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    The British Empire: An Introduction

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    Lewis Stevens
    The British Empire ruled much of the world through three phases of colonial expansion between the 1600s and early 1900s. Britain established royal colonies governed by British administrators, commercial outposts in places like India run by private companies, and self-governing dominions of white settlers. Key events that expanded the Empire included victories over France in the Seven Years War and India, and exploration of territories like Australia and New Zealand. At its peak, the Empire encompassed territories in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

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    The British Empire: An Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Lewis Stevens
    84 views51 pages
    The British Empire ruled much of the world through three phases of colonial expansion between the 1600s and early 1900s. Britain established royal colonies governed by British administrators, commercial outposts in places like India run by private companies, and self-governing dominions of white settlers. Key events that expanded the Empire included victories over France in the Seven Years War and India, and exploration of territories like Australia and New Zealand. At its peak, the Empire encompassed territories in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

    Original Description:

    This PDF is a visual history of the British Empire for social studies teachers or EFL teachers.

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    The British Empire ruled much of the world through three phases of colonial expansion between the 1600s and early 1900s. Britain established royal colonies governed by British administrators, commercial outposts in places like India run by private companies, and self-governing dominions of white settlers. Key events that expanded the Empire included victories over France in the Seven Years War and India, and exploration of territories like Australia and New Zealand. At its peak, the Empire encompassed territories in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    84 views51 pages

    The British Empire: An Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Lewis Stevens
    The British Empire ruled much of the world through three phases of colonial expansion between the 1600s and early 1900s. Britain established royal colonies governed by British administrators, commercial outposts in places like India run by private companies, and self-governing dominions of white settlers. Key events that expanded the Empire included victories over France in the Seven Years War and India, and exploration of territories like Australia and New Zealand. At its peak, the Empire encompassed territories in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 51
    At a glance
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    The document outlines the rise and expansion of the British Empire from the 17th century until the early 20th century. It discusses the different colonial models used as well as key events and individuals that helped Britain gain control over large parts of the world.

    The different types of colonial control discussed included royal/crown colonies, protectorates, dominions and commonwealth countries. Crown colonies had direct rule by a governor appointed by the British monarch while dominions were white settler colonies.

    Britain gained control over India through the East India Company and key victories like the Battle of Plassey in 1757 under Robert Clive. This allowed the company to establish control over the local rulers in Bengal and expand British influence over India.

    THE BRITISH EMPIRE

    When Britain ruled the world


    Why Britain?

    ØBig population increase-


    ØRising number of middle-
    class consumers

    ØSkilled sailors and greatest


    navy in the world
    (technology)

    ØThe industrial revolution


    TYPES OF COLONIAL CONTROL

    • Royal colonies/ Crown colonies

    • Protectorates

    • Dominions

    • Commonwealth countries
    Crown colonies (or Royal Colonies)-
    rule by a governor chosen by the
    King or Queen.
    The first phase (1603-1783) of British colonialism
    was concentrated in the New World, west Africa,
    and India and came to a close with the American
    Revolution.
    The Dominions

    ■ White ruled settler colonies:


    American colonies, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
    THE 13 BRITISH
    COLONIES IN NORTH
    AMERICA
    Sugar and
    slaves
    ■ 1665, the
    England captured
    Jamaica from the
    Spanish
    Early British India
    ■ Surat (started 1613)
    Phase II British
    Colonialism

    ■ The question was: would the


    world be French or British?
    The French and
    British clash

    u But first big war starts in


    America (Ohio River
    Valley)= the
    French
    and Indian War
    1754-63
    FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
    SPREADS ALL OVER THE
    WORLD AND BECOME THE 7
    YEARS WAR: FRANCE LOSES

    • North America
    becomes British

    • Indian fall to British


    control
    THE LOSS OF
    BRITISH COLONIAL
    AMERICA (1783
    AMERICAN
    REVOLUTION ENDS
    WITH TREATY OF
    PARIS)
    The United States of
    America gains
    independence but Britain
    loses her most valuable
    colonies.
    After loss
    z of
    America
    (1783), India
    becomes
    more
    important
    The second period of British
    colonialism (1783-1815) Britain
    eventually controlled most of India,
    Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large
    portions of eastern and southern Africa.

