2/27/2018 Maintenance

Management
Assignment 1

YOGESH KUMAR
BFT/16/L4
 1. Maintenance
In general, Maintenance means to hold, keep, sustain or preserve the building, machine,
equipment or structure to an acceptable standard of performance, safety or aesthetics.
All of us perform or practice some form of maintenance in our daily life.
Whether you own a house, car, electrical equipment or any machine they all require
maintenance to sustain their serviceability throughout their lifecycle.
Definition
British Standard Glossary of terms (3811:1993) defined maintenance as:
"The combination of all technical and associated administrative actions, including
supervision actions, intended to retain an item in or restore it to a state in which it can
perform its required function. This required function might be defined as stated
condition."
Maintenance is the routine and recurring process of keeping a particular machine or asset
in its normal operating condition so that it can deliver its expected performance or service
without causing any loss of time on account of accidental damage or breakdown.
In other words, maintenance means the work that is to be done, to keep the
equipment/system in running condition such that it can be utilized to its full designed
capacity and efficiency for maximum amount of time.
2. Maintenance Engineering
Maintenance Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying engineering
concepts for the optimization of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to
achieve better maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment.
Maintenance, and hence maintenance engineering, is increasing in importance due to
rising amounts of equipment, systems, machineries and infrastructure. Since the
Industrial Revolution, devices, equipment, machinery and structures have grown
increasingly complex, requiring a host of personnel, vocations and related systems needed
to maintain them. Prior to 2006, the United States spent approximately US$300 billion
annually on plant maintenance and operations alone. Maintenance is to ensure a unit is fit
for purpose, with maximum availability at minimum costs. A person practicing
Maintenance Engineering is known as a Maintenance Engineer.
Maintenance Engineer's Essential knowledge
A Maintenance Engineer should possess significant knowledge of statistics, probability
and logistics, and additionally in the fundamentals of the operation of the equipment and
machinery he or she is responsible for.
A Maintenance Engineer shall also possess high interpersonal, communication, and
management skills, as well as the ability to make decisions quickly.
Typical Maintenance Engineering Responsibilities
1. Assure optimization of the Maintenance Organization structure.
2. Analysis of repetitive equipment failures.
3. Estimation of maintenance costs and evaluation of alternatives.
4. Forecasting of spare parts.

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 5. Assessing the needs for equipment replacements and establish replacement
programs when due.
6. Application of scheduling and project management principles to replacement
programs.
7. Assessing required maintenance tools and skills required for efficient maintenance
of equipment.
8. Assessing required skills required for maintenance personnel.
9. Reviewing personnel transfers to and from maintenance organizations.
10. Assessing and reporting safety hazards associated with maintenance of equipment.

3. Maintenance Management
Modern maintenance management is not to repair broken equipment rapidly. Modern
maintenance management is to keep the equipment running at high capacity and produce
quality produce quality products at lowest cost possible.
Definition:
“All the activities of management that determines the maintenance objectives or priorities
(defined as the targets assigned and accepted by the management and maintenance
department), strategies (defined as management methods in order to achieve maintenance
objectives) and responsibilities and implement them by means such as maintenance
planning, maintenance control and supervision and several improving methods including
economical aspects in the organization.”
4. Why Maintenance?
Maintenance involves keeping the workplace, its structures, equipment, machines,
furniture and facilities in good repair and operating efficiently and safely. It includes many
tasks including repairing, replacing, servicing, inspecting and testing. The term could also
be used in relation to the importance of keeping your staff safe, fit and healthy.
There are two main types of maintenance work. Routine/preventative maintenance is
usually planned and includes scheduled inspections repairs and replacement to make sure
everything continues to work. It can be compared to an annual service on your car.
Corrective maintenance is needed when things go wrong or break downs occur demanding
reactive action to be taken to get things up and running again. It can be compared to having
a repair carried out on your car after a part has failed.
Regular maintenance is essential to keep premises, equipment, machines and the work
environment safe and reliable. It helps to eliminate workplace hazards. Lack of
maintenance or inadequate maintenance can lead to dangerous situations, accidents and
health problems.
It is important that a planned maintenance programme is in place and that all
maintenance work is risk assessed before beginning the task.
5. What happen if Maintenance is not done?
Everyone is affected. Those who carry out maintenance work are at risk if the tasks have
not been assessed and adequate controls are in place to keep them safe but others would
be affected if maintenance work was not carried out as they could be working with or
around dangerous equipment or within a dangerous environment. Contractors brought in

