Redox Reactiopn

Redox reaction
Redox reaction
A reaction in which two processes oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously is called a redox
reaction.
A redox reaction contain two half reactions.
(i) Oxidation half reaction
(ii) Reduction half reaction
Classical concept of oxidation and reduction

Oxidation
A reaction in which addition of oxygen or any electronegative element takes place is termed as
oxidation. e.g.
C (s) + O2 (g) −−−→ CO2 (g)
A reaction in which removal of hydrogen of any electropositive element takes place in termed as
oxidation. e.g.
H2S(g) +Br2(g) −−−→ 2HBr (g)+S(s)
Reduction
A reaction in which addition of hydrogen or any electro positive element takes place. E.g.
ZnO(s)+H2(g) −−−→ Zn(s)+H2O(l)
A reaction in which a removal of oxygen or any electronegative element is called reduction.
2HgO(s) −−−→ 2Hg(l)+O2(g)
Classical concept of oxidizing agent and reducing agent
a) Oxidizing agent
A substance which supplys oxygen or any electronegative element and remove hydrogen or any other
electropositive element.
b) Reducing agent
A substance which supplys hydrogen or any other electropositive element and remove oxygen or any
other electronegative element.
Electronic concept of oxidation and reduction

a) Oxidation
Loss of one or more electrons by a substance (atom, in or molecule) is termed as oxidation
b) Reduction
Gain of one or more electrons by a substance (atom, ion or molecule) is termed as reduction
Electronic concept of oxidizing and reducing agent
A substance which gains one or more electrons is called oxidizing agent or oxidant
A substance which supply one or more electrons is called reducing agent or reductant
Direct and indirect redox reaction
1) Direct redox reaction
A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occurs in the same vessel.
2) Indirect redox reaction
A reaction in which oxidation and reduction occurs in different vessels.
Half-Reactions
To monitor the transfer of electrons in a redox reaction, we can represent the oxidation and
reduction separately. A half-reaction is a balanced equation that shows the number of electrons
involved in either oxidation or reduction. Because a redox reaction involves both oxidation and
reduction, two half-reactions are needed to represent a redox reaction.One half-reaction shows
oxidation, and the other half-reaction shows reduction.
As the reaction of zinc with aqueous copper(II) sulfate can be represented by the following net
ionic equation.
Zn(s) Cu2 (aq) → Cu(s) Zn2(aq)
Each neutral Zn atom is oxidized to form a Zn2ion. Thus, each Zn atom
must lose two electrons. We can write an oxidation half-reaction to show
this change.
Zn(s) → Zn2(aq) 2e-
Each Cu2ion is reduced to form a neutral Cu atom. Thus, each Cu2ion
must gain two electrons. We can write a reduction half-reaction to show
this change.
Cu2(aq) 2e-→ Cu(s)
Like other types of balanced equations, half-reactions are balanced using the smallest possible
whole-number coefficients.
Disproportion reaction
In most redox reactions, one substance is oxidized and a different substance is reduced.
However, in the reaction in which a single element undergoes both oxidation and reduction is
called a disproportion reaction.
For example, a copper(I) solution undergoes disproportionation in the following reaction.
2Cu(aq) → Cu(s) Cu2(aq)
In this reaction, some copper(I) ions gain electrons, while other copper(I)
ions lose electrons.
The two half-reactions are as follows.
Oxidation: Cu(aq) → Cu2 (aq) 1e-
Reduction: Cu(aq) 1e-→ Cu(s)
Oxidation number To find oxidation and reduction in covalent compounds, the concept of
oxidation number is used Oxidation number of an element may be defined as the residual
charge which an atom of an element has or appears to have in a molecule when all other atoms
are removed as ions from the
molecule.Oxidation number in also called
oxidation state and may be zero, positive or negative.
Oxidation numbers are actual or hypothetical charges, assigned using a set of rules.
Rules to find oxidation number.
1. A pure element has an oxidation number of 0. Na in Na(s), Br in Br2(g ), and P in P4(s) all
have an oxidation number of 0.
2. The oxidation number of an element in a monatomic ion equals the charge of the ion. The
oxidation number of Al in Al3is 3.
3. The oxidation number of hydrogen in its compounds is 1, except in metal hydrides, where
the oxidation number of hydrogen is 1. The oxidation number of H in H2S orCH4 is 1. The
oxidation number of H in NaH or in CaH2 is 1.
4. The oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is usually 2, but there are exceptions.
These include peroxides, such as H2O2 super oxide such as KO2, and the compound OF2. The
oxidation number of O in Li2O or in KNO3 is 2. In peroxide -1 and in super oxide –l/2
5. In covalent compounds that do not contain hydrogen or oxygen, the more electronegative
element is assigned an oxidation number that equals the negative charge it usually has in its ionic
compounds. The oxidation number of Cl in PCl3 is 1. The oxidation number of S in CS2
is 2.
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the elements in a compound is 0. In CF4, the
oxidation number of F is 1, and the oxidation number of C is 4.
(4) 4(1) 0
7. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the elements in a polyatomic ion equals the charge on
the ion. In NO2 the oxidation number of O is 2, and the oxidation number of N is 3.
(3) 2(2) 1
Oxidation and reduction in term of oxidation number.
Oxidation A chemical change in which there is increase in oxidation number
Reduction A chemical process in which there in decrease in oxidation number.
Oxidizing and reducing agent in terms of oxidation number.

Oxidizing agent A substance whose oxidation number decrease
Reducing agent A substance whose oxidation number increases.

Redox Reactiopn

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Redox Reactiopn

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Redox reaction

Classical concept of oxidation and reduction

Electronic concept of oxidation and reduction

Oxidizing and reducing agent in terms of oxidation number.

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