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i
LIBRIS^O
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
GIFT OF
Francina de Witte
THE ULEMEJVTS OF THE DEVAWAGARI CHARACTEH
Xv^X^^
6 ^^^ ^ t ^^
i -i J ^ .5 ^> 7
SANSCRIT LANGUAGE,
TARTLY IX THE ROMAN CHARACTER,
ARHANGKD ACCORDING TO A NEW THEORY,
TO WHICH IS ADDED,
A SELECTION FROM
LONDON:
W^'. H. ALLEN & CO., 7, LP:ADENHALL STREET.
MDCCCXLVI.
:
LONDON
PREFACE.
Sir William Jones has said of the Sutras of Panini that they
are " dark as the darkest oracle
;"
and Colebrookk, in one of
his Essays, has given a list of about one hundred and forty
Indian grammarians and commentators who have followed in
the footsteps of the great Patriarch of Sanscrit Grammar,
and endeavoured to throw light upon the obscurity of his
aphorisms. In this endeavour they have succeeded rather
in shewing the depth of their own knowledge, than in making
the subject more accessible to the generality of European
students ; and the explanations which they offer are some-
times more unintelligible than the original itself.
Happily, however, a writer has arisen in our own country
competent to elucidate most thoroughly the difficulties of
opinions, the repository of all that they hold sacred, and the
source of nearly all their spoken dialects how does it come ;
—
to pass, that in this College the study of Sanscrit is not ^jro-
secuted with greater zest ?
rKEKACK, 111
PREFACE.
iiuu'h less space than the two hundred pages wliich I'ollow
East-I.\dia College,
JnJij 1840.
CONTENTS.
i'A(ii:
Chap. I. — Letters - 1
Pronunciation -- 4
Chap. II. — Combination and Permutation of Letter>< - - (}
jugations --------.73
Regular and Irregular Primitive Verbs of
Conjugation - 86
Formation of the Base of Passive Verbs - - - - 89
Inflection of the Base of Regular and Irregular Primitives - 93
Inflection of the Base of Causals - . . . - 98
Inflection of the Base of Passives - - - - - - 99
Auxiliai'v Vei-bs conjugated at full - - . . . 101
Examples of Pi-imitive, Causal, and Passive Verbs coiijngafcd
at full - - - - 104
Fonnatioii of Desiderative Verbs - . . . . 129
Formation of Intensive or Frequeiifalive Verbs
Formation of Nominal Verbs --.... - - . 131
]33
CONTENTS.
..----
- - - - - - 135
148
— Compound Words
Chap. IX.
Sect. I. Simply Compounded Nouns
Complexly Compounded Nouns
----- - - - - -
157
159
170
Sect. II.
Adverbs
Sect. III.
.-..--.-
Compound Verbs formed
Compound Adverbs -
with
-
Prepositions
- -
and
-
-
-
173
177
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
<^
^
Selections from the Institutes of Manu - - - - ''^
Initial
C^n
< _
\i
^ _
^u
__ _
"^n
_
^ In
_
IT
"^
e
^ •'^
^ j^
) 1 ci
J ? u rl In ai f au
SIMPLE CONSONANTS.
Gutturals, cR A; '^ kh T{ g ^ gh ^T n-
^ h
^ ksh, g dy, '^ ir, p^ tw, '^ tt, ^ nn, ^ dd, ^ A:A i^ M",
^ A/i, "^ A//y, ^>, ^ z-y, ^ 5j/, "^ shy, >lf 6A3/, 'Sf </%,
XZf i»y, "^ ^ry, r€f ty. ^ wy, "^[Jf *%, "^ Miy, ^ c%, ^ ly,
•^ A:*.^^, Tlf ^(//<, 3q" bdh, % ddh, ^ dbh, "f <//y, yj r/^, ^ (/^r,
^ w^A, "^ ??'^, "^ dg, ^ «cA, >^ nchh, "^ wy, ^q^ //(, ^ nth,
^ /<(/, cff nU fvf ^w» XRf »J/. ^ nu, "^ s//Y, "^ shth, "g s/</r,
"^ sA/w, "^ sA(y, "^ s/<(%, "^If sAw, 1^ s)v, "^ St, ^ str, ^^ av//,
'l^ sA;,
^5f sth, "?^ «w, r(^ ntiv, «^ ?;^y,
^5f w/j/, r^Ef w^yy,
F Aw, F Ay, '^t?//^ fj X:w7, ^ A-Z, T^ gi, '^ ^Xr, "5^^, "^ dbhy,
^ r^%, 'Ufgry, 52f c/A?2\ ^ 6y, ^J 66A, |f dhn, w^ ndh, "^(Jf kshn,
CHAPTER L
LETTERS.
XHE Sanscrit language is written in the character called Deva-
niigarl. The following are the Devanagari letters, with their
equivalents in the Roman character.
Wr T a
T? en
"3! _ « ^ "t au '^ V or fv
'SIR tir ^ r
CONSONANTS.
; ;,
2 LETTERS.
Observe that ar and ar are not distinct letters, but have been
inserted amongst the diphthongs for reasons that vrill be after-
wards apparent. That the semi-vowels have been placed in both
Tables, as falling under the first, in their relation to i, u, ri, Iri
J Tlie Sanscrit is said to possess another vowel, viz. "^ Iri, which has not been
given, as it only occurs in one word in the language. The only use of introducing
it in a Table like the above, is to shew the perfection of the Devanagari alphabet
for without it, we have no corresponding vowels or diphthongs to the semi- vowel
qJ /; but, with it, the last line of the Table may be filled up thus,
thus, T^ m.
LETTERS. 3
kl and nfy must then be combined together thus, "pi, ng, and the
word is written ^(•Hli. And here we have illustrated the two
methods of compounding consonants, viz. 1st, by writing them one
above the other ; 2dly, by placing them side by side, omitting in
all, except the last, the perpendicular line which lies to the right.
Almost all compound letters are in this way resolvable into
their component parts. There are two, however, which are not
so, viz. -E^ ksha and ^Jna. The last is commonly pronounced gya,
and may therefore be represented by these letters. The following
compound letters, being of very frequent occurrence, and not
always obviously resolvable into their parts, are given with a
view to attract the Jirst attention of the student. He may after-
wards study the list in Prof. Wilson's Grammar.
^ kto, as in the word T35 nktani ; ^ rma, as in the word |R^
tanya ; "^ sta ; T^ mya ; g dbJia ; "^ khya ; "^ nka ; ^ tvga ;
4 LETTER.S.
LETTERS. 5
t It may here be remarked, that although the column of nasals in the Table of
Consonants (p. 1 ) has reference to the sibilants, aspirate, and semi-vowels, as well
as to the other consonants; yet tlie mark Anuswara (*) is the proper nasal of these
letters, and must always take the place of any other nasal that may be combined
with them in the same word. Thus the preposition TH?? and the ])articiple WfT>
when united in one word, are written ^f^TT; ^HH and '^K., fl^R; W{ and xpj,
^TPT Y and so on. But in every one of these cases the AnuswiTra takes the sound
of the nasal of the class to which the following letter belongs. Thus ^WiT is
many
^T^ '^T^^ is, books,
written as the representative of the nasal of any letter, and not merely of the
t ^T^TiTj "an universal monarch," and '^^cd, "properly," are the only
words wliich violate tlxis rule.
;;
CHAPTER 11.
heart a number of rules, the use of wliich is not fully seen till he
comes to read and construct sentences, must only lead to a waste
of time and labour.
CHANGES OF VOWELS.
SHORT.
;;
10. If a word end in e, when the next begins with any other
vowel except a short, then e is supposed to be first changed to ay
but the y is usually dropped, leaving the a uninfluenced by the
following vowel. Thus, te agatak becomes ta agatah, (w ^mn:).
in coalition with any initial vowel but short o. But in the case of e or o, as the
finals of roots or cnide forms, when the termination to be annexed begins with
any vowel, whether o, a, i, or any other, then e is changed to ay, and o to av.
:^^ ;*s ?i
o o o o
E Z
i^j
^ ^ Hj
5>i 5^ S> »
5^ S> S
10 COMBINATION AND PERMUTATION OF LETTERS.
HARD OR SURD.
COMHINATION OV CONSONANTS. U
fa(i karoti becomos tat kiiro'J ; vug pati/i, vuk patili ; k.^/i/nl/i j)i-
pdsa, kshiit pipusa. But as very few words iii Sanscrit end
in any otlier consonants than t and d, the nasals, Visargah, the
dental sibilant s, and r, it will be siiilicient for all practical
purposes that the attention be confined to the changes of these
consonants. To begin, therefore, with / and </.
General rule.
Change of t or d to n, before n or m.
15. \i t Q)V d end a word when the next begins with a nasal,
\ A fiiml k is subject to a similar rnle. Thus, vak mama ('^Tofi Jfri) would
become van-mama (c(|s*jv|).
17. \i t or d end a word when the next begins with ^ sh, thcji
case of Ilarit is Iluritam., not Haridam ; and the third person singular of the verb
yat is yutute, not yadutf.
. .
Combination of t or d with h.
the final ^ is changed to d (by rule 12), and the initial ^ to tt d/i.
T By a similar rule, and on the same principle, are written words ending in k
followed by initial ^; as vak harati (^TS^ ^fff), vag gharati (^TTTRfff).
T If IT n end a word when the next begins with ^ sh^ they may either remain
unchanged, or they may be combined in either one of the two following ways.
1 st, the final "^ may be changed to >I h ; as, >r<4M 'ffl^ is written H'^T>-'51TJ
"^[^JTlfff.
If the crude form of a word end in n, this n is rejected in fonning a com-
pound word, or before any affix. Thus, rdjan purusha is compounded into rdja-
purmha ; and ^Tt^TT ^T^ into 4<J|U44; and dhanin, with the affix twa, becomes
dhanitwa.
to the cerebral /•. Hence, if the letter n {not final) should follow
COMBINATION OF CONSONANTS. 13
ri, r, or sh, in (he same icord, the nasal must be writton in the
this rule, and requires the dental n to follow. Thus, the instru-
mental case of ^mic? is ^m^»T; the nominative plural of^T^i^,
^wifvT and in further illustration of the same law, may be taken
;
Changes of final m.
2± If the letter J^ m end a word when the next begins with
anj^ consonant, it may be represented by Anuswara (*); or it may,
optionally, before those consonants which have a corresponding
nasal, be changed to this corresponding nasal. Thus, grihant
gachchhati is written either tt^ Trsfir or Tr^-^ffT.
2'o. When the next word beijins with a vowel, the letter H is
* The letter T!| is, properly, a comi)oiin(l of cf /.-and -q .v// ; altiiougl), iii this
Grammar, it is considered as a simple letter, and represented liy k.sli.
14 COMBINATION AND PERMUTATION OF LETTERS.
^ 5, ^ sh.
b. Before a pause, i.e. at the end of a sentence, or when a
word stands by itself.
27. a. Ik, Ih, uh, uh, eh, aih, oh, auh, before any sonant (consonant
or vowel), change the final h to r ;
28. a. Final ah, before any other vowel except short a, drops the
Visargah, and leaves the remaining a opening on the
initial vowel of the next word without coalition.^
without coalition.
* So, also, before Z, Z, Visargah is changed to the cerebral sibilant '51^; as,
t By a special rule ^:, "he," and ^ij:, "this," the nominative cases of the
pronouns IT^ and ijtT^, drop their Visargah before amj comonant.
COMBINATION OF CONSONANTS. 15
CHANGES OF FINAL T.
32. But final ar, unlike ah, remains unchanged before any
sonant ( consonant or vowel) ; as, pratar usha : and before the
sonant r itself, drops the r and lengthens the preceding a ; as,
* Also wlien A- precedes : as, vid with su is vitsu ; but h.'iuk\ hhukshn. Cf. r. 112. c.
COMBINATION OF CONSONANTS.
CHAPTER III.
every one of them has two distinct states prior to the formation
of the nominative case : viz. 1st, a root ; 2dly, a crude form,
coming from this root.
kram, i, sri, " going "; vad, vach, bru, " speaking "; budh, gya (in),
" knowing "; drish (s^),
" seeing "; ish, kam, " wishing "; mri,
" dying "; da, " giving ""; jan, " producing "; dha, " placing "; ad,
bhaksh, bhuj, " eating '"; pa, " drinking "; pack, " cooking "; han,
"killing"; joaA " falling"; ijr?5,
" dwelling "; t;?,?A (f%^), " entering ";
* Except ill a few cases, where they are used by themselves as nouns.
SANSCRIT ROOTS, AND THE CRUDH FORM ()F NOUNS. JO
an<;rv"; c/ii,
" colloctinjy"; glirU, " smclliiii;"; k/n/a, " vAwiux^'";
the root by prefixing to it the infinitive sign to. But the Student must not suppose
that the sound hmlh denotes any thing more than the mere idea of " knowing"; nor
must he imagine that in deriving nouns from it, we are deriving them from the
infinitive, or from any part of the verb, but rather from a simple original sound,
a mere imaginary word, which is the common source of both nouns and verbs.
t This state of the noun will, in the following pages, be called the crude.
20 SANSCRIT ROOTS, AND THE CRUDE FORM OF NOUNS.
appears in books.
We may conceive it quite possible that Greek and Latin gram-
marians might have proceeded on a similar plan, and that they
might have supposed a root Aey, from which was drawn out the
nouns Ae^/f, Ke^iKog, Aexrof, KaraAoyrj, e?0\.oyo£, and the verbs \eyui,
KaraXeyui, eTO^oyeo) : so also, a root ag, from which was derived the
nouns agmen, actio, actus ; and the verbs ago, perago : or a root nau,
from which would come naiita, navis, nauticus, navalis, navigo. Again,
they might have supposed a crude form to each of these nouns, as
well as a root ; as, for instance, Ke^iKo of Ae^zKoj-, and navi of navis ;
and they might have required the student to look for the noun navis
under navi, and the verb navigo under nau. Further than this,
they might have shewn that this crude form was the form used in
the formation of compound words, as in Xe^iKoypdfpog, naviger. But
Greek and Latin are too uncertain in their construction to admit
of such a method of arrangement being extensively applied such, :
will be essential for him, however, to read them over with atten-
tion, as a necessary introduction to the subject of declension in
Chapter IV. Their importance will not be fully appreciated till
The crudes of nouns are formed in two ways, either by adding certain affixes
to the ROOT, the vowel of ^yhich is liable, at the same time, to be changed to its
word in the Sanscrit language is derived from some root, there are many in whiclx
the connection between the noun and its source, either in sense or form, is by no
means obvious.t With the derivation of all such we shall not concern ourselves ;
and the following rules have only reference to those classes of nouns whose
formation proceeds on clear and intelligible principles.
Feminine.
Formed by adding to roots—
I. a, forming, 1st (nom. -«/t), after the Vriddhi of medial « of a root, and the
Guna of any other vowel, a large class of substantives masculine : as, from the
root (Hr, " to sport," rleva, " a deity." If a root end in ch or j\ these letters
t Thus, ''T^iT ,
" a man," is said to come from pur, " to precede "; shriyala,
"a jackal," from .srj/, "to create"; sliiva, "the god Shiva," from i/t?, " to sleep."
22 SANSCRIT ROOTS, AND THE CRUDE FORM OF NOUNS,
are changed to A; and g respectively : as, from pach^ " to cook," puka, " cooking ";
Forming, 2dly (nom. raasc. -ah, fem. -u, neut. -a??i*), after Guna of a final, and
sometimes Guna of a medial vowel, nouns of agency : as, from plu, " to swim," plava,
"what swims "; from srip, "to creep," sarpa, "what creeps" (see r. 131. 1.).
Forming, 3dly (nom. -ah -a -am), adjectives : as, from shitbh, " to shine," shubha,
pitious," Mf/irfar«, " beautiful ; and sometimes the feminine may be formed in l:
as, sundari. There are very few adjectives formed with this affix.
II. aka (nom. -akah, -aka or -ika, -akatn), after Vriddhi of a final vowel or medial
a, and Guna of any other vowel. Still more common than a to form adjectives
and nouns of agency : as, from tap, "to bum," tapaka, "inflammatory "; from kri,
"to do," karaka, "a doer" (r. 131.3. h.); Obs. -aka is the feminine of the adjec-
III. ana (nom. -anam), after Guna of the root, forming, 1st, a large class of neuter
substantives : as, from nl, " to guide," nayana, " guidance "; from da, " to give,"
Forming, 2dly (nom. -anah, -ana, -anam), nouns of agency and adjectives : as,
from nrit, "to dance," nartana, "a dancer" (r. 131. 3. c.) ; from shiibh, "to shine,"
IV. tra {nom. -tram), after Guna of the root: as, from pu, "to drink," ^ja^ra,
"a vessel"; from shru, "to hear," shrotra, "the organ of hearing." This affix is
used to form neuter nouns denoting some instrument or organ, and coiTesponds
-ah, -a, -am) : as, ala, vara, ra, nra, ira, uka, tra, ma, fika. The following are
VI. twa (nom. -twam), fonuing neuter abstract substantives from any noun in
the language : as, from purusha, " a man," purushatwa, " manlmess." In adding
tliis affix to crudes ending in nasals, the nasal is rejected : as, from dhanin, " rich,"
* Obs. When there are three genders, it will be sufficient, in future, to place
VII. yn, forming, 1st (nom. -i/njn), neuter abstract substantives ami a few col-
lectives, the fii-st syllable of the noun taking Vriddhi : as, from suhrid, " a friend,"
Mn//jrtrfj/«, "friendship." When the crude ends in a vowel, this vowel is rejected
before ya is affixed : as, from vichitra, " various," vakhitrya, " variety."
Forming, 2dly (nom. -ya, -ya, -yam), adjectives expressing some relationship to the
noun: as, from r/Aa?ja, "wealth," dhanya, '''"wealthy." Sometimes Vriddhi takes
place : as, from soma, "the moon," saumya, "lunar." In this case the fem. is -yl.
viii. a (nom. -ah, -i, -am), after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the noun, forming
crude ends in a, no further affix is required, and the only change is the Vriddhi
of the first sj'llable : as, from purusha, " a man," paurusha, " manly." AVhen in
A\'hen in u, this ii is changed to av before this and the three following affixes :
as, from Vishnu, "the god Vishnu," Vaishnavu, "a worsliipper of Vishnu.
as, nominative case, pauruskam, " manliness "; or, as a collective : as, kshaitram,
"fields," collectively, from kshetru. This applies to the two next affixes.
IX. ika (nom. -ikah, -iki, -ikatyi), after Vriddlii of the first syllable of the noun,
forming numerous adjectives. Before tliis affix is added, the final vowel of the
crude must be rejected : as, from dharma, " religion," dharmika, " religious."
x.eya (nom. -eyah, -eyt, -eyam), after Vriddhi of the first syllable of the noun,
forming many adjectives. The final vowel of the crude must be rejected : as, from
purusha, "a man," paurusheya, "manly "; from agni, "fire," ugneya, "fiery."
XI. lya (nom. -lyah, -lya, -lyam), without any change of the noun, except the
rejection of final a: as, from parvuta, "a mountain," parvatiya, "mountainous."
Sometimes there is Vriddhi : as, from sukha, " pleasure," sankhtya, " pleasurable."
^Vhen the final of the crude remains, k is prefixed to the last two affixes.
XII. There are other uncommon affixes to nouns foniiing adjectives in a (nom.
-ah, -a, -am): as, Tna, vala, tana; forming, from grama, "a village," grumina,
"rustic"; from *A«Mfl, " a crest," *A«Mat;fl/ff, " crested "; from sAtt-a*, " to-morrow,"
A7m-a*/an«, " future." This last corresponds to the Latin tinxis, and has reference
to time. Ka is sometimes added to words to form adjectives and collective nouns,
and is often redundant. Maya (nom. -mayuh, -may't, -rnayam) is a common affix
added to any word to denote made of: as, from hha, "iron," lohamaya, "made of
iron"; from trjas, "light," tejomaya, "consisting of light," "full of light."