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 to carry out maintenance work can be particularly at risk as they may be unfamiliar with
the workplace and the procedures in place for working safely.
Maintenance can be dangerous, it is estimated that, between 25 and 30% of all
manufacturing industry deaths in Britain result from maintenance activity.
This doesn’t include the long-term health problems associated with maintenance. One
example of this is the recent HSE campaigns highlighting the numbers of workers exposed
to asbestos during maintenance work in buildings where asbestos is present.
6. Maintenance Department
To achieve the objectives of maintenance it is necessary to lay down the responsibilities of
maintenance department.
Following are some of the responsibilities of maintenance department:
1. Personnel Management
 Maintaining availability of the sufficient trained work force and avoiding delays
in maintenance work due to absenteeism.
 Arranging alternative facilities when sufficient trained manpower is not
available for the job.
 Minimizing conflicts among the production and maintenance staff.
 Training and upgrading skill of maintenance personnel.
2. Maintenance Scheduling & Job distribution
 Developing maintenance schedules and repair and overhaul programmes for
all equipment’s and machinery
 Preparation of job list and proper job allotment to the workers and supervisors.
 No job should be left unattended and requirement of specialization and time
should be kept in mind while assigning a job.
 Adequate supervision should be done from time to time to ensure quality of
maintenance work.
3. Feedback & control
 Setting up of an effective maintenance information system for maintenance
planning and execution.
 Feedback helps to take corrective decisions, if required, in time to control the
function effectively and timely keeping in mind the operational requirements.
 Feedback helps in deciding
1. Reinforcements of manpower in certain areas where required the most.
2. On timely Procurement of spare parts
3. The need of external technical support.
4. To take and alternative decision when situation demands
4. Budgeting and financial management
 It is essential to budget sufficient funds for the maintenance function well in
time.
 Budgetary provisions for planned maintenance and certain unplanned
emergency work need to be made in advance.
 This help in proper utilization of funds and monitoring of cost.
5. Inventory management
 During maintenance work, some spare parts/components are always required
and therefore, the required quantity of those parts must be stored.
 Often, the non-availability of spare parts causes delays in maintenance work.
Therefore, inventory management is an important aspect of maintenance.

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  Inventory management becomes more difficult and costly in cases where
variety of machines is more.

7. Maintenance Manager
Responsible for overseeing maintenance efforts across an organisation. Manages
maintenance activities for the upkeep of buildings, landscapes, vehicles, and offices.
Oversees a range of custodial and maintenance activities. Resolves problems as they arise
whether directly or by assembling teams to solve those issues.
Maintenance Manager Job Duties:
1. Coordinate maintenance worker efforts to make sure employer property like buildings
and grounds are kept up
2. Identify areas for improvement and assign workers to take care of issues
3. Develop maintenance schedules and enforce them among maintenance staff
4. Respond to emergency calls for maintenance
5. Manage the set up and take down of different events
6. Perform troubleshooting to solve minor repair issues
7. Communicate plans for upper level improvements to maintenance worker staff
8. Contact and schedule repairmen and extra help as needed
9. Perform administrative tasks as required
10. Delegate tasks to meet maintenance schedule and satisfy employer needs
Maintenance Manager Skills and Qualifications:
Ability to create a maintenance schedule, Ability to troubleshoot, Knowledge of structure
or grounds to be maintained, Knowledge of maintenance procedures, Knowledge of
systems to be maintained (e.g. Electrical, roofing, pool), Ability to lift heavy loads, Physical
agility, Manual dexterity, Management experience is preferred, Experience in
maintenance is required, Some positions need a master's degree in facility management or
a related field.

