volcanic horizon intersected in boreholes known as the Pindale Tuff
was equated with the Millers Dale Lower Lava.
Holkerian (8 zone)
2
Asbian (D zone)
1
The most widely used term for the D zone is the Monsal Dale
2
Limestones, which was originally used as .a lithofacies name especially
19.
by Hudson and Cotton (1945 b) and Butcher and Ford (1973), implying
a basinal or dark type of lime stone. However, the term has been
broadened by Stevenson and Eden (1976) to include all the D Lime-
2
stones including the 'shelf' facie So
Smith et al, (1967) used the term Matlock Group for the D 2
limestones and lavas in the Matlock - Wirksworth areas. The D
2
zone limestones are now given a Brigantian age by George et al, (1976).
The use of the term Longstone Beds (Hudson and Cotton 1945b)
has been used in the Buxton sheet revision and represents a mudstone
shale facies of the Eyam Group containing a BrigaI?-tian fauna. Equiv-
alents are known in the Eyam Group to the north and in the Cawdor
Group in Matlock.
FIGURE 3
i , I
$ 10 10 ~o ~
STRATIGRAPHIC MAP
OF THE
CARBONIFEROUS LI MESTONE
OF DERBYSHIRE
.,Uln
5 , ~ 1
...
i i
o I S 4 J fi
Cw
~
M~
ASHOVER
.:..:.:..:...
:_1111 __
~~IXON
... ". ~"Lt.:
~ - -~;...:
~~-- "1'-'
,~-----
~ -~
~.- --'
~--
ONa
ASHBOURNE
TURNDITCH
~Cw
20.
i)
Chadian and Arundian stage s
ii)
Holke dan stage
iii)
Asbian stage
iv)
Brigantian stage
v)
Volcanic and igneous rocks
'\.
22.
Castleton- Bradwell
Eyam, Stoney Middleton, Tide swell
Bakewell, Lathkill, Monyash, Longstone
Matlock, Wirksworth and Youlgrave
In the northern part of the area a lava known as the Cave Dale
Lava (7. 62 metres thick) outcrops in Cave Dale, It passes laterally
into a series of tuffs exposed in Pindale and in Hope Cement Quarry
A MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LITHOFACIES AND MINERALIZATION-BRADWELL
./
I-
LITHOFACIES A.P.CJoI. QUARRY
D BACK REEF FACIES
I - ~
I .>-
1- \ .::::'/\-"/
'"\-:::===_
/'/"-'1'"
/)
(
··
:--
-
\/-/
- \ J- \ /' -
.-
-""-/
I
I
I
\
1-,
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·· UPPER MONSAL
DALE BEDS O
2
..
[J SHELF FACI ES
~ EDALE SHALE
EYAM LIMESTONE
..
\'
l ••
.
LOWER MONSAL
DALE BEDS O
Ell DARK FACIES
--
\ 2
• I •
I •
.. .
'" I NERAL VEl NS
'. ..
.\
. \.
.....
. .....
..
\
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···...
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. ....
\ PIPE VEINS
.....
BEE LOW
f ••••••• H
1
LIMESTONE
.~ .\
, .
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. ...... . .
GROUP 0,
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I
I
I
lDJ
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TUFF, BASALT ETC.
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tl:J
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r «: :.:.:.~ '.. .
I
VERTICAL SCALE
EYAM
GROUP
P
2 300. It
'00 m
UPPER
MONSAL
DALE
,. BEDS O
2
HAZLEBADGE P1P
.:
HORIZONTAL SCALE
..
o
.-
."
!SO? 3erO II
.......
-.,,'"
27.
.
Wolfenden (1958) in a palaeoecological study showed that a
transition from fore-reef limestones dipping northwards to shelf
limestones occurred. Algal limestones and back reef limestones
were also recognised behind the apron reef.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 1
...
PLATE 1
FIG 1
FIG 2
29.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 2.
FIG 1.
FIG 2
FIG 3
31
shows that all the lithofacies may pass laterally into each other.
Stevenson and Gaunt (1971 p. 97) who distinguished four facies, mud-
stones, dark limestones, grey limestones and reef limestones. A
total of 39•.6 metres of limestones are exposed in the Br-adwefl Dale
Section. Recent fluorspar opencast mining adjacent to Jeffrey Lane
"has led to some slight revision of the Stevenson and Gaunt (1971)
,
mapping as reef limestones resting on dark shaley cherty limestones
of a dark facies are exposed (fig. 24).
v) Conclusions
,
In the area behind the reef thick sequences of chert free
pale grey bedded limestones were deposited with marine faunas.
The presence of bands of brachiopods such as Davidsonina septosa
suggests a degree of cyclicity during deposition.
•
36.
....
A break occurred at the end of the Brigantian and an uncon-
formity marks the junction between the limestone and overlying
Namurian Edale Shales.
A MAP S HO W IN G THE DISTR IBUT ION OF LI T H OF A CI E S AND M I NERA L IZATION I N THE EYAM -T IDESWELL AREA
'8 19 20 2" 22 23
o 2 KMS
!!!!~~5iiiii<iiiii:.....~~=miiiiiii__
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~
~v ~' ~<v .!f
c: <v~ t:J &
-3." < ..:Y Q'? c..~ tv ~ <,;~
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Y e~
.. ~ ~ ~: .: v:; ~
to .~ ~ ~ .
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77 H
Cl
STOKE SOUGH c:
............. ::0
tIJ
U1
75
KEY
V E I NS 0, AG E LI MEST ON E E9 O MO NSA L DAL E B ED S
2 DA RK FA CI E S
fi~i{~~~~. UPP E R A N D LOW ER
M I LL E RS D AL E L AVAS
~ E 'l' AM L ST FL AT RE EF
FA CIES
f?" , "c'l
':=
SOUGHS O MONS AL D AL E BE D S S HE L F
2
FA CIE S
0 LI TTON TUF F I:::-.. .:.·.
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q E 'l'AM LST _ 0 SHA LE
~ [ i,J ,
37.
- .
The Eyam - Stoney Middleton - Tideswell area is centred on the
village of Eyam and stretches as far west as Tideswell covering
approximately 44 square kilometres. (fig 5~ Asbian age limestones
are exposed in the western part of the area and include the Chee Tor
Rock. Millers Dale Limestone. and Millers Dale Lower Lava. The
top of the Millers Dale Upper Lava forms the base of the Brigantian
and is often accompanied by the foraminifera Saccaminopsis and
dark limestones. A two fold division of the Brigantian Monsal Dale
Limestones is recognised with the dividing boundary lying at the top
of the Litton Tuff. or at the Girvanella' band as in the Castleton -
Bradwell area. A lava known as the Cressbrookdale Lava. known
largely from underground exposures and boreholes. underlies most
of the eastern half of the area, and lies in the Lower Monsal Dale
Limestones below, the Litton Tuff. The Eyam Group rests uncon -
formably upon the Monsal Dale Limestones and characteristically
has extensive knoll reef development passing upwards into a mudstone
facies exposed in the Wardlow outlier. Namurian shales overstep
both the Eyam and Monsal Dale Limestones. A deep borehole sunk
at Eyam proved that the Dinantian limestones in the area are over
1800 metres thick and rest' on a basement of Llanvirn (Ordovician)
slates.
i) Pre-Asbian Limestones.
Pre - Asbian lime stone s are only known from the Eyam
"~orehole (Dunham 1973 p. 85) which intersected an expanded succession
of Chadian, Arundian, and Holkerian limestones. The Arundian and
Chadian stages contain dark limestones with dolomites and anhydrite,
and may represent an evaporitic sabkha facies developed on the
margins of the shelf at an early stage of transgression. Samples of
reddish brown mudstone intersected beneath the Chadian Limestones
were processed for microfossils by Downie (in Dunham 1973) and
38.
The Lower Millers Dale Lower Lava does not extend far
. .
eastwards from its outcrop as it is not intersected in any of ,the
deep boreholes sunk in the Eyam area (fig. 30). In the EyamBorehole
both lavas are absent and the Asbian Bee Low Limestone consists of
162 metre s of pale to buff coloured lime stone.
. ,
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 3.
oI C en tn n e tr e s
! !
5
I
FI G 1
oI Centimetr e s
I I
5
I
FIG 2
oI C e n t im e tr e s 5
, I I
FI G 3
.40.
"
in the Eyam Borehole and 94' In. in Glebe Mine (fig. 26)
,
Th'e Upper Monsal Dale Limestones lie above the Litton Tuff
which varies from 30m. at Litton thinning eastwards to less than 1 m,
in the Eyam area. It has been recognised in the Burntheath Pipe
but was not recorded further east in either the Ladywash or Glebe
Mine Boreholes. In areas where the Litton Tuff is absent the dark
limestones of the Upper Girvanella Band which rest on the Litton
Tuff have been used by Stevenson and Gaunt (1971) to mark the base -e-
WARDLOW MIRES WATERGROVE MINE BURNTHEATH SHAFT STOIllEY MIDDLETON DALE GLEBE MINE DUSTYPITS MINE HUCKlOW EDGE
BOREHOLE NO 1 lADYWASH MINE
SHALE Flals
MfTRES
,1. . . 1 _ _
EVAM liMESTONE Fluorll.. IlolS °T
U
P
P
E Fluoril. . , .
R !Ials
M R..dlf'Orns pi Pf'
o USBI~ .. ~ .. :L l~~~·~ Ashlons
l
N
S
l
A
Wat ....qrov.
BB
lSB
IIllck .. rgrov..
M..rlln &
t1•••
.Carlswork PIP"~:''''~''''f-------------
PhIllIps &
Paul P,p"
.I I~:--~·'
Broadlow Cav.rn
~ i. ... ,I t..:..".. pIp"
Fluorol .. !loIs 50
E
B
E
D Fluoril. r.plac.....nl
S
+• • ++
+ •• + +
+ + +
// + +
+ + •
+ +
Upp.r G"van..lla + + +
....-/ + +
+ + +
Band + + • + • ++
~....-/ + + +
·.
+ +
+ + •
:.:-:
+ +
+ +
+ ••
+ + +
; .. + + +
+ •
+ + •
+ •
+ + +
+ +
·. · ..
+ + •
• +
• ++++
+ + +
..
+ • + +
··..
• + •
• + • + + +
+ +
+ •
·.
+ + •
+ + •
· ..
+ • + .. • 4'
• + +
+• +++
+ • +
...,
+ • + + +
+ + • + •
H
+ + + +
+ •
••
+
+ + +
•
g
• +
+ ·· ..
•
+
+
•
Fluorol.. m'rI ....lizal'on
~
CRESSBROOKDAlE lAVA
+ ••
+
·. + •
+
·. ••
Intors.deod In borf'hol.s
betcw 1M lava
•
•
..
····..
•
+
+
0'1
+ + •
...
····..
··.
··.. ....
..
·..
.
USB =UPPER SHEll BED BB. BLACK BED lSB = lOWER SHEll BED NOEL WORLEY 1976
4L ,
largely stopped by the Lower Shell Bed.. times .and the bed represents
more stable deposition over the area. This hypothesis is supported
by the lithofacies data which implies that the upper parts of the Monsal
Dale Limestones represent condensed sequences characte rtsed by very
shallow water lagoonal type limestones as stated by Orme (1971 b).
Detailed petrographical work on the Lower Shell Bed has substantiated
Orme's interpretations establishing that extensive burrowing has
taken place. A similar situation exists over much of the remainder
of the area where the lower part of the Upper Monsal Dale Limestones
expand to the east reaching 72 m, in Glebe Mine and 79 IDe in
Middleton Da1e- but thinning rapidly northwards onto the Hucklow
Edge anticline to only 40 m,
.
Samples of limestone collected in Glebe ~ine have been ex-
amined in detail and show extensive development of interconnecting
stylolite seams forming "chicken wire" texture (p'late 3 fig. 2)., The
larger seams are made conspicuous by a coating of hydrocarbons.