B^adding to uooxs,
XIII. a (nom. -«), with no change of the root, forming feminine substantives: as,
;
homjiv, "to live," jiva, "life." This affix is frequently added to the desiderative
form of a root : as, from plpas, " to desire to drink," pipasa, " thirst "; and rarely
to the intensive: as, from May, " to cut much," loluya, "cutting much."
By adding to nouns,
XIV. ta (nom. -to), forming feminine abstract substantives : as, from purusha,
" a man," purushata, " manliness." Tills affix may be added to any noun in the
XV. t (nom. -i), forming a large class of feminine substantives, usually derived
from masculines in o, by changing a to l : as, from nrtrfu, "a river," fern. na^Zy
from putra, " a son," fem. ptdrl ; from nartaka, " a dancer," fem. nartakl.
I. i, forming, 1st (nom. -ih), a few masculine substantives, often not connected
\?ith their roots either in form or sense : as, from an-k, " to mark ", agni, " fire."
When this affix is added to the root dhu, a is dropped, and various prepo-
Forming, 2dly (nom. -i), one or two neuter substantives : as, from vri, " to sur-
Forming, 3dly (nom. Jh,-ih,-i), a few adjectives : as, from shuch, "to be pure";
shuchi, "pure."
This affix bears a great analogy to the passive participle (r. 125.). The same
changes of the root are required before it as before this participle ; and, in fact,
provided the passive participle does not insert i, this substantive may always be
formed from it, by changing ta into ti. But if i is inserted before to, no such
substantive can be formed. Thus, from vach, " to speak," ukta, " spoken," ukti,
" speech "; from man, " to imagine," mata, " imagined," mati, " the mind." And
where na is substituted for to of the passive participle, ni is substituted for ti
as, from ylai, "to be weary," gldna, "wearied," ^/am, " weariness." This affix
corresponds to the tio of the Latin, added, in the same way, to passive participles :
as actus, actio.
I. w, forming, 1st (nom. -7i/«), often with considerable change of the root, a few
:
hha, '"to shine," hhanu, m. " the sun"; from (the, "to drink," dficnu, f. "a cow."
Forming, 2dly (nom. -m), one or two neuter substantives : as, nuuihu, " honey."
II. ishnu (nom. -ishnuh, -i-slnwh, -ishim), with Guna of the root, forming adjec-
III. There are many other affixes to roots, forming nouns in u (nom. -uh, -nh, -u)
as, rii, «»/, 5/w, snu, am, itnu, tu. The following adjectives afford examples of
these affixes: hhlru, trasnu, shayTilu, sthTmw, shurTtrii, gadaijitnu ; and the sub-
stantive gantu.
Jrj, forming 1st (nom. -tu, -tri, -tri), nouns of agency of three genders, the same
change of the root being required which takes place in the first future (r. 131. 2.).
Thus, from kship, " to throw," ksheptri, " a thrower ; from do, " tolgive,'\dfitri,
'•
a giver." This corresponds to the Latin affix tor.
Forming 2dly (nom. -ta), a few nouns of relationship, masculine and feminine :
t (nom. -t, in all genders), if tlie root end in a short vowel: fonning nouns of
agency of three genders: as, from kri, "to do," krit, "a doer"; from ^7, "to
conquer,".///, " a conqueror." This class of nouns are never used, except as the
last member of a compound : thus, karmakrit, " a doer of work." Roots already
ending in t or rf, taken to form nouns of agency, fall under this class : as, from
vid, " to know," dJuirmavid, " one who knows his duty." There are also a few nouns
falling under this class, formed by prefixing prepositions to roots ending in t or d :
as, from dyut, " to shine," vidyut, " lightning "; from pad, " to go," sampad, " success.
E
26 SANSCRIT ROOTS, AND THE CRUDE FORM OF NOUNS.
By adding to nouns,
I. vat (nom. -van, -vati, -vat), if the crude end in a or a,* forming innumerable
II. mat {nom. -man, -mat!, -mat), if the crude end in i, I, or u, to form adjectives
like the preceding : as, from dhi, " wisdom," dhlmat, " wise "; from ansliu, " a ray,"
I. man (nom. -ma), after Guna of the root, forming substantives of the neuter
gender: as, from kri, "to do"; karman, "a deed." This affix corresponds to the
Latin men, in regimen, stamen, &c. One or two nouns in man are masculine : as,
atman, " soul " (nom. -ma) ; and a few masculine nouns are formed with an instead
of man : as, rajan, " a king " (nom. -ja), from rtlj, " to shine." A few adjectives are
formed with van : as, drishwun, " seeing" (nom. -va, -va, -va).
By adding to nouns,
II. imaji (nom. -ima), forming masculine abstract substantives. If the noun
ends in a or u, these vowels are rejected : as, from killa, "black," kuliman, "black-
ness"; from laghu, "light," laghiman, "lightness"; from mridu, "soft," mradiman.^
If it end in a consonant, this consonant, with its preceding vowel, is rejected : as,
By adding to roots,
III. in (nom. -1, -inl, -i), after Vriddhi of a final vowel and medial a, and Guna of
* Vat is not often found added to femmine crude forms. It occurs, however,
t A medial ri before a simple consonant is changed to ra, but not before a double
consonant: as, from oH'GiIt, "l)lack," efifni|HVf , "blackness." Tliis affix, iman, is
generally added to adjectives, and the same changes take place before it, that take
place before the affixes iyas and ishtha (seer. 71. t)- Thus, yuriman, preman,
any other medial vowel, forming nouns of agency of three genders (r. 1.11. .'].) : as,
By adding to nouns,
IV. in (nom. -f, -jh7, -/), forming innumerable adjectives of possession. Tlie final
of a crude is rejected before this affix : as, from dhana, " wealth," dhanin, " wealthy " ;
from imllu, "a garland," md/in, "garlanded"; from vrlhi, "rice," vrlhin, "having
rice."
v. vin (nom. -vl, -vbil, -vi), if the crude end in a or as, forming a few adjectives :
as, from mcdha, "intellect," incdhavin, "intellectual"; from tejas, "splendour," teja^-
u'in, " splendid." This last example violates r. 26. and 29.
as (nom. -ah), after Guna, forming neuter substantives : as, from man, " to tliink,"
manas, " the mind "; from sri, " to go," saras, " water." But in vedkas, " Brahma,"
and chandramas, "the moon," masc, and apsaras, "a nymph," fern., the nominative
is -ah. In place of as, the neuter affixes is or us are occasionally added : as, from
hii, "to offer," havis, "ghee"; from chaksh, "to speak," chakshus, "the eye."
with another word. Thus, from shak, "to be able," sarvashak, "omnipotent."
Those roots which end in ^ or rf, or in a short vowel, having t affixed, have been
already noticed as falling under the fifth class. This eighth class is intended to
comprise all other roots, ending in any consonant: as, hhnj (nom. hhuk); raj (nom.
div (nom. dyanh); sprish (nom. sprik) ; visli (nom. n^) ; twish {nom. fj^) ; lih
DECLENSION.
THE ARTICLE.
kashchit may be used like the English expression " a certain ";
General Observations.
As, in the last chapter, nouns substantive and adjective were
arranged under eight classes, according to the final of their crudes
(the first four classes comprising those ending in vowels, the last
nouns whose crudes end in ana, twa, ya. tra, as, is, us, and man,
are neuter ; all in iinan are masculine ; but those in a, i, u, and
ri, are not reducible to rule. The nominative case is, however,
in the first of these instances a guide to the gender : as, devah,
other cases the meaning of the word : as, pi/ri, " a father," is
" in former time "; bhumau, " on the ground."^ Hence it follows
that the ablative is restricted to the sense frotn, and cannot be
used, as in Latin and Greek, to express by, with, in, at, on, &c.
The noun has three numbers, singular, dual, and plural.
FEMININE.
Declined like ^ deva, mas. "a deity ^\ "^ft^Tjwd, fern, "life^'';
ff^ nadz, fem. " a river^\' and ^HT ddna, neuter, " a gift^
47. By far the greatest number of masculine and neuter nouns,
in Sanscrit, end in a in the crude form ; and by far the greatest
number of feminine nouns end in either d or t. These we have
arranged under the first class, and the examples we are about to
give will serve as the model, not only for substantives, but also
* Obs. That these cases will sometimes be denoted by their initial letters.
t Both these cases are used to denote various other relations. See the Cliapter
on Syntax.
30 DECLENSION OF CRUDES ENDING IN VOWELS,
for all the adjectives given at r. 3S. as falling under this class.
For all adjectives which make a in the crude form of the mas-
culine and neuter make a or t in the feminine. Thus, taking the
adjective sundara, " beautiful." The masculine is declined like
deva (nom. sundarah) ; the feminine like jwa or nadi (nom.
sundara or sundari) ; the neuter like dana (nom. sundarani).
So great is the importance of this first class of nouns, that, to
make its declension clearer, it will be advisable to give, in the
first place, the following general scheme of its terminations.
MASCULINE.
-
In accordance with r. 21, such words as "STt, "a man," '5^, "a
man," jttt.
" a deer," are written in the ins. sing, ^rt^jr, ^^^, ^^hm,
and in the gen. plur. tTOTSTT, M^MHEti » J^IRIT , the cerebral nasal
taking the place of the dental.
49. Feminine Crudes in a and i, like «fNrT, " life,'''' and t^^, " a river^
'Cm
32 DECLENSION OF CRUDES ENDING IN VOWELS,
y When a feminine noun, like jiva^ is taken to form the last member of a com-
pound adjective, it is declined like deva for the masculine, and dnna for the neuter.
Thus, taking the feminine noun vidya, "learning;" from this is formed the
compound alpavidya, "little learning-." and when this is used as a compound adjec-
tive it becomes, in the nom. masc. fern, and neut., alpavidyah, alpavidya, alpavidyam,
"possessed of little learning." On the same principle, a masculine noun takes the
feminine and neuter terminations when forming the last member of a compound
adjective ; and a neuter noun, the masculine and feminine.
form krita, &c., which are the most common and useful of all
like (i/ianai'df, dhlniat (r. 42.), dhaniu, Miicl niedliarhi (r. 1:^.) ; tlio
femiuines of nouns of afjency like kUriu (r. 131. 3.); the fc mi /n'/irs
of nouns of agency like kartri (r. \3\. 2.); the femin in es of irre-
gular eoniparative dc^grees like boTiyas (r. 72. 69.'f') ; the fnni-
7ii?ies of present participles like kurvat (r. 123. and 63.) ; th(^
There arc a few useful words (o/7^i««% feminine, and not derived from masculines
like nadi and pidri,"\D. r. 38. xv.), such as •^, "prosperity," Ht, "fear," •^,
"shame," which vary from the declension of -jf^ nadi ; thus, sing. nom. '^:,
ace. f^TJ, ins. f^RT, dat. f^ or f^§, abl. and gen. i^T^', or f^Tni. loc. f^f^
or f^lTT. ?o again, ^, "a woman," nom. sing, dual and plur. ^t, f^"^,
f^:, ace. f^ or ^•, %-J^, f^(m or ^:, ins. -fi^pPH, Tr^«n. ^f*?:-
dat. f^^TT, &c., abl. and gen. f^^TTT: «-^c-, loc. f^l^j &c , voc. f^ &c. qT^I, " for-
So also, agni, 'fire" (ignis) ; and nouns formed from dha, "to hold" ; as, sandhi,
'
union."
fem. alpamafih ; neut. af/wmat/ni. The same holds good if a masc. or neut. noun
be taken to form the last member of a eompound.
T There arc two useful irregular masculine nouns in i; viz. ^^ sakhi, "a friend,"
nom. sing, dual and plur. sakhn, sakhdyau, sakhdyah ; ace. sakhdyum, sakhdyaii,
sakhin; ins. sakkyd, sakhibhynm, sakhibhih; dat. sakhye, S^c; abl. and gen.
sakhyuh, S^c. ; loc. sakhyau, S^x. ; voc. sakhe, S)C. And Trfrf pati,
" a master," which,
when not used in a compound word, follows sakhi in the five last cases sing, (thus,
ins. patyd, S^x.): in the other cases, kavi. But this word is almost always found as
the last member of a compound, and is then regularly declined like kavi; thus,
ins. bhupatim, " by the king." The noun ^ft^ asthi, neut. " a bone," drops the
tinal vowel in some of its cases ; as, ins. sing, asthnd ; dat. asthne ; abl. unthnah, ^c.
Declined like VTT^ bhdmi, masc. " the sun "; ^^ dhenu, fem. "a mikh cow ";
jra »»«<//*«, neut. ^^
honey."
VtT^; dhenavah.
56. Neuter Crudes in u, ///te ^rv madhu, " honey," " ?2?/7/e " (^tSu).
in the masc. ; dhenu in the fem. ; and madhu in the neut. Many
adjectives in ii, however, optionally follow the declension of nadt,
in the fem. ; as, tanu makes its nom. fem. either tanuh or tanml.
f There are one or two feminine nouns in u long, whose declension must be
noticed here: as, '^^, "a wife," declined analogously to nadi. Nom. sing. dual,
and plur. vadhTth, vadhwau, vudhwah; ace. vadhum, vadhwau, vadhuh ; ins. vadhwd,
The dat. inav also be dhenwai ; the ab. and gen. dhcnwah ; the loc. dhcnwam.
OR 0¥ THE FIRST FOUR CLASSES OF NOUNS. 37
gen. vadhwdli, radhwoh, radhuntlm ; loc. radhwdni, radhtvoh, radlinshu ; voc. I'adliu.
So again, »T, "the earth," declined analogously to ^5^. Norn. sing. dual, and plur.
bhu/i, bliiirau, hhiivah ; ace. hhuram, bhiiraii^ hhiinth ; ins. hhiird, bhubhydm^ blJi'ihih ;
i\at. bhitre or bliiirai,.Sc. ; abl. and gen. Iihnrah ov bhitnlh^ ^c. ; loc. bhnvi or hhu-
57. Masculine form of Crudes in fri, like ^ {dator, ^oTrjp), and fqn^
{pater).
V. STfR datar.
f" '«T nri, "a man," is declined like jiitri {nom. ml, J^c), but usually makes
The neuter form follows the declension of vari ; as, nom. acc.
first chiss (r. 47.), it is seen how very great is the dissimilarity
between the two ; and when it is remembered that the first class
embi-aces a much larger number of nouns than all the other seven
classes combined, there seems but little reason for any such
jirocess of generalization. For surely if any general scheme is
1
inhere arc two or tlu-ee useful words in the language ending in ai, o, and aw,
which conform to the scheme of nouns ending in consonants. Thus, raf, m.
"wealth." N . rah, rdyau, rdyah; A. rdyam, rayau, rdyah; I. rCiyd, nibhydvi,
* Although r has the effect of doubling the letter immediately under it in the
Sanscrit character (r. .38.), it is unnecessary always to double the letter in tlic
" success," and ofiiT? kuniud, n. " a lotus," follow the declension of
karmakrit and dharmavid : thus, nom. marut, marutau, marutah
sampad, sampadau, sampadah ; kumud, kumudl, kumundi, &c.
61. The masculine form of crudes formed with the affixes vat
The other cases are like karmakrit as, ins. X(r{^nn dhanavatd, &c. •,
active past participles like "^fJTff kritavat, " he did " (r. 127,) : thus,
Jiom. masc. dhiman, &c., kritavan, &,c. ; ace. dhlmantani, &c., krita-
vantam, &c. ; voc. dhiman, &c. So, also, the nom. fem. dhtmatl, &c.,
TT^ pachat, " cooking " (r. 123.), except in the nom. sing., which
ispachan instead of pachan. Many of these participles also differ
from dhanavat, by inserting a nasal throughout all the cases of
the feminine. Thus, nom. pachantl, pachantyau, pachantyah ; ace.
Declined like ^3rn*TH I'tnum, m. "soul"; TTSHT ritjuu, m. "a kiiiy"; ef^i'^TI kurmaji,
n. "a deed"; ^\Hfi lulmau, n. "a naiue"; o«rf vfVpT dhdtiin, m. f. n. "•nV/t."
G.
( — atmanah, »HI?W«fh atmanoh, ^TTFRT atmanam.
— rajnah, X^'. rujnoh, xy^ rajnam.
y ( ^TWfJT atmani, — atmanoh, ^TTPRTT
o atmasu.
'tJ% rajni, — rajnoh,' TJilH rajasu.
-y j »HIWd atman,
'
U»l»^ rajan,
* As remarked in p. 3., this word is usually pronounced ragyah ; hut, for the
G
;
the noun then also follows rajan ; as, ^rivr murddhan, m. " the
head'"'; ^5T murddJma.
ins.
66. Neuter Crudes in man, declined like ^iWJT and qiHH {nomen).
In the former the m is conjunct, in the latter, not.
T ( cfiT^TrjT ka rm ana)
Ins. ] _ _ •
namnd. '
i"
karmanam, namnam ; loc. karmasu, namasu.
'f Anomalies in an : "SEfTT , m. (cf. kvmv), "a dog." Nom. •^, yj 1 r|^[ , "sgT«Tt ;
ace. ^H , vjltfi, ^"^j. In all these anomalies the ace. c. plur. is generally the
clue to the form assumed by the noun before the terminations beginning with
vowels. Thus, instr. is ^^, "'jwrt, &c. So again, ^^^ , m, f. n. (cf. juvenis)
" young " ; nom. yum, yuvanau, yuvanah ; ace. yuvanam, yiivanau, yunah ; inst. yuna,
yuvabhydm, &^c. 'ss|^^«f , " a Brahmicide " ; nom. -'^, -"^TJft* -'5'Tt ; ace. -'^irj',
-^rfl', -TT: ; instr. jn&C. ^^, n. "a day"; nom. and ace. ^If:, W^, ov
'^^, ^^fff ;
instr. W^-[, '5T^t«n, ^^^: ; dat. ^ &C.
* "N^Tien rajan is taken to form a compound of tliis kind, it is declined like dei-a
67. Masculine form of Crudes in in, declined like vf?nT, " rich.''''
The neuter form follows the declension oi vari ; as, nom. vfVf,
i' Pathin, m. "a path," is declined irregiilarly ; thus, sing, panthuh, panthanmn,
patlia, paths, pathah, pathi, pathin; dual, panthdnau, pathibhydm, puthoh ; plur. pan-
Declined like -^v^HH chandramas, m. '•^thevioon" ; and ^7^^ manas, n. "iAe mind."
68. Masculine and Feminine form of Crudes in as, declined like «I»^H^.
D. '^^^^ eh(mdruniase,S;c.
The other cases arc like the neuter below, excepting the voc. dual and plur. (r. .W.).
f There are a few neuter nouns in is and us, which are declmed exactly like
manas, suhstituting i and tt for a throughout, and therefore sh for *, and r for o
(r. 30. 27.). Thus, Havis, "ghee"; nom. and ace. Havih, Havishi, Havinshi;
ins. Havishd, Havirhhyam, Havirbhih, S^c. ; and chakshus, " the eye " ; nom. and
ace. chakshuh, chakshushl, chakshunshi ; ins. chakshusha, chakshurbhydm, chakshur-
hhih, &;c. Ashis, f. "a blessing," makes in the nom. dshih, ashishau, ashishah; ace.
dshisham, ashishau, ashishah, Sjc. Similarly, (Ios,Tn. "the arm"; but this last is
in the ins. either dosha or doshna ; dat. doshe or doshne, S^-c. Puns, "a male "
;
Adjectives in the comparative degree, formed by the affix tyas (r. 71-), follow the
declension of manas, except in the nom. and ace. Thus, baliyas, " more power-
ins. baliyasa, ballyobhydrn, S^-c. The voc. sing is baliyan. The fem. fonn is declined
like nadl (r. 49.). The neut. form is declined like manas throughout.
Participles of the 2d preterite (r. 127.), like vividwas (from vid, "to know") and
jagmivas {from gam, "to go") are declined in some of their cases as if they were
nom. vividwan, -wdnsau, -wansah ; ace. vividwdnsam, -wdnsau, vividushah ; ins. vivi-
dushd, vividwadbhydm, vividwadbhih. The root virf, " to know," has an irregular pres.
part, vidwas, used often as an adjective ("learned"), and declined exactly like
vividwas. These participles are declined like nadl in the fem. (r. 49.), and in the
;
ncut. like the masc., except in the nom. and ace, whicli are viridwah, viridmhi,
vindu-uiuii. The advanced student will here observe, that as the 2d preterite of
rid, "to know," is used as a present tense, so the participle of the 2d preterite is
nom. rat (jj^) ; and the other cases, radbhyam, radbhih, rafsu.
