Cyber Crimes 1

Contents

1 Types of Attacks …………………………………………………………………… 3

2 Types of Offenders ………………………………………………………………… 4

3 Types of Cyber Crimes and Prevention ………………………………………….. 4

3.1 Breaches of Physical security …………………………………………………... 4
3.2 Breaches of Personnel Security ………………………………………………… 6
3.3 Breaches of Communications and Data Security ………………………………. 7
Cyber Crimes 2

3.3.1 Data Attacks ………………………………………………………………… 7

3.3.2 Software Attacks ……………………………………………………………. 7
3.4 Breaches of Operations Security …………………………………………………10

4 Handling Computer Crime ………………………………………………………... 11

4.1 Steps Taken After Breach ………………………………………………………. 11
4.2 Methods of Investigations ……………………………………………………… 12
4.3 Recommendations Because of Laws …………………………………………... 12

5 References …………………………………………………………………………. 13

Cyber Crimes

Cyber crime, also called computer crime, is any illegal behavior directed by means of
electronic operations that targets the security of computer systems and the data processed.
It involves a number of issues ranging from the theft of information from a computer
system or network, to the use of a computer as a tool during committing a crime. As more
companies connect their networks to the Internet, awareness of computer crimes becomes
very important.
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1 Types of Attacks

In this age of automation and connectivity, almost all organizations are vulnerable to
cyber crimes. Here are the most common targets for cyber crimes:

Military and Intelligence Attacks

Espionage agents may target military and intelligence computers. National security
increasingly depends on computers. Computers store information ranging from the
positioning of Air Force satellites to plans for troop deployment throughout the world.
Espionage agents have learned that they can get what they want from computers.

Business Attacks
Businesses may be the target of their competitors. The worldwide economic competition
is becoming more and more fierce. Industrial espionages have become a growing threat
because of the competition among national economies. Even “friendly” nations in the
past have become our economic enemies.

Financial Attacks
Professional criminals may target Banks and other financial organizations for financial
gain. These days, our money may seem to be nothing but bits in a computer, numbers on
a screen, and ink on an occasional bank statement. We tend to depend on more on
computer to pay our bills and deposit our checks electronically. Theft and fraud cases are
also increasingly done electronically as well.

Terrorist Attacks
Terrorists may target any organization but especially government and utility company
computers. Their purposes could be to paralyze the government or cause disastrous
accidents.

Grudge Attacks
Any company can be the target of its own employees or ex-employees. Similarly,
universities may be the target of their students and former students. Their goals are for
revenge.

“Fun” Attacks
Any organization can be the target of crackers, sometimes they’re seeking for the
intellectual challenge, and sometimes they are professionals who may do it to ber hired.

2 Types of Offenders
Crackers
Cracker is a person who engages in computer and telecommunications intrusion.
Crackers operate in groups or in individuals. The motivation of a cracker is to access a
system or data.
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Criminals
There are three major types of criminal behavior: espionage, fraud and abuse. The
common motivation of a criminal is financial gain.

Vandals
Vandals can be roughly divided into two groups: users and strangers. Users are those who
are authorized to use the system they abuse, but they have extended their privileges.
Strangers are those who are not authorized to use the system in any way. A main
motivation of vandal is to damage the system or data files.

3 Types of Cyber Crimes and Prevention

Cyber crimes can be classified in many ways. You might divide them by who commits
them and what their motivation might be. Or, you might divide these crimes by how they
are committed. Here, I have chosen to divide computer attacks by the types of computer
security that ought to prevent them.

There are four types of computer security:

1. Physical security is protection of the physical building, computer, related
equipment, and media (e.g., disks and tapes).
2. Personnel security includes preventing computer crimes. That is to protect
computer equipment and data from a variety of different types of people,
including employees, vendors, contractors, professional criminals and others.
3. Communications security is to protect software and data, especially when it
passes from one computer to another computer across a network connection.
4. Operations security is protection of the procedures used to prevent and detect
security breaches, and the development of methods of prevention and detection.

3.1 Breaches of physical security

Dumpster Diving
Dumpster diving is called trashing. It means searching for access codes or other sensitive
information in the trash. With the electronic version of dumpster diving, crackers may try
to recover erased data from tapes or disks.

Potential offenders are:

1. System users, anyone able to access the trash area.
2. Anyone who has access to computer areas or areas used to store backups.

Wiretapping
Wiretapping is Interception of communications signals with the intent to gain access to
information transmitted over communications circuits.