Brachiopod shells form the principal allochemical constituents with
lesser amounts of crinoid debris, foraminfera, in a matrix of
heterogeneous micr-Ite, These vary from 5. 8 mm, to 1 8 mm, in
size and are poorly sorted constituting about 10% of the rock. Some
of the allochems show replacement by mosaic s of paraxial spar with
•
microcrystalline quartz mosaics and spherulitic cha'lcedony., A
characteristic feature of the Upper Monsal Dale Limestones is the
abundance of pale grey chert' which is pale blue in places. It has well
developed stylolitic contacts with the limestone indicating that it is an
early product of diagenesis. Some. of the chambered fossils show
internal sediments of structureless micrite with later radiaxial and
paraxial c1e,ar calcite spar cementa
vi) Conclusions
I
Longstone Area
2
The area covers 150 km and is centred on the town of Bake-
well (fig. 7). Perhaps the best exposures of the Derbyshire Limestone
,
succession outcrop along the incised valley of the river Wye which
,
has uncovered strata from Holkerian to Namurian age. Holkerian
'strata are referred to as the Woo Dale Limestones, and are dark
grey thinly bedded limestones with occasional dolomitic bands. The
Asbian limestones are represented by the Chee Tor Rock, Millers
Dale, Beds,and Bee Low Limestones of standard shelf facies. Both
the Millers Dale Lower and Upper Lavas are present in the area but
die out to the south the latter being the most pe rsistant. Brigantian
Monsal Dale Limestones cover most of the area and consist of two
lithofacies, shelf and basin. The basin facies lime stones outcrop in
an area centred on Ashford-in-the- Water and pass laterally into shelf
facies. A number of volcanic horizons lavas and tuffs are well dev-
eloped in the Monsal Dale Limestones and include the Cressbrookdale
•
Lava, Shacklow Wood Lava, Litton Tuff, Lees Bottom Lava, Lathkill
Lodge Lava, and Conksbury Bridge Lava. The correlations between
these volcanic horizons are controversial but the Cressbrookdale
Shacklow Wood and Conksbury Bridge Lavas all appear to be on the
same stratigraphical horizon. The Eyam Limestones rest uncon-
formably upon the Monsal Dale Limestones and reach their maximum
.
thickness in this area. Namurian shales were deposited unconformably
upon th~ limestones in some cases overstepping the Eyam Limestone
onto the Monsal Dale Limestones.
described by Jackson (1922). Cope (1933) first described the Woo Dale
Limestones which he, referred to as the Daviesiella Beds, they are'
FIGURE 7
0 ,
~
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W ~
a:::
<{
lliill
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n~
W
z I;
0 I .'
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e
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MILLERS DALE SIIZ7SW lONGSTONE FI ELOGROVE MINE MOGSHAW MINE MAGPIE MillE 51116NE SHELDON GREENSWARD HUBBAOALE MINES SII16NW MONUSH SIIZ6NW BAIIEWELL
EOGE MINE
P
z
Longl-
ton.
Mudst
P
2
Eyom
lSI
Ashford ct>.rt
lOlhk,1I
Ih.1I Iwd Lom,nol.d III
°z
Upp.'
Monso' Pl'Ok PIW
Dol. R.d ROh f10ls R.....ood Morbi.
Lst SoIl.1 Hal.
Cockl.mocld.
Wag«. flat
" " <,
-,
cit- -- -;
,
"
Itton Tuff
w
.:.:+:+" a_orlng
cow
C,..sbrookdol. m.asur.s
O ~4!- _
2 +•••••••
Low., Shocklow Wood F,.ldg'oY.
Monsol
Dol.
Lst
LQt;'Q' V•• n
cw
81.nd. V.,n
Chat.worth Cay
~ I::::::::j -----n:::u "'l
H
@
::0
L•• s Bottom Lava tJj
0
1
~
~ Bosall loyos L:..:.:.:.:J 5...11 lac... DO'k lac...
~
~ A•• f foc, •• lsi 8 plac.nta band
Ct>. .
To, TI. lin•• IpKylatlY. cw. Cloy woyboo,d
Rock Ray_nsdal. Tuff
100 "'.1'"
" " ' ' - ' If. .
Sz
Woo
001.
~Sl
•
The Lower Millers Dale Lava lies 31 metres below the top
of the Asbian Limestones and reaches a thickness of 27 metres.
This lava horizon forms a subdivision of the Asbian with those
limestones lying below the lava being referred to as the Chee Tor
Rock and those above the Millers Dale Limestones.
and the darker cherty shaley limestones of the dark or basin facies.,
, The distribution of the~e facies is shown in fig. 8.
.
The dark facie s of the Monsal Dale Lime stone s attains a max-
imum thickness of 200 metres (including lavas) Iru the Monsal Dale
section (Butcher and Ford 1973) and (Stevenson and Eden 1976) (fig's.
7 & 8~ They consist of very dark grey to black thinly bedded, bit-
umenous, sparsely fossiliferous, cherty" micritic limestones" with
shale partings.. The sedimentological detafl s of this facies have been
described in Butcher and Ford (1973). Away from the Monsal Dale
section this facies becomes thinner and interdigitates with the shelf
facies limestones (fig. 8).
..
towards Calvar and Castcliff, although it is present underground in
-Sallet H;ole Mine (fig. 7) level (SK 219742) and Coombes Dale. To the
West on ,the Brushfield plateau these limestones rapidly die out and
are progressively replaced by the shelf facies. A similar relation-
ship is seen in the Taddington - Monyash area where in the Hubbadale
Mine only 25 metres of dark facies is present, which thins out
completely towards Monyash.
In the Magpie Mine (fig. 7) and Sough dark limestones rest ,on
.
··48.
top of the Shacklow Wood Lava (fig. 8) with a basal thin algal pyritic
I band O. 3 In. thick. Dar-k limestones are also seen in the Magpie sough
beneath the lava (Butcher 1975) often with cherty lenses and occasional
entire large Productid shells. The se dark limestones are exposed
in the Fieldgrove Mine where they interfinger with thickly bedded
,
pale biomicrite s probably of shelf facie s. A combined t~iclmess
.
Plotting the thickness changes within the dark facies of the
Monsal Dale Limestones reveals that they can be related to the
structural evolution of the area which ~as been partially deduced by
Cope (1937). Butcher and Ford (1973). and Butcher (1976). The
thickest sequence of dark limestones lie in the Priestcliff syncline
which trends. roughly west-northwest to east-southeast parallel
49..
.
In the Fieldgrove Mine, shelf facie s limestone s were inter-
sected in the lower levels but these are no longer exposed as the mine
is partly flooded, .The se were referred to by the 19th century mine
agent Wyatt as the igreystone' or, 'bearing measures' (Rol:ey1966).
Mogshaw Mdne also worked in the 'greystone' below the 'blackstone'
(Monsal Dale Lime stone s dark facies) which is again probably
equtvatent to the Monsal Dale shelf facies.
of 18 metres in the Millers Dale area and the base of the flow is
taken as the base of the Brigantian stage. To the north the lava
outcrops sporadically and is only represented by a thick clay
wayboa rd in Cressbrookdale (Shirley and Horsfield 1945).
.
igraphically higher and lies at a variable interval above the latter.
It is the least extenstve of the lavas in the area however, it is
. .
represented by one of the three flows seen in the Dirtlow Mine.
Elsewhere, this lava horizon may be equated with clay wayboards
seen at 167 metres (550 feet) in Magpie Mine and the thin clay way-
board 9 metres above the lava at Hubbadale Mine.
above the Upper Millers Dale Lava. (fig. 8) (this may also be
equivalent to the Litton tuff). A separate flow in the southe rn part
of the area mapped by Shirley (1959) called the Conksbury Bridge
Lava is roughly equivalent to its counterparts in the north the
Shacklow Wood and Cressbrookda1e Lavas, It attains a maximum
thickness of 31 metres in Lathkilldale but can be traced northwards
where it outcrops northwest of Bakewell and is associated with a vent.
This lava also formed the sole to the fluorspar workings on Long
Rake, Conksbury Quarry, and Raper Quarry (fig. 8).
Brown did not recognise that these clay tuff bands (Walkden
1972) regarding them as weathered soils. Further mapping e stabl Lshad
that these clays rarely lie at the base of the reefs sensu _~!:!c:t..£.
but are intercalated with the crinoid marble facies. However, else-
where reefs are absent a clay wayboard marks the base of the 'uppo r
giganteus facie s dark limestones.
A DIAGRAM OF THE TYPICAL 1I THOFAC/ES DEVELOPED IN THE EYAM(CAWDOR LST.
· ..
.. ...
·... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . - - "]
~p f
. . . . . . • • . . . . • . • .• 0
.... ·.
_
~
r-
•....•.•••.•••••. •
t -4 - -; c r'"
• • • • • • •
....
• • • •
I
• •
i .I
5
I
T I
'%J
H
G)
c::
~
\0
5'S.
viii) Conclusions
5. The Matloc~Wirksworth-YoulB'raveAr~~
i) Holkerian Limestones
Plotting the top of the Griffe Grange Beds shows that in the
Low Mine area it lies 148 metres below the base of the Matlock Lower
Lava (fig., 12) whilst in the Via Gellia 2. 3 kilometres south it is. only
60.
76 metres below the same lava. At the Middleton Mine the junction
lies 100 metres below ~he base of the lav-a (fig. 10). Mapping under-
ground on Middleton Moor failed to clearly define the top of the Griffe
Grange Beds.
I T QUr
,
.. 8RIGANTIAN MATLOCK
GROUP
I I
I
... _J...~
I
__ ~__ E l_:J---
• I I I . III
a
------- ~
,
- I
H
-----
-----1---------------------
s
/I I I ------------------- 61
~
o
50
-- ------= - - - - -
------------ = ----------------------------
i ------------- --- ----
---------~----------
_ - - _-1= .
.......
HOLKERIAN GRIFFE
GRANGE BED
B CLAY WAY80ARDS
SOURCE F. HARDY
I :;/,'; I DARK LIMESTONE N.E.WORLEY
AREA, WIRKSWORTH.
F IGURE 11
.
~ ~ ---.J I II
o ---,
:H
.. ,
'~] [] 0
,..
I
I
t ,I
I
I
. .e ;'
' " .. ,"
"r
.: . I, ,
• I
{9
.0
o...J
oW .....
{9
~ .
. .
.
.
.
.
,.
··
. ·
.'
~
.... -:.
~
u :i,
.' ' . .>.: : . ".-:,' :; ~
. . . .. ..
... .
. .. .. ... .. .
, "
.:~
. _ ::IIiII. .~_L1
61
•
Quarry, Wirksworth.
.
Further to the northwest exposures of the Hoptonwood Group
are known as the Bee Low Limestone. No facies changes are ob-
served and the limestones are lithologically broadly similar. Much
of the rock however has suffered extensive dolomitisation and combined
with very sparse exposure denies any detailed correlations with the
southern outcrops.
WATTS SHAFT OXCL05[ "'NE SIIANTS OUARRYIIH ""TLOCk IIASSON LOW"'NE USUO USUOOOH' EXSUD DOH IJ WI""SWOltTH
AL'ONT W'NSUN ELTON W'LLS FOUNOU PlLHOUGH RISE NO 2 WINlE ANEt. NOI W'NlE AREA MOLETRAP
OOH 10-11 SPEEOWELL RI( "' OOlE TON MOOR
SHA,T
----- CAWOO"
[T.. M
LIMESTONE ·.... ·····I~ ~GAOUP
'~~ilit1~1b:iOC"
W:>"SAL
C......E BRADFORD
.' . -:.' jlYATESTOC
" ".' - IpL.A"l'<~TT
-:." :-.: !POR;W'Ay
I -: :. . il&
E..TON
MA.TLOCk
LOWER
t-4~'
• ,"
(w). .
. -_~
UPPU
'
·
::::::::::::~
-'cw~·.
t;t 10
." . . "HOPPING
_ . • =,-.....,
1=......