And lih, " a licker," nom. lit (f^) and the other cases, lidbhyam,
;
Udbhih, Htsu. And duk, nom. dhuk * and the other cases, dhug-
b/iya?n, dhugbhih, dhukshii. Before the terminations which begin
with vowels, the final consonant of the root, whatever it may
be, is always preserved. Thus, ace. bhujam, sprisham, rujam, liham>
duham, &c. ; ins. bhuja, sprishu, ruju, liha, duha, &c. The neuter
is as follows : nom., ace, voc. (sing., dual, and plur.), bhuk, bhuji,
bhunji ; rut, rdjz, rahji; lit, lihi, linhi; dhuk, duhi, dunhi.
J The few simple nouns which fall under this class are declined on a similar
principle. But asrij, n. "blood" (nom. asrik), makes in the ins. asrija or asna
dat. asrije or asne; ace. pi. asriiiji or asdni: ap, f. "water," is declined in the
plural only ; thus, apah, apah, adbhili, adbhyuh, apam, apsu, ttpah : div, f. " the sky,"
sing. nom. dyauh; ace. divam or dyam; ins. diva, S^c; dual, divau, dyulhyatn,
divoh ; plur. nom. ace. dirah ; ins. dyubhih, S;c.
* ^ sh and ^ h appear to be nearly allied to k, and often pass into k in Greek and
Latin words. Thus, from dcnha, " ten," otxa, " decern "; from 7^, KapSia, "cor."
;
46 ADJECTIVES.
simplest form, not derived from substantives, are very rarely found
in Sanscrit. Such as do occur belong chiefly to the first and
third classes of nouns; as, priya, *'dear" (nom. m. f. n. j)riyah,
priya, priyam, r. 48. 49. 50.) ; sadhu, " good " (nom. m. f. n. sudhuh,
sadhuh or sudhwi, sadhu, r. 54. 55. 49. 56.).
-taum, -tamanu cf. Greek Taro?) for the superlative. Thus, puni/a,
" holy,'"' ^innR punyatara, " more holy," (^{uidH punyatama, " most
holy," declined like nouns of the first class (r. 4S. 49. 50.). So,
cf. Greek ictto^) for the superlative. In general, the only change
that takes place before these affixes is the rejection of a final
vowel, or of an affix. Thus, balin, " strong," becomes bal, making
^c;i1.M^^ baUyas, "stronger" (seer. 69.'|'), ^%? halishtJia "strongest"
(declined like nouns of the first class) ; laghu, " light," becomes
logh, making laghlyas, "lighter," laghishtha, "lightest." Observe,
however, that these affixes do not often imply coni})arison, but
simply excess : thus, baltyas and balishtha more usually signify
" very strong."
y But besides the rejection of the final, the crude often undergoes considerable
gar, making garlyas (cf. Latin gravius), gari.shtha; priya, "dear," pra, making
preyas, preshtha ; balm, "many," bM, making bhuyas, bhuyishtha ; dirgha, "long,"
drdgh ; diira, "{&!'," dav ; antika, " near," ned ; kshudra, "small," kshod; yuvan,
" yoimg," yav ; prashasyu, "good," shra ; * alpri, " small," kan ; uru {evpv^), "large,"
* Prof. Bopp derives shreyas and shrcuhtha from ihrlmaf, "fortunate," the
affix being rejected.
— — ;
48 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.
Dwi, " two " (dual only), is declined as if the crude were cltva
The neuter only differs from the masc. in the nom., voc, and
ace. cases.
tj^T^ panchan, 5 ;
^ti shash, 6 ; ^rsn^ saptan, 7 ; ^F!T ash fan, 8 ;
73. Panchan, " five "; shash, " six "; ashtan, " eight " (plural
only) ; declined
M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N.
74. Ordinals.
Prathama, " first ""; dwithja, " second "; tritlya, " third "; are de-
clined as pronominals (see r. 87.).
(w?). " sixth "; saptama, " seventh ashtama, " eighth ";
""',
navama,
" ninth "; dashama, " tenth "; like nouns of the first class (nom.
-ah, -J, -a)7i).
The ordinals from " eleventh " to " twentieth," are formed from
the cardinals, by rejecting the final n; thus, ekMasha (nom. -ah,
-z, -am).
"Twentieth" is formed, either by adding the superlative affix
Numerical Symbols.
I r2 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHAPTER V.
PRONOUNS.
FORMATION OF THE CRUDE.
75. inr mat, " I," is taken for the crude of the sing. and ^rWTT ;
asmat, " we," for the crude of the plur. of the first personal
pronoun.
N. wi aham, " I." ^TT^ avam, " we two," •^^ vayam, " we."
Ac. ?n mam, " me," * — dvdm, " us two," * ^WT^ asmdn, " us." *
G. JTH
76. 1^ hvat, " thou,'' is taken for the crude of the sing, ; and
•MiH'rf yiishmat, you,'' for the crude of the plural of the second
personal pronoun.
* The ace. sing, may also be jtT ; the dat., gen. ^ ; the ace., dat., gen. dual rH
N. f^twam, "thou, ^^ yuvilm, " you two," X[t| yuyam^ " you."
Ac, f^ twdtn^* — yiivdm, yrr*! yushmtln*
I. rSnrr twaya, ^^TWn yuvdbhydm, jj^f l fa ; yushmdbhih.
and plur. of the third personal pronoun. With this pronoun cf.
MASCULINE.
N. ';^ sail, " he," 1^ tau, " they two," Jt te,
" they."
Neuter, nom. ace. irf^ tat, l( te, inf*T ^(/m; the rest like the
masculine.
This pronoun is sometimes used emphatically witli the other
pronouns, like ille and ijjse. Thus, ^»^, " ille ego'"; ^T^y"illi
^ i^, " ille tu'; ^ ^, " ^ imx, " ipse "; iT^ ^in^,
"",•
nos'"; illi vos ille
* The ace. sing, may also be j^j ; the dat. gen. ^ ; the ace, dat., gen. dual ^j ;
78. The oblique cases of ^m'n^, " soul," " self" (declined p. 41.),
PRONOUNS. 53
Neut., noni. ace. ^ idnni, -^ inie, ^ifJT imUni ; the rest like the
masculine.
There is another demonstrative pronoun rarely used except in the nom., of whicli
s and t, in the pronoun tad. Thus, crude form i/ad : nom. m. Tf,
yah, " who," ^ yait, it i/e ; aec. tt ya?n, " whom," &c.
POS.SESSIVE PRONOUNS.
82. These are formed by adding the affix lya (r. 38. XI.) to the
crude of the personal pronouns; as, madlya, "mine" (nom. -ah,
masculine nouns of the first class. This form is still preserved in the Vedas, and in
accordance with this, the instr. plur. of deva (r. 48.) would be devebhih.
*. iTarf, however, was the old form, and is retained in a few words; such as
AacAcAi7, "perhaps"; Aarfar^Aa, " useless " ("of what use?"); kadadhwnn., "a bad
t But the abl. and loc. sing, m., and nom. pi. m. may follow deva, r. 40.
54 PRONOUNS.
"he goes to his own house."* The gen. case of atman (p. 41.), or
often the crude, is used with the same signification as, ^nirHfft JJ^
;
or '3?TWTt ^nafir.^
HONORIFIC PRONOUN.
84. >TTt^ bhavat, " your honour," requiring the 3d person of the
verb, is declined like dhanavat (r. 61.). Thus, nom. bhavan, bha-
vantau, bhavantah. It is used respectfully in place of the second
personal pronoun ; as, bhavan dharmam karotu, " let your honour
practise virtue."
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
85. The indeclinable affixes chit, api, and chana, added to the
several cases of the interrogative pronoun, give them an indefinite
loc. -Bf^iAf^^ kasminshchit (r. 20.); nom. plur. masc. kechit. So also
nom. ofit^f^ ka'pl, ofi^^ kashchana, " somebody "; ins. kenapi, &c.
By prefixing rf, is formed the negative ?T ofiftariT, "nobody."
T In the same way interrogative adverbs are made indefinite. Thus, from
kati, "how many V katichit, "a few"; from kadd, "when?" kadachit, "at some
time"; from katham, "how?" kathanchana, "some how."
WHOSOEVER, WHATSOEVER.
86. This is expressed by prefixing the relative pronoun to the
interrogative. Thus, tit: "suftarw , "whosoever"; iTiT f%f%(T, "what-
soever." Or by repeating the relative; as, ^ ti:, tt^ ti^.
PRONOMINALS.
* In modem Sanscrit nija often takes the place ofswa; as, Ph^JI^ JlQ^fd.
t Prof. Lassen cites a remarkable example from the Rdmdyana, in which
^TrW"JT refers to the dual number. Putram dtmanah sprishtwd nipetatuh, " they
?l|[ sarva, "all": nom. masc. sarvah, sarvau, sarve ; dat. sarrasmni
noni. fem. sarvu, &c. ; dat. sarvasyai, &c. But the nom. neut. is
sarixim, &c., not sarvad. The follovWng are the most useful of
these pronominals. Eka, "one"; prothama, "first"; dwit'iya,
But some of these are optionally declined like nouns of the first
CHAPTER VI.
VERBS.
General Observations.
the surface, whilst the abstruser truths, the niceties and refine-
ments, are multiplied to an extent that tends to discourage, or
even disgust the uninitiated learner. Hence it happens that the
expounder of Sanscrit Grammar, who wishes to exhaust his subject,
unnoticed, the larger print will serve to attract the eye of the
student to those points which are of general utility and real
t Although the three preterites are used without much distinction, yet it sliould
be observed that they properly express different degrees of past time. The first pre-
—
tcrite corresponds to the imperfect of (Jreek and Latin verbs, and properly has
reference to an event doing at some time p;ist, and not ended. The second preterite
has reference to an event done and past at some definite period. Tlie third j)re-
terite, to an event done and past at some indefinite period, thus con-esponding to the
Greek aorist. So, also, the two futures properly express, the first definite, the
second indefinite futurity. Tlie potential may generally be rendered in English by
some one of the auxiliaries "may," "can," "would," "should," "ought." The
conditional is used after the conjunction ynd'i, "if": it occurs, however, but very
rarel}', and tlic potential usually supplies its place in conditional sentences. The
benedictive is a tense sometimes used in praying and blessing.
The infinitive mood generally has an active, but is capable of a passive signification.
* If the term voice has reference to the system of inflection, it is obvious that
tliere can only be two voices in Sanscrit ; and altliough the atmanepada, in one or
two instances, has a middle sense, yet it cannot be said to correspond with the
Greek middle voice, the chief characteristic of which is, that it takes a middle
t The words juirdsmaipadu and ntntanejKuhi will often l)e contracted into
/)«r., dttn.
58 VERBS. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS,
Of these, the two last forms are very rarely met with, except in
the nouns and participles derived from them ; and will therefore
is formed from the root, according to the nine diflFerent rules for
for the change of the root, required by the 4th conjugation, viz.
therefore, will divide itself into two heads. In the first place,
'Ally, the inflection of tlie base, or the union of the base with its
terminations.
The first of these two subjects of inquiry will be found to be
that in which consists all the difficulty of the subject ; for, as fiir
1 There seems no necessity for creating a tenth conjugation as distinct from the
causal. So that it would greatly simplify the subject, if this conjugation were
expunged altogether from the Grammar, and the addition of ay to the root con-
sidered, in all cases, as the mark of a causal verb. And it is plain that ay is not
the sign of a separate conjugation, in the way that nu is the sign of the 5th con-
jugation, or in the way of any other conjugational sign, for it is retained throughout
the other tenses of the verb, not only in the first four, just as the desiderative ish is
retained throughout. And although there are many verbs given under the
10th conjugation, which have rather a transitive than a causal signification, yet
there are also many causal verbs which ai"e used only in a transitive sense. It will
therefore make the subject less complex to consider that the aifix ay is always the
sign of the causal form, merely bearing in mmd that causal forms do not necessarily
imply causality.
It may also be questioned whether there be any necessity for creating a 4th con-
jugation as distinct from the passive. For since it is found that either a neuter or
passive signification attaches to nearly all the verbs placed under the 4th conju-
gation, and that passive verbs are identical with its dtmanepada inflection, it may
with reason be suspected that the occasional assumption of a neuter signification
and a parasmaipada inflection by a passive verb, was the only cause which gave
rise to the creation of this conjugation. And this theory is supported by the fact
that many passive verbs (as, for example, Jayafe, " he is bom," from the root jan ;
and pTmjate^ " he is filled," from the root prt) are confounded with verbs of this
conjugation. So that it seems not unlikely, that, hy making tliis 4th conjugation,
Grammarians only meant to say that the passive form of verbs, or tlie addition oiy
to the root, is also the fomi that may be used to express a neuter or intransitive
signification; the only difference requisite to be made between the two forms
being exactly that wliich might be expected to exist between them ; viz. that
REGULAR PRIMITIVE VERHS. (•>3
the one should take tlie dtmanepaihi ; the other, tlie panisnuiifitnfd intloctioii.
At aiiy rate this fact is clear that the pur. of the 4th conjugation is the form used
in numerous roots to yield a neuter signification ; and that the dtm. is identical with
the form used to yield a passive sense. Hence it arises, that many roots appear
in the 4th conjugation as neuter verbs, which also appear in some one of the
other nine as transitive. For example, i/iij, " to join," when used in an active sense
in the 4th. So also, push, "to nourish"; kslnibh, "to agitate"; MsA, "tovex";
when this is prefixed to bases beginning with the vowels /, it, and
ri, short or long, it blends with them into ai, an, ar (instead of
e, 0, ar, by r. 5.). Thus the base l^'^ becomes in the first pret.
First Conjugation.
bho {bhavami, &c., r. lO.f). From 7n, " to lead,'"' ne {nayami, &c.,
r. 10. -j-). From srip, sarp ; from klrip, kalp (p. 2.-1-). In the first
the root ends in two consonants ; as, nind, " to blame ": nor if
the root contain a long vowel, not final ; as, jlv, " to live."
c. Some roots of the 1st conjugation form their hases in the first four tenses by
a change peculiar to themselves, which change is of course discarded in the other
tenses. Thus, from ^qi stha, " to stand," comes the base fjTff tishth {tishthami^ S;c.);
from ITT S'^s'w^j " to go," JT^ gachchh ; from ^ sad, atm. "to sink," sld; from
* Bopp has shewn that an/ analogous change takes place in Greek. Thus,
t Thus, nind is in the 2d pret. nininda ; in the 1st fut. ninditd ; in the
UT ,'//"''• "to smell," Urujii/fir; from pd," to drink," pir ; and from g^ r/m/i,
" to sec," the substituted base TJ^ pasliy ; from. yam, "to restrain," yachchh ; iVoui
Fourth Conjugation.
{suIhyUmi, &c.) ; from ijlT nrit, " to dance," the base nriti/. • . - .
a. The following are anomalous changes. From it, " to grow old," is formed the
hASc, Jlry; from dlv, "to sport," diry; from Arrow, "to go," krdiny ; from bhrum,
" to whirl," hhrdmy ; from >j^ bhransh, " to fall," >J^ hhrashy ; from jan, atm.
"to be horn" jay ; from i-yadh, par. "to pierce," vidhy. See the remarks, p. 62.T.
Sixth Conjugation.
90. If a root be of the 6th conjugation, the general rule is, that
no change at all takes place, and that the root stands also for
the base. Thus, the root kship, " to throw," is also the base
{kshipami, &c.). So also f^ dish, " to point out " {cUshami, &c.).*
a. Some roots, however, take a change peculiar to themselves : as, from JTI ish,
"to wish," the base ^^; from IT^, "to ask," xr^ ; and a final u or u is changed
to m\ and ri to riy ; and ri to ir. As, from d}i% " to shake," dhnv ; from x\ inri, atm.
"to die," 7nriy (f^M, &C.); from ^ dhri, atm. "to exist," dkriy ; from efi At7, "to
scatter," kir {kirami, S^c).
b. Some insert a nasal ; as, from much, " to let go," the base munch (h^jCh, See.) ;
from lip, "to anoint," limp ; from sich, "to sprinkle," tiihch; from aKH', "to cut,"
; and these vowels would have taken Guna had the root fallen under the 1st.
66 IRREGULAR PRIMITIVE VERBS.
fifty common roots belonging to the 2d, 3cl, 5th, 7th, 8th, and
9th conjugations, before we proceed to the remaining six tenses
of the verb, the rules for the formation of which are common to all.
with thah, vakthah ; with si, vakshi : moch with si/ami, moksht/umi
much with ta, mukta : ti/aj with ta, tyakta ; with syUmi, tyakshyami.
But a final palatal is, in a few cases, changed to -q^ sh before t, th
and t, th then become Z, j: thus, 7)iarj with ti, Jirff ; »n^ with
thah, vs: ; Wr[^ with ta, WS; TI^ with ta, TfWl-
a. Final >^ dh and >^ bh, before t and th, are changed, tlie one
to d, the other to b, and both t and th then become dh. Thus,
this with the reyular scheme at p. G-3, and observe how essentially they differ. Let
him also bear in mind that the total number of verbs, primitive and derivative
(exclusive of Intensives and innumerable Nominals), that follow the regular sclieme,
would amount to about eight thousand, whilst the total number that follow this
irregular scheme would hardly exceed two hundred ; he will then understand that
Tliis is another proof that native Grammarians are altogether wanting in clear
rundh with tah or thah becomes equally runddhah (^^:) ; labh with
chakadhi or chakaddhi ; ^^TFET with f//</, ^nfv; f^W^ w'ith dhi, ft%-
* There is a very remarkable parallel to tin's in the Greek rpccpco, making m the
futvu-e epe^lsoo, noticed by Prof. Bopp.
CONJUGATIONAL TENSES. 69
becomes dKgdhi (^frv) ; and the final of f^si^ blends with the same
termination into dh (^fe).
/. Final ^ h before s, follows the analoo^y of final ui and ji ,
and is changed to A% which blends with s into t?" ksli. Thus, leh
with si becomes lek^hi ; ^"^ with si/ami, tji^uf^. And if the
initial of the root be d or g, the aspirate which has been changed
to A- is throw^l back on the initial. Thus, doh (^) with si,
Second Conjugation.
from i,
" to go," the bases e and i (1st sing, etui, cf. eifxi 1st pi.
;
imcili, cf. 'ifiev): from ITT^, "to awake," J«^ar and jagri (3d sing,
du. ^\. jugarti, jugritah, jagrafi,X r. 7.).
a. Those roots of this and the 3d and 7th conj. whose bases
end in consonants reject the terminations of the 2d and 3d pers.
sing. 1st pret. (excepting ad, " to eat," which inserts a before h
and t). But the final of the base is changed analogously to
crudes of the 8th class in the nom. case (see p. 27. r. 45.). Thus,
sing, avedam, avet, avet. Adwesham, admet i^^:z), &c. They also
take dhi for hi in the imperatives
* Bopp has noticed a coiTesponding lengthening of the vowel of the root before
+ Roots of more than one syllable, andjaksh, "to eat," and shds^ " to rule," and
all roots of the 3d conjugation, necessarily reject the nasal of the 3d ])lur., of the
pres., and imp. paras., and take uh for an in the 3d plur. 1st pret. Some other roots
in the 2d conj. optionally take ith for an; as, rid, dwish, pa, ya.
^ Dhi was originally the o)i/f/ form. Hence in the Vedas ^rf^ (kXvOi).