Telephone and network wiring is often not secured as it should be. Intruders can
physically damage it and can pick up the data flowing across the wires. Criminals
Cyber Crimes 5

sometimes use wiretapping methods to eavesdrop on communications, especially in

telephone fraud.

Potential offenders are:

1. Communications technicians and engineers.
2. Agents for competitors.
3. Communications employees, former employees, vendors, and contractors.
4. Agents for foreign intelligence services.

Eavesdropping on Emanations
Computer equipment emits electromagnetic impulses. Whenever you strike a computer
key, an electronic impulse is sent into the immediate area. Potential offenders may take
advantage of these electronic emanations by monitoring, intercepting, and decoding
them.

Because of the emanation threat, government computers used to store and process
classified information require special physical shielding. It’s a major concern for military
and intelligence data.

Potential offenders are the same as wiretappings.

Denial or Degradation of Service

Denial of service is called interdiction. It refers to any action or series of actions that
prevent any part of a system from functioning in accordance with its intended purpose.
This includes any action that causes unauthorized destruction, modification, or delay of
service. Delay or partial denial is more often called degradation of service.

One example may involve flooding a computer resource with more requests than it can
handle. The attack is initiated by sending excessive demands to the victim’s computers,
exceeding the limit that the victim’s servers can support and making the servers crash.
This causes the resource (e.g. a web server) to crash and cannot provide normal services
for authorized users. Another example can be electronic sabotage involving the actual
destruction or disabling of equipment or data.

It’s very difficult to prevent such attacks.

Recommendation for the Prevention (physical security)

Physical security can prevent disaster, or at least to minimize the effects of them. Major
concerns of basic physical security:
1. Locks and keys. The first line of defense against intruders is to keep them out of
your building or computer room.
2. Natural disasters, such as fire, flood, lightning, and earthquakes.
3. Environmental threats, such as electricity and heating and air conditioning
systems.
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If you want examine and validate a physical security program, you can use some types of
tests, such as regular physical security inspections, random checks and penetration tests.

3.2 Breaches of Personnel Security

Masquerading
Masquerading is acting as an authorized user, usually trying to gain access to a system. It
is similar to spoofing, mimicking, and impersonation. Masquerading may be done in
person or remotely.

There are two forms of masquerading: physical and electronic. In person, a criminal may
use an authorized user’s identity or access card to get into restricted areas where he can
access to computers and data. Electronically, an unauthorized person will use an
authorized user’s logon ID, password personal identification number, or telephone access
code to gain access to a computer or to a particular set of sensitive data files.

Social Engineering
Social engineering is to gain privileged information about a computer system by skillful
lying, usually over a telephone line.

Some crackers are very good at social engineering, and use it to discover telephone
number, account names, passwords, and other access information of the legitimate users.
This is usually done by acting as an authorized user or administrator, and asking for
assistance.

Harassment
Harassment is using computer methods (e.g., email) to slander or bother someone.
Sending threatening email message and slandering people on bulletin board systems and
newsgroups are common types.

Software Piracy
Software piracy is copying of software without authorization.

Potential offenders are:

1. Buyers and users of commercial software.
2. Software pirates.
3. Employees who steal proprietary software.

Recommendation for the Prevention (personnel security)

People are the biggest threat to computer. There are many types of people who imperil
computers and information, ex. employees, vendors, contractors, professional criminals.
It is necessary to develop a personnel security program according to different
people/different threats. Important components of personnel security are background
checks and careful monitoring on the job.
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3.3 Breaches of Communications and Data Security

3.3.1 Data Attacks
There are many types of attacks on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.
Confidentiality keeps data secret from those not authorized to see it. Integrity keeps data
safe from modification by those not authorized to change it. Availability keeps data
available for use.

Unauthorized Copying of Data

Piracy is an example of the unauthorized copying of data. Preventing and detecting this
type of attack requires coordinated policies among the different categories of computer
security.

Traffic Analysis
Traffic analysis means collection and analysis of information. An eavesdropper can get
desired information by analysis of message characteristics (e.g., length, frequency,
destination).

Sometimes, the attacks on data might not be so obvious. Even data that appears quite
ordinary may be valuable to a foreign or industrial spy. For example, travel itineraries for
generals and other dignitaries help terrorists plan attacks against their victims.

Covert Channels
Covert channels mean a communications channel that allows two cooperating processes
to transfer information in a manner that violates the system’s security policy.

A smart insider can hide stolen data in other innocent output. For example, a filename or
contents of a report could be changed slightly to include secret information that is
obvious only to someone who is looking for it.