I
L!N[STON~
l5T. cw2: SPEEDWELL
DALE L.VA-t.·~ <wI
....••.•..-,
M,t,nOCK
LOWER
lA.VA
Ili)[!I;
BEE lOW
lIwESTO"ll[
KEY
o
~ SHALES
~.
D BH lOW LST ANa HOPTONWOOO GP ""'00
B CLAY WAY80ARDS
ISO
~
L...:::..:J rUFFS
:1
~ 8ASALT LAVAS i,
SPECULATIVE CORRELAT'ONS lM200llETRU
63.
Lava and the dark limestones die out south of the Bonsall F'ault.,
The boundary taken by: Smith et al, (196'7) in the southern part of
the area at the base of the Matlock Lower Lava has been retained.
The lava was first named by Shirley (1959) who depicted its
outcrop below the Matlock Lower Lava equating it with the Gratton
" . "
64.
, .
DaleLava, The Gratton Dale Lava has been subsequently mapped
as the Matlock Lower Lava on recent Institute of Geological Sciences
maps [Ch . i'sholm 1976) in accord with Bemr-ose
, . ts (1908) original
inte rpretation.
'Lava; but mapping by Eden and Rhys (1961) established that the
Lower Lava in the Vif-. Gellia passed laterally iIt 0 the tuff•
•
.
IIi the Mi11c1ose Mine the lava is -represented by the Upper
129 fathom Toadstone which is 8. 2 metre s thick and is likely to be
a separate flow lying on the same horizon. Further north a lower
lava flow has been intersected underground in mine workings in the
A1port area' in the sinking of Wheels Rake Shaft. This lava flow lies
14 metres below the Bradford Dale Lava and was reported to be over
. '
102 metres thick (Carruthers and Strahan 1923 p. 67). It has been
equated with the Matlock Lower Lava by Chisholm (1976) anditis...pr-ebable
that since the Matlock Lower Lava dies out north of Gratton Dale the
lava at A1port is a separate flow.
the lava is at least 30 metres thick in the Winster area. The lava
also outcrops in the lower levels of Partway Mine Winster (Dunham
1952 a) but the thickness is unknown.
Tracing the Matlock Lower Lava south from Low Mine the
top has been intersected in boreholes (fig. 12) at Speedwell Mine
and Moletrap Rake. The lava is also exposed in the Via Gellia
and from its outcrop pattern is clearly substantially thinner than
at Low Mine in the north. This relationship is maintained further
south on Middleton Moor where the Lava is only 10 metres fhick '
in Messrs Tarmac's BHMMI (fig. 10) and 3 metres thick in Bradhouse
Mine (fig. 10) where it has become a tuff. Gibson and Wedd (1913 p. 30)~
howeve r', give the thickness of the lava in Bradhouse Mine as 23. 7
metres which is incorrectarrd also inconsistant with southward thinning
of the lava. South of Partridge Mine the lava dies out complete ly, but
makes a brief app~arance south of Gallows Knoll (SK264 546) before
dying out again north of Hopton (SK257533).
stylolitic.
PLATE 4
FIG 1
FIG 2
oI Ce nt im et r e s
'"
FI G 3
70.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 5.
FIG 1
FIG 2
FIG 3
72.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 6.
Figure 2.
.
Biomicrite, Old Ash Mine, Cawdor Group Reef
facies. Fragments of crinoid ossicles from the
major allochemical constituents and bryozoans
are also present. The micrite matrix has been
partly replaced by calcite spar which has dev-
eloped adjacent to the crinoid ossicle s,
X40 Plane polarised light.
FIG 1
FI G 2
FIG
73.
Alport Lava (fig. 12) lies on the same horizon as the Matlock Upper
Lava.
I
trap Rake Borehole•. South of the Bonsall Fault the lava dies out and
is likely to be represented by one of the thicker clay wayboards seen
~nderground on Middleton Moor (fig. l~).
xii The Matlock Upper Limestone, the Galena Beds and the 84
fathom Lime stone
stone.
South of the Bonsall Fault the Matlock Group has been des-
cribed by Smith et al, (1967) in detail . It forms the plateau surface
of Middleton Moor. Generally the limestones become less cherty
but darker southwards becoming progressively thinner as they have
been eroded being overlain unconformably by the Cawdor Group.
xv) Dolomitisation
;
Epigenetic dolomitisation has affected all the limestones
in the Matlock- Wirkswortl;1.- Youlgrave area. They were first des-
cribed by Sorby (1879) who recognised original organic remains in
the limestone. The distribution was described by Parsons (1922) who
also produced a sketch map. The dolomitisation is concentrated
along a broad belt that closely follows the Bonsall Fault and Matlock
,
anticline (fig. 11). Other areas of dolomitisation also seem to be
associated with anticlinal structures, notably in the area west of
Wirksworth. This association seems to support Dunham.] 1952 b)
who suggested that the dolomitisation resulted fr-om downward move-
ment of magne sium- rich brines through a Namurian cover. . Such a
shale cover is likely to have been thinnest over anticlinal areas
allowing an easier downward movement of solutions.
xvi) Conclusions
.
sequenceswith dark limestones are generally encountered away from
the principal anticline s as Millclose Mine and in Smarts Quarry Bore-
hole. Small local tectonic features superimposed on the Matlock
anticline also appear to have affected the pattern of sedimentation
"and thinner sections are recorded in boreholes and mine sections
situated on the anticlines. The numerous clay wayboards indicate
that sedimentation was not continuous and coal seams described by
Worley and Dorning (1977) demonstrate that terrestrial conditions
were established on volcanic islands.
TUFF
TUFF
,"
~
~r-
-,~'/;\. t ,
.... '/
IBR'GANt~ .", .'.~
~ I
.,.", "" ... i::-;in::1<I--- I.'"
__ r.. + +
...
-+ +
MATLOCK
GP
~
LIMESTONES BRADFORD:.·.· -:
~c=-=
< DALE LAVA .
~.
r .: ............... "' '"...
144 PI LHOUGH
r
»»:
• • • • ~ MATLOCK
TURBIDITES
b )f:~,.......
................... 1' '" +
129 TDST lOWER
144 PUMP STA ••••••••• LAVA
WINSTER
~~~~jTDST :=:=:=:=:
"
0-
~,;/
\ / , \.
"~\ ...~
,- ,
MOOR FARM
LAVA
I I BEE LOW lST
"" ...............
«~:+:+
.
.: -, ::=::::::
-
~
TUFF "
•a \ \. ,.....
_
.
~
~--~.
~~
HOPTONwg~D II I I ~
b..::=::.r..::: "I.1
H
~
r----,
BEE LOW
LST
so ! Gl
c::
:::;:r;::::= ~
-----r-----
...,...0-...--.
I .
~
t L _;--'1 .....
W
roo METRES
MATLOCK GP &
rr-I MONSAL DALE LST ~ BASIN FACIES lST
c:o SHELF FACIES
~ BASIN FACIES o
t=:-
REEF FACIES LST
BASEMENT AT 1803 M
82.
pool gulf (~ig. 13).: however in the northern ba sin, the Edale gulf, less
rapid subsidence is reflected in athinne r succession.
.
often marked the onset of this stage. The Millers Dale Upper Lava,
Lower 129 fathom Toadstone and Winster Moor Farm Lava were the
first flows to be deposited all lying approximately on the same horizon.
Large later flows include the Matlock Lower Lava, in the south and
even higher stratigraphically the Shacklow Wood and Cressbrookdale
Lavas. Doming or up-folding is often associated with the main vol-
canic centres notably at Masson Hil1 6 .on the Matlock ant icl.ine, and'
at Calton Hill on the Taddington anticline. North south folding is
associated with a vent near Bakewell which formed the centre for
a flow equivalent to the Conksbury Bridge Lava exposed in Lath-
kffldale, (figs 7 & 8).
7. Structure
10
20 Ant.
Hope Valley
Anticline
10
eo
SYNCLINE
"'..., 0£01\<
)J,I/f;c/'
Ine
,Chesterfield )J,nt.
'e ---.....
CHATSWORTH
70
SYNCLINE
So 50
Key Anticline
tL
II
"
~~==:i_,,"=::i_-==-_=~Kilometres
MAIN fOLDS
of the
--~... Syncline SOUTO PEUUIfJE OnEflUD
'i._":::=:::iI__c==-_.5 Mil e s
V '-' Reef Belt
V Limestone
~ Boundary
10 20 30 N J 0 BUTCHER Sept 75
86.
1 .Introduction
It was not until the late 19th century that a detailed description
of a mineral deposit was published by Parsons (1897) on the Mi11close
Mine. He described the first paragenetic sequence and recognised that
the deposit occurred in the form of transgressive veins with caverns
(= pipes) containing broken rock and ore. He considered that these
92.
N 10
7$
o
I
2
!
3
I
'10
61
ASHOVER
eRICH
/('1\1,1
. I
.1
" ';? l
" lJ...I ''-
I"
I I~
20
96•
..
Long Rake, near Youlgrave, by Ine son ami Al Kufaishi (1970), who
found that repented phase s of fault i-ig and brecciation, alternated
with successive generations of fluorite, baryte, and galena..
j) Transgressive deposits
a. Pipes
The base of the pipe vein is generally called the sole, the
upper margins the roe! and the sides of the pipes are known as skirts.
Most pipe veins occur as linear structures and may attain lengths of
three kms. for example at Millclose Mine, but it is more common to
find them less than one km, in length. Widths are highly variable but
do not exceed O. 5 km s, and are normally much less than this.
25 30 35
80
N
~L
II 75
•I ,
Mlle~
I I
i i i
0 1 2 3
Kilometres
70
15 65
./
Bulltotr••
30
S imp le ca v it y f i l l or
F issur e ve in or ra ke p ipe v ei n
Co m p le x p ip e w it h ba s al c ha n ne l fill s
a nd pseudo- b e d d e d ca v i ty floor replacem e n t
'"':1
H
G)
'~IIlD:
. r:rt9.4:0
. . JIIll11Tf.ccrIDrrJ:t~~ c:
~
l-'
Bedd i ng p i a ne c o n t r oll ed cavi ty o r f l at -..J
,1!lf~i
A ll uv ia l or p lacer depos it
i n so l ut i ona l l y e n l arged
p ipe v e in w ith sp e l eoth em
r
cover i ng
N EW 1976
100.
Treak Cliff Mine (fig. 19) has worked a pipe vein trending
northeast- southwest and has been described by Ford (1955 and 1969).
The deposit lies partly in the apron reef limestones of Asbian age with
mineralisation occurring in the limestone boulder bed beneath the
Namurian Edale Shale. Mineralization also occurs in karstic solution
caves beneath the boulder bed, presumably of mid-Carboniferous age.
I'Jj
H
g
£g
t-'
CD
~ ~
•
~
, T Mile ,
12 14 15
-,
.: () '.
101
purple and colourless bands. The fluorite has a radiate habit. and
lines a series of cavities attaining sizes of up to L 3 metres in dia-
meter. The deposit in the mine extends approximately 122 metres
in length and reaches nearly 40 metres in width but outcrops extend
well beyond this. Secondary minerals include limonite, pyrolusite,
malachite; cerussite and pyrite. Pyrite sometimes occurs as in-
clusions within the fluorite crystals (Ford 1954).
,
,,
~
1,,', , ~
~
~
~f1uorspar0.;)/ _kll\CJ
In 1940,
,':"T-REAI<
.....~ ...
~.....~~,
",:~. CLIFF "'~,
,y , '{,
" \'
------- .. ... ~
---\-~
'.
~ I
I
,, .,. . . a , ;'1,'::0 \\
'!:.::.:,~ .':.. .;.~
•• to ":i: \:'"
.: ~
\~:\
......' ,:
":l
H
G)
C
~
..
~.
~. "
\'I"
.... ~~ -~ ~\' \\
,'0-:-
.....•.:....:,.
I' ,
TREAI<
--~ -.:- ,:~;.
.'t ~
.....01·" -.- I;. ~- _ I-'
."'" t(l
TREAI<
....