70 IRREGULAR PRIMITIVE VERBS.
h. Roots like ad, "to eat"; pa, "to protect"; ?/«, "to go," having no Guna
substitute, do not change at all {admi, Sjc. ; pdmi, S^c. ; ydmi, &;c.). But daridrd,
par. "to be poor," makes its base daridri before the consonantal terminations not
marked with p, and daridr before ati, uk, atu (3d pers. sing, dual, plur. daridrdti,
c. The root stu, " to praise," and some others in u, take Vriddhi before the conso-
three bases, stau, stu, stuv (stauti, stutah, stuvanti). Similarly, su, atm, "to bring
forth," makes suv before the vowel terminations (sute, suvdte, suvate) ; "3 ir?7, " to
speak," makes bravi before the consonantal V terminations, and brtiv before the vowel
terminations. Hence, in the par., the three bases, bravi, bru, bruv {braviti, brutah,
bruvanti) ; and in the atm. the two bases bru, bruv {brute, bruvdte, bruvate).
d. Rud, " to weep," besides the usual Guna change, adds i to the root before all
the consonantal terminations except y. Hence the three bases rodi, nidi, rud
{roditi, ruditah, rudanti). Similarly, but without Guna, the roots swap, " to sleep,"
shwus and an, "to breathe," Jafe/i, "to eat." Han, "to kill," makes its base /ia
before t or th ; ghn before anti, an, antu ; and/a before hi {hanti, hatah, ghnanti;
2d pers. \mp.Jahi).
" to rule," makes its base f^t? before t, th (which then become t, th)
e. '^n^ ,
and y, and changes its final to t in the 2d and 3d sing. 1st pret. {ashdt).
f. ^Was, " to be," rejects its initial a, except in the 1st pret., and except before
^ ,
" to milk," and f^rf ,
" to lick," form their bases as seen at r. 91. h, i.
Third Conjugation.
Thus, from « bhri, " to bear," are formed the two bases bibhar
and bibhri (3d sing. dii. pi. bibhartU bibhritah, b'lbhrati, r. 7.) ; from
hn, *'
to sacrifice/'' the two bases juho and jithu {juhoti, jnhutah,
juhn-ati, r. 7.) ; from bhl, " to fear," bibhe and bib/il {bibheti, bibhltah,
«• c[T, "to give," in the par. drops the a before all except the P terminations,
making its base dad^ changeable to dat {daddti, dnttah, dadaW), and de before the hi
of the iraperat. Similarly, \[\, "to place," makes its base dadh before v, «i, y, or
a vowel, and dhe before hi; but dhat before/, th, or s {dadhdti, dhattah, dadhati).
Fifth Conjugation.
shaknuvanti). "^ shru, " to hear " (sometimes placed under tlie
1st conj.), substitutes ^ shri for the root (^Rftfir, r. 21., ^J^m ^Ij^f^)-
Roots ending in vowels reject the termination hi of tlie impe-
rative : as, shrinu, " do thou hear "; but apnuhi, " do thou obtain."
Seventh Conjugation.
serting na between the vowel and final consonant^ of the root, before
hins ; from bhuj, " to eat," bhunaj, changeable to bhunak, and bhunj,
changeable to bhtink (r. 91.). Similarly yuj, " to join."
Bhahj, " to break," rejects its nasal before tia is inserted. Hence the bases bhanaj
and bhai'ij (bhanakti, bhun-ktaJi, bhahjanti).
Eighth Conjugation.
Tavvi^eg). But the tenth root in this class is ofi kri, " to do," by
far the most common and useful root in the language. This
root not converts the conjugational affix u to the Guna o
only
before the p terminations, but also changes the radical vowel ri
to the Guna ar before these same terminations, and before the
other terminations to ur {karoti, kurutah, kurvanti), and rejects the
conjugational u before v, m, y (ist plur. kurmah).
Ninth Conjugation.
* Similarly, n is inserted in certain Greek and Latin roots ; as, naG, fjavdavco ; A.a/3,
XaftjSavco; Oty, Oiyyavco ; scid, scindo ; fid,findo ; tag, tango; tiq, linquo, &;c.
t The final t of the base may be dropped, bhintah ; so, also, rundhah for
runddhah.
NON-CONJUGATION AL TENSES.
adding no, to the root before the p terminations, and ni before all
IT?, "to take," makes its bases Jl^l, 'T^, 3J^ (r. 21. ); and ^,
"to know"; »rRT. sTl^O, WR {janrui, janltah, jananti).
Second Preterite.
98. The first step in the formation of the base of this tense
is the reduplication of the initial consonant of the root with its
vowel, or of the initial vowel thus, from budh, " to know," btihudh
:
;
and if the root end in a consonant, the radical vowel takes Guna
before the terminations of the sing, par., but before all the other
terminations reverts to its original form ; hence, the two bases
bubodh, bubudh {bubodha, bubodhitha, bubodha, dual bubudhiva,
bubudhathuh, &c., atm. bubudhe, &c.) : if in a vowel, this vowel
takes Vriddhi in the 1st* and 3d sing, par., and Guna in the 2d,
and before all the other terminations, both par. and atm., reverts
to its original form : thus, from m, " to lead," the bases ninai, nine,
tion of r. 21., find according to the same rule, kri, "to buy," 9th conj., makes its
t By a six'cial rule, the I of the base is here changed to the semi-vowel instead of
change i or ^ to iy before tliese same vowel terminations, that is, before aU excepting
the sing. par. : hence, from f^ come the three bases s/mh?-ai, shishre, and shishriy.
I
All roots ending in u or u change ii or u to uv before these vowel terminations;
excepting, of course, the roots ^, jf(, -5, ^, in the persons marked with *.
'
except eight, " to do "; >j, " to bear " to hear " to
viz. ej, "; '^, "; ^,
praise," it, " to go," &e., all ending in vowels. Hence it happens
that consonants can never come into coalition, except in the 2d pers.
sing, of this tense. Its formation, therefore, is not attended with
any difficulties of consonantal combination. There are certain
rules, however, to be acquired, relative to the reduplication of an
initial consonant with its vowel, and an initial vowel. With
regard to the vowel belono;ino; to the initial consonant, a is redu-
plicated for a, d, ri, or rl ; i for ?, -7, or e ; u for u, u, or o : as,
from da, dadan ; from tri, tatara ; from sei; sisheva ; from jni, piipura.
f. If a root ending in a single consonant begin with a, i, or ii, these vowels are
repeated, and the two similar vowels ])lend into one long one. Tims, ilsa from (f
and r/.f, "to Ite"; dpa from a and ap,r. 4. ; the dual 7!<hntvh from i and /.s7; ; riklnifuli
from u and uldi : hut in the sing, of the last two cases, t!ie radical z or // t;ik inn
* Thus, pack, "to cook," forbids i in the future ; therefore tlu^ 2d sing, is eiibci-
I Grammarians a&ert that the short a i.s optionally retained in ihe fnst person.
;
76 SECOND PRETERITE.
If a root ending in a double consonant begin with a, or, ending in a single consonant,
There are many anomalous ways of forming the base of the 2d pret.
a. Roots ending in « {as, da, "to give"; stkd, "to stand"; yd, "to go," &c.)
drop the d before all the terminations, except tha, and substitute au for that of the
1st and M sing. par. Hence, the bases dad, tasth, yay (^^ dadau, IT^ tasthau,
^^n" yayau; dual, dadiva, tasthiva, yayiva). Similarly roots in ai, as gai (jagau).
b. Roots ending in the vowel ri, in accordance with r. 98, change ri to dr in the
] st and 3d sing., and to ar in the 2d smg., and before the other terminations retain
the vowel ri changeable to r ; but roots in which ri is preceded by a double con-
sonant, and most roots in long ri, instead of retaining tliis vowel, change it to ar in
the dual and plur. par., and consequently throughout the atm. Thus, from srnri,
sing, sasmdra, sasmaritha, sasmdra, dual sasmariva, ike. ; atm. sasmare, S(C.
c. Roots beginning wth any consonant, and ending with a single consonant, and
inclosing a short a, lengthen the a in the 1st and Sd sing. : as, from pack, "to cook,"
papdch; from tyaj, "to quit," tatydj {tatydja, tatyajitha, tatydja, tatyajiva, ^-c).
Moreover, before itha and in the dual and plur. par., and all the persons of the atm.,
if the initial as well as the final consonant of the root be single, the a is changed to
e, and, to compensate for this, the reduplication suppressed. Thus, from pack come
the two has(is papdch and pech [papdLha,pechithaov papaktha,papdcha,pechiva; atm.
from atm. " to obtain " (cf. through-
peche,SjC.); laUi, Xafx,3avu>, e\ai3ov), the base lebh
d. Roots of this last kind, that require a substituted consonant in the reduplication,
are excepted from the rule (but not bhaj and phal). So, also, certain roots begin-
ning with V are excepted. These require that the reduplicated syllable be u, or
the corresponding vowel of the semi-vowel, and change va of the root to u before
every termination, except those of the sing, par., the two «'s then blending into one
long one. Thus, from vach,^' to speak," come the two bases iivdch and iich (uvdcha,
uchatuh, uchuh). A similar rule is applied in ynj. " to sacrifice " {iydja, Ijatuh, yuh).
* The roots trap, and grath, and shrath, and ff, "to pass" {tatdra, teratuh, tcruh,
as if the root were tar), and bhram, smni, rdj, rndh, bhrdj {bhreje, hhrejdte, bhrylre),
bhrdsh, and vam mav follow this rule, althouali not answering the above condition^.
FIRST AND SECOND FUTURE. 77
e. Gam^ "to go"; han, "to kill" (which forms its 2d pret. as if the root were
ghaii) ;
jan, "to be bom"; and khan, "todia;"; drop the medial « before all the
terminations except those of the sing. par. Hence, from gam come the two bases
jagdni, jagm (jagdma^Jagmatuh, jngiiiuh ).
f. IT^, "to siege," and IT^, " to ask," make their bases irxn"? and IfTrir, W[^
and TJT|;^ (^TTT^.
"^I^*' '^•) 5 ^^' "*^ sleep," makes ^t:^TI and ^xy ;
^, "to call," forms its base like roots in w {juhdva, juhuvatuh, juhuvuh) ; f^,
"to conquer," forms its base as if from ^rt {j^fl'^y^ij^iliictuli, £^c.).
g. Roots wliich begin with a vowel, long by nature or position,* and all roots of
more than one syllable, form their bases by adding dm to the root, and affixing the
2d pret. of some one of the auxiliaries, as, " to be"; bhn, " to become ": '^ /?;•/, " to
will give." So also datasi and datase, " thou art a giver," or
" thou wilt give." In the 1st and 2d persons dual and plur. the
sing, of the noun is joined with the dual and plur. of the auxiliary.
In the 3d i)erson the auxiliary is omitted, and the 3d pers. sing, dual
and plur. of the 1st future in both voices is then identical with
the nom. case sing, dual and plur. of the noun of agency. Thus,
data, " a giver," or " he will give "; datarau, " two givers," or
" they two will give," Sec J
The second future, in its terminations, stands in close relation-
ship with the present tense, the only difference being that si/ is
prefixed.
* Except dp, " to obtain," and roots having an initial a before two consonants,
t The future signification inherent in the noun of agency ddtd, seems imjjlied in
the future participle formed with the affix tavya, and the noun of
agency formed with the affix tn ; and is, moreover, optionally
rejected in the 2d pers. sing, of the 2d pret., and decides the
formation of the desiderative form of the root by s instead of ish.
So that the learner, if he know the first future, will pass on with
great ease to the formation of these other parts of the verb, and
should always look to this tense as his guide. For example,
taking the root kshii),
" to throw," and finding the 1st fut. to be
ksheptasmi, he knows that i is rejected. Therefore he knows the
it may be
taken as a general rule that they do not insert
it
there are only a few exceptions, as follows :
m n, two ;
in p, twelve ; in bh, three ; in 7n, five ; in 5T^ sh, seven
in T| sh, nine in one in twelve.
; s, ;
^ h,
'
syati). In BH, labh {labdhUi, r. 91, a., lapsyate, cf. Xrj^j/eTat, r. 91. 6.),
r. 91. e.), so dish; "E^ drish ("^^T,* "^^frr), so sprish, mrish ; krush
("^T, "^tafrr). In T? SH, taksh (tashta,'^ taksyati), ish (eshta,'^ but
* In certain roots containing the vowel rj, the vowel passes into ra and ?v?,
instead of the Guna ar or Vriddhi dr. Thus, the 1st future of srij is ^f^ for j^ ;
82 THIRD PRETERITE.
All the varieties of this tense are reducible to three distinct forms, adapted to the
three schemes of tenninations given in the table above. The first form is that
which belongs to those roots which insert i before the terminations of the non-con-
jugational tenses : the second belongs to those which reject i : and the third, which
most nearly approximates to the 1st pret., belongs, in the first place, to certain
roots, whose bases in iheji)-st pret. present some important variation from the root
in the second, to certain roots ending in ^ sh, T( sh, or ^ 7i, which have i, ti, or ri
for their radical vowel ; and, in the third, to causals, or verbs of the 10th conjugation.
In all the modifications of this tense, the first step in the formation of the base
with the first preterite. But besides tliis there are changes of the base peculiar to
each form.
a. In the first form, if a root end in a vowel, the base must be formed in the
par. liy the Vriddhi change, and in the iltm. by the Guna : thus, from jm, "to pu-
rify," come the two bases apau and ripo (^fT(f^r^ fipdvisham, <^c. r. 8., ^TTf^f^
apavishi, &;c., r. 10. J). Very few roots ending in vowels take the inserted i, and
therefore very few follow this form.
h. If a root end in a single consonant, Guna is required in both par. and atm.
Almost all roots ending in consonants, which insert i, follow this form.
d. A few roots in d, e, o, and ai, with three in m, viz. ya?n, ram, nam, insert s
before the terminations of this form, the final e, o, and ai, being changed to d. Thus,
from 1/d, ayds {aydsisham, S^c.) ; from so, asds {asdsisham, <Jfc.) ; from yara, ayans
{ayansisiham, ^-c). In the atm. they follow form 2. {aydsi, &;c., aransi, S^c).
Observe that the initial s may often be rejected from those terminations in which
it is compounded with t, th. This takes place when the base ends in any consonant
except a nasal or a semi- vowel, or in any short vowel; and dhwam (^) takes
the place of dhwam when the base ends in any other vowel than a.
f. If a root end in either a consonant or a vowel, Vriddlii takes place in the par. ; as,
from kri, akar (^fofiT^ akdrsham, (^'c), from yuj, ayauj (^^tl^ ayauksham, <Sfc.,
dual ayaukshwa, ayauktam, S^c.) ; from rudh {arautsam, ^-c, dual arautswa,
;
THIRD PRETERITE, 83
g. But in the fitm. if a root end in any other vowel than ri, Guna takes place ; as,
from chi, ache (^T^f^ acheshi, S;c.); and if in ri, or any consonant, tlien the vowel
is unchanged; as, from kri, akri {akrishi, akritluih, ^fc.) ; from yvj, uyuj {ayukshi,
ayukthdh, Sfc.) ; from rud/i, arudh {nnitsi, arxiddkah, anidd/ia, r. 91. a. b.).
minations directly to the root: thus, from gam, agam {agamam, ^c); from hhid,
abhid (^rfil^ abhidaru, S;c.). And no confusion can arise from this apparent identity
with the 1st pret., as in all cases where these terminations are used for the 8d pret.,
the 1st pret. presents some difference in the form of its base ; as in agachchham,
abhinadam. So again, the sixth conjugation, which alone can ever shew a perfect
identity of root and base, never makes use of this form for its 3d pret., unless by
some special rule the base of its 1st pret. is made to differ from the root. Thus,
lip, "to smear" (cf. a\e'i(p<jo), which is alipam in the 3d pret., is alimpam in the first.
i. Certain roots ending in long vowels, as dii, "to give,"t make use of tlie termi-
nations of this form, but reject the initial vowel throughout {adnm, addh, addt
dual, addva; 3d pi. aduh ; atm. adishi, S^-c, form 2.t). So bhu, "to be," except in
the 1st sing, and 3d plur. (^^ nhhuvam, abhuh, Sjc. ; 3d plur. abhuvan ; in the atm.
abhavishi, <.^c. form 2.).
j. The roots vach, " to speak," and pat, " to fall," follow this form ; but, in contra-
distinction to the 1st pret., make their bases avoch, apapt {avocham, apaptam,
cf. e-Ki-KTov). As, " to throw," makes asth ; shas, ushish ; nash, anesh.
k. Certain roots ending in ^ sA, "q sh, ^ /*, inclosing a medial i, u, or ri, form their
3d pret. according to tliis third scheme ; but whenever confusion is likely to arise
* Bopp has noticed that this form of the 3d pret. corresponds very clearly with
the 2d aorist of the Greek (cf. asthdm, asthds, asthdt with evTrjv, eVr';?, fio-n;), and
that the first two fonns are more or less analogous to the 1st aorist.
t Bopp remarks that the 1st pret. of this root adaddm bears the same relation
to its 3d preterite addm, that eSlSmv does to eSwv. So also the relation of r/rf/m/n
(3d pret. of dhd) to adadhdm, (1st pret.) coiTcsponds to that of eOt]v to ertOiiv.
I Roots like dd, in the atin., change the radical d to I, and follow form 2. : thus,
root, the final of the root bemg at the same time changed to k (r. 91. e.).
Thus from fk^ dish, " to point out," comes the base adiksh (^f^^ adiksham,S^-c.,
cf. eSeifa, 1st pret. adishani); from dwish^ "to hate," adwiksh {adwiksham, S^c);
from duh, "to milk," adhuksh {adhuksham, S^c, r. 91. i.). But this class of roots
substitutes i for e, the termination of the 1st pers. sing. atm. (adikshi, adikshathdh,
3;c.), and atham, atam, for ethdm, etam, in the 2d and 3d dual {adikshathdm).*
Causal verbs make use of the terminations of this form, but the base assumes
TERMINATIONS.
BENEPICTIVE. CONDITIONAL. INFINITIVE. 85
«. If a root end in *7, this vowel is changed to e in the par. ; as, from ffil, dc ( '^^ \^
hu {chlydsam, S^c, hui/iisaiu, Syc), and changed to Guna in the atm. {clushlya,
from oB, the bases f^ and ^ (f^nn^, og^hl). After a double consonant ri becomes
(ir in the par. As also before inserted i {stanjdsam, starUhlifa from stri).
d. If in ^ r7, this vowel is changed to 7r,in both voices; as, from IT the base ifir.
those in the 2d pret. (r. 99. d.f.) and in the passive (r. 112. d.f.). Thus, from
grah, grihydsam, i^c. ; houi rack, uchydsam, ^c. ; from swap, supyd mm ; homyaj,
ijydsnm, S(C.
It is to be remarked of this tense, that the changes of the base before the y of the
par. terminations are analogous to those before the y which is the sign of neuter and
passive verbs (r. 89. 112.). Observe, moreover, that the terminations resemble
those of the potential of irregular primitives (p. 66.) ; the only difference being, that
in most cases a sibilant, and in some, two sibilants, are either prefixed or inserted.
base, and in the latter part of its terminations : it resembles the second future in
inserting i in exactly those roots in which the future inserts i, and in the first
part of its terminations. Thus, from budh comes the base abodhi (-•KoTtfllut
ahodhishyaiit, ^f.) ; from kship, the base akshep (tH^LUJ akshepsyam, S^-c).
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Termination turn (cf. tlie Latin supine).
106. 'Die base of the" infinitive is identical with the base of the
first future, and where one inserts i, the other does also. Thus
from budh, bodhi (^TftjJ bodhitum) ; from kship, kshep ("^ ksheptiim).