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 8. Maintenance Staff/Technician
Maintenance staff is responsible for repairs, maintains physical structure, equipment and
grounds of the facility.
The maintenance technician position is responsible for performing highly diversified
duties to install, troubleshoot, repair and maintain production and facility equipment
according to safety, predictive and productive maintenance systems and processes to
support the achievement of the site’s business goals and objectives.
Essential Functions
Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to
perform the essential functions.
1. Perform highly diversified duties to install and maintain production machines
and the plant facility’s equipment.
2. Provide emergency/unscheduled repairs of production equipment during
production and performs scheduled maintenance repairs of production
equipment during machine service.
3. Perform simple machinist duties and responsibilities.
4. Perform mechanic skills including, but not limited to, mechanical, electrical,
pneumatic, hydraulic, troubleshooting and repair of production machines.
5. Read and interpret equipment manuals and work orders to perform required
maintenance and service.
6. Diagnose problems, replace or repair parts, test and make adjustments.
7. Perform regular preventive maintenance on machines, equipment and plant
facilities.
8. Perform a variety of plumbing maintenance and carpentry functions.
9. Use a variety of hand and power tools, electric meters and material handling
equipment in performing duties.
10. Detect faulty operations, defective material and report those and any unusual
situations to proper supervision.
11. Comply with safety regulations and maintain clean and orderly work areas.
Competencies
1. Technical Capacity.
2. Ethical Conduct.
3. Communication Proficiency.
4. Results Driven.
5. Initiative.
9. Maintenance Resources
These are the maintenance resources Facilities, funding, personnel, spare parts, technical
data, test equipment, tools, etc., available or provided for maintenance operations.
Maintenance resources are basically the resources with the help of these resources
maintenance is done. These resources involve Facilities present within an organization,
funding available for the maintenance, kind of personal with specific skills these are
responsible for doing the job, all spare part tools like PERT, CPM, Gant Chart etc. are the
resources used by the maintenance manager to maintain the utility value of product.
Maintenance resources are vary from organization to organization and the use of efficient
resources is depend on maintenance manager.

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 10. Documents to be maintained in maintenance department
Documentation in maintenance is required for good manufacturing practices (GMP),
various documentation/recording of process is done for keeping the record and improving
the output and elimination the bottleneck in the operation. Documents are different in
different industry.
Record method and data collection process if different for different industry like in apparel
industry these the documents which they need to carry in maintenance department.
1. Machine Purchase Date
2. Machine Type
3. Machine Manufacturer Detail
4. Needle
5. Motor requirement
6. Pressure foot
7. Machine Service Date
8. Efficiency of M/c
9. Working hours
10. Any Damage
11. Power output
12. Kind of tools and attachment required for that M/c model
13. Inventory of tools and spare parts
14. Man is to M/c ratio
15. What is the process and what are the bottleneck
16. Time required
17. Servicing report
18. Parts details
19. M/c parts supplier details
20. M/c manuals
21.
11. Master List of equipment’s and machines
Machine and equipment of an organization is depend on the product range. Like in
apparel some of the equipment’s and machine used are listed below
List of machine, tools, and equipment’s for sewing sections in the garments industry are
mentioned below with alphabetically-

1. Awl
2. Different types of sewing machine
3. Fabric Chalk
4. Local iron
5. Measuring tape
6. Pencil
7. Pointer
8. Pressing machine with vacuum table
9. Rack
10. Scissor
11. Sewing threads
12. Side box
13. Sitting chair / stool for operator
14. Steam iron
15. Stitch opener
16. Table for marking
17. Table for matching garments parts
18. Table for quality inspection

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 19. Template / finished pattern
20. Tray
21. Fusing machine
22. Trimmer
23. Various attachments like guide, gauge, jigs, and folder etc.
List of machines and tools used in cutting department
1. Scissors
2. Straight knife cutting machine
3. Band knife cutting machine
4. Round knife cutting machine
5. Die Cutting machine
6. Drill
7. Notcher
8. Water jet cutting M/c
9. Laser cutting machine
List of machines used in finishing and inspection department
1. Inspection table
2. Spot remover
3. Hand needle
4. Thread trimmer
5. Suction table

12. What do you understand by ‘Machine’?

A machine uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an intended
action. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and
water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms
that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and
movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and
plan movement, often called mechanical systems.
Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines which were the
elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to
input force, known today as mechanical advantage.
Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, mechanisms
and control components and include interfaces for convenient use. Examples include a
wide range of vehicles, such as automobiles, boats and airplanes, appliances in the home
and office, building air handling and water handling systems, as well as farm machinery,
machine tools and factory automation systems and robots.