'
__
~ ~ 1~, .. _
-J
_. "7 CLIFF " ~"-=
1·:.- · -.: :-.-
': ..-
.... C'
.p /' : ' , Windy knol CAVERN ~t~~o/~~
~,
.-. :;""tndt :
£0 •
-\,..
,.~
8-'- •
Q.. tJ
t<nnll '\I ~ca ...
, :)... ~
tilIt
.,
\ ,. ..l'C~"
'- "J'
::CK··
".
....- •• Cliff Blue
I . • '. (::
1\
_.:::~~-,
~ 'winnoJ. =t. t .· I Veins
,.
,I
\\
'• \, :-
.-l l ,
---- -
! ,
...::
,«lnl1 KlICII~~ ~:.:....... ~,
VeIn
...
:.,' '-
c.
'~,'~~...""...
'V
•• ~ OLD TOR
:;: :.:.-.:.:~:
..........-...
:~ f/~ ~.:~~~~:=""\'!.
.~ '. -- '~~SulCldeHoI,"
: : ;,.
..... . ....' - ~
»«
....- ,~,
'.",ME
~ -::::-,-----
L~U"!)
.... -_....
• " om...
, .,.... __ _
~
..-
..... "". . -,- ' ,....
" " )- - ....'-
<_
, .·~n.
...........,"'".. ••••
51llf
"<,.
"'"
: ••:.'\.! /
_...
'/
T.
...., _ "--
~
•
J
G "-- .....'.. '. ,~,'~~-.:~--
L>
__':._
""
\
,.;/
,"
,;:.'
,;,
J) /
L
I I.
102.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 7.
PLATE 7
FIG 1
FI G 2
l03~
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 8
F'I~ 1
oI Centimetres 5
I I I
FIG 2
o Centimetres 5
I I I
F'IG 3
r' -'-"Z'TQ
1'04.
The Old Tor Pipe is still accessible its entrance lying in the
side of the Winnats Pass, and is developed in Asbian reef facies lime-
stones. Cavities are lined with alternating bands of fluorite and baryte
,
known as 'hatterel' (Ford 1954 p, 41) associated with scaJenohedral
calcite. The cavities often develop along prominent bedding planes
within the lime stone s,
iii) Sln;,al1dal~~pe
NORTH
....,
I-l
G)
C
~
l\J
o
SCALE
o
"14J~ "10.
105.
----------
O UPPER
2
"'ONSAL
DALE
BEDS V...tlca.I scal.
e
10
15m.I,..
D ColcGre·nit. faci.s
Horlzo"tat scate
o 16
..., "t_J_ . . . . _~
r'
SMALLDALE OPENCAST MINE, LOWER QUARRY SHaWl NG THE VAR1AT ION OF L1THOFAC I ES AND
MINERALIZATION o
t:<T-TT--r-=r.:----
/f-
o;
area currentiT/, ""'T--r!' T-- Vertical
{r being backfill E'er <,»:
,~ f~ Scale
-c
'"
....__..J.. ..l.. ~ II'- '\./
True Nerth
------:-..l..-4..4.
- J. \r
\ "
I r ~
'(
y I'!j
H
10 metres G'l
C
fg
""
:-v
o
.- -.
Hen zental Seal e
'.~:~: .:: :~ ..
l1£OnlQ./ ('f16·
106.
are included within the replacements indicating that the main phase of
fluorite replacement is a late stage feature, post dattng cavity for..rn-
~ "
I
1.
--------_ ......
A CROSS SECTION SHOWI NG THE DISTRI BUTt 0 N OF LITHOFACIES AND MI NERAll ZATION I N THE SMAllOAlE AND MOORFURlONG PI PES
I I
NETHER
I
t
(
-- .. MOOltnMlONIMI •• .I o
-!ll.
>~ -'---:-::::<T:::~«)))
ClU.CAItOIln MelES
QUA_ "!j
(
M" QUARIlY
H
~
'0 FTI
l:...iJ ca"eoiDAL CAL,CtttUDITI "ACIES
tIj
- - - ~
30
~" ..
TM"LT IEDDIO DARK LllIIESTOtll 'ACIES
'I:-, I
- - :--0---_-
:- :- -- -' : :- -I
- i>
- f$ii'tl>:
- -: --: : --:: :-. - - : - - - -I
- :-,_-_____ - : -,
: : : : - : : : : : : :: :-
1!1'MI",,, :::
:- ::-: __ , ' ___ _ __ :_: :_: ':: : : - : - : :- : - - - -- - - - -- - ,- - - / " I
I\J
W
~
1O
ARE'AS OF' FlUORIT!: R£PlAClMltIT
'<"
10I - - - •------ - - '- / I 1"'" .' .. __ :;;:!; l:l AJtIAS OF'CAVITY lINING'MINr'UUZATtON
.~
~
JI
I
100 MORtZDNTAl SCALE Jl
-
" l WnU-/ ,,~ .
108.
•
Later karst pnoce sses have led to the formation of a series
of bedding plane caves which have cut across the earlier mineralised
veins", These have been infilled by sediments which contain a sig-
nificant proportion of mineral material derived from erosion of the
pipe vein as well as clays, silts and sands etc., washed in from the
surface.
'.
The host rocks consist of dar-k, che rty, thinly-bedded lime-
stones which are overlain by massively bedded, pale grey.. shelly
, limestones of fiat reef facies dipping east at about 10 degrees. Both
types of limestone belong to the Eyam Group.
110.
P2
EYAM
Th,nly b.dd.d dark GROUP
o ltm.ston. facl.s
w,th thin fluor,l.
flots •
"':l
H
G'l
C
10 f1uor,l. r.plac.m.nt
~
. ch.rty limnton. N
TIps maInly and fluorspar
ovprburdf'n .l::>
V.rtical
scal.
30
I
........... --- \ .......
"'
Probabl. downdip
contInuatIon of tM
-?i - <,
",
ItolLJ m.tr.s ".bOdY
'"
""<, ""
Horozontol scal.
o 'n 20 30
b
112.
vii) Conclusions
•
From the survey it appears that all the replacement
orebodies of the Castleton-Bradwell area are developed within
the Asbian and Brigantian stage limestones. No regional scale
stratigraphical controls are pre sent and stratal controls are only
evident in small areas. This is particularly well illustrated in
Bradwell Dale where the Eyam limestones reef facies contains a
series of fluorite replacement pipes at Jeffrey Lane and Hazlebadge.
It has been argued (Stevenson and Gaunt 1971) that the Namurian
S hales covered much of the limestone unconformably in the Castleton -
116.
i) Introduction
,
The area forms the centre of the largest fluorspar mining
operations in the United Kingdom and currently produces in the region
of 150. 000 tons of acid grade fluorspar per annum. Deposits worked
at Ladywash Mine. and opencast operations in the area contribute
most of the mined ore. The Huckl.ow Edge Vein system which trends
east-west is mined from Ladywash l\,Tine and forms one of the most
powerful veins of the Southern Pennines. extending for at least 9 km s,
A number of other important veins are associated with it and include
Cross Low Vein. Pastures Vein, and Old Edge Vein. Further south
other major east-west veins are Middlefield Rake, Dirty Rake and
the southwest-northeast White Rake. These deposits all consist of
large fissure systems along faults which have been mineralized.
Typically they show columnar- infilling textures consisting of fluorite,
baryte, sphale rite, galena, and calcite. Repeated transcurrent
movements have produced typical horizontal slickensidiilg and ex-
tensive brecciation. A series of pipe veins is intersected by the rakes
and veins usually on a northwest- southeast trend. These include
Black Hole Pipe, Ashtons Pipe. Bull Hole Pipe, Carlswark Pipe,
Merlin Pipe, Nickergrove Pipe, Watergrove Pipe, Burntheath Pipe,
Paul Pipe, Phillips Pipe, and the pipes associated with Ladywash
Mine. Most of the pipe veins have been studied in varying degrees
of detail in order to establish their stratigraphical position. wal.l rocks,
mineralogy. and mineral textures.
ii) Glebe Mine - Ashtons Pipe - Bull Hole Pipe - Ladywash Mine
Ashton's Pipe was worked from Glebe Mine and Old Ladywash
Mine during the 18th Co, The pipe is a stratiform orebody consisting
of a series of cavities sometimes several metres in diameter. In
A GEOLOGICAL SECTION ALONG HUCKLOW EDGE VEl N
I
- I
.
W]'S E3"NIWS'N ES'S
w ...z NO
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I
METRES METAES
",,, 400
I'Jj
H
]00 s
~
-
200 ~
11I
100 '00
~D DO
------- ------
~ 0,M'LLERS DALE ~ 2
~ .. OSTLY NA.. UA'AN
SOURCES RI [UwERTS 1964 KIAK...... lin-II STEVENSON AND AHYS,1971
BEDS ~ DARK FACIES
KEY{ DRAWN HE WORLEY '976
MINE LEVELS
ll8•.
~
f[ET METRES
o -0
EYAM I I GROUP
.1
25
50
~" ,
20
III
BASE OF
---..U
I 1 EVAM GROUP
<::tV
~r( -
Clcy _ybocrd
» i i !!, i i i
Fluent. Ftat
, L1 Unconformtty
1J75 "rJ
H
s
~
~
1.I100 ' ' .130
MONSAL DALE BEDS . '"""
8 <-
L8"l
l:::-r-
S~L- 1M UPIlH SMlI IlI'Cl
--.7
I I J:L/ ~- I . ~
240 lEVEl.
~ ~ - '--------
- ---
.~
_ , .r---"""'--l
~ -{ 1 ] 1M UR- Shell BI'd
~
240 lEVEL
~.~~
::::;::r::
1-
.i;p;;(f::~/~:~'~'{i:;;:~::.~:;.':J,.".: . . ., J72
u
zeo lEVEl.
-
soc lEVEL co
1
, 119.
FIG 1
FIG 2
121 .
recently in a small anticline west of the old Broadlow Mine in the main
haulage level (fig. 25).
The Middleton Dale Lower Shell Bed has been found in the
eastern part of the mine by the Hucklow Edge Borehole. A large
. .
pipe vein is present in the vicinity of Broadl.ow Mine and lies on the
horizon of the Lower Shell Bed. It has been described by Mason
(1973) who noted that the cavern or pipe vein lies (50 m) beneath the
shale cover trending north west. It is partly lined with fluorite, baryte,
. -
and scalenohedral calcite crystals which also encrust boulders strewn
on the floor. Small fluorite baryte flats up to 30 ems in thickness are
developed along prominent bedding planes in the walls of the cavern.
A sand infilling on the floor of the cavern consisting of fluorite, and
baryte was attributed by Mason (1973) to supergene effects.
For .. t 1..1cI
PLAN
"
"
Plp" ... ln V.ln narrows Strong fluorit. Y.'n
It. 'eo"eo. ot cavlt •••
ttn.d with .uh.dra' tluortt.
R.dt.o,,,. Found.,
- - - BLACKHOLE VEIN---__i PIp"
NORTH MAGNETIC
CROSS CUT TO
CROSSLOW VEl N
I'lj
H
s
~
SECTION
~ Cross VO'I" N
WEST
810ck Hal. Shott
305m AOO
!A51
"
!yom Iomuton.
Sourc.s
o OMMRE F,.ld R.ports
10 zo 30 40
Ope '~75 & Jun 1973
Vein. The first published accounts of the Black Hole Vein appeared in
Green et al, (1887), who state that at the Little Pasture Mine the vein
was worked to a depth of 42 fathoms (258 feet, 78 m.). More detailed
accounts of the mine were given in Stevens (1939), who mentioned that
during the last period of activity circa 1861 the shaft was deepened
,
He also reported that the Deep Sitch Mine worked a 'flatting' on the
Black Hole Vein 11 yards in diameter at a depth of 105 feet (32m. ) at
the base of the 'black beds' (Eyam Limestones) possibly in shelly
reef. The most comprehensive accounts of the mine are in Dunham
(1952) and in Craven (1959) who gave the depth of the shaft as 224 ft.
(68 m, ) with levels driven in the vein at 50 ft. (15m.) and 80 ft. (26m.).