3.3.2 Software Attacks

Trap Doors
Trap door is also called back door. It is a hidden software or hardware mechanism that
can be triggered to allow system protection mechanisms to be circumvented. It is one of
classical software attacks.

Trap door is activated in some innocent-appearing manner (e.g., a special “random” key
sequence or transaction in an application at a terminal). Software developers often
include trap doors in their code to enable them to reenter the system and perform certain
functions.

Session hijacking
Session hijacking is taking over an authorized user’s terminal session, either physically
when the user leaves his terminal unattended or electronically when the intruder carefully
connects to a just-disconnected communications line.

Session hijacking is a relatively new type of attack in the communications category.

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Tunneling
Tunneling uses one data transfer method to carry data for another method. Tunneling is
an often-legitimate way to transfer data over incompatible networks, but it is illegitimate
when it is used to carry unauthorized data in legitimate data packets.

Timing Attacks
Timing attacks mean attacks that take advantage of the timing of computer processes and
operations to get access.

These include the abuse of race conditions and asynchronous attacks. In race conditions,
there is a race between two processes operating on a system; the outcome depends on
who wins the race. Asynchronous attacks are another way of taking advantage of
dynamic system activity to get access.

Potential offenders are advanced system analysts, advanced computer programmers.

Trojan Horses
Trojan horses are a computer program with an apparently or actually useful function that
contains additional (hidden) functions that surreptitiously exploit the legitimate
authorizations of the invoking process to the detriment of security or integrity.

Trojan horses are a common technique for planting other problems in computers,
including viruses, worms, logic bombs and salami attacks.

Potential offenders are:

1. Programmers who have detailed knowledge of a program.
2. Employees of former employees.
3. Vendor or contractor programmers.
4. Financial system programmers.
5. Computer users.
6. Computer operators.
7. Crackers.

Viruses and Worms

A virus is a self-propagating program, which may be embedded in software or firmware.
A virus spreads when the program containing executes.

A worm is a standalone program that can propagate to other computers via networks. It
exists independently of any other programs. A worm simply replicates itself on one
computer and tries to infect other computers that may be attached to the same network.

There is an important distinction between worms and viruses: a worm operates over a
network, but in order to infect a machine, a virus must be physically copied. They have
many similarities, and both can be introduced into systems via Trojan horses.
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Potential offenders are the same as Trojan horses’.

The best way to prevent viruses and worms from invading a system are:
1. Be vigilant about introducing new and untrusted software into a system.
2. Use virus-scanning software to check for viruses.
3. Do frequent and careful backups.

Salamis
Salami technique is the process of secretly and repetitively slicing away tiny amounts of
money (like the slices of a salami) in a way that is unlikely to be noticed.

It works on financial data, e.g., taking advantage of the rounding of decimals in bank
interest calculations.

Potential offenders are the same as Trojan horses’.

Logic Bombs
Logic bombs are a resident computer program that triggers an unauthorized act when a
certain event (e.g., a date) occurs.

A typical logic bomb tells the computer to execute a set of instructions at a certain date
and time or under certain specified conditions.

Potential offenders are the same as Trojan horses’.

Recommendation for the Prevention (communications security)

As more companies connect their networks to the Internet, communications security is
particularly important. There are many different ways to protect communications:
1. Access control, e.g., the use of good password. It is crucial to enforcing computer
security in networked environments.
2. Cryptographic methods, e.g., encryption of transmitted data.
3. Physical protection and shielding of network cabling.
4. Firewall technology. It can protect internal systems and networks from other
networks.

3.4 Breaches of Operations Security

Data Diddling
Data diddling, also called false data entry, is to alter data in an unauthorized manner
before, during, or after input into a computer system.

Potential Offenders are:

1. Participants in transactions being entered or updated.
2. Suppliers of source data.
3. Somebody who prepares the data.
4. Nonparticipant with access.
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IP Spoofing
IP spoofing is a method of masquerading in which an attacker forges the addresses on
data packets sent over the Internet so they appear to be coming from insider a network in
which systems trust each.

How can an operations security program prevent IP spoofing attacks? Two good ways are
to require passwords in all cases and to prevent trust relationships.

Password Sniffing
Password sniffers mean sniffers are programs that monitor all traffic on a network,
collecting a certain number of bytes from the beginning of each session, usually the part
where the password is typed unencrypted on certain common Internet service such as
FTP and Telnet.