13. How & why machine fail to perform?

Due to friction in the moving parts of the machine, wear and tear occurs which finally
leads to the failure of that particular part resulting in the failure of the machine if
maintenance is not done properly.
When a piece of machinery fails it inevitably costs a company resources, time and money.
Unfortunately machinery can fail for numerous reasons and pinpointing the cause is not
always easy. Perhaps a Siraflex spring balancer has gone, a Sirem pump has failed or a

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 Zurrer driver has ceased up? Whilst some causes of machine failure can be obscure and
hard to detect, others are much more common.
Take a look at the following main causes of industrial machinery failure.
i. Accidents
A piece of machinery being handled or operated in an incorrect manner can lead to internal
parts becoming damaged and causing failure.
Equipment being dropped can also cause components such as Spaggiari gearboxes and
Planox clutches to become dislodged or damaged, which would also cause the machinery
to cease working properly.
ii. Inadequate maintenance
As the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work advises, inadequate maintenance
or a lack of maintenance can result in accidents occurring with machinery and equipment
ultimately breaking down.
The Agency continues that sufficient maintenance of machinery includes, inspection,
testing, measurement, replacement, adjustment, repair, upkeep, fault detection,
replacement of parts, servicing, lubrication and cleaning.
iii. Corrosion
Corrosion of vital industrial parts, such as Tschan couplings and Worm gearboxes, is one
of the most common causes of equipment failing.
Corrosion of components can be especially problematic when the machinery is exposed to
water contamination. As well as creating rust to form on the interior and exterior of the
machine, water increases the speed at which oil oxidises, which ultimately leads to the part
operating within an acidic environment.
iv. Misalignment
According to Lifetime Reliability’s paper titled ‘Principle Causes of Failure in Machinery’,
“misalignment is universally recognised as the leading contributor to machinery failure.”
Principally due to the parasitic axial thrust, misalignment can significantly reduce the life
of a bearing. Misalignment, continues the paper, exists when the centre lines of two
neighbouring machines deviate from each other.
v. Bearing failure
Which brings us on to bearings. From Amt linear bearings to sferax linear bearings, if
bearings fail so too can the equipment you are operating.
Premature bearing failure is most commonly caused by the contamination or loss of
bearing lubricant. Although mechanical defects such as the unbalance of misalignment of
bearings can also lead to bearings failing prematurely.
vi. Metal fatigue
Another leading reason industrial machinery can fail and stop working is due to metal
fatigue. Metal fatigue occurs when you attempt to cut wires without the use of tools. As the
operator makes their way through the wire, the metal works harder to harder, creating
fatigue.

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 When several cycles of such stress have occurred, the metal typically becomes brittle and
snaps off.

To help prevent machinery failure and the stress and loss of earnings equipment
breakdown typically creates, it is important to keep machinery and internal parts well
lubricated, well maintained, have parts regularly replaced, keep it stored in an appropriate
place and only operated by those trained to do so.
14. Types of Maintenance
Maintenance can be divided into two groups:
1. Unplanned Maintenance or Breakdown Maintenance
2. Planned Maintenance
i. Preventive Maintenance
ii. Corrective maintenance
iii. Scheduled Maintenance
iv. Condition-Based Maintenance
v. Reliability-cantered Maintenance
Maintenance can be performed in two modes:
Running Maintenance (Asset is in operation)
Shut down Maintenance (Asset is out of service)
15. Breakdown Maintenance/ Corrective Maintenance
Breakdown maintenance
 Breakdown maintenance is basically the “run it till it breaks” maintenance mode.
 No actions or efforts are taken to maintain the equipment until a component or
equipment fails or becomes inoperative.
 The work which is required to be done in the case of an emergency failure, has to
be carried out to bring back the equipment to its original working condition.
 In case of risky equipment /systems such as aircraft, elevators and other such
items, chances with only breakdown maintenance cannot be taken.
 Even though it appears to be an economical proposition, work would greatly suffer
if the machine is not restored to operational condition immediately.
 In this type of maintenance, during the repair, no proper care is taken to know the
real cause of the breakdown, which in turn may lead to frequent failures of same
kind.
Advantages
 Less Investment.
 Less staff.
Disadvantages
 Increased cost due to unplanned downtime of equipment.
 Increased labour cost, especially if overtime is needed.
 Cost involved with repair or replacement of equipment.
 Possible secondary equipment or process damage from equipment failure.
 Inefficient use of staff resources.