The orebody was said to consist of a vein 5 ft. (15m.) wide which was
presumed to be a continuation of Ladywash Vein. Dunham (1952)
suggested that it was a replaced fault breccia and gave the following
assay; 72. 20/0 CaF 2' 4.1% Si0 11 20/0 CaC0 3, O. 10/0 BaS0 3.85% ZnS.
2, 4,
Some flats are supposed to be associated with the west end of the mine.
Investigations in the Black Hole Mine indicate that Dunham's obser-
vations are largely correct. The stratigraphic sections (fig. 27)
shows that the vein cuts through Upper Monsal Dale and Eyam Lime-
stones but dies out immediately on encountering the overlying shales.
The Black Hole Vein hades south and shows only horizontal movements
with strong slickensides; it reaches its maximum thickness of 2
metres at the intersection 0 f the main shaft at the 224 ft. level The
vein narrcws considerably both vertically and laterally, only reaching
O. 5 metres in the overlying Eyam Limestones. Similarly, when
followed to the west the vein narrows to O. 2 metres eventually loosing
its definition beyond the rift passage fig. 27, where it seems to pass
gradationally into a pipe vein system. The pipe consists of a series
of elongate cavities some 2 metres in diameter and are lined with
translucent columnar fluorite with cubic terminations. The limestone
mar-gins, of the cavities are replaced by dark grey fine-grained siliceous
fluorite. This part of the vein is probably the 'flats' mentioned by
Stevens (1939) in the Deep Sitch Mine which now lies beneath the .ta il.ings
lagoons as soc iated with Fine Gr-inding Ltd. SK 202775.
124.
.
The pipe vein intersected beneath Deep Sitch Mine lies
approximately 40 metres below the base of the Eyam Limestone in
thickly bedded pale grey biomicarenites. None of the characteristic
marker bands of the Upper Monsal Dale Limestones were found in the
Mine and it is difficult to correlate these replacements with those
elsewhere in the area. A cross cut was driven south in search of the
Cross Low Vein (fig. 27) but this was abandoned before it was inter:-
sected Further east Cross Low Vein was also worked from the
Dusty Pit Mine where it was crossed by Redfearns Pipe. According
to Kirkham (1965 b P. 327) the pipe worked from Dusty Pit Mine and
carried excellent fluorspar and was very rich in lead ore. The in-
stallation of a steam engine in 1857 gives some indication of the rich-
ness of the mine when production at its peak was said to be two to three
tons of first class lead ore a day. Green et al, (1887) noted that
fluorite occurred in a flat of uncertain thickne ss on the north wall of
Cross Low Vein and that the mine worked down to the toadstone (the
Cressbrookdale Lava) at 372 ft. (110 metres). They described the
galena as follows "lay in two ribs, and was worked at small expense,
occurred above the toadstone, and from 30 to 40 fathoms (180 to 240
feet below the top of the limestones. The vein was impoverished in
the immediate vicinity of the toadstone and it seems reasonable to
assume that the flats were developed at approximately the same horizon
as the Lower Shell Bed (fig. 6).
I WS"S
E S"N
!l
II'I Mt'trt's abovt' Watt'rgrovt' Fort'f.t'ld Road shaft A 623 Engint' shaft projt'ctt'd Emmanut'l shl!H
i 00 shaft prO)t'ctt'd
28 280
1
I
i
1260~
i
rr ! ==-=-==- .'i 260
I'l
!
,
,
! IF'O~I ,
1
1
.
i
;
•
•
III
j MONSAL DALE BEDS
l' .",
'"
H
o
C
~
I 220 !
I J 3 Stags Levt'l " l'
'0'\
cress-cct to Fairbairn Shaft
~ ---..........
-.....
:
I
I
It'vt'l intt'rst'cts numt'rous cavltlt's lillt'd with columnar calcltt'
:
:
Sough Lt'vt' I
I
I
220
'"
CD
Oangt'rous collopst'
i ._~
i • .--- - ---- ------------------------ -------- 200
2 ________ 4 • • _._
__ 4
I
i
rso
48 fm It'vt'l
~~yj t'ctpd hori zon of LItton Tuff
180
,I ~---------------~~=----.:-::.----
160 160
Horozontol Scolt'
a 50
-The history of the mine has been recorded by Kirkham (1967 a pp 197 -
218) who noted that the mine was one of the richest in terms of lead
production in the area. It was also one of the wettest experiencing
\
great water problems lying on the flanks of the Wardlow Basin (fig. 30~
Kirkham noted that the pipe vein dipped under the shales about 100 feet
•
below the sough - the whole of the area on the north side of the road
was described as great open workings (:plate 21 fig. 2). From Hancock
..
'
Shaft (SK 192761) a great pipe vein was said to range to Watergrove
Mine proper, and it was stated that the Burntheath Mines are connected
,!,ith Watergrove workings. Indeed this is borne out by the merging of
the proprietors of these mines and Watergrove in the mid 19th century.
The old records constantly refers to the pipe and mine workings fol-
.lowing the dip of the beds or Ire asures implying a strong element of
stratigraphical control of the mire ral deposits. During the .1975 drought
pumping from the Fairbairn Engine Shaft drained the Watergrove Mines
. .
permitting a survey of the geology and mineralization to be made. These
explorations were the first in a century to reach this level, being
carried out under the constant threat of flooding. This finally occurred
on December 1st when the level of water rose from the 215 feet level
to above sough level at 100 feet overnight. These figures give some
indication of the water problems that the old miners had to face with
primitive pumps and drainage levels. Geological sections were
established through the Forefield Shaft, the pipe was examined as
far as Emmanual and Hancock Shafts enabling the stratigraphical
position of the pipe to be determined. The pipe working explored
beneath the Forefield Shaft is by far the largest, consisting of a great
series of caverns which are some 10 metres high and 10 metres wide
extending in a roughly east-west direction (plate 21 fig. 2). A boulder
choke in the base of the Forefield Shaft conceals the continuation of
the shaft which
.
extends .to the 48 fathom level ( 88 m.). Ctig. 28). .
Comparison with the Wardlow Mines Borehole No. 2 (Stevenson 'and
Gaunt 1971) indicates that this level was probably driven just above the
Litton Tuff. The walls of the pipe were coated with goethite and mud
which largely concealed the wallrocks and mineralization, however a
126.", "
.rich shelly limestone suggested that the sole of the workings at the
forefield were on the horizon of the Lower Shell Bed. Above this a
.
sequence of 32 metres of thickly-bedded. grey. fine calcarenite
limestones with cherty bands is exposed. In places lenses of very
coarse crinoidal biosparrudites occur and are well develqped at
sough level Approximately 13 metres of dark facies Eyam Limestone
rests conformably upon the Upper Monsa1 Dale Lime stones.
At the base of Emmanual Shaft the pipe has been worked behind
...
. the collapse at the end of the system examined from the Forefield
..
, Shaft. Water enters from
. the north from a sumped level and rep-
"resents a northward continuation of the pipe vein. Following the line
of this level to the south leads into a series of chambers developed ......
in pale grey stylolitically-bedded calcarenite and calcirudite. Bit-
umen frequently coats many of the stylolite seams and sometimes
they are highlighted by purple fluor-Ite replacement. Cavities are
often developed adjacent to stylolite, seams and are lined with
baryte, fluorite. and clear calcite. Galen~ up to 3 ems across
usually oxidised to cerussite on the surface was abundant in the
cavlt ie s. The stratigraphical position ~of this part of the pipe vein
.is difficult to determine as the presence of the Lower fuell Bed was
not confirmed owing to the extremely arduous conditions under which
these explorations were carried out..
-Further -east the pipe vein has been intersected above sough
level by workings from Hancock Shaft. as the dip of the pipe rise s
eastwards towards the Middleton Dale anticline. The Lower Shell
Bed is exposed in the roof of the workings with mineralization concen-
, ---trated below it in pale grey stylolitically bedded calcarenites. It
consists of large cavities up to 3 metres in diameter which are partly
willed with white fibrous calcite with inclusions of sphalerite often
altered to calamine. A distinctive laminated fine gr-ained "throstle-
breasted" nuorite-baryte':'quartz assemblage partly Inffllsthe rem-
ainder of the cavities. In some cases Indtvtdual Iayer-s of galena. and
haryte are developed in a crustiform texture. and appear to be filling
---the cavities. The wallrocks are also extensively replaced by grey to
purple fluor-ite where the original allochems are often pseudornorphed
. by quartz (pilate 9 fig. 3).
v) Burntheath Pipe
WEST EAST
SCALE METRES
o
EYAM GROUP
oarkgr~y thinly ~d~
limestone WI th chert
r
chert y urnestone
"lj
H
s
:0
t:r:l
I, I , I anastamos~ ~ddlng
plan. N
\0
50
Low~r Sh.lI B~ of
I"'''i' '-,'- M,ddl.ton Dol.
II I
II I Fluor,t. flal
~
C IO Y wayboard
Fluoro t. flat
__ _LI TToN TUFF
- . Fluorot~ flat
75
FIGURE 30
I. ....
a
s
z
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.
w
z '"
c
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:l :::
s > :>
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....
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3•
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.:.:
...
IDLJBJ ++'t.
:~:+
...
~ ~
~
.,. .
0:
I"il a
X
Q. MOnos aooM"oOM-O~ ---------
C{ 3~1~ SNO!HS'(' -..•_ .•.•
0:: .. 3tll. 10'1''' •••••..........••••.••. -
Cl 3~ 0. . .•.. •.. •.. • .. ·-·-....
~
0::
t;;
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C{
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o ."•. .•.
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N
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o HOIlOS 3AO~1llI3!YM ~O 31001._.__._.__
~
::l 3'OH3~08 NYAT·--·-••-·-·-.j.-'*I+:--i_-+~I__+_----++-----
eo
0:: '"
w
t;; ~ I
o HI $.1Y1:1 ClNIONYH
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~
::;
au HYHS uno M3N '-''''--'''-''- 0-
X
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~
~
o l:fYHS 5:11 .... A.MlIHS·---···-----·
X
III
au
...J J ~YHS MO'SN~Y3'-"'---"'----
C{
o
z
o
~
III
...J
o
o UYHS 310I 0103 O!~ ---.......--.-.. --
:E
o
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SJ Y'~ ONY HYHS OY!H !S01:l--:•• -.j.. . . . . [, .. .
~:. ...
~ .~
.1 • ++ • • • \
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..,..
+• • • • • f
UYHS nONno_'" .... -_ •
o .....: ....
• • . • ~fOI .\~'
':~
0::
C{
~
! :t'fHS )I)()::tNYH-~···-lIJ·---
L
: ....... ~,1.\ l.;.+\.,:.1
. .• +
:E
o
;;:
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. 1·1 1.+\
0:: l!i
U. 0:
.l:l¥HS 13nNYHH3"----- w _.-_..
Z
i
...o
U
!jYHS 01!OH~O~ !AO~O~3!YNI"-""J-''''''''
III
VI
...J
C{
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Cl
o...J
S
Cl
«
..'",.
w o o
o o
~ N
FIGURE 31
•
-
CALCITE CALCI TE
-
BARYTE BARYTE
FlUORITE FLUORITE
-
GALENA GALENA
SILICA
\
CAVITIES
- SILl CA
CAVITIES .
IWATERGROVE! IMOORFURLONG!
EARLY LATE
. EARLY LATE
CALCITE
BARYTE
- - CALCITE
BARYTE
--
- •
---
FLUORITE AIlIM FLUORITE
GALENA
SILICA
- GALENA
SILICA
CAVITIES _
CAVITIES
"
(NICKERGROVEI IGLEBE MINEI
,EARLY LATE EARLY LATE
CALCITE
BARYTE
-
FLUOR I TE
'. p •• FLUORITE 5wpsgH
.w, w, u·
-
GALENA GALENA
CAVITIES CHALCOPYR I TE
PYRITE
CAVITIES ~_III_
128.