Moreover, all tlie rules for the eliaiio^e of the final consonant of a
root before the / of the future terminations ajiply (>((ually before
86 CAUSAL VERBS.
Conjugational Tenses.
nai, forming, with the affix ay, the base nayay, r. 8. (pres. «f|t|^ifVl
;
CAUSAL VKRHS. 87
tini/ni/an/f, Scv. \ 1st \n-ct. anayaija))!, v^f.) ; from kri, the base kuray
(<+IWlf*< kuray a mi, &c.).
rf. Anomalies. — Roots in a or in e, o», changeable to /7, cannot take V'riddlu, hut
insert ;>, or sometimes y, between the root and the affix ay. Thus, from tla, the
base ddpay ; from /«7, "to drink," jxlijaij ; from li we, h wilt/a i/. But ;«7, " to pre-
serve," inserts Z {paltryruiii, ^^O- T^*<^ roots i, "to go"; j7, "to conquer"; smi,
" to smile "; chi, " to collect "; and bhl. " to fear "; fonn their bases, apny ;* jdpay ;
smapuxj ; chapai/ or chapay ; bhdpny, atm., or bhlshny, atm., respectively, llr'i,
" to be ashamed," and rj, " to go," take Guna, and form their bases hrepay and
arpay.
any other vowel, Guna takes place (unless as proliibited, r. 88. h.):
f. Anomalies.— i2«/t, "to grow," foims ropay ; rfw.s/t, " to pollute," fi?M.s7ior/ y hdn^
'^
to kill," ghdtay ; shdd, "to perish," shdtay ; sphur (^^^t(j, "to qwvcr," spMray
sphdy (^^ifin^), " to increase," sphdvay.
Non-conjugational Tenses.
The changes of the root requisite to form the base of the
conjugational tenses are continued in of these, the ay only
all
* Thus, from adhl^ " to go over " or " read," comes adhydpayati, " he causes to
109. In the formation of the base of this tense, the affix ay is rejected; but any-
other change that may take place in the conjugational tenses, such as the insertion
of p or ?/, is preserved. The base is a reduplicated form of this change, and to this
reduplication the augment a is prefixed. Thus, taking the bases hodhay and jdpay
(cans, bases of budh, "to know," and ji, "to conquer"), and rejectmg ay, we have
bodh and Jap ; and from these are formed the bases of the 3d pret., abubtidh and
ajljap {"^S^W^ abubudliam, ^-c, ^afNTtJ ajijapam, ^c, cf. the Greek pluperfect).
The rule for this reduplication is as follows:— The initial consonant of the root,
with its vowel, are reduplicated, and the reduplicated consonant follows the rules
ceded by a, a, e, o, or ar. The usual reduplicated vowel for aU these vowels except
o, is i. But u is reduplicated for o, and sometimes also for di\ In general, this
reduplicated vowel is made long, and to compensate for this, the long vowel of the
causal base shortened, or, if it be Guna, changed to its cognate short vowel. Thus,
the causal base nay (from ni, rejecting ay) makes the base of the 3d pret. anlnay
{amnayam, ^c.) ; the causal base bhav (from bhli) makes ablbhav ; the causal base
kdr (from An), achikar ; gam (from gam),ajigam; pdch {irora pach),aptpach ; pal
(from pa), ap'ipal ; red (from vid), avivid ; vart (from vrit), avlvrit. But bodh
(from budh), dbubudh; and sdv (from su), asushav. Sometimes the reduplicated
vowel is only long by position before two consonants, the radical vowel being still
made short ; as, shrdv (from shru) makes ashushrav ; drdv (from dru), adudrav ;
bhrdj, abihhraj. Sometimes the reduplicated vowel remains short, whilst the vowel
of the causal base, which must be long either by nature or position, remains
unchano-ed. Thus, the causal hs&e jlv (ivoTajw) may make ajijiv ; chint, achi-
chint ; halp, achikalp. In such cases a may be reduplicated for a or a ; as, laksh
t The following bases of the 3d preterite are formed anomalously from causal
;
PASSIVE VERBS. 89
If a root begin with a vowel this vowel is not reduplicated, only coalescin:,' with
the augment a according to the rule, p. 64. ; but the reduplicated form of the final
consonant, with the vowel /, is inserted between the augment and vowel thus
coalescing, and the final consonant. Thus the root nksh makes dchiksh p. 75. b.
(achiksham, S(C.) ; arli, firjih ; dp, apip ; i(!{^^, nidid ; fih, aujih ; ridli, drdidh.
tenses ; ai/ is retained, and after it the inserted i invaviablj'^ assumed ; excepting in
the benedictive paras., where both ai/ and i are rejected. Thus, from bndh, the bases
PASSIVE VERBS.
Every root in the language may take a passive form. It is
bases, nphjy from pry (^^7^ « to drink"); ntishihlp from s/Aa/) (s^A<7, " to stand ")
then U3 atmanepada is identical with the passive. And it seems probable that tliose
atmancpada verbs, suchas/>«r7, "to go," and biidh, "to know," which are placed
ander the 4th conjugation, are in reality passive verbs; at any rate, the forms given
parasmaipada,
t That the passive does occasionally take the terminations of the
corroborated by Bopp, who gives several instances; as, chhidijct for chhidi/efn.
is
N;jl. xiv. fi. ; mokshyasi for mokshyase, " tliou shalt be liberated-" Other instances,
N
90 PASSIVE VERBS.
In the third preterite they take the first two forms (p. 81.),
Cofijugational Tenses.
ai, or are changed to t: as, from da, the base dJy (3d sing.
^71^) ; so also dM, pa, stha, ha, ma ; so also gai, " to sing,'' (gii/).
e. Jati, khan, and tan, may optionally reject the final nasal, but
the a is then lengthened : as, from jan, jay or jany (»n^ or ^pilff)-
/. From vach, vad, rap, vas, swap, come the bases tichy, udy, upy,
ushy, siipy : from grah, prachh, and vyadh, the bases grihy (tt^, &c.),
prichhy, vidhy : from yaj, hve, ve, come ijy, huy, uy.
PASSIVE VERBS. 91
tVoni the bases of the same tenses in the {)riniitive, unless tlie
ends in a vowel. For in tliat case the insertion of i may take place, although for-
bidden in the primitive, provided the final of the root be changed to Vriddhi.
Thus, from chi may come the base of the 3d pret. pass, achui/i {achdyishi, &c., form 1
p. 81.) although the base in the atm. of the primitive is ache {acheshi, ^c, form 2.).
So also, from hu and kri may come ahdvi and akdri (ahrivishi, akdrishi, form 1.),
although the bases in the atm. of the primitive are aho and aJcri (ahoshi, ukrishi,
form 2.). Again, i may be inserted when the root ends in long d, provided that y
be interposed between final d and inserted i. Thus, from dd may come addyi
(addyishi, ^c), although the base in the atm. of the primitive is adi (adishi, Sjc.)-
* This explanation of the passive, although at variance with that of Wilkins and
Bopp, rests on the authority of Pilnini (0. 4. 02.), and the Siddhiinta kaumudl.
t The root g^, however, in the passive, may bo ^3lflT% , ^fft^, a.s well n.s
^T^' "5^ ^"^^ ^*? ' "^^y ^'^ MIPhHI^, TnfrT"«^, as will as ^^\^, ff^^; and
T^ may be JTTf^lTT^, i^lft^'"^. as well as a<^1hi^, JT^t^.
92 PASSIVE VERBS.
But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the
passive (so that the passive of c/« may be either achayishi or acheshi), except in the
3d pers. sing, where the terminations ishta and sta being rejected, the base, as formed
by Vriddhi and the inserted i, must always stand alone ; thus, achdyi, " it was
gathered "; ahavi, " it was sacrificed "; oMri, " it was done "; adayi, " it was given."
If the i"oot end in a consonant, the base of the Sd pret. pass, will always be
identical with that of the Sd pret. atm. of the primitive, except in the 3d pers. sing.,
where I
(^) being substituted for the terminations ishta of the 1st form and *te of
the 2d form, invariably requires before it the lengthening of a medial a, and the
Guna of any other medial vowel.* Hence, from tan, the form of the 1st, 2d, and
3d sing. 3d pret. wiU be atu7iishi, atanishthah, atdni ; from kship, akshipsi, akship-
thdh, akshepi ; from vid, avedishi, avedishthdh, avedi. This 3d pers. sing, of the
Vriddhi take place in a final vowel capable of such a change, and y be interposed
after final d. Thus, from chi may come the bases chdyi and achdyi (chdyi^hiya,
achdyishye) ; from hu, hdvi and ahdvi; from kri, kdi-i and akdri; from (Id, ddyi
and addyi. But cheshiya, acheshye, hoshlya, ahoshye, ^-c, the forms belonging to
There is no passive infinitive mood in Sanscrit distinct in form from the active.
But although the affix timi has generally an active, it is capable of a passive sense,
when joined with certain verbs, especially with shak, "to be able." In the Hitopa-
desha it is also used passively, in connection with the participles drahdha and nirupita.
115. In forming a passive verb from a causal base, the affix ay is rejected, but the
other changes of the root are retained. Thus, from the causal base pdtay (root pat,
"to fall") is formed the passive causal base pdty {pdtye, " I am caused to fall"); so
also, i'roui sthdpay (sthd, "to stand"), sthdpy {sthdpye, "I am made to stand");
from pdthay {path, "to read"), pdthy (pdthye, "I am taught to read") from
* This rests on the authority of Panini, the Siddhanta kaumudl, and the Bhatti
kavya (1.5. 64,65.).
93
'<« -^ ^ ^2 _
o « r3 O
par-
== ^- -s =; " '^ SI
jT'";;
- 13 c '^
^
^^^ ^ ~ >»-^ '^ i^ > I*
^ "^ -r ^ O
(LJ
iu :;3 -2 "^^
D
ix)
!>
^O
,5- ---
-a
"^ .2 G
-.
5 O
: O ^
R
^
f:^
'^
o V \ -^ ^^ 3^ 'tS .2
3
•2° c^ >,>^^^"E>
"- o
"S ~ r ..^ J^ - 'P V
.S CvJ ?! -1 '^ if C "S CO O ,.
'5
J £ l«'^ ^ 2 ^
-
:^ ^2
o --S ;; -- ' - w 5JD li
t .2 o
.5 .5
a 2 o "o o
o 5 ;« c: .s
o t- be' o -s 'p
^ 5 .s._.5 - ^ o -g
^ o -5
bX)|r's |c5rt-P^5S.22
94
95
IS s;
-e e .*
IS is
S B S I IS S
la"'
,o .o ^
s |s
I
s iS s
"S s s
S § s
1 J~
.:5
2
a
98
100
w
>;
CO
CO
<
w
H
P^
O
;?;
o
H
O
( 101 )
AUXILIARY VI;RBS.
(R. 92. d. Cf. the Latin sum, es, est, and the Greek e/j/xi, eaal, eari)
Present.—" I am." First Preterite.—" I was."
'ERS. SING. DUAL. PLCRAL. SING. DUAL. PLURAL.
1st, ^rfw r"<»ti, ^: swah, Tftf, smah. ^rnJ dsam, ^^ dsiva, ^nW dsma.
2d, •^rftr asi, ^n stkah, -^ stha. ^T#: dsih, ^TPST* dstnm, '5ITW dsta.
W, 'Srf^ asti, w, stall, ^rfiff santi. \ ^TRfhr dsit, ^^TTCrt dstdm, ^TTtR dsan.
^PIT sydm, ^fcf syaxa, ^|44 sydma. 'SI^jT'l asdni, WHT^ asdva, ^HfllH asdma.
^IT: "y"^'. ^TTTT sydtam, J!3^ sydta. ^ftj edhi, ^ stam, ^ sta.
^ITiT -v^rt/, ^trnn sydtam, -^CT, syuh. ^;5r nstii, ^ stdm, ^pff santu.
PARASMAIPADA.
Present Tense. —" I do."
The other tenses are, bened. fjUmw"", fgitrr:, Pfh^lH^. &c., cond.
») r. 80. •") See p. 39. note. ') r. 7- ") r. 10. f. <•) r. 21. ') The
eightli conjugation rejects the hi of tlie hnperativc, in conformity with the fifth
conjugation, r. 04. e) p. 75. />. >) See the scheme for the 2cl prct. p. 73.
ATMANEPADA.
Present Tense.
First Preterite.
Potential.
Imperative.
Second Preterite.
i-)
=*) r. 7. r. 30. ') r. 10. f- '') r. 30. ') r. 98. and r. 7. ') See the
scheme for the 2d pret. p. 78. e) p. 79. / ") p. 79. c. ') p. 83. ^. J)
p. 85. c.
") r. 105.
'
104
PERS. SING.
The other tenses are. ;kl {)ret. ^^, ^^, ^^ , &c. ; bened.
^^Ti(\ Sec. ; coiid. ^T^rfVoT. v<:c. ;
pass. part. ^
'*)r.88. fl. '')r.98. ') P- 79. a. >) p. 03. i. ')p.85. A. ') This is
given in anticipation of r. 125. as being the most useful of all the participles.
P
106 EXAMPLES OF VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.
Jl, par.
EXAMPLES UK VERBS OV THE I'lUST COX.irfJATION. 10'
•'sink." "cro."
Pres.
1st pret.
Pot.
Imp.
2 pr. 1 sin.
2 pr. I du.
1st flit.
2d flit.
Infill.
Pass. part.
'')p.7C.
108 EXAMPLES OF VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.
(p. 70. a.); as dhe^ dadhau. s) Roots ending in the diphthongs e and ai change
these letters to a before the t and a- of a termination. Hence, gai in the 3d pret.
is agdsam, ^c. Hwe may foUow Form III. in the 3d pret. rejecting its final ; thus,
ahwam, ahioah, S^c. Atm. ahwe, ahioathdh^ S^c, or Form II. ahwdsi, &;c.
JTJTt? mumoha,
5^ mmnuhiva.
jmanzn mumuhathuh,
^^^f^ mumuhirna.
aiT^ mumuha.
T{^^;^^ mumohitha.,
First Future.
"
mohitdsmi, STtf^in^: mohitdswah, 'R^'f^fTTfT: mohitdsmah.
irtfffTTftf
Second Future-
Pres.
1st pret.
Pot.
Imp.
2 pr. 1 sin.
2 pr. 1 du.
1st fut.
2d fut.
Infill.
*) There are three other uncommon roots which follow so ; viz. sho, chho, do.
*•) Roots ending in e or follow the analogy of those in a and ai in the 2d pret.,
'')r. 125. M. i)P-75. rf. J)p.80. ") r. 125. i. ') P- "5. c. '°)Or^F.
PARASMAIPADA Only.
Second Preterite.
First Future.
Second Future.
'*) p. 65. note *. '') or ^T¥?. ^ee p. ). note *, and r. 91. «) p. 80. note *.
f)
^) p. 85. e. ') r. 105. r. 125. i.
Pres.
1st pret.
Pot.
Imp.
2 pr. 1 sin. fTTR
2 ])r. 1 du.
1st fut.
2(1 fut.
Infin.
"I
Pass. part.
11-^
( )
Potential. Potential.
TTTm: ydydh, inTmf ydydtavu V|^M ydydta. ^: iydh. ^TITff iydtam. ^TTTrT iydta
Imperative. Imperative.
trrftr y^'^h xrr^ i/ava, TnT yama. ^nrrf»T' ay dm, ^TTR' aydva,
f)
r. 92. e) r. 7- '') a with e—ai, r. 6., «i with am=dyam, v. R. ') « with
i=ai, r. 88. J) e with d7ii=aydni. '') p. 75. k. ') p. 85. ft.
Tims, with tho prep, a, "to;" pros, ^, ^f^, ^; dual v^., ike;
1st pret. "^m, h' i^f-'>; pot. ir^T, 6i:c. ; imp. -kniPh. ^, ^, v*<;c.
then blends with ad/ii into (cJ/ai/ before the vowel, and adhi before
tlu> eonsonantal tm-niinations. Hence the pres. (jitm. only) '^nf^^,
^TV^, ^TVt^, ^niNr^, &e. ; 1st -pret. "^Tfmftf (adhi + a = ad/i// a ; adliya
+ i = adhyai, r. SS ; ad/njai + i = adhyuyi, r. 8.). ^t^:, ^J^; dual
^n^^ff, ^HiilFrRt, &c. ;
pot. ^nfhfhl, &c. ; imp. ^Tiq% {adhi-^ e =
adhi/e ; adhye + ai = adhi/ayai), ^snfl^, &c. In the 2d pret. the root
is changed to t^; thus, ^!rf>nT^. ^fvurffT^. ^>nT^. 'Kr^ifON^, &c.
In the 3d preterite the root becomes jft, and takes Form II. ; thus,
Root -^ft. Inf. ^[ifTIW. "to lie down," "to sleep." atmanepada.
This root takes Guna before all the terminations, and inserts
r in the 3d plur. of the pres. 1st pret. and imp.
Present. First Preterite.
^T^iftr ^^i'^f? "^^f?
Potential. Ijiipcratire.
2(1 pret. %3xr", 1st fut. •^iftnrrt'. 2d fut. •^rftr^, 3d pret. ^gr^TTfti,
*) r. 10. t. Cf. KtiiJiai, Kf.laat, Kclrat, Keifxeda, &:c., and see note, p. 45. '') r. 98.
Present. '
First Preterite,
wt^^ f^^i f^: 'UH'-l ^M^M 'i<wH
Pot. ^^, &c. ; Imp. ^?3=rrf^ (in the Vedas ;gr^^). ^^> ^W,
&c. ; 2d pret. iffT^'' ; dual irp' ; 1st fut. ^cftHrfw" ; 2d fut. W^imiPH ;
») p. 70. c. ^ may also make ^r^ before the consonantal P terminations ; thus,
jyjtflfa , ^ efl fq, &c., after the analogy of ^. It makes stuv and rarely stav before
the vowel P terminations. '') p. 75. e. ") See the table, p. 73. '^) p. 79./.
•) p. 82. a.
EXAMPLES OF VERliS OE THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 1 15
part. fTT^.
") Or ^. ") p. 69. a. ') p. 77. '^) p. 80. '') Substituted from ^v ,
f)
p. 82. c. r. 125. o.
part. f^\
") p. 69. note X- ^) Or ^T^TTt* the final being changed to Visargali instead of t.
^) Or ^^llf^, p. 68. g. The termination dhi (corresponding to the Greek Oi) belongs
to roots ending in consonants, but was originally applicable to roots ending in vowels.
See Prof. Johnson's Mahabharata Selections, p. 107. »iim<*flj. ') p. 83.y. ^) r.l 25. ??.
PARASMAIPADA. ATMANEPADA.
Present.
T^eV.^; Preterite.
^§1?
116 EXAMPLES OF VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION.
EXAMPLES OF VEUJiS OF TllK rillHl) CONJlUi ATION.
Tinperatire.
<ft?TJT
») p. G9. /. '') p. 08. h. <) p. G9. a. '') s4 and 5^, like terminations
beginning with a sibilant, have the effect of throwing back the aspirate (wliich has
been changed to g) on the mitial of the root. *) p. 8.'3. A-. Q p. 84. note.
PARASMAIPADA.
Present Tt'w.'Je.— "I support" bear."
First Preterite.
Imperative.
'^) Cf. the Latin fers, fert,ferimus,fertis,ferimt. '') Or wf%>T:. Since the
vowel ri is changed to ar, the rule at p. 69. a. applies to this verb. *=) r. 93. last
j)p.83.sr.
PARASMAIPADA.
Pot. ^, &c. ;
pres. atm. ^, ^, ^, &c. 1st pret. 'sr^:
imp. ^ ;
pot. 1^^
Second Preterite. —" 1 gave."
2d pret. atm. ^^, ^i^^. ^. <r«^-=l^, &c. 1st fut. par. ^nrrftiT^
^
; ;
"") Or c[^T^. Cf. the Latin dedisti Or ^^- ^) P- 79. e. ") p. 83. i.
')p.85. a. J)r.l25. c.
EXAMPLES OF VERBS OF THE THIRl) CONJUGATION. 119
( 120 )
ATMANEPADA.
Present. First Preterite.
") This root, although not ending in a double consonant, requires that the redu-
Pot. ^r^TTT, i^'c. ; imp. ^T^RTf^. -S^c. ; 2d pret. ^l^llch'; dual, ^fftFI '.
^^c. ; 1st fut. 51 7^,1 fw"; 2cl fut. ^r^nf^'; 3(1 pret. '3?^^'; p. i)art. "^Ri.
b)
") p. 7G. c. p, 00. ') p. 83. h.