One-time passwords and encrypted passwords are good ways to keep password sniffing
attacks from compromising systems.

Scanning
Scanning is running a program, often called a war dialer or a demon dialer, that ties a set
of sequentially changing numbers (e.g., telephone numbers or passwords) to determine
which ones respond positively; for example, with telephone number, the program would
report those that successfully connect to modems.

It is similar to war dialing a technique often used by novice crackers.

Potential offenders are:

1. Malicious intruders.
2. Spies attempting to access systems for targeted data.
3. Criminals intent on committing fraud.

Excess Privileges
Users in a system have excess privileges—more privileges than they ought to have.

In UNIX environments, intruders who manage to get “root” or “superuser” privileges can
play havoc with the system. In mainframe systems, abuse of privileges is sometimes
called superzapping.

Potential offenders are:

1. Programmers with access to Superzap-type programs.
2. Computer operations staff.

Recommendation for the Prevention (operations security)

Operations security includes two major aspects of computer security:
1. Ways you can increase awareness among potential victims of possible computer
crimes.
Cyber Crimes 11

2. Ways you can keep computer criminals from actually committing a computer
crime.

Operations security cannot exist in a vacuum. The only way it can be effective is if it is
integrated into an organization’s physical, personnel, and communications security
programs. In fact, operations security is used to help make those programs more
productive.

4 Handling Computer Crime

4.1 Steps Taken After the Breach
The first step is to assess the situation. You need ask following question:
1. What is the severity level of the intrusion?
2. Who will be involved in the investigation?
3. Who is responsible for determining future actions?
The more such questions have been addressed in advance by the adoption of a written
security policy, the more quickly and accurately the effects of the breach can be
ameliorated.

The second step is to repair damage and prevent recurrence. The organization may have
to seek help from outside expertise. In the past, following a serious breach, the
government is one choice for an organization when investigating computer crime. With
the number of computer crimes growing each year, the resources of most governmental
agencies have been overburdened. They have insufficient personnel resources to handle
the load and inadequate technical expertise to thoroughly research the cases. Private
companies specializing in the field of network security now offer computer crime and
forensic evidence services. Such specialists must have the specific knowledge base to
efficiently and quickly complete investigations, with a background in recovery and
analysis of computer forensics, formal investigations, and the relevant laws.

Cyber crimes may be subject to the investigation of the NCCS (The FBI’s National
Computer Crimes Squad):
1. Intrusions of the Public Switched Network (the telephone company).
2. Major computer network intrusions.
3. Network integrity violations.
4. Privacy violations
5. Industrial espionage.
6. Pirated computer software.
7. Other crimes where the computer is a major factor in committing the criminal
offense.

4.2 Methods of Investigations

Initial assessment includes a careful examination and inventory of all potentially affected
systems. The important first step is determining if a criminal still has control of any
relevant computer. If they are still logged on, an important decision is to decide whether
to terminate the user. Leaving the intruder on the system may provide a better opportunity
Cyber Crimes 12

of profiling and ultimately identifying and apprehending the attacker. On the other hand,
if investigator decides to lock the user out and disconnect the system from network they
can often limit the damage to what the malicious user has already accomplished.

As a general rule, an investigator should not let the attacker know that they are being
disconnected or tracked due to unauthorized access.

4.3 Recommendations Because of Laws

Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft
and fraud. However, Cyber crime is different from the traditional crime. Business and
governments need legal protection and technical measures to protect themselves from
those who would steal or destroy valuable information. Self-protection is not sufficient to
make cyberspace a safe place to conduct business. The rule of law must be enforced.

At present, the state of global legal protection against cyber crime is weak. There are
following suggestions:
1. Firms should secure their networked information. Laws to enforce property rights
work only when property owners take reasonable steps to protect their property in
the first place.
2. Government should assure that their laws apply to cyber crimes. National
governments remain the dominant authority for regulating criminal behavior in
most places in the world.
3. Firms, governments, and civil society should work cooperatively to strengthen
legal frameworks for cyber security. To be prosecuted across a border, an act must
be a crime in each jurisdiction.

5 References
David Icove, Karl Seger, & William Vonstorch. “Computer Crime: A Crimefighter’s
Handbook”. O’Reilly & Associates. 1995.

Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) of the Criminal Division of
the U.S. Department of Justice Web Page,
http://www.cybercrime.gov/

FBI web page

http://www.fbi.gov

Asian School of Cyber Laws Web Page,

http://www.asianlaws.org/cyberlaw/library/cc/what_cc.htm
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