The section exposed in the main shaft shows that a flat deposit is
associated with a series of tuff bands beneath the Lower Shell Bed in
Upper Monsal Dale limestones. Most of the limestones exposed in
the shaft are pale grey to grey shelly limestones with numerous
bluish grey chert nodules. The section represents an attenuated
sequence of Upper Monsa1 Dale Limestones (fig. 29). Beneath a
thick tuff band (the Litton rfuff) in the base of the shaft a flat is developed
consisting of compact fine grained brown sometimes granu1a r fluorite.
White fibrous calcite occurs within the flat and may repre sent an
early phase of cavity lining which have been incorporated by later
fluorite wallrock replacement. Other smaller flats. consisting of fine
grained laminated brown fluorite are encountered beneath a series of
clay wayboards below the Lower Shell Bed (fig. 29). This orebody lies
on approximately the same horizon as the Watergrove Pipe; however,
it is remarkable how the textures of the minerals are so greatly dif-
ferent.
vi) Conclusions
The position of the shale cover has in the past been commonly des-
,
cribed as the principal stratigraphical control in that replacement
often occurs below it. This has not been proven in the area and
detailed observations have shown that favourable horizons within
the limestones well below the shale cover are the principal stratal
controls. The main control exerted by the shale is largely seen in
the distribution of vein mineralization on the few occasions where the
veins are seen to pass into the overlying shale cover. However, it
can be argued that pipes and replacement deposits may be developed in
the most favourable limestones which may lie well below the shale
cover implying an indirect aquiclude control
i) Introduction ,
noted that working was taking place in the second half of the 18th century.
Recent descents of the jshafts on Cacklemackle '. (Private source)
intersected a pipe vein consisting of a series of small cavities lined ,
with baryte galena and fluorite at a depth of 67 metres. ·A number of
flats were also found but the nature of these could not be ascertained
due to extensive backfilling by the old miner.
~ "PiPe
\L4fi
--~
,. ~ee~
~e\~
Jl-
L~
~
c
z«> /,
~ ~
~.10' ~~t~. _----
_----
-"'\
\
\
~~
-o. \
A-\------- ---- ---
.":1. . "\\, 70
t'1j
V~
H
... .- ~o·i
--·2~ ~ 19 \ \ G)
~,
C
11 9.\ ~
...-;'-?>, '\: \ 10 \
r-on;~a~lale Pipe
-pprOXlmote i " -z: \ w
. ~e J'"
.....,,:\e~
~'.
~
~-"", ~
,
\
\ \
o{\ \\ \ A _.
_. ~.I
-1' v.v~~i.-'~~Nns
~~,. ~.....
• '" .,. , '1
\• ...,:l:"" 7 ,
~ ~ ./
",,,0 ......
~
ec __ ". \ _ •••••
" '\ )"ether Wheal 2
.
~~I.\" ~ ,r........
I
:t:;ogg
'an.
~_
"0" r
teed" '\.;.•
__0°\ " , . ,
I'
ov..
• 9. '.'
•
.,s
I Farm ... ••••• •• ;r-- 3
4
~
~~ ~~~ "<;
Area covered ~~•••••
~~
:::::::... ,0"1
,.~
G'
1'0
II
bY enlarged map ""'" <,cO' ~ I
...... 69
o
t=1 4 .....:=·'2
'14
'If- L_-~__ ---I
1/2 Miles """ .................. _------ --- ---~
14 16
134.
NORTH GRID
I'!j
H
g
~
• Shafts
w
- R a k n and V.lns
w
-----Soullf's
" .,
.' ,
/~",; ---- .. - - - til. PlIH
NrntfR
WHEAL
FARM
........
.......
Shalt on 1M
Common
o 320_lr..
1M f!!S~ I
o
I'----------------._-----------------------~
,!
I
FIGURE 34
I
: It~ltll
~ GEOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE HUBBADALE PI PE •I
,~E 'EEr
SOOTHEAST
I~
W "-" ... "" .... ..- SD.»t4'."W9W't
ON .-..ot':NDWL( Y(.IN
-- {
~t Wh,t, WayboClrd
I~
N.EWorley
135.
distribution is shown in figs. .32 & 33. Besides the Hubbadale Pipe
a number of other pipes are known and these include Barndoor P'ipe,
Claypitt Pipe, Nettlebed Pipe, Sheathes Pipe, and Dungeon Dale Pipe,
all of which trend southeast parallel with the main pipe. In its lower
parts referred to as Nether Hubbadale the pipe is shown at its widest
which also' coincides with the intersection of Kilnhill Rake (fig. 33),
where the general trend of the pipe appears to be offset.
.
is flooded for most of the year. The workings were examined in a
cross-cut driven through limestone from the base of the shaft towards
the southwest. A passage to the east driven along a barytes vein
intersects a series of elliptical cavities up to O. 5 metre in diameter.
These are usually filled by fibrous white calcite, marcasite, and baryte,
Smaller amounts of galena and fluorite were also seen in some of the
cavities. ·Most of the marcasite was fibrous in structure with cuniform
terminations and is pseudomorphed by goethite. The general para-
genetic sequence is summarised in fig. 37. Extensive weathering of
the lime stone walls of the pipe has taken place re sulting in instability
of the wallrocks. This weathering has caused disaggregation of the
limestone walls surrounding the pipe vein cavities and in places the
wall rock is reduced to a fine greyish brown sand similar in texture
to a "rottenstone ", It is likely that this is the 'white sand' referred
to by Carruther-s and Strahan (1923) and considered by Ford (in Kirkham
1964) to be cerussite. The disaggregation was probably caused by
weathering of the marcasite in the cavities to form pseudomorphs in
goethite, which produces an acidic aqueous by-product. This byproduct
probably 'only had a slight lowe r than normal pH but even this was
sufficiently acidic to attack the limestone causing weathering to take
place along the grain boundaries. Solution of the grain boundaries
tended to disaggregatc the limestone and produce a fine-grained calcite
sand. Examination of the disaggregated limestone has shown that it
136.
.
of calcite gangue leaving the less soluble ga lena in the form of
detached fragments. Later karst solutional effects evident in the
pipe vein have removed disaggregated calcite and thereby further
concentrated the galena. Collectively these processes have resulted
in the production of lumps of detached galena within disaggregated
Idme stone, mixed with sands and gravels washed in by surface drainage.
Thus the rich deposit worked in the 18th century must have consisted
largely of the alluvial galena referred to as "lumps of lead ore" by-
Carruthers and Strahan (1923~
The total recorded pro.iuctton of lead ore from the pipe was
calculated by Wm. Wyatt (1829) who found that 13" 201 loads 1 dish
(3300. 25 tons) were produced at a profit of £21, 558 during the period
September 1767 to October 1770.'
of the wall rocks producing "white sand ", and causing corrosion of the
calcite gangue. This process may have released galena from the pipe
vein cavities and it accumulated in placer sediments within a series
of later karst cavities.
SOUTH NORTH
MAGPIE MINE NETTLER DALE WYE VALLEY
TOWNHEAo VEIN BOIL UP
SHUTTLEBANK VEIN I
BLENOE SHAFT ON SHELDON FIELDGROVE
GREAT RED MAGPIE
';OIL f HARD VEIN
,4BOLE VEINS
VEIN I BUTTS VEIN I SHAFT VEIN
/RAKE
IIfOtfSAl DALE LS"
""," '=0 I
PALE OfEY SHl:llY LST
i - , 000·
°1 Slt£.~ ~
-~~
FACIES
a_lUI' IIIt£T TMINL'" .£ODED LSf
LA'... su, ..... L L~
:l IiIOffSAl DA""£ :.s,. I ,
·-ew
MOMSAL OAL£ LST 0.1.". FACIlE'S
··_-cw
1 O""c FACIES
J
I
..... .. ..
~
'f- I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - . .......
cw
~:... . ...
)60
.. .. .. . .. ....
...
.........................................
D ,,",OlllSAL OAl£ LST
2 Stf£LF ,""CIES
[
.. 410 cw
~
e---____
0 500
~
1000 FEET
BASED ON SURVEYS BY NEWORLEY NJD BUTCHER AND QM. MINES RESEARCH NEW 1976
D
138.
All the open shafts on the Magpie Mine have been descended
and the underground workings accessible at sough level have' been
mapped in detaU The deposits examined in the upper levels of the
mine on the Bole and Shuttlebark Veins consist of fissure veins which
for the most part have been stoped out by the old miner .and partially
backfilled Examination of uncut sections of the vein have shown that
they consist of calc ite, baryte, fluorite and galena. Many of the veins
show extensive solutional enlargement and the vein material has been
entirely removed being replaced by a reddish brown earthy mate rial
consisting of mixed loess, baryte, fluorite, chert and limestone frag-
ments. The veins examined are vertically persistant and sometimes
show horizontal slickensliding; they rarely exceed 1 metre in width and
are commonly less than O. 3 metres. The generalised paragenetic in
the Bole Vein is shown in fig. 37.
.....
....f:j\..
.. £st
_
.,_.~
fIIIO'fSAl 0.1.[ L, ..(STOlle 5"(1.' '''Clf5
IL ~~ JL
__----11".,..,...,-
II
-i/;;;,_
~~
II
-----
-------
-----------------------
t'Ij
H
M(lH!>"\" Oo\\.f. \,lMfS'OfiI£ 1)AMI .",Cll"
..... ..., .....,- oC
' ...............-.-, £g
".".".--, ..... ~
,-e~.
w
0'
410_,.....·.,
7 ''''('"'10 '01' OJ' .. A""
""""0__0.....
_' __.. ~_
t'>~"" II __ -
OUT
~,,~~"'~~''''~''
f:\.~~~'_:~\~~~v.*',~~~"%;_"
.... ....,. -, '-"
ttn
_
t. . . . . . .
Surveys carried out in the Bole Vein S haft and Red Soil $haft"
(fig. 36), which are driven through the veins show that veins width
increases in the paler shelf facies limestone. In the darker cherty
limestones the veins are greatly impoverished consisting of a broad
belt of tight elliptical fractures often filled with white columnar calcite.
In the lower levels of the Magpie Mine pipe veins have· been
worked. These include the Chatsworth Cavern Pipe that occurred near
to the main shaft (fig. 35) and the Blende Vein Pipe which was inter-
sected during the driving of Magpie Sough, lying about 633 metres north
of the main shaft (fig. 35).
140.
'.lJORITE
- - ••
BARY TE
FLUORI TE
- -
'lis Zns
GALENA Wi'.
~RITE
)lLICA
~.lVITIES
- -
IKNOTLOW MINEI !HUBBADALE MINEl
EARLY LATE EARLV LATE
CALCI TE
!l.RYTE
-- BARYTE
FLUORITE
_am·N!8IiiII
G4LENA GALENA
C.lVITIES _
MARCASITE Hi*'RiM·
CAVITIES 1---_:.
I IRAPER 101 INE In('son. AI-KofO,Shll IMANDALE 1011 NEI
I, EARLY LATE EARLY LATE
,
I C.lLCITE CALCITE
I
I G.lLENA eMa'" GALENA
k 1i
( 4LERITE ........
I SILlC>A
i
141
fig. 1), (fig. 37). At the bases of some of the cavitfe s, channel-shaped
accumulations of galena, sphale rite and pyrite occur in as finely inter-
grown mosaics. (plate 18 fig. 1). The paragenetic sequence is sum-
marised in fig. 37. Later phreatic solution has utilised the established
.
north-northeast - south-southwest system of cavities and fractures and
a number of karst solutional cavities have cut across the earlier
mineralised system.
v) Fieldgrove Vein
by Robey (1966) who noted that the vein became 'richer' in the grey
limestones below the 360 ft. (118 metre) clay wayboard. 'These are
likely to be the Monsal Dale shelf facies limestones, and were ref-
erred to as the 'bearing measures' (fig. 8) by Wm. Wyatt, the
former mine agent.
The margins of these cavities do not show any wall - rock replacement
and many of them are s ituate d adjacent to prominent bedding planes.
