Review

Thermodynamic I
Week 15 #
2nd Law Thermodynamics (part 1)
1. An automobile engine consumes fuel at a rate of 22 L/h and delivers 55 KW of power
to the wheels. If the fuel has a heating value of 44,000 Kj/kg and a density of 0.8
g/cm3, determine the efficiency of this engine
2. A carnot heat pump is used to heat and maintain a residential building at 240C An
energy analysis of the house reveals that it loses heat at a rate of 4500 kJ/h per 0c
temperature difference between the indoors and the outdoors. For an outdoor
temperature of 20C, determine (a) the coefficient of performance, and (b) the
required power input to the heat pump.
4. Air is compressed steadily by a 5-kW compressor from 100 kPa and 17°C to 600 kPa
and 167°C at a rate of 1.6 kg/min. During this process, some heat transfer takes place
between the compressor and the surrounding medium at 17°C. Determine the rate of
entropy change of air during this process.
5. Air is compressed in a piston–cylinder device from 100 kPa and 17°C to 800 kPa in a
reversible, adiabatic process. Determine the final temperature and the work done
during this process, assuming (a) constant specific heats and (b) variable specific heats
for air.
2nd Law Thermodynamics (part 2)
6. Helium gas is compressed from 90 kPa and 30°C to 450 kPa in a reversible, adiabatic process.
Determine the final temperature and the work done, assuming the process takes place (a) in a
piston–cylinder device and (b) in a steady-flow compressor.
7. An ideal gas at 100 kPa and 27°C enters a steady-flow compressor. The gas is compressed to 400
kPa, and 10 percent of the mass that entered the compressor is removed for some other use. The
remaining 90 percent of the inlet gas is compressed to 600 kPa before leaving the compressor.
The entire compression process is assumed to be reversible and adiabatic. The power supplied to
the compressor is measured to be 32 kW. If the ideal gas has constant specific heats such that cv
=0.8 kJ/kg . K and cp = 1.1 kJ/kg . K, (a) sketch the compression process on a T-s diagram, (b)
determine the temperature of the gas at the two compressor exits, in K, and (c) determine the
mass flow rate of the gas into the compressor, in kg/s .
8. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C with a mass flow rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at
30 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic energy change of the
steam, determine (a) the temperature at the turbine exit and (b) the power output of the
turbine.
9. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 7 MPa, 600°C, and 80 m/s and leaves at 50 kPa, 150°C, and
140 m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 6 MW, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the
steam flowing through the turbine and (b) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.
10. Air enters a compressor steadily at the ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 22°C and leaves at 800
kPa. Heat is lost from the compressor in the amount of 120 kJ/kg and the air experiences an
entropy decrease of 0.40 kJ/kg . K. Using constant specific heats, determine (a) the exit
temperature of the air, (b) the work input to the compressor, and (c) the entropy generation
during this process.
2nd Law Thermodynamics (part 3)
11. The inner and outer surfaces of a 5-m x 7-m brick wall of thickness 20 cm are maintained at
temperatures of 20°C and 5°C, respectively. If the rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1515 W,
determine the rate of entropy generation within the wall.
12. Steam expands in a turbine steadily at a rate of 25,000 kg/h, entering at 6 MPa and 450°C and
leaving at 20 kPa as saturated vapor. If the power generated by the turbine is 4 MW, determine the
rate of entropy generation for this process. Assume the surrounding medium is at 25°C.
13. Liquid water at 200 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at 200
kPa and 150°C. Liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate of 2.5 kg/s, and the chamber is
estimated to lose heat to the surrounding air at 25°C at a rate of 1200 kJ/min. If the mixture leaves
the mixing chamber at 200 kPa and 60°C, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the superheated
steam and (b) the rate of entropy generation during this mixing process.
14. Air is compressed steadily by a compressor from 100 kPa and 20°C to 1200 kPa and 300°C at a rate
of 0.4 kg/s. The compressor is intentionally cooled by utilizing fins on the surface of the compressor
and heat is lost from the compressor at a rate of 15 kW to the surroundings at 20°C. Using constant
specific heats at room temperature, determine (a) the power input to the compressor, (b) the
isothermal efficiency, and (c) the entropy generation during this process.
Property Relation for real gases
15. Determine the enthalpy change and the entropy change of nitrogen per unit mole as it undergoes a
change of state from 225 K and 6 MPa to 320 K and 12 MPa, (a) by assuming ideal-gas behavior and
(b) by accounting for the deviation from ideal-gas behavior through the use of generalized charts.
16. Argon gas enters a turbine at 7 MPa and 600 K with a velocity of 100 m/s and leaves at 1 MPa and 280
K with a velocity of 150 m/s at a rate of 5 kg/s. Heat is being lost to the surroundings at 25°C at a rate
of 60 kW. Using the generalized charts, determine (a) the power output of the turbine and (b) the
entropy change associated with the process.

17. Methane is contained in a piston–cylinder device and is heated at constant pressure of 4MPa from
100 to 350°C. Determine the heat transfer, work and entropy change per unit mass of the methane
using (a) the ideal-gas assumption, (b) the generalized charts.
1. Suatu mesin Carnot beroperasi dengan suhu rendah 50oC dan suhu tinggi 700oC. Jika mesin tersebut mengkonsumsi
gas alam sebanyak 5 ton/hari, dengan Heating Value (hv) gas alam adalah 50 MJ/kg, berapakah daya (MW) yang
dihasilkan mesin tersebut.
2. Sebuah turbin beroperasi secara steady dengan mengekspansi 5 kg/s steam dari tekanan 15 MPa dan 500oC hingga
keluar turbin pada tekanan 50 kPa dan berfasa saturated vapor. Panas yang hilang ke lingkungan sebesar 500 kW.
Tentukan laju Entropy Generation selama proses ini jika suhu lingkungan adalah 30oC.
3. Sebuah kompressor mengkompresi udara bersuhu 25oC dengan tekanan 100 kPa dan flow rate 2.5 kg/s sehingga
tekanannya berubah menjadi 900 kPa. Jika efisiensi isentropis kompresor sebesar 76% dan udara masih berlaku sebagai
gas ideal pada kondisi ini, tentukan:
a. Suhu aktual udara keluar kompresor
b. Power (daya) aktual yang diperlukan kompresor (MW)
4. Steam at 6000 kPa and 500°C enters a steady-flow turbine. The steam expands in the turbine while doing work until the
pressure is 1000 kPa. When the pressure is 1000 kPa, 10 percent of the steam is removed from the turbine for other uses.
The remaining 90 percent of the steam continues to expand through the turbine while doing work and leaves the
turbine at 10 kPa. The entire expansion process by the steam through the turbine is reversible and adiabatic.
(a) Sketch the process on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines. Be sure to label the data states and the lines
of constant pressure.
(b) If the turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent, what is the work done by the steam as it flows through the
turbine per unit mass of steam flowing into the turbine, in kJ/kg?
5. Methane is compressed adiabatically by a steady-flow compressor from 2 MPa and 10°C to 10 MPa and 110°C at a rate
of 0.55 kg/s. Using the generalized charts, determine the required power input to the compressor.
6. CO2 bertekanan 1015.26 psia dan suhu -9.67oF dikompresi secara adiabatis sehingga tekanannya menjadi 1740.45 MPa
bersuhu 44.33oF. Gunakan generalized chart untuk menghitung kerja yang diperlukan.