Pot. -sfi^ ; imp. ^lUNifH, '^TO, "^TOtj, i>RI^N > &c. ; 2d pret. ^^^
dual ^r^''; 1st fut. •^ftilTftJT" ; 2d fut. •^"orfiT' ; 3d pret. -ji^m*^;
«)r. 21. '')Or^nFi. '^) Or^JTt. "*) See the scheme of terminations,
'
p. 73. *)p.79./. Op- 82./.
fS[^, fepW, f^S^, &c. ; 1st pret. '^rf^r^; pot. Pi^r^hq ; imp. f^ffft,
fg[?f^, &c. ; 2d pret. par, f^^i^ ; atm. f^jPft^ ; 1st fut. ^^ifw*^ ; 2d
fut. %?5nfiT'; 3d pret. par. ^%w^ atm. 'gif5fw% 'Sif^n^^:, ^fg[W,
&c. ;
pass. part, f^ .
») Roots ending in t or d may reject these letters before th and t, when 7i imme-
First Preterite.
^r^ijry ^r^^fsci ^^t»t
Pot. ^wut; imp. ^TJiUTftT, '^^\ ^^1' ^^' ' atm. pres. ;^, &e.
1st pret. ^T^f?^, ^^^igr:, &c. ;
pot. ^^ifN; imp. ^rn^; 2d pret. par.
^:^; atm. 'S^^ ; 1st fut. ^fw"; 2d fut. CIi^jj i Ph '; 3d pret. par.
^^^ atm. -a^frtJ^; p. part. ^if.
EXAMPLES OF VERHS OF THE NINTH CONJUGATION. 123
f^ fHrilPw ''; 2d fut. P^T^m i PH : 3d prct. ^P^Pjhm ''; pass. part. f^ftnT.
") According to Carey fj^^^rft^. *") Or ^t{P^ti: . ") p. 75. c. <>) p. 04., note t-
ferred to the auxiliary verb ^ kri, at p. 101, and the verb in^ in
the tables, pp. 94 — 97. These are the only two roots in this con-
^MlPHi«««'"' •
janava^ janama.
Wni^Jdnlhi, sTPFfhr jdnltam^ in^fhf jdnlta.
^\^\Ajdndtu, TfTjfhiTt jdnltdm, »1H»H jdnantu.
Pot. par. wrW, ^m1^ i:> "iMl^iK, &c. . ; atm. ^m1ii, *rnfhzn:, &c.
2d pret. par. »r#r^ dual irf^. &c. ; atm. 5?%; 1st. fiit. sJlHlfw"
'')p-77./. *") This root lengthens the inserted i. ") This is on the authority
of the Sitldhanta KaumudI, but Carey and Wilkins give ^{zr^M • All agree in
Pot. sRNfHn, ^^c. ; iini>. "^NlTf^, "^NifH^f , I'scc. ; •2d pret. fi^ra^T^^
3d pret. -^ilfw ;
pass. part. -gKhr.
") Cf. -repvanat. ") Cf. eirepvav. ') p. 75. b. ") p. 74. t- ') p. 82./.
Pot. ^^Tjfhn; imp. «*IJirH ; atm. pres. ^^ ; 1st pret. ^^airrir; pot.
^liD^; imp. ^3[^; 2d pret. par. TreTR\ Wwft^, &e. ; dual Trerfe'
fitm. iTwl', &c. ; 1st fut. wfiiilfw" or wOhiTw ;
2d fut. wftwrfir'' or
wOuj ifa ;
3d pret. 'i<«lW ;
pass. part. ^at^*^.
») This verb is also of the 5th conjugation ^fnrftftr, W^lFrfM, W^lflfrf, ^FniT^:,
t * e e \>
&:c., when there is a striking resemblance to the Greek o-to/ji/v/jj, ar6pvv<„ SiC. ; and
impcrf. eo-Topwi/, €ffTo)9vi;?, &c. '')p.76. e. '') p. 7C. ^. '') p. 79. 6. '')p. 82. o.
f) r. 125. d.
(J^lf^lri l
darshayitd, ^tlfilrilS darshayitdrau, ^^fxTiTR: darshayitdrah.
^ |N
^) 01"
l ^etiH, (Jarg/ia;/«»c/iaA:a/-a, p. 87. r. 108. ") r. 109. '')r. 110. '')r. 125. r.
(
1^^^ )
j
^nn^ Az^aAe, or <IHiy^ ddtdswahe, r^ \ t{ \ m^ ddtdsmahe, Sfc.
Present.
— " I am made.'' First Preterite.
— " I was made."
Potential.
— " I may be made."" ! Imperative.
— " Let me be made.
'
or cfirftjTrf oRTftjTT^^ eBTft?nW^,&C.
Third Preterite.
'^{^f
or WoBTft-S^
Pres. •^3^, " I am fitting," JW^, ^sijri, &c. ; 1st pret. 'H^liif,
( 129 )
DESIDERATIVE VERBS.
1 19. Although this form of the root rarely appears in its character
The Terminations.
a. Desideratives take the terminations of the regular scheme
at p. 63., and their inflection either in the par. or atm. is deter-
mined by the practice of the primitive verb. Thus, the root
budh, taking both inflections in the primitive, may take both in
the desiderative (bubodhishami, &c., or bubodhishe, &c.); and labh,
taking only the atm. in the primitives, may take only the atm.
in the desiderative (lipse, &c.).
* And if the root begin with a vowel the reduplication still follows the analogy
of the same tcnso ; thus, from osh. ashish, and with ish added, fiahn/iisli. See p. Hi).
S
;
;
from pack, pijjoksh ; from ijUcIi, yiyucMsh ; from jw, jijhnsh ; from
(Irish, dkJrlksh ; from sen, sisevish ; from gai, jigUs ; but from
yiij, yuyuksh ; f I'om pu, pujMsh.
c. It lias been said that the annexation of ish or s to the
reduplicated root is generally determined by the assumption or
rejection of inserted i in the primitive. When ish is affixed, the
as, from yndk, yuyuts (p. 68. 6.) from dah, didhaksh (p. 69. i?). ;
from iq), " to obtain," Ips ; from dha, dhits ; from ji, " to conquer,"
jiglsh ; from chi, chiklsh, as well as chichlsh ; from han, " to kill,"
from " to be able," f^t^ from ^j>? " to obtain,' f<J5«^ from
TJT^, ; , ;
formed, and adding the second preterite of either one of the auxiliaries kri or bhu
(see p. 77. g.)- Thus from pack, the 2d pret. pipakshdftchakdra, " I wished to cook."
In all the remaining tenses it is an universal rule that inserted i be assumed after
the desiderative base, whetlier formed by s or ish, except in the bened. par. Tlius,
1st fut. of pipaksh, 1st pcrs. sing, pipakshitdsmi, S^c. ; 2d fut. pipakskishydmi, ^c. ;
iitm. pipakshishri/a, Sjc. ; condit. npipakshishyam, S^c. So, also, taking vividish
(formed with ish from vid), the 1st fut. is vividishitdsmi ; 2d fut. vividiskishydmi
( 131 )
120. This form of the root is even less usyd than the cleside-
rative. In the present partieiple, however, and in a few nouns,
it may sometimes appear (r. 38. xiii. and 124.). It gives intensity
to the radical idea, es})eeially in tlie case of roots signifying " to
shine," comes the intensive form dedlpy, " to shine brightly," and
the present participle dedtpyamZma (see r. 121.) ; so also from shubh,
shoshubhy and shoshitbyamana ; from rud, rorudy and rorudyamUna.
There are two kinds of intensive verb, the one a reduplicated
atmanepada verb, conforming, like neuter and passive vei-bs, to
The general rule is, that the initial consonant and vowel of the
passive base be reduplicated. The consonant being reduplicated
according to the usual rules (p. 75.), witli the Guna substitute of
{jehlye, &c.) ; from sfiry, tesfiry ; from puy, ])opUy ; from vidy,
as papach}! from pack ; msmary from stnarij ; if a medial ^7, e, or o, the Siime are
reduplicated ; as yuydchy from ynch, ses/tcn-y Itohi scd, lulochy from lochy : if a medial
r/, then nr'i is substituted in the reduplication, as darhlrhhy from dris/iy, parl-
If a passive base contain "ft, 77, this becomes ^ in the intensive base; as ^^Ht
from fgrtf (pass, of ofi, "to do"). If the base begin with a, as in aty (from WZ,
" to wander " ), the initial at is repeated, and the radical a lengthened, thus atdty.
If the passive base contain a nasal after short a, this nasal is often repeated; as
instead of lengthening the vowel in the reduplication. Thus janjapy, ^c. Pady
inserts n;/ aspanipady; and from chaj'y is formed chahchFiry ; h-om.hany,jeg1inty;
from ghrdy,jeghrly ; from dhmdy, dedhmly.
Non-Co7iJugational Tenses.
In these tenses intensives follow the analogy of passives and reject the affix y.
Since, however, the base of the second pret. is formed by affixing dm. (as usual in
all polysyllabic forms, p. 77. g.), and since, in aU the other tenses, inserted i is
assumed, a coalition of vowels might arise were it not allowed to retain the y in all
cases in which a vowel immediately precedes that affix.* Thus, from dedlpy is
formed the 2d pret. (1st pers. sing.) dedipdfichakre, i^c. rejecting y; but from dedly,
dediydnchahre, S^x. retaining it. Shnilarly in the other tenses : 1st fut. dedipitdhe,
S(C. ; dedlyitdhe, S^c. : 2d fut. dedlpishye, cSjc, dedlyishye., &;c. ; 3d pret. adedlpishi,
S(C., adedlyishi, S^c. ;\ bened. dedlpishlya, S^c, dedlyisJilya, S^c. ; cond. adedipishye,
Conjugational Tenses.
121. The base is here also formed by a reduplication similar to that of atmane-
pada intensives ; not, however, from the passive, but from the root. Thus fi-om the
root pack, pdpach ; from vid., vevid ; from drish, daridrish ; from kri, charlkrt.'\
Moreover, in accordance with the rules for the 2d and 3d conjugation (pp. 69. 70.)
the radical vowel requix'es Guna before the P terminations of the scheme (p. 60.).
Hence the two bases veved and iievid (pres. vevedmi, vevetsi, vevetti ; dual, vevidwah,
S^c.j 1st pret. avevedam, avevet, avevet, azmndwa, S^x. ; pot. vevidydm, &;c.; imp.
Vriddhi, as of chi to chdy, of hu to lidv., and oikri to kdr ; and by the change of
final d to (ly, as of da to day., see r. 113.
t In the par. form of intensive, the reduplication may also be duridrish, charikri,
t^ei'eddiii, veriddhi, revettii, vevedava, reriftam, (^c). Again, the base will vary in
(r. 92. c.) long 7 is often optionally inserted before the consonantal P terminations
(pres. vevedlmi, vevedishi, vevediti ; dual, i-cvidwcdi, 6;c. ; 1st prct. avevedaiii, ave-
Ljistly, when the root ends in a vowel, the usual changes take place of i and i to
>/ or ii/ ; of u and ft to «r / and of ri to r : as in the roots bhl, bhil, kri (pres. 1st sing.
The second preterite follows the usual rule for polysyllabic bases (p. 77. .v),
and affixes am with the auxiliaries. Thus from v'td (1st pers. sing.), veviddmdsa ;
from bh'i, bebhydmdsa. In the other tenses, excepting the bened., inserted i is
invariably assumed, and before this inserted / a root ending in a vowel forbids the
usual Guna change in the futures, but admits Vriddhi in the 3d pret. Thus, 1st
fut. (1st sing.) vei'sditdsini, S)C., bebhyitdsmi, S^-c. ; 2d fut. vevedishydmi, S^c, bebhyi-
shydmi, S;c. ; 3d pret. avevedisham, SfC, abebhdylsham, i*yc. / bened. veindydsam, ^c.,
The Terminations.
a. All the nominal verbs make use of the regular scheme at
p. 63. ; but it should be observed that they are rarely found con-
jugated in any other tense than the present.
draghay, " to lengthen "; from antika, " near," neday, " to make
near," &c.
nal verb formed by adding the terminations directly to the noun ; thus, ^^ift?
"^I peck," from '^^, "a beak."
king," rajay, " to act the king " (<Nm^). This nominal usually
has a neuter or passive signification, and is generally restricted to
the atm. It is found, however, in an active sense, especially
d. These are formed by affixing y to the final vowel of a crude noun. The effect,
to change ^ ri to ^^. Thus from putra, "a son," putriy, "to desire a son"
(3d sing, xr^hrfir) ; from j^a^j, " a husband," patiy^ " to desire a husband " (qfihlfrr).
kam, " to desire " ) to the crude of nouns : thus from putra, putrakdmy, " to desire
CHAPTER VII.
PARTICIPLES.
theory than practice, and one that hardly extends beyond the pages
of the grammar, and is little felt, provided the attention be con-
fined to the earlier and purer specimens of Hindu literature.
The cause of this has been shown to be, that the difficulty of the
verb expends itself on tenses that are rarely if ever used by the
best writers. We are now
show that the necessity for these
to
go," iftT ,
" going "; from irfPtT , ilTff ; from juhmati (3d plur. of hu,
3d conj.), '^^T^^ju/iwat; from nritijanti (4th conj.), nrityat ; from
chinroanti (5th conj.), f^rt^Ti chinwat ; from apmwanti (5th conj.),
dpnuvat ; from rundhanti {rudh, 7th conj.), rundhat ; from kurvanti
(^, 8th conj.), kurvat ; from punanti (pu, 9th conj.), punat. So
again from santi (3d plur. of as, " to be "), sat ; from the causal
darsliayanti (p. 125.), darshayat ; from the desiderative ditsanti
a. It has been remarked (p. 62. and p. 89., note t) that the passive verb may
sometimes assume a parasmaipada inflection ; and that all the neuter verbs placed
under the 4th conjugation may be considered as so many examples of this fomi of
the passive. This theory is corroborated by the fact of the existence of a paras-
maipada present participle derivable from a passive base. Thus from g^ , i,\i\A ,
Declension.
masc, and tVoni tlu" fcm. Tims, bibltrat (from kj, "to hear,"
3(1 conj.), nom. siii^. dii. pi. masc, bihhrat, b'lbhrntou, bibhralnh ;
and shasat (from ^ITh). They also drop the nasal in the dual neiit.
But this rule is not universal, for kurvat (from ^, 8th conj.) is
from -TTifr^ (4th conj.), H(<4MIH; from fcjiUir?^ (lip, 6th conj.), fcj>mHM ;
from the causal darahayante (p. 126.), either dar shay amana, or, more
frequently, darshayUna ; from vedayante, vedayana ; from the de-
siderative ditsante, ditsamUna.
a. But from "^^ bruvate ("^, 2d conj.), ^^^4!! bruvdna ; from
^V7f {dha, 3d conj.), ^tTTfl ; from chinwate (oth conj.), chinwUna
from 5^ (7th conj.), ^WT; from '^l^ (sth conj.), ^frW ; from
"5^ (9th conj.), gHTH- The root ^THT, "to sit" (2d conj.), makes
^rnrhr for ^rrar*!.
Declension.
PAST PARTICIPLES.
Passive Past Participle. —Formation of the Crude.
T
'
is used actively, and often stands for the perfect tense active ; as,
f^^ TTftrf:» "he entered his hole"; ITIH JTrTt. "he went to the
village." And in all cases this participle may be used to supply
the place of the past tenses of the passive verb, the agent being
placed in the instrumental case, and the participle agreeing with
the object: as. ^ N'MHlf-d fri^lPn, " by him the bonds were cut."*
Moreover, it mav be used with the auxiliarv verbs ^m and h ,
" an excavation."
the root ; as, from f^ kship, " to throw," kshipta, " throvni "; or
if the root end in ^ rl. by adding no (tf) ; as, from oB kri, " to
sponds most clearly to the Sanscrit net, which is the usual sign of the instrumental
case, and can never occasion any difficulty if it be regarded in this light.
t In a few instances this participle has a present signiiication ; as, ifllT, " fearing."
f^BTff,
" standing."
PASSIVE I'AST I'ARTICII'LK. i3i>
participle, alth(>n«i[li t\\c\ may adniit it in the fnturos* (p. 79. a. /i.e.),
but attach /a or no dircftly to the root : as, from ^u, i/u(a ; from
//. jita ; from til, )fita ; from shru, sliruta ; from hhu, bhutd ; fi-om
^, ^; from TIT, ITTO (r. "^1.) ; from /^ Una; from ^7. 'fhrr; from
ill, Ifina.
(/. Roots in -^ >7 change n to 7/- before na. wjiich passes into
)ia (Js) by r. 21. ; as, from TT, "to pass," rfh§ , "passed." Hut
frt)m Tj, Ti^, " full."
from T^ i/dai, "to fade," v^T^ mfdiia ; from i^, "to meditate,"
iirnr; from "I, "to purify," ^; from %,"to rescue," ^Tur or -^ttt.
(p. 79. d.) generally take this vowel also in the past participle.
In such cases ta is affixed, and never na ; as, from pat, " to fall,"
patifa, " fallen "; and if u or ri precede the final consonant of the
root, these vowels may take Guna ; as, from dyut, dyotita , from
JTH^, jrflfT. Grah, lengthens the inserted i (jT^, "taken").
/. Roots ending in consonants which forbid the inserted inmst
be combined with ta, agreeably to the rules at pp. 67. 68. What-
ever form, therefore, the final consonant assumes before the
termination to, of the 1st future (p. 80.), the same form will gcne-
alta for ddutta, " taken "; prattii for prniUitttt^ " bestowed "; vydtta for ri/adatla,
" expanded "; par'ittn for pnridattu ; si'dtu for mdatlu^ tlie /ami a being lengthened.
1-10 PASSIVE PAST PARTICIPLE.
mukta ; If?T. "'I^; tyakta, tyakta ; yokta, yukta ; ^^, ics; Jrrtr, Mt;
seddha, siddha ; boddha, buddha ; yoddha, yuddha ; kshepta, kshipta ;
from pad, panna ; from ad, anna ; from bhid, bhinna ; from '^^,
in. If in forming the passive base (p. 90. /.), or in the 2d pret.
(p. 76. d.), y contained in a root are changed to their
the v or
semi-vowels u or i, the same change takes place in the pass, par-
ticiple ; thus, from vach, "to say," ukfa ; from vap, upta ; from "q^,
from ^, jr§.
91. Some other changes which take place in forming the passive
base (see p. 90. d.f.) are preserved before ta ; thus, from ^[TW^, %?;
from ^T^, f^. And when the root ends in two conjunct con-
sonants, of which the first is a nasal, this nasal is rejected ; as, from
^7^, ^^; from )j^, >r?; from -gr^, ^ru; from ^r^, ^r^; from >t^,
^^J^. but not if i is inserted; as, from ^IJ^, ^f^!3TT; from g^,
shfr^ri (except JT'^, making jrfvnr).
from gam, " to i^o/' gala ; from yain, yata ; from ram, rata ; from
fan, fata ; from hafi, hafa : but retain them if / is instM-ted ; as.
from sman, swanifa. ¥ voiw jan, "to be born/' is formed y<7/a ; from
khan, khUfa ; the a bein^ lengthened.
p. Those roots ending in vi, of the 4th conjugation, wiiieh
lengthen a medial a before the conjugational affix y, also lengthen
it before fa, and change m to n as in the futures ; thus, from kram
(r. 89. rt.), krunta ; from bhrUm, bhrunta ; from sham, shUnta ; from
(lam, diinta ; from ksham, kshatUa ; from klam, kluntu- Similarly,
from vam, ranta ; from kam, kUnta.
q. From FBTH^.
" to swell," is formed t^o^ ; from "orn^, xfhr or "utr.
r. Tlie following are quite anomalous ; from pack, " to cook,''
pakwa ; from ^T^, "to dry," ^p<li; from '^^, "to be drunk," '^C^.
* Since li is equivalent to .<; and a to ?^ the nom. might be written -tus, -id, -turn.
( 142 )
b. In the case of those derived from the 2d pret., either vas or ivas is added to
the base of that tense, as formed in the dual and plur. Vas, when the base in the
dual and plur. consists of more than one syllable ; as, from vivid (p. 96.), vividwas ;
from chichi (p. 96), chichivas. But ivas, wlien the base in the dual and plur. con-
sists of one syllable only; as from ten (p. 90.) tenivas ; horn jagm (p. 77. c),
jagmivas. There is an atmanepada participle of the 2d pret. formed by adding ana
Declension.