Some small flats c. O. 10 m, thick are developed between some of the
prominent bedding planes. Whalf Pipe seems to be developed in the
highest part
,
of the Monsal Dale Limestone almost immediat ely below
a thick clay wayboard (0. 3m. ) which marks the base of the Eyam
Limestone.
I UPTHROW
.- .~
V.rttc'al Seal •
50~ ~15
I~
P2 Eyom Group
Rf't!'f Facl.s IIm.ston.
75'
passIng lotPrOlly
Into Dark FactH
IImnton.
100.... U30
clay wayboa,d
•
. ..
+ + + +
+ ....
Conksb",y brldg..
Laya
:::::::
o20
Horo %ontal Seal..
40 60 80 100 fO'O'\ :::::::'
~~~/~
~ po sM. 64-=1
o 15 30",f'lrPS
'pg.;g Mia:. '
L _ Mansol Oal..
:::::::
BPds
"UJ"'''' "...
145.
x) Conclusions
which are mainly situated on Bonsall Moor and Tearsall Most of the
fissure veins and pipes in the Matlock area have been extensively ex-
ploited for fluorspar. A number 'of attempts at mining fluorspar-lead-
zinc underground have been made in the recent past notably at, Portway
Mine"1948 - 50, Oxclose Mine 1949 - 50, Jugholes, 1939 - 60, Masson
Mines, Riber Mine 1950 - 59, Royal Mine, Hopping Mine and Wapping
Mine. All of these mines have been abandoned or are standing having
rarely sustained production over more than a few years.
Despite the fai lure of post - war mining in the area a programme
. "
of preliminary explorations by R. T. Z., Alcoa, Allied Che.mica1 Corp. ,
Noranda-Kerr, Exsud, J. C. L, has been undertaken over the last five
years or so.
•
Most of these deposits were worked for lead ore in the
Monsal Dale and Eyam Limestones which lie above the Conksbury
Br-idge Lava. The Monsal Dale Limestones are grey and cherty
becoming darker towards the base above the Conksbury Bridge Lava.
Reefs are known in the Eyam Limestone which pass laterally into
dark inter-reef limestones. Most of the veins were worked beneath
the Namurian Shale cover. From reading the historical records it
appears that the most productive horizons were the Monsal Dale shelf
facies limestones and Eyam reef facies limestones. The dark lime-
stone sand lavas we re generally unproductive as we re the MonsaI
Dale Limestones beneath the lava.
Varvill suggested that the formation of the pipe vein cavities may
either be aasociated with karst processes at unconformities or result
from dissolution of the limestone wall - rocks during mineralisation.
.
such as Long Rake and Coast Rake. Displacement along many of the
larger joints is rare and faults. where present. have throws which
do not exceed 5 metre s, Horizontal movements are characteristically
developed and many fault planes contain horizontal slickensides.
In the southern part of the mine the. ores were situated in the
pale bluIsh grey First Limestone known also as the Galena Beds
(= Matlock Upper Limestones) above the Matlock Upper Lava.
Little ore was found in the overlying Black Beds (= Cawdor Group
,
dark facies). The galena occurs mainly within a north - south striking
fissure vein and it is not until Warrencarr Shaft that pipes and flats are
known occurring adjacent to cross joints. in an area known as
Warrencarr wide•.
159.
North of Lees Shaft (fig. 39) the ore occurs within the
Millclose fault (fig. 39) a powe rful fissure vein with flats and pipes
becoming increasingly important 1, 500 to 2000 (457 to 609 metres)
further no'rth,
The parage netic sequence in this section of the mine (fig. 43)
shows that fluorite, baryte and pyrite are commonly associated with
galena and sphalerite. The nickel sulphide bravoite was also reported
by Bannister (1940). As in the other parts of the mine most of the ore
was mined from the First Limestone 50 feet (15 metres) below the base
of the Black Beds.
adjacent to the Main Joint again on the western side. These flats
were situated beneath <:t thin clay wayboard in pale grey coarse
crinoidallimestone. Unfortunately Traill's description is not clear
concerning the nature of the Main Joint where it crossed the dark
facies of the Main Limestone. It is likely that the Main Joint per-
sisted into the dark limestones but replacement deposits have not
developed at this horizon.
"- of the cross veins and pipes would become solutionally enlarged.
Galena would therefore occur within the pipe veins mixed with fragments
of gangue minerals~. limestone blocks stoped from the cave roofs and
clays carried in from the surface. The distribution of this type of
pipe deposit within the mine is important and it appears that it only
occurred in the upper parts of the mine notably on the 93 and 103 fathom
levels and in the 'Boil up Cavern'. The lower sections of veins and
pipe s, lying deepe r , were probably affected to a lesser, degree and
Traill's descriptions generally support this theory.
The pipe vein is developed within the lower part of the Matlock
Lower Limestone which rests on the Matlock Lower Lava. The top of
the lava is locally tuffaceous and it is exposed at the head of Northern
Dale and in the access road to the opencast workings. Dark limestones
(5 to 6 metres thick) rest on the tuffaceous top of the lava and these
pass upwards into a sequence of pale thickly bedded pseudobrecciated
biomicrudites. A group of clay wayboards occurs towards the middle
of the Matlock Lower Limestones. lying about 12 metres above the top
of the lava. One of these clay wayboards attains 1 metre in thickness
and contains grey green clay with Lithostrotion junceum and small
brachiopods (Worley and Dorning 1977). This clay wayboard is exposed
•
in the new fluorspar opencast and can be mapped underground.
Dolomitisation has affected the limestones especially in the vicinity
of the strongly jointed and mineralised ground. Its distribution appears
to be controlled by the occurrence of major joints and faults. Clay
wayboards also control its distribution and most dolomitisation occurs.
above the thickest clay wayboard The lowest dark limestones and
pseudobrecciated limestones below this thick wayboard are only locally
dolomitised adjacent to major joints. Within the pale grey limestones
dolomitisation sometimes develops an unusual form occurring in the
form of a series of oblate spheroids up to I metres in length with a
concentric laminated structure. These do not appear to be influenced
by the distribution of joints and their formation seems to be a puzzle.
Similar structures occur in the dol.om itf sed limestones at Masson Hill.
Matlock (Ixer 1974).
166.
largely barren consisting of a few joints filled with white calcite and
a little galena.
Old Ash Pipe lies on the western side of the northern section
of Northern Dale, (fig. Il), At surface the pipe is marked by a series
of parallel north-north-east-trending veins some ofwhich have been
.
mined by shallow opencasts. A number of deep shafts also lead into
the deposit but a short adit from Northern Dale provides the easiest
access.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 11
Fig. 1 Calcite lined pipe vein cavity, Old Nestus Pipe, Masson,
Matlock. A typical elliptical cavity Co 2 metres in diameter
, .
developed in dolomitised Matlock Lower Limestone. Brown
fine-grained fluorite has selectively replaced the limestone
floor of the cavity and later calcite mineralisation has partly
Willed the cavity. This type of cavity is typical of many
Derbyshire Pipes.
FIG 1
FIG 2
170.
The pipe vein has been jnod ified by the later development of
a number of phreatic tubes about 1 metre in diameter with which cut
across the pipe. Inplace s these utilise the existing network of min-
eralised cavities but often develop within the limestone itself avoiding
the mineralised ground The lower pa.rts of the pipe vein have been
partly filled in with brown clays mixed with large fragments of brown
fine-grained laminated fluorite. These have been extensively disturbed
by the old miner who may have examined them in sear-ch of alluvial
galena.
x) Oxclose Pipe
"'---...
------..........
...,
Mat lock Upper Lava
--. --...--... 20
1-4
C)
C
~
----- "'- ~
o
W
OOO'-CEVEL! I ,
60 metres
\"J CW
DARK L~T~ _
CW flATS DEVELOPED BENEATH
CLAY WAYBOARDS
CW
W
Matlock Lower Lava
-ESTIMATED lOP OF MATLOCK LOWER LAVA
CW. CLAYWAYBOARD
SURVEYED BY DA NASH,S.H'RSTWOOD, JS.BECK,& NEWORLEY DRAWN NEWORLEY 1977
171
.::J
-
d L c::cr:: ~
PIPE VEIN CAVITY AND FLAT OXCLOSE MINE
0-5
PIPE VEIN
CAVITY
o
MarcasitE'
Alterpd blocks of
vesicutcr basalt
1 M.
11 £ tJ~. 1117
..
172.
...
1'13.
the solution cavities and the upper surfaces open spaces have allowed
speleothems to accumulate. These take the form of a thick 3 to 4 em.
layer of calcite flowstone (plate 18 fig. 3). Early mining activity has
excavated much of the sediment cutting through the hard calcited covers.
In many parts of the mine today the remnants of these floors may be
seen high up in the roof of large chambers where the miner has com-
pletely excavated the ~edimE'nt in search of galena.
(4) Karst phreatic dissolution of the pipe vein walls leading to erosion
of mineralised cavities. Sediments of mineral material and' sandy
clays accumulate in large solution cavities.
(5) Speleothem deposits are formed under vadose conditions and cover
the sedirne nt s,
(6) Ear-ly mining activity cuts through the speleothem floors in search
of lead pre s re - excavating the karst cavity systems.
The Leawood Pipe lies 200 metres to the east of Oxclose Mine
at SK 276599. The pipe trends north - south extending for a strike
length of 200 metres, attaining a maximum width of 10 metres and a
height of 12 me-t r-e s, Mapping underground has shown that the pipe is
175.
The Jugholes Pipes trend north - south (fig. 11) and extend for
a strike length of about 400 metres. They have been described by Worley
176.
and Nash (1977) who also surveyed the pipe vein system. The pipe
consists of a series of cavities and joint- controlled fluorite replace-
ments situated in pale grey crinoidal biosparrites and pseudobreccias
in the Matlock Lower Limestone.
,
A downdip extension of the Jugho1e Pipe system has recently
been surveyed. Here a pipe vein known as Calf Tail Pipe (Worley and
Nash 1977) occurs beneath a thick clay wayboard with a basal coal
parting, equivalent to Cw 4 in the Masson Quarry (Worley and Dorning
1977) (fig. 12). The original mineralised cavities have been greatly
modified by karst solution but the remnants of one cavity contained
. .
clasts of volcanic clay cemented by bluish granular fluorite. This
texture closely resembles that seen in the Oxclose deposit. Large
fragments of rounded galena frequently occur in the sediment that
fills many of the solution caves in the pipe vein.
•
to form the roof to the flat deposit, Dunham recognised that the
flat occurred along a se r-ie s of northwest-trending scrins with a
second conjugate set at right angles (northeast). The mineralogy
of the deposit was de sc rtbed and in addition to Iluorite, dol.omite,
silica, baryte, and galena were described. Petrographical notes
,
were added on the nature of the metasomatic replacement or-e s,
and replacement of the limestones was recognised by dolomite,
fluorite, quartz, and baryte. Cubic metacrysts with xenomorphic
aggregates of quartz (0. 01 to O. 2 mm, ) were also described and the
occurrence of quartz as inclusions within fluorite crystals was dis-
covered.
FIG 2
179.
The Nestus pipe and Old Nestus pipe, which lies south of
the Masson Cavern entrance.
~~=~2::::::::::;;::::::=:::::;;" KNOWLES
AOIT
SHAFT
CAVERN
EXIT
BLACK OX
SHAFT
MASSON CAVERNS
Matlock
180.
Beyond the Rutland Cavern section the Great Rake has been
worked from a prominent series of stope s where it is a double vein,
some 3 or 4 metres wide. The pipe vein is displaced by the Great
Rake in both a vertical and lateral sense with a net downthrow to the
south. On the upthrow side of the Great Rake the pipe continues
displaced to the west as the Old Nestus Pipe (fig. 42). This section
of the pipe consists of a series of large mineralised cavities and was
until recently referred to as the 'Black Ox mine '. These mineralised
cavities reach over 5 metres in diameter and are developed in partly
dolomittsed pseudobrecciated limestones between clay wayboard 1 and
4 (fig. 12). The general dip of the strata is towards the north at about
10 to 18 degrees. Cavities tend to be developed along a series of
prominent bedding planes or clay wayboards and have been infil1ed
by fluorite, calcite, baryte, and galena. The earliest formed mineral
appears to have been white calcite which forms large zoned scaleno-
hedral crystals sometimes O. 3 m, long (plate 11 fig. 1 and plate 14 fig. 1).