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 Corrective Maintenance: Corrective maintenance can be defined as the maintenance
carried out to restore the equipment that has stopped working to acceptable standards.
16. Preventive Maintenance
 Preventive maintenance is the Actions performed on a time- or machine-run-based
schedule that detect, preclude, or mitigate degradation of a component or system
with the aim of sustaining or extending its useful life through controlling
degradation to an acceptable level.
 Preventive Maintenance is the utilization of planned and coordinated inspections,
adjustments, repairs and replacements needed in maintaining an equipment or
plant.
 One of the main objective of the preventive maintenance is to detect and prevent
any condition that may cause machine failure before such failure occurs.
 This makes it possible to plan and schedule the maintenance work without
interruption in production schedule and thus improve the availability of
equipment.
 Following activities are taken-up as part of preventive maintenance:
 Routine attention
 Routine Examination
 Preventive Replacement
 Planning and implementation of preventive maintenance system is a costly affair
because during inspection all deteriorated parts/components are replaced.
 However the higher cost of maintenance is usually gets compensated by the
prolonged operational life of the equipment.

17. Scheduled Maintenance

 In this type of maintenance work, the frequency of maintenance predetermined
from experience or from the guidelines given by the equipment manufacturer.
 The actual maintenance programme is scheduled in consultation with the
production department so that the equipment is made available for maintenance
work.
 In this way, the most efficient use of idle time can be made.
 Though scheduled maintenance is costly as compared to breakdown maintenance,
the availability of equipment is enhanced.
Advantages
 Cost effective in many capital-intensive processes.
 Flexibility allows for the adjustment of maintenance periodicity.
 Increased component life cycle.
 Reduced equipment or process failure
 Prolonged life of equipment
Disadvantages
 Catastrophic failures still likely to occur.
 Labour intensive.
 Includes performance of unneeded maintenance.
 Potential for incidental damage to components in conducting unneeded
maintenance

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 18. Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance (PDM) techniques are designed to help determine the condition
of in-service equipment in order to predict when maintenance should be performed. This
approach promises cost savings over routine or time-based preventive maintenance,
because tasks are performed only when warranted.
The main promise of predictive maintenance is to allow convenient scheduling of
corrective maintenance, and to prevent unexpected equipment failures. The key is "the
right information in the right time". By knowing which equipment needs maintenance,
maintenance work can be better planned (spare parts, people, etc.) and what would have
been "unplanned stops" are transformed to shorter and fewer "planned stops", thus
increasing plant availability. Other potential advantages include increased equipment
lifetime, increased plant safety, fewer accidents with negative impact on environment, and
optimized spare parts handling.
Predictive maintenance differs from preventive maintenance because it relies on the actual
condition of equipment, rather than average or expected life statistics, to predict when
maintenance will be required.
Some of the main components that are necessary for implementing predictive
maintenance are data collection and pre-processing, early fault detection, fault detection,
time to failure prediction, maintenance scheduling and resource optimization. Predictive
maintenance has also been considered to be one of the driving forces for improving
productivity and one of the ways to achieve "just-in-time" in manufacturing.
19. Condition Based Monitoring & maintenance
Condition Monitoring

 It is a technique used to determine the condition of equipment and predicting the

failure with maximum success.
 Condition monitoring is a maintenance technique based on advance technology
that assesses the health of an equipment by monitoring certain parameters of the
machine/equipment performance.
 It increases the reliability and availability of equipment by helping in undertaking
corrective measures when they are needed rather than at the scheduled or routine
interval.
 CM enables maintenance team to take timely and informed decisions
 Condition Monitoring helps to prepare maintenance database which can be
utilized for condition-based maintenance planning.
 It contributes to maintenance planning, maintenance cost reduction and saving in
energy by providing early warnings of waste and inefficiency arising from faulty
operation.

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Condition- Based maintenance:

 This kind of maintenance is carried out in response to a significant deterioration in the

unit or system as indicated by a change in a monitored parameter of equipment or
system on its condition or performance.
 It includes measurements that detect the onset of system degradation (lower
functional state), thereby allowing stressors to be eliminated or controlled prior to any
significant deterioration in the component physical state.
 It is also called Predictive Maintenance.
 A condition-based maintenance policy is most suited to high capital cost equipment
and complex replaceable parts.
 A good knowledge of failure data is necessary for effective implementation of
condition-based maintenance.
 It is also possible to minimize inventory and order parts, as required, well ahead of
time to support the downstream maintenance needs.
Advantages
 Increased component operational life/availability.
 Allows for pre-emptive corrective actions.
 Decrease in equipment or process downtime.
 Decrease in costs for parts and labour.
 Better product quality.
 Improved worker and environmental safety.
 Improved worker morale.
Disadvantages
 Increased investment in diagnostic equipment.
 Increased investment in staff training.