Those formed from the 2d pret. are declmed m the last paragraph of p. 44. ; thus,
vividwas, nom. masc. fem. neut. vividiodn, vividiish'i, vividwah ; and chichivas,
nom. ckichivdn, chichyushi, chichivah. Those formed with ivas do not retain i in
the fem. ; thus, tenivas, nom. masc. fem. neut. tenivdn, tenushi,* tenivah ; and
jagmivas, nom. Jagmivdn, jagmushi, jagmivah. The atmanepada participles are
* Similarly the instr. case masc. is tenushd. There seems, however, much dif-
ference of opinion as to the rejection of i, and some Grammarians make the fem.
from anubhu, anubhuya, " having percinved "; from sajjlbhU, saj-
thus, tat kritwu (iTiT when he had done that," " after he liad
^gsr), "
done that," " having done that," " by doing that." See syntax.
" done," ^RT, "having done"; so fwff, f^n^ ; F?» ^; <^. ^^;
TJhr , if^ ; WfT , *i*rti ;
JT^ , jj^Iht ; <jfMrf, Tptn^ ; t^ , t^i ; ^,
^T ; ^fS", "3!^ ; f^TI (from vt), ffi^. And where i is inserted
there is often an optional change of the radical vowel to Guna, as
* There are one or two instances in which an uncompounded root takes TJ ; as,
in the passive participle (r. 125. A.) ; thus, dyutitwa or dyotitwa from
dyut ; and ijq always takes Guna (?rfl?Tr). There are a few
instances in which the inserted i is admitted before twa, although
rejected before ta ; as, lagna, lajjitwa; and, vice versa, as tPw, T|T.
b. A penultimate nasal is not always rejected before ttva ; thus,
from T.^, T^, but tliT or tut, the rejection in the indeclinable
participle being generally optional.
occurs in those roots which take na for ta (r. 125. a.). In such
roots no corresponding change takes place of two, to nwa. Thus,
from •^, ift^, but T^ fi^H T (or "ifdi^) ; from W, fft%, but Tft?lT; from
f^, fs^, but fw^; from VT^, H7TT» but HW or >TfiT; from ^i^,
T^Trf, but from ^, fhr, but f^i^, "having quitted'' (not
^w;
distinguishable from f^t^, " having placed," from \(t).
The affix t^ ya is then used, and the rules which regulate its
There is another indeclinable participle yielding the same sense as those formed
with tied and ya, but of very rare occurrence except in the Bhatti kavya. It is
equivalent to the accusative case of a noun derived from a root, used adverbially ;
and is formed by adding am to the root, before whicli affix changes of the radical
vowel take place, similar to those required before the causal affix ay (p. 86. c).
Thus, from ni, " to lead," mlyam, " having led "; from pa, " to drink," puyam,
"having drunk "; from hwe, hwdyam ; from pack, pdcham ; from kskip, kshepam ;
from han, "to kill," ghtltam. It often occupies the last place in a compound ; as in
.!T
j«r i rJ T(fi"m ^), Ram. 1 . 2. 20. Especially in the case of causals, as f^^ -SP^rjI •
U
:
the expression ^ H^ t
'
" The descendant of Kakutstha, smiling softly, repeatedly bending down the
creepers, would pluck the blossoms ; descending to the streams, would sip (the
above, and in this sense are themselves often repeated ; as, dayam, ddyam^ " having
repeatedly given."
with the affix 7T^ tavya , 2dly, as formed with ^nfhl anli/a ; 3dly,
eat," hhoktavya, or bhojanlya, or bhojya, " edible," " eatable," " that
oucrht to be eaten "; from vach, " to speak," vaktavya, or vachanlya,
tion of the 3d pers. sing, of the 1st future. Thus, from -^ttt
kshepta,
" he will throw," -^ir^ ksheptavya, " to be thrown "; karta,
" he will be,"
" he will do," kartavya, " to be done "; from bhavita,
bhavitavya,
" about to be." And in the case of roots ending in
same take place before my^/a (see p. SO.) ; thus, tijakta, tyaktavya
dngdhnrya. 8:c.
;
from stu, stutya, " laudable "; from kri, kritya, " practicable."
as, from shak, shakya ; fi'om sah, sahya ; from badh, badhya ; and
rarely if the final is a labial ; as, from gam, gamya ; from labh,
labhya.
h. If with a medial i or u, Guna generally takes place ; ns.
i. If with a medial ri, no change takes place ; as, from ^'T^T, wpiT.
/ A final ch may be changed to k, and / to g ; and other changes
may take place, some of which are similar to those before the y of
passives ; as, from pach, pakya ; fi"om vach, vuki/a ; from bhuj.
; ;
They are all declined like nouns of the first class, pp. 31, 32.
Thus, kartavya ; nom. m. f. n. kartavyah, kartavya, kartavyam. Si-
milarly, karanlya and karya.
130. These are not very common. They are of two kinds,
eitlier as belonging to the parasmaipada, or to the atmanepada ;
amana. Thus, from karishyanti and karishyante, " they will do,"
karishyat and karishyamana (eBft^Trr grfb'TOTTir), "about to do" ; from
the passive 2d fut. vnkshyante, " they will be said," vakshyamdna,
" about to be said."
These participles, in the mode of their formation from the 3d
pars, plur., by the affixes at and amana, resemble present parti-
ciples, r. 123.
1st, as formed from the root ; 2dly, as formed from the 1st future
1. The crude of tlie first class is foriiu^d iVoni tlic root l)y ailix-
Medial vowels are generally uneluinged ; as, from vad, " to say,"
vada, "saying"; from (ud, "to vex," tuda, "vexing"': and final U,
am, or an, are dropped; as, from dZi, "to give," da (^), "giving";
fi-om gam, " to go," ga " going " from jan, " to be born," ja,
(n), ;
from haJiit and da, ba/uida, "giving much"; from ^^nUTT and ^,
'^TTr'T^r,
" self-knowing."
2. The crude of the second class is formed from the 3d pers.
sing, of the 1st future of primitive verbs, by substituting the vowel
^ ri for the final vowel a, the nominative case being therefore
identical with the 3d pers. sing, of that tense (see p. 77. r. 100. p. 37.
and r. 41.), Thus, from hhoktu, "he wull eat," "an eater"
bhoktri,
(nom. bhokfa); from TitgT, "he will fight," "a fighter"; from
xftg',
c. cf.) ; as, from kri, kurin (cfilfic^), "a doer"; from han, ghutin, "a
killer" ; from shl, shayin, " a sleeper" :
y being inserted after roots
* Implying, however, hnhitunl action, aud therefore son-.ethinj,' niore tlian pre-
sent time.
150 1NDE('LINA13LE WORDS.
in a, as, h'om. pa, pdyin, "a drinker"; from dU, duyin, "a giver"
(see their declension, r. 43. iii. and p. 43.). This noun of agency-
has often, Uke the first class, the sense of a present participle, and
is then always united with the crude of the word which it governs
in one compound : thus, from manas and hri, manoharin, " mind-
captivating " (r. 29.). It sometimes, also, governs the case of the
verb, being still united with the word which it governs in one
compound ; as, gromevasin, " dwelling in the village."
b. By adding oka to the root before which affix changes take
place analogous to those before the causal ay (r. 107. c. d. e.f.) ; as,
from kri, karaka (cfiRofi), "a doer," "doing"; from m, nai/aka, "a
leader," "leading"; ivova. grah, grahaka\ hom. sidJi, mdhaka ; from
han, ghataka ; from tt^, g^ofi ; from kram, kramaka ; from nand,
nandaka ; from slha, sthapaka (see their declension, r. 38. ii. and p. 31.).
This participial noun is also often joined with the crude of the
noun which it governs in one compound word; as, ohiuj^iVTsi;, " ef-
CHAPTER VIII.
INDECLINABLE WORDS.
Adverbs.
132. Adverbs, like nouns and verbs, may be divided into simple
and compound. The latter are treated of in the next Chapter
on Compound Words.
Simple adverbs may be classed under four heads ; 1st, as
,,
ADVERBS. 151
fore "; TTf^, "wherefore," "when"; irni^, "so long as"; ifHif
" as long as "; fofij^,
" why ? " The nom. or ace. neut. of certain
substantives and obsolete words as " secretly "; " will-
; t?:, oRT^,
ingly "; tTTT, " by name," " that is to say "; ^ "qrt.
" repeatedly ";
fNrt, "long ago"; ^, "pleasantly"; ^ivyd, " now "; •^, "by
night " (noctu).
b. The instrumental case of nouns and pronouns ; as, vwftrj,
" virtuously "; crf^#«T, " southwards '';
IT^TJT, " northwards ";
f^tilT,
" for a long time "; ^f^tiiiir, " in a short time "; f^WT, " by
day"; H^wi, "fortunately"; TtTpn, "^T^^, "quickly"; ^Y^T. "now."
c. The ablative case of a few nouns and pronouns as, ^oTn^;^, ;
TT^, "at night"; ^, "far off"; U7%?. "in the forenoon"; WT^.
" suitably "; "^k, " in front "; ^chM^, " at once "; WJjf^, " instantly ";
noun, and to some pronouns, to form adverbs ; as, from xn?I» ^msTiTt,
h. -^ tra, forming adverbs of Time ; a?, ^r^, " here "; tR,
" there "; ^, " where ? " xr^, " where "; ^!%^, " everywhere ";
^^ir^, " in another place"; t?oB^, "in one place"; ^?^, " in many
places"; ^H'^, "there," "in the next world."
c. "qr tha and "^ tliam, forming adverbs of Manner ; as, thTT,
dantly"; ^ar^Tl^:,
" in small quantities "; " singly "; l^lff^^^^r:.
«»<*5i:,
* These are the forms generally used for the ablative case of the personal pro-
nouns, the proper ablative cases JfjT , r^TT being never used except as substitutes for
the crude, in compound words.
ADVERHS. 163
13-1. Of Affirmation. — -g^, ^. f^^, ??^, " indeed "; ^f^, " even.*"
f. Of Comparison. — "like";
in', ir^, ir4. "so"; O+m^W^. "how
much rather."
d. Oi Quant it I/.
— 'HrfN, "exceedingly"; ^^, " a little "; ^T^,
"once": ^«ejrf , "^tt: ^fTT, ^^. ^^' "repeatedly."
e. O^ Manner. —^, F#. " so," "thus"; TJTT,. "again"; ITHTO,
"for the most part"; "JTrtTT. "variously"; Y''^-'
'^^P^'^^'^'^tely ";
finm, "falsely"; Tsn, 5>n, "in vain"; 'g?^, " enough "; ^sfTfir,
f.
Of T<we. — ^TST- "to day," "now"; ^^T»f^*, ^T^qfir, "now";
ri(jHT , "then"; •gn, "formerly"; ^tjt, ^TSTTFT, Trra,'' "before";
jTrTTrT ,
" at once "; ^Rnr ,
" instantly "; xm* " after death "; tit,*
" afterwards "; irrj, " ever "; "^ " never."
^HJ.
^. Oi Place. —^, "here"; gi,
" where .^" '^f?Tr - "without."
^. Of Dow6a — Pcd^H ri^ . -yrmm, " perhaps."
Adverbial Prefixes.
135. 'ST a prefixed to nouns and even to participles with a priva-
tive or negative force, corresponding to the Greek a, the Latin in,
and the English in, im, un ; from ^r^, "possible," ^^TW, "im-
as,
possible "; from Wf^:\, " touching " (pres. part.), ^n=^^, " not
touching." When a word begins with a vowel, ^n^ is euphoni-
cally substituted ; as, ^r^it, " end "; ?m»fl, " endless."
" excessively," " very "; as, ^rfim^, " very great."
a. ^rfeT ati,
Ttsp, "badly done" (cf. p. 15. note); ^if?r, "not easily broken."
X
154 CONJUNCTIONS.
CONJUNCTIONS.
Copulative.
136. "^ cha, " and," " also," corresponding to the Latin que and
not et. It can never, therefore, stand as the first word in a sen-
o. f^, "for," like "^ is always placed after its w^ord, and never
admitted to the first place in a sentence.
h. irf^, "^W, "if"; ^r?!, "then," "now," used very commonly as
an inceptive particle. TnnT, " upon that," " then " (r. 133. «.).
Disjunctive.
137. "qr va, " or," corresponds to the Latin ve, and is always
placed after its word, being never admitted to the first place in a
sentence. j', f^, "but"; the former is placed after its word;
^rafxr.
" although "; TnTTf^, " nevertheless," " yet," sometimes used as
a correlative to the last ; -iivjcji, ftp^, " or else "; "q^, " or not ";
PREPOSITIONS.
138. Of all the internal evidences of the antiquity of Sanscrit,
there is none more decisive than the sparing use which this lan-
h.
^ prati,
"gainst," governs the accusative
generally signifying "at," "with regard to,"
; as, tt^? ^, "
at the Ganges ";
V^ Ufw, " with
regard to justice "; ^^ irfTT, " against an enemy "
It sometimes has the force of apud ;\.,
m Jifk, '' apud mer "as
far as regards me."'
c.
" after
^
that."
is occasionally found governing the accusative
; as, w?^
'^'
cl. "^firi., "out" and W^, ''hide a,' "from a particular time,"
with the ablative.
e. •^^, ^^', ^;, lift, ^, f^irfir^. "on accovmt of," "for the
sake of," with the genitive, or more usually wath the crude form,
grrft., " above " (cf. virep, super), w^ith the genitive. So WJ^ or
^rvWTW, "below": WTt^, ffehl^'l, "near"; 'flojil^l^ "from"; ^,
UH^, &c., "in the presence of""; M^yii^, "after "";
W^, "before";
sHmUA!;, "without," "except"; ^Tfri., "within"'; all governing the
genitive. TTft. and ^HRT are sometimes doubled; thus, Tty^Rft,.
INTERJECTIONS.
140. Ht:, vft, ^, are vocative ; \, 'sft, less respectfully vocative, or
^:, ^r^, ^Tf^. "surprise"; '^t, fT^, ^Tft, ^T^t?iT» "grief"; ;ht^.
CHAPTER IX.
COMPOUND WORDS.
Compounds abound in Sanscrit to a degree wholly unequalled in
any other language, and it becomes necessary to study the prin-
ciples on which they are constructed, before the learner can hope
to understand the simplest sentence in the most elementary book.
141. The student has now arrived at that portion of the subject
in which the use of the crude state of the noun becomes most
strikingly apparent. This use has been already noticed at r. 36.,
pound nouns (with some few exceptions) the last word alone
admits of declension, and the preceding word or words require
to be placed in the crude form, this crude form admitting of a
plural as well as singular signification.
Native grammarians class compound nouns under five heads :
-^. -^,* "skilled in arms'' (for ^n?^ cF^IqJ;) ; »rfiBroftnr., -m, -ifr
* Observe, that in this chapter the nom, case, and not the cmde, of a substantive
the last member of a compound, the nom. case masc., fern., and neut. The
examples are chiefly taken from the Hitopadesha, and sometimes the oblique cases
adorned with gems " (for irftufiR gftin). The 2d, B-WTAXfBWA,
or those formed by the aggregation into one compound of two or
more nouns (the last word being, according to circumstances,
either in the dual, plural, or neuter singular, and the pre-
ceding word or words being in the crude), when, if uncompounded,
they would all be in the same case, connected by a copulative
conjunction ; as, JjixP^lufi, " master and pupil " (for it^: f^imva )
JTTJij^rrfv^ftoliT:
" death, sickness, and sorrow '"
(for
, JTT?ir ^rrfv: lS[ftoir?j)
f%msr, "three qualities" (for -girt Jjmi); f^Pjm, -W, -^y "possess-
ing the three qualities." The 5th, BAHWxtzai,^ or those formed
of any number of words associated to form an epithet to a noun ;
as, ^^rgTw:, -vn, -H, "brilliant as the moon "; JTTJIRnfv^ftsii: , -eRT, -oR,
give some sort of definition of them. Thus, rirMiNNI, "his servant," is an example
of the 1st kind (for tt^ "T^t) ; 1"^: is a definition of the 2d kind, meaning
object," (ep^) ; f^TTt is an example of the 4th kind, meaning " any thing to the
value of two cows "; W?wH^: is an example of the 5th kind, meaning " possessed of
i.e. "the indeclinable state"; but these will be noticed under the head of compound
adverbs.
"
(tatpurusha).
Accusatively Dependent.
words"; "^f;^., "one who gives much "; ^T^STTfT, " one who bears
arms."
a. Before the nouns of agency the accusative case is often
retained, especially in poetry; as, ^rft»^:> -TT, -A, "enemy-
subduing"; 4<^^^'H: > -m, -A, "heart-touching"; >T>T1t;, -TI. -i.
" fear-inspiring " (see r. 131. 1.).
Instrumentally Dependent.
tute of) learning "; |:^Tt:. -fr, -^, " pained with grief ";
^^rrTJT^:,
-TTT, -if, "done by one's self"; ^snt^W^T?^:, -"^, -ut- "like the sun"
(for 'srrf^^, ^r?^.).
Datively Dependent
AblativeJii Dependent,
" fallen from the kinp^doni " (for TH^n^ H?:) ; >T^^: ,
" other
Genitively Dependent,
Locatively Dependent,
V
;
" passed beyond the range of the eye " (for ^^"tff f^^^ ^rfrTSiFff:)
deducible from the context, is, in some cases, the only guide by
which the student is enabled to refer the compound to the one
head or to the other. Thus, n^;f^rir^^r=BT: may either be a
Dependent compound, and mean " the servants of the pupils of
the Gurn," or an Aggregative, " the Guru, and the pupil, and the
servant." And JTtH;;5fH%rf may either be Dependent, " the blood
of the flesh," or Aggregative, " flesh and blood." This ambiguity,
however, can never occur in aorofregatives inflected in the dual,
and very rarely occasions any practical difficulty.
in the plural ; AJ, inflcctrd in the dual ; 3d, inHfcted in tlu> sin-
gular. In the first two cases the final letter of the crude of the
word terminating the compound determines the declension, and
its gender the particular form of declension in the third case it ;
151. When wore than f7vo animate objects are enumerated, the
last is inflected in the plural; as, ^'^ f^cit.^ ^nt.T;.
i
" Indra, Anila,
" (for
Yama, and Arka ^; ^f^^: xnr; ^%:) ; TFT .c!tH*<^i.*<^ri i:, " Rama,
Lakshmana, and Bharata "; «i|,<>mvnTq^;?r^.Ti: ,
" the deer, the hunter,
the serpent, and the hog." The learner will observe, that althouo-h
the last member of the compound is inflected in the plural, each
of the members has here a singular acceptation. But a plural
signification may often be inherent in some or all of the words
constituting the compound ; thus, f*T^>^^fhT;^r^: ,
" friends, neutrals,
"of the unborn, the dead, and the foolish" (for ^nrrfTT'iTr, win^.
jp^TOt); q'T'^'JTl^HTTr: , "eyes, mind, and disposition"; l^TT^^ftciniftjn-
in the dual ; as, i.m,c!JW*Jntt, " Rama and Lakshmana"" (for xtt: ^5T5TO:);
"^•t[.t«<4l ,
" the moon and sun "; Hii'ohi^, " a deer and a crow,"
a. So also when only two inanimate objects are enumerated, in
(for ti^HH> ^TTO^) ; 'l^Trf^'Eft, " honey and ghee "; ^:^:^, " plea-
first is placed in the nominative case instead of the crude; as, HlrilfMritt, "mother
and father."
"sons and grandsons"; ^^pq^, "elephants and horses"; especially inferior objects,
^IV*H:, "a good man" (for ^rrgl, »T'?r:) ftjiLfn^ "an old friend" ; ,
(for fM: fir#) ; ftnwp^T*. " a ihwv wife" (for firqT ^T^) ^tt^ST^*.