    .
    z z

    § India was a
    colony
    governed by a
    private
    company: the
    British East
    Indian Co.
    Indian was ruled by
    only about 1,000
    British civil servants,
    but about 1,000,000
    Indians working for
    them.
    BATTLE OF PLASSEY
    The young Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ad-daula, had
    taken Calcutta from the East India Company
    with a huge army in June 1756
    ROBERT CLIVE COMES
    TO THE RESCUE, TAKES
    BACK CALCUTTA AND
    WINS A BIG VICTORY AT
    THE BATTLE OF
    PLASSEY (1757)
    THE NEW
    PATTERN OF
    CONTROL
    • For the next
    three years Clive
    rules Bengal–
    controlling local
    rulers, ..making a
    lot of money for
    himself.
    Mercantilism
    z

    High tariffs to protect tea


    merchants……keeps out
    coffee

    94% of coffee was re-


    exported out of England
    making it a nation of tea
    drinkers.
    England won the 7 Years
    War with France (1763)

    ■ Superior
    naval power
    INDIA CLEARLY
    BECOMES A BRITISH
    COLONY

    • In the hands of HEIC


    (The Honorable East
    India Company)
    Voyages of Discovery: the Pacific
    Captain James
    Cook

    Born- 1728
    Killed- 1779
    Kealakekua Bay,
    Hawaii
    SUPERIOR
    BRITISH NAVAL
    TECHNOLOGY
    • 1768, Captain James
    Cook sailed the Pacific
    (discovering Australia,
    New Zealand, Tahitian
    Islands and Hawaii)

    • He had on board the new


    sea clock John Harrison (to
    calculate longitude while
    at sea)
    British
    Colonialism-
    Phase III:
    after 1815
    The third and
    final phase
    included the scramble
    for Africa and parts of
    Asia, including China.
    Africa: the British took control of South Africa (1815), and parts of West
    Africa (Sierra Leonne, Gold Coast)

    ■ Cape Town, 1859


    BRITISH COLONIAL
    AFRICA:

    THE GOLD COAST


    Central
    Africa
    South
    Africa
    „Started out in South
    Africa and became rich
    in diamonds (DeBeers
    in Kimberly) and then
    gold (The Transvaal).

    CECIL RHODES
    1871-1891
    1889 RHODES
    STARTS THE BRITISH
    SOUTH AFRICA
    COMPANY

    • Goal to expand north as far as


    Lake Victoria

    • This is the period when European


    countries are in competition for
    regions of Africa.
    z
    South Africa:
    Diamonds and
    Gold

    Two European powers


    compete – the Dutch (Boers)
    were there first but displaced
    by the British

    - In the 20th century the


    Afrikaners (Boers) would take
    power from the British.
    North East Africa:
    š1881 Mohammed Ahmed,
    living on the White Nile,
    declares a Holy War to
    create a strict Islamic state.

    šHe was called the Mahdi, a


    great religious prophet
    British Africa: Egypt and the
    Sudan

    Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
    THE MAHDI DEFEATS 3
    EGYPTIAN ARMIES- SO THE
    BRITISH ARE CALLED IN

    • Gordon (the hero from the


    Chinese wars) is sent to Khartoum,
    capital of Sudan, which is being
    attacked.
    GORDON HOLDS OUT FOR TEN
    MONTH WITH SMALL EGYPTIAN
    FORCES

    • The British rescue force arrives


    just 2 days late to save him.
    A Caliphate is formed in
    Sudan, for 13 years
    ■ However, revenge for the death of
    Gordon finally comes in 1898 with
    Herbert: Battle of Omdurman.
    ■ The British thus regain control of the
    Sudan….. And Anglo-Egyptian alliance
    until 1956.
    SOUTH AFRICA

    THE FIRST BOER


    WAR
    1880-81
    THE BOERS
    DEFEAT THE
    BRITISH BUT
    GAIN LITTLE
    FROM THEIR
    VICTORY.
    1886- GOLD HAD
    BEEN
    DISCOVERED IN
    WITWATERSRAND
    1890-95 Rhodes becomes Prime Minister of the Cape
    Colony: his big goal is to bring the Boer areas under
    control (Orange Free State and the Transvaal)

    ■ The Boer leader, Paul Kruger, is just as stubborn


    and passionate
    THE
    SECOND
    BOER WAR
    1899-1902
    In 1899, the second Boer
    War brings the Transvaal
    under British control
    THE ANGLO-BOER
    WAR: FIRST

    CONCENTRATION
    CAMPS
    HERBERT KITCHENER CARRIES OUT
    BRUTAL POLICY
    HEAVY LOSSES OF LIFE ON BOTH SIDES

    • The Boers gave up and a peace treaty


    was negotiated (1902)- and were given
    freedom.

    • The war lost popularity in England


    TREATY OF WESTMINSTER 1931 APPLIED TO
    THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (AS WELL AS
    CANADA AND THE IRISH FREE STATE).
    • Gave legal independence
    to the dominions

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