20. Reliability Centred Maintenance

 RCM is a process used to determine the maintenance requirements of any physical
asset in its operating context.
 Basically, RCM methodology deals with some key issues not dealt with by other
maintenance programs.
 It recognizes that all equipment in a facility is not of equal importance to either the
process or facility safety.
 It recognizes that equipment design and operation differs and that different
equipment will have a higher probability to undergo failures than others.
 RCM is highly reliant on predictive maintenance but also recognizes that
maintenance activities on equipment that is inexpensive and unimportant to facility
reliability may best be left to a reactive maintenance approach.
Advantages
 Can be the most efficient maintenance program.
 Lower costs by eliminating unnecessary maintenance or overhauls.
 Minimize frequency of overhauls.
 Reduced probability of sudden equipment failures.
 Able to focus maintenance activities on critical components.
 Increased component reliability.

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  Incorporates root cause analysis.
Disadvantages
 Can have significant start-up cost, training, equipment, etc.

21. Spare part Inventory in Maintenance

Management of equipment is sustained by proper management of spare parts. It can be
said that achievement of medical equipment management depends on whether the spare
parts management (or spare parts control) can be properly done. Spare parts
management requires a broad range of technology, experience and knowledge of medical
equipment. In addition to this, it requires the ability to estimate necessary spare parts. If
C/Ps are able to carry out spare parts management, technology transfer in the field of
medical equipment management will be enhanced. Technology transfer in the area of
spare parts management is, therefore, one of the most important tasks in MMS.
Classification of Spare Parts
Spare parts are essential for maintaining and repairing medical equipment. Accessories
and consumable components that have been described so far are necessary for
maintenance and inspection. Components including these accessories and consumable
components that are used for maintenance and repair will generically be referred to as

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 spare parts from now on. The spare parts are classified into various categories as shown
in Figure 2.9 according to lifespan and purpose for use.
According to their purpose, spare parts are classified into one of two categories: that of
maintenance and that of repair. The spare parts used for maintenance (maintenance
parts) are classified into five groups according to the lifespan as shown in Figure 2.8.
Spare parts used for repair (repair parts) are mainly used for random and wear-out
failures, and are divided into two groups; those of long lifespan and those of semi-
permanent lifespan. The maintenance parts are required to conform to particular
specifications of the equipment. On the other hand, most semiconductor parts and
electronic parts, which are used as repair parts, can be used on any equipment. However,
advanced technique is often required in repair work that utilises semiconductor and
electronic parts. However, maintenance parts often belong to the category of spare parts
for repair, because they deteriorate or breakdown. Conversely, repair parts are used for
carrying out the preventive repair, i.e., faults found during inspection of equipment. Thus,
use of the maintenance parts and repair parts often overlaps. In general, costly PCBs are
stocked even for general medical equipment because there is lack of advanced repair
technique that utilises semiconductor and electronic parts. However, as failure
occurrence on PCBs is rare, almost all PCBs that are stocked will possibly become "dead
stock" before use. If costly PCBs are stocked without an explanation of when they will be
needed, it is an extravagant expense of money Note 2.17). On the other hand, equipment
worth tens of thousands of dollars might become irreparable due to unavailability of PCBs.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider stocking PCBs rationally and economically. Larger
stocks of electric and electronic parts are encouraged because they are not expensive, and
can be used commonly for any equipment, e.g. capacitor set, diode set, fuse set, IC set,
resistor set and transistor set.

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 22. Improvement in Machine design by Maintenance
Machine design is the process of engineering design. A machine is made up of mechanisms
that work together to satisfy the requirements of what the machine needs to accomplish.
Mechanisms can still be used independently, such as an umbrella, but cannot accomplish
what a machine can because a machine controls energy in addition to motion. Machine
design takes into account kinetics and kinematics, which deal with motion and the forces
on an object in motion. Machine design is applied through a specific process including
determining what the machine needs to do, benchmarking and defining goals and
requirements, brainstorming, evaluating and selecting from the different options, creating
an in-depth design, creating and testing a prototype, and finally manufacturing the
machine.

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 Machine design is improved by maintenance by knowing all aspect of that machine.
By continue maintenance technician know all fault in design. They know is the alteration
is design. If the machine design is changed then maintenance person help very well.

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