Large polished sections of zoned cal cite crystals have been prepared
in order to determine the mineralogical content of the zones.
",
181.
FIG 1
FIG 2
PLAT 14
FIG 1
FIG 2
183.
oI C n time tr e s
I I
5
I
FIG 1
oI C e nt im etr e s
, I
5
I
FIG 2
oI Centimetres
I I
5
I
FIG 3
185.
EXPLANATION
, TO PLATE 16.
r.'I G 1
F I r. 2
186.
FIG 1
FIG 2
FIG
18'7.
PIC; 1
FIG 2
oI Centimetres
I I
5
I
FIG 3
191.
FIG 1
FIG ::>
FIG 1
193.
EXPLANATION
, TO PLATE 20.
FIG 1
FIG 2
FIG 1
1914.
LIMESTONE
"'J
H
G)
C
CLAY WAYBOARD ~
~
lJJ
o
«
1, M.
BARYTE WITH GALENA
Flats are said to occur in the Blobber mine (SK 281 533) which
lies on a northwest-trending vein. Little is known of the stratigraphical
relationships in this mine and it is unlikely that inve stigations could be
carried out as the mine is flooded.
xxi) Conclusions
----
-
CALCI TE
----
CALCI TE
---------
-
BARYTE BARYTE
- - -
FLUORI TE FLUORITE
CAVITIES MARCASITE
CAVITIES
[MTlLCLDSE MI!'lE UPPER LEVELS T'OIIiI \MIITLIO~INELOwrr LEvELS T'QIIiI jI:ITOULErO!'l MOOR ~
-
EARLY LATE EARLY LATE EARLY LATE
CALCITE
BARYTE
- - CALCITE
BARYTE
- - CALCI TE
BARYTE
'"
H
- - - - -
FLUORITE
~
FLUOR I TE FLUORITE
-
SILICA Sill CA
PYRITE CAVITIES
CAVI TIES
~~T5] ITEARSAITM-nm;j
~ARLY LATE EARLY LATE
CALCI TE
BARYTE
------- -
- - -
CALCITE
BARYTE
-
-- -
-- -
- - -
FLUORI TE FLUORITE
GALE!'lA
• GALENA
SILICA
PYRITE
-- -
CAVITIES
/} UJP-{fj 1"17
198.
biomicrites that lie between the top of the Matlock Lower lava and a
thick clay wayboard (fig 12). The dark limestones that rest on top
of the Matlock Lower Lava between Tearsall and Oxclose are not
favourable horizons and replacement mineralisation occurs only in
the pale limestones. However, this simple pattern in the Matlock
area is compl.icated by the occurrence of a number of major deposits
at other horizons. Both Old Ash Pipe, is developed in Cawdor Reef .
facies limestone, and Hungerhills replacement are situated in the Mat-
lock Upper Limestone which is unmineralised elsewhere. This suggests
that other comparable deposits are likely to occur within the area at
these stratigraphical horizons. Deposits are also known below the
Matlock Lower Lava in the shelf facies limestones herein considered to
belong to the Matlock Group. The se include the Great Rake deposit at
Low mine which lie s in both the Brigantian Matlock Group and in the
upper sections of the Asbian limestones (fig 12). Others lie between
the Winster Moor Farm lava and the Matlock Lower Lava notably
the Moor Farm replacement (Butcher 1976) in shelf facies limestones.
area to have controlled the distribution of the pipe veins which are
often situated at this contact. This survey ha-s also established that
many of the deposits lie at the contact, notably the Winster pipes,
Tearsall, Old Ash, Jughole, Masson, Hopping and Wapping. It has
been postulated by Ford (1967) and Firman and Bagshaw (1974) that
the contrasting porosities between limestone and dolomitised lime-
stone cause impounding of mineral solutions at this contact. But
when many of these deposits are examined in detail in the field the
mineralisation is equally well developed in both the dolomite and
limestone seeming to prove that there is no intrinsic property of
'this contact that controls the distribution of these deposits on a
regional scale.
It has been long accepted that basalt lava horizons are not
favourable horizons and many veins are impoverished within basalts.
. Pipes and replacement deposits are never found within basalts by
virtue of their insolubility, but fissure veins may be productive.
Seven Rakes Mine at Matlock is said to have worked a productive
vein in the lava and recently Hucklow Edge Vein has been found to
continue through the ere ssbrookdale Lava as has the Deep Rake -
High Rake system at Sallet Hole Mine. Replacement deposits may
be developed by replacement of calcareous tuffs which lie on top of
many of the lavas. However it is only the stronger structures which
penetrate.into the basalts and even when this does occur the veins
have reduced widths as no replacement of the walls occurs.
Brigantian
Mont~\.Dale Eyam Lst,
Location Type of Shale/ Asbian Shelf Basin Reef Inter-reef
deposit. Lst,
Treak Pipe X X
Cliff
Odin Vein X X
Old Tor Pipe X
Dirtlow Vein X
Rake
Moss Bake Vein X X X
Smalldale Pipe X
Jeffrey Replcrrt. X X
Lane .
Hazlebadge Pipe X X
Hucklow Vein X X
Edge
Ashtons Pipe X
Pipe
Watergrove Pipe X
Burntheath Pipe X
Blackhole Pipe X X
Vein
Bullhole Pipe X
-
Carlwalk Pipe X
Long stone Vein X X
Edge
Wagers F~.at Pipes X
Cacklemackle
Hubbadale Pipe X
Magpie/ Pipe X X
Mogshawe Veins
Fieldgrove Vein X X
Mandale Vein X X
Long Rake Vein X X X X
Flat
Alport Pipes X X X
Veins
203.
Brigantian
Monsal Dale Eyam Lst.
LBt
Location Type of Shale} Asbian Shelf Basin Reef Inter-reef
deposit Lst.
Millclose Pipes X X X
Veins
Portway Pipe X
,
Plackett Pipe X
Old Ash Pipe X
Tearsall Pipe X
1---.-
Oxclose Pipe X
Jughole Pipe X.
Leawood Pipe . X
Masson Pipe X
Great Vein X X
Rake Flat X
-
Coalpit Vein X
Rake Flat
Hopping Pipe X
Speedwell Vein
Wapping Pipe X ?
Moletrap Vein
Ball Eye Pipe X X
Bonsall F. Vein
Wirksworlh Veins X· X X X
..
Golconda Pipe X
EXPLANATION TO PLATE 21
<,
PLATE 21
FIG 1
FIG 2
205.
PART IV
Summary
,
The formation of pipe veins and flats took place by dissolution
of the limestone host by hydrothermal solutions of low pH. These
solutions migrated very slowly through host rocks under conditions
similar to those of modern cold water phreatic karst systems. These
solutions probably flowed through the major fracture systems - rakes
and veins which also became soluttonalty enlarged, acting as feeders
to the pipes and flats.
.~ .
208.
i) Introduction
v) Mineral Textures
.
of transport and a detrital sedimentary origin. The presence of
pseudomorphed and partially replaced fossil fragments provides
irrefutable evidence concerning the replacement nature of these textures
in some localities but not others. Finely laminated fluorite replace-
ment deposits may also develop by replacement of the limestone walls
,of rakes (fig 17); and laminated fluorite replacements occur in rake -
breccias on Hucklow Edge Vein where ,the laminations of the fluorite
mimic the 'original outlines of the brecciated limestone. This data
indicates that the replacement occurred in a pulsatory manner the
laminations representing a series of advancing fronts (Kor-zdnaki 1968).
The pipe vein still contInues to act os a natural water course result; no
In eresron of the friable mineraI linings The hf'Gvl er phases such as
galena become preferentially concentrated In Sediment fills In the floors
Of the caVities Many Of the sulphide minerals become oxydlzed.
,
t
,
I
216..
Worley and Beck (1976, Worley and Nash (1977) and Ford and
Worley (1977) have demonstrated that many of the pipe veins acted as
drainage routes through which glacial melt water must have flowed
under both phreatic and vadose conditions. The passage of this water
eroded the walls of the pipe veins and the friable minerals contained
in the pipe vein cavities. This has resulted in the formation of
sediments which consisted of mineral fragments, clays, and material
derived from the surface.
i) Introduction
The early parts of this thesis have dealt with the paragenetic
sequences of the mineral deposits of the Southern Pennines" the
processes that operated in them during deposition" and their geological
history. Using this information together with a critical review by the
author of existing data on the area it Is possible to advance a genetic
model for the Southe rn Pennine Orefield.
Ford and King (1965) and King (1966) from a study of some of
the pipe veins in the Southern Pennines and in the Brassington area
began to question the igneous-hydrothermal concept finding that down-
ward movement of Triassic ground waters was responsible for the
deposition of some of the minerals. Ford (1966) in a discussion of
the origins of the Pb - Zn - F - Ba deposits concluded that there was
no evidence available for the existance of a granite body capable of
producing the mineral deposits of the Southern Pennines ( but see
Evans and Maroof (1976) below.
that the fluid inclusion data implies that mixing with connate brines
of similar composition to those described by Downing (1967) in deeply
buried Carboniferous Limestone under the East Midlands took place.
The fluid inclusions within fluorite crystals from Hucklow Edge Vein,
and Odin Vein Castleton were analysed by Smith (1973), whose results
showed that a mean uncorrected homogenisation temperature of
0
73.8 C occurred on Hucklow Edge Vein, whilst 127. 50 C was attained
in the Odin Vein. Analyses of Na;K ratios of leachates of fluorite
inclusions gave a range of 15. 0 to 28. 3 with a statistical mean of 22. 1.
iv) Discussion
.
The Dinantian lime stone of the Southe rn Pennine s were
lithified befor-e they were concealed by at least 1000 m, of later
Upper Carboniferous sediments. Erosion surfaces and disconformities
with the development of soils indicate that the limestone had lithified
and most of the diagenetic processes of high Mg to low Mg calcite
had taken place. The trace metal contents of these limestones ex-
pelled during diagenesis would tend to escape back into the carbonate
seas and only within a rapidly buried situation could these processes
form a metal enriched connate brine. However if burial of the lime-
stones occurred when the diagenetic processes were only partially
complete some of these elements may have been expelled and retained
with connate Dinantian pore waters.
23()~
%
The values obtained for sulphur in lead (-23.2 to +6.6 0)
give an even greater range, but are consistently heavier than those
obtained from baryte. Following the arguments established by
34S
Heyl et al, (1975) the wide range in d values militates against
solely a deep- seated (magmatic) sulphur as a major sour-ce, but
34S
when compared with other Mississippi Valley type deposits the d
distributions are reversed as sulphide sulphur is generally heavier
than sulphate sulphur. This lead Robinson and Ineson to imply a
separate deep magmatic seated source for some of the sulphide
sulphur, following Solomons' Northern Pennine model Lighter
34S
biogenic d in some of the galena samples suggests that at least
some of the reduced sulphur may have been derived from connate
Dinantian sea water. The wide range of values reflects migration
of saline brines through basement rocks at high temperatures. But,
as Solomon state s, the only likely source is deep migration of connate
water through a granite cupola; however, he notes that these connate
waters are chloride-rich and 'Sulphate-free in the Northern Pennines.
However examination of the sedimentary history of the Dinantian rocks
of the Southern Pennines indicates that connate waters rich in sulphate
34
(with light biogenic d S values) occurred during near evaporation
phases on the carbonat e shelf (Worley and Ford 1977). These probably
provided the sulphate in baryte. Deep circulation of some of the se
brines may have taken place to provide reduced sulphur for the galena.
The mechanism of reduction of sulphate to sulphide cannot be satis-
factorily explained in terms of this model and its genesis remains a
puzzle.
232.
v) Summary
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