;
" a beautiful wife" (for Jfxrwtft HTx^t) WWT^T., " a troubled ocean";
;
(I. w^ is substituted for the crude Jr^» " great," in the first
compounds; as, iH.H.mr*H<*:, "a very just man"; l4I.H]^rJ, "a very wonderful
thing."
e. Compounds expressing comparison fall under this class, and are composed of
two substantives, the last being generally the name of an animal denoting superiority ;
* Feminine nouns are rarely compounded in this way and ; there can be no ques-
tion that fipn fin'l ^M<4f0 are the proper crudes of the feminine fonn of the
adjective. AV'hen the feminine of an adjective is used substantively, it does not
give place to the crude ; as, oFTftrjfHnTt . '"a wanton woman."
t But JTtTfT i^ retained in a Dependent ; as. JT^^TTnTt. "recour-se to the great."
166 COLLECTIVE COMPOUNDS OR DWIQU.
may be used relatively, that is, as epithets of other words, the final
substantive becoming susceptible of three genders, like an adjec-
tive (p. 32. 'I",
p. 34. 'I'.)
: and it cannot be too forcibly impressed
upon the student that the terms Belative and Bahuvnhi have refe-
rence to the adjective use of those compounds only which have a
substantive in the last member. This is not to be regarded,
therefore, as a distinct division of the subject of compound words,
so much as a distinct view of the same subject, the object of which
is to show that all compounds, which are in themselves absolute
and complete in sense, and are terminated by substantives, may
be used adjectively, and in the relation of an epithet to some other
word in the sentence. We have given the name relative to com-
pounds when thus used, not only for the obvious reason of their
being relatively and not absolutely employed, but also because
they usually involve a relative pronoun, and are sometimes trans-
lated into English by the aid of this pronoun, and are, moreover,
resolved by native commentators into their equivalent uncom-
pounded words by the aid of the genitive case of the relative (il^).
Thus, iTfnnt is a Descriptive compound, meaning, "great wealth":
and may be used adjectively in relation to ^i?: as, JT^nR: ^m. ;
" aman rvho has great wealth ": or to ^ ; as, ^^imi ^, " a
"the shape of the moon''; ^=j;^t^:, -ift, -tj, "whose form is god-
like "; ^t^tptr:, -tt, -•^,* " splendid as the sun "; ^r«.m<:, -^, -^,'^
" elephant-footed "; •BTTTptr:, -nTI, -^,* " ending at the sea "; JtwpfT:,
-TffT, -^, "terminated by death''; oR§"."5ttTm: , -m, -4, or ^;^:,
-^^, -^,* "headed by Karna"; f^UH^l^.HlHl, -HT, -^, " named Vishnu-
sharma" (p. 42. note t); qi!3tl"<*T^: , -"^t, -^, "lotus-eyed " (r. 154. b.);
* See p. o2. T. -qr*? may be sul.stituted for TTT^ in conipiniiids like ^fwHIti
;
the plural or neuter singular; as, ^»5T^:, " Indra and the others'"
(agreeing with the nom. case ^m: expressed or understood, " the
gods commencing with Indra ") ; '^n'ajT^hTt, " of Agni and the
others " (agreeing with g^TrhlH I understood, " of those above-
named things of which Agni was the first 'O ; T^irnfH^, " the
eyes, &c." (agreeing with ^fr^iiiriir, " the senses commencing with
the eyes "). When used in the neut. sing, it either agrees with
^^•TWrf^, " the word devan, &c." (agreeing with ^\ity understood,
" the aforesaid sentence of which devan is the first word ")
^Tqrf^^, " by liberality, &c." (agreeing with some class of things
understood, " by that class of things of which liberality is the
first"). Sometimes ^if^ is used for ^if^; as, ^T^rf^, "gifts,
&c. ": and sometimes ^rnST; as, ^»5T?IT; ^tu;, "the gods of whom
Indra is the first "; or sometimes the substantive Tprfff ; as,
<J«i|.^li:, "inr, -^, "black and white"; wnTTg%?r:, -"RT, -H, "bathed
and anointed"; ifil..5iMM(^:, -^, -^, "city and country"; e^rtl^cJH:,
-fTT, -if, "done and done badly"; ^viT5Tvr:, ->TT, -A. "good and
evil " (r. 153. i.). Examples are still more common under the
head of complex compounds.
beginning thus."
,,.
-f^. -f^. "whose strength is small" (p. 31. f.) ; H^rr^:. -^. -^.
"whose strength is great" (r. 154. a. p. 32. [.) ; h^I.Hj^i:, -jTT:. -"3T:.
TtTf^^:, -?rr, -^, " possessed of the four sciences"; y^«j^:, -"^t, -iif
" thousand-eyed."
tfyf^n^: ,
" having a sixth wife."
7.
170 COMPLEX COMPOUND NOUNS.
"energetic"; ^H< »> -''^T, -^y "joyful"; ^rirfsR:, -TT, -^, "ac-
companied by ministers " ^ 5rVJ» -3?IT> -I'f "strung" (as a bow).
; >
"where born".? ^tj;^:, -vfj;, -fW, "fearless" (p. 33. f.) ; rivi i jmn,
-VI, -V,
" of that kind."
dHIMfri^^QijUii^, " the general and the overseer of the forces," the
whole being an aggregative, involving two dependents ; ^fjcfcicirrf-
M^.^mr, " the protection from sorrow, enemies, and perils," the
whole being a dependent, involving an aggregative ; ^imiDPljI^^^l+J,
" the disregarded words of a friend," the whole being a descrip-
tive, involving a dependent.
-,
^ ;^H
[ I tj|l j^m ;. -"JTT. -'t. "having a white garland and un-
guents,'' the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involv-
ing a descriptive ; i|^| sfrH ohH:, -K\, -if, " done in a former birth,"
the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving a de-
scriptive ; f^STT^TTt^ir: , -5T, -^, "advanced in learning and age,"
the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an ag-
gregative ; ^fMd.^JAJsfl.^TH:, -»n. -«T. "having fresh garlands, and
being free from dust," the whole being tlie relative form of ag-
gregative, involving a descriptive and dependent ; "STftrq^T^i^T:
-TJ:, -v.,
" whose head was moist with unction."
c. The substantive ^rrf^, " a beginning," often occurs in com-
plex relative compounds, as in simple relatives (r. 157. b.) ; thus,
^rairrftofiT^: ,
" parrots, starlings, &c." (agreeing w^ith "qrHJlLi:,
" birds
beginning with parrots and starlings "), the whole being the relative
form of dependent, involving an aggregative ; ^P^i P^M^jfrj. " peace,
war, &c." (agreeing with -glft^ understood) ; Jjf^j^^FmTf^.^'^; , -W>
-ifi, "possessed of houses, temples, &c." Similarly, ^trt in the
example TWTT^^ITSrr: (agreeing with h»T:» "garlands possessing the
best odour and other qualities "),
last word and proceeding regularly backwards; as in the following JT^TraoHC/'l <M.
music of the voice of the cuckoo, blended with the hum emitted by tbe swanns of
joyous bees."
P- ^TTtTSR or '^TJ, as occupying the last place in a complex relative, denote " com-
posed of "; thus, ^fyvj l,VJM<J|rri'*»^<+<lrH<* ^^5^, " a force consisting of elephants,
f.
There are certain compounds which are too anomalous in their
jprRpift, " another place "; TnrpaTJl!! ^> " along with another king ";
lI^TpinjftT. " other births." The following examples, also, are not
readily assignable to any class " a fighter who aban-
: Traijftf^Tnfhft,
dons all idea of life"; flTI.fl. Pi rflu:, -irr, -^^, "accompanied by the
Sarasa "; »il^B.^|, " never before seen."
are (juito useless for any practical purposes, exce})t the formation
of nouns.
Hence it is that compound verbs are of more frequent occur-
rence than simple ones. They are formed in two ways 1st, by :
liaries ^, "to do," and vr, "to be," with adverbs, or nouns con-
verted into adverbs.
^frT a/i, "across," "beyond"; as, ^rfinn (p. 112.); ^nft, " to pass
by," "transgress" (pres. ^T^fH, &c. p. 112.).
'grfVr adhi, " above," " upon," " over "; as, '^fwr, " to stand over,"
"preside" (p. 107. pres. •THfvfTTBTf'T) ; '^rfV^^, "to climb upon";
^rfV^ft, "to lie upon" (p. 113.); ^fVpTH, "to go over towards"
(p. 107.); ^nft, "to go over" in the sense of "reading" (p. 113.).
Tirg ami, "after"; as, ^rg^, "to follow"; ^StJVI, "to follow," in
the sense of " performing "; "^rg^, " to imitate" (p. 102.) ; ^SHHtT ,
" to assent."
^TfT^ antar, " within "(cf. inter) ; as, ^»irtjT, " to place within," " con-
ceal" (p. 119.), in pass, "to vanish"; '5Tnr|, "to be within"
(p. 101.) ; ^PfT^, "to walk in the midst" (r. 31.).
^m apa, "off," "away" (cf. aixo); as, ^nTT^, ^im, ^^ (from ^tj
and ^, p. 112.), "to go away"; -HM»/I, "to lead away"; '^TPra^,
" to abstract "; ^TT^, " to bear away." It also implies detrac-
tion ; as, ^TT^. " to defame."
^stPt api, " on," " over," only used with tn and as, ^rfrnT, " to
^f? ;
^^ abhi, "to," "towards" (jf. ctt/) ; as, ^rftnTT, ^wt, "to go to-
wards " to run " to "
"; ^fH>rR , towards "; »*<r»<g^| , behold
(p. 107.); 'srfiTf^, "to address," "salute."
^nr rtrff, "down," "off"; as, '^R^, ^^, "to descend"; ^ ^ e^
"to look down"; ^r^, "to throw down," "scatter"; ^TqRrfTr
"to cut off." It also implies disparagement; as, W^:^, "to
despise" (p. 123.); ^^ft^, "to insult " (p. 111.).
174 COMPOUND VERBS.
^ ut,
" up," " upwards " (opposed to ffr) ; as, -g^i. (r. 16.), Tf^,
"to go up," "rise" (pres. Jt^^lPH , 1st conj.) ; -j^t, "to fly up";
TS ("^ and ^, r. 18.), "to extract"; ^fwr^ and Twfti^r (r. 15.),
" to open the eyes "; TT^mj^, ^fo5^» " to cut up "; ^'rij^Jj^, " to root
up"; Tfe, "to lift up" ("31^ and f^, r. 17.). When prefixed
^r^nT, "to leap up"; from 7{f{^ "to bend down," g^ (r. 15.),
" to raise up "; from tpt , "to keep down," TUJ{, " to lift up."
^T| upa, " to," " towards " (jf. utto), joined like ^TT and ^lf>T to roots
" to approach "; " to wait upon,"
of motion ; as, 4i|i|l, yq-«<l.,
close the eyes "; fqft^, 'anr. " to lay down," " deposit ";
fw.
ftrf^* " to go within," " encamp." With ^^ it signifies " to
return," " desist "; with i^pr " to hear." In some cases it does »
f^ nir, "out"; as, f^^\ (cf. note, p. 15.), fH^i^, f^.^ (r. 31.), "to
go out "; f^l^TT,
" to cut up "; ffT^TT, " to come to an end,"
" cease." With f^, "to determine."
" back," " backwards " (cf. -napa). combined with f^ and
1TO para,
as, tRjfsT, " to "
>T in the sense of " defeat "; overcome (cf. -napa-
tiftc^. With >|^ "to despise," and with 5, "to avoid." It some-
COMPOUND VERBS. 175
abandon altogether/''
R prn, " before/' " forward " (cf. iipo, pro, pro) ; as, TPP^. WCQ, "
to
proceed "; inn^, " to set before," " present "; ir^, " to begin ";
HVT^, " to run forward "; irWT, " to set out," " advance "; "m^,
"to be superior," " prevail "; tt?^ ." to foresee." With ^M^,
"to deceive." In combination with the causal of ^, it drops
its final a ; as, ummiCh. " I send." The r influences a following
nasal by r. 21. ; as, TTOT?^, " to bend before," " salute."
f^ vi, " apart," implying " separation^ " distinction,'''' " distribution,''''
" dispersion " (Latin dis, se) ; as, f^^ ,
" to wander about "; fr^ ,
"to vacillate"; f^, "to roam for pleasure"; f^, "to dissi-
pate"; fr?, " to tear asunder"; f^>ni(^, "to divide"; fM^,
" to distinguish." Sometimes it gives a privative signification ;
as, f^^, "to disunite"; f^, "to forget"; f^, "to sell."
^ Sam, "with," "together with" (crui', con); as, ^rf^, ftg>^ "to ,
"to open" (f^, ^); ^, "to assemble" (^, ^m, with root \);
" to prostrate one's self"
Hr*ilMH^, (u, f^, r. 21.) ; ijte, " to raise up"
(ij, T?^, with root ^).
Occasionally three prepositions are combined ; as, ifaq i^, " to
are inserted between the preposition and the root;* as, q ^i 4 ir . 1st
pret. of ^, with xcfi; Trnfr^, 1st pret. of f^, witli "g-TT ; ^.Mrc<rri» ,
ample, the root f^, "to conquer," with f^, and the root f^, " to
^?^, "to adorn"; wrf^, "to make manifest" (cf. note, p. 15.)
'
t Thus, ITiT ,
" to strive," and T([^ ,
" to beg for," which are properly atmane-
pada verbs, are found in the paras. Instances of passive verbs have been given at
p. 89. notet- On the other hand, tT»^, "to rejoice," which is properly a paras-
/. The indec. part. '5TTW, " having begun," is joined with ^rer,
"today" (^rem«T), in the sense of "from this time forward."
injfifr is placed adverbially after words, in the same sense ; as,
CHAPTER X.
SYNTAX.
Strive as we may, it is impossible to free the orthographical and
etymological part of Sanscrit Grammar from a certain degree of
intricacy and complexity. But admitting, as we do, this com-
plexity in the early part of the subject to be greater than is
the present chapter, to collect together all the most useful rules
for the connection and collocation of uncompounded words, pre-
supposing, as we have done throughout, that the student is ac-
(juainted with the general principles of the subject before us.
172. The verb must agree with the nominative case in number
and person, as in the following examples: ^T^ chWlf^ir, "I must
perform;'' RPT ^wff "do
. thou attend''; TT ^?;TfiT, "he gives";
wr^ ^:, " we two say""; «*Tftrf| gt^, "the pigeons said"; xxm »T^
^ ifJiHH:, "the king and minister went": i<N-m «<»^l4if fdad:, "as
long as the moon and sun remain "; ^tt f^^fHTfT, " do you two re-
with one only ; as, ^cHi; Jl^fwr M-4^, " his wife and son were awakened."
substantive, when not compounded with it, must agree with the
substantive in gender, number, and case; as, ^rr^:
"J^:, "a good
man "; iT^^ |:^, " great pain "; " "^ these before-
^^^ ^frii^ Tltl?.
with "W, , as, -q^ ^f%: ^ "^Td ^^5^T^; or may be omitted altogether,
as, "m^ TTfirfrnf rnr q'lc^M, " What you have promised, that abide by";
^mi^ ^M U iiilfH ^3Tf^f^ t: (TTf^fW;, understood) f^^m ^WR?^, " By
those (birds) whose young ones were devoured, an inquiry was set
on foot."
ber ; as, ^rfta" ^rnnn^ (KWIrf understood) ttW fW^ «»*<m;. " thrre
dMHri«=mrfi ,
" As many products as belong to that island, so many
are to be brought to us."
d. Similarly, rTIg^r and m^^| ; as, ^n?^ "^ rfllV' "iT^ <*rv(rf^»H:.
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.
Under this head it is proposed to explain the construction of
substantives, without reference to their connection with particular
adjectives, verbs, or participles ; and for this purpose it will be
desirable to exhibit examples under each case.
Nominative Case.
A substantive simply and absolutely expressed must be placed
in the nominative case; as, ffifVq^^:, "the Hitopadesha "; irf^cfir^,
Accusative Case.
Instrumental Case.
^^[ (-3^), " by me it was said "; ^m^ (iTqft ^ITTT:), " by the fowler
" l>y
a snare was laid "; ^(^ i m q ^H , the study of the Vedas ";
'
lateral ideas ; as, ^f^fhnHT ^trtr, " vying with the strong "; fa^m
44»Hm:, " conversation with a friend "; Tj^fi?: f( | HM ,
" equality with
beasts "; ftrw^ irl-^Tlmf,
" with the knowledge of (his) father "; espe-
cially when accompaniment is intended ; as, f^r^ ^:, " the
(^. ^Brf^gTrrftr '^ftonfir) ^inn, " a king surpasses all beings in glory ";
mm\ (tT cfi-^), " such a deed must not even be imagined in the
mind "; Hl^M.^MU.r, " in human form."
e. Substantives expressive of " want," " need," may be joined
with the instrumental of the thing wanted ; as, ^#irr *T inft^nt,
" there is no occasion for inquiry "; »Txrr ^^T^ «T 3nft»nf .
" there is
no need of me as a servant "; ir^ oFT^, " there is use for a straw."
/ The price for which any thmg is done may be in the instrumental; as,
"I^IW: ^Tf^^ (^rrfff c|TOr#), " for five puranas he becomes a slave ";
^rff>T^ ^%T.
^jwn^), " fortune is not obtained at the price of the sacrifice of life."
g. So, also, difference between two things; as, f^X(\ mi^ill ^ JT^ ?a>ril. ,
of the substantive 'qf^ ; as, <4|||| cj^i, " under the idea that he was a tiger."
Double Instrumental,
e(cfi^: qtqv. e||f<l{ri, "an odoui- is emitted by the bakul-plants by their flowers" (for
Mc^c^Mi 5^:). Similarly, irm -'ii l ^ l ^^lH l fl ^trrfirgi x|,<^H|,jtj;:, "he caused
her to revive by her attendants by Simdal- water."
SYNTAX OK SUHSTANTIVES. 183
Dative Case.
176. This case is of very limited applicability, and its func-
tions, irrespectively of the influence of verbs, are restricted to
the expression of the object, motive, or cause for which
any thino-
is done, or the result to \vhifli any act tends as, ;
^T7»r%ir^,
"for self-aggrandizement ^*;
^n mrM ri lctii^. R, "for the counteraction
of calamity ^i^
''; '^ ^TT^ ^ MPriM^Il ,
" arms and books (lead) to
renown." When, as in the last example, the result or end to
which any thing leads is denoted by this case, the verb is seldom
expressed, but appears to be involved in the case itself. The
following are other examples, -q^ ^sjt^ f^inmf ^^ W^ ^,
" where there is admixture of poison, then even nectar (leads) to
death "; ^t?^ |r#TTrrt H<*lm^ ^ ^TRm, " advice to fools (leads) to
ircitation, not to conciliation ; ^ fiTTf^HT imv, Wt^HI ^ 'STH^^,
" that old husband was not to her likino-.'"'
o
a. It wiU be seen hereafter that certain verbs of "giving" and
"relating," govern
the dative. Substantives derived from such verbs exercise a similar
influence ; as,
'SnqW ^, "the givmg to another"; ^3^?^% zpin^, "the telHng to another."
b. WovAs expressive of salutation or reverence are joined with
the dative ; as,
TTTrr^TR fnr., "reverence to Ganesha";
^57^ ^, "health to thee."
Ablative Case.
177. The proper force of the ablative
case is expressed by
' from ;
as, ^tHTr!; (^tv: iwrfir), "
from avarice anger arises ";
fiR; W^t, " foiling from a mountain "^; M\K\m 51^, " from the
mouth of the spies.'
a. Hence this case passes to the expression of various cor-
relative ideas as, ^gn^Kni; ftfif^iT, " a portion of (from) their food
; ";
and like the instrumental very commonly
it signifies " by reason
of," "in consequence of"; as, Jn.HjMHi ?VT1T. "on account
rl
of
the slaughter of cows and men": 'ST^T^^TI^ "
(^ ffT^), he
blames his son for entering inopportunely";
^i^i^H^\^ , " through fear
of punishment 'STR^nnit^iniT, "
"; by reason of my good fortune."
b. " According to "; "
as, jrf^'^^TT?^, according to the advice
of the minister." Abstract nouns in j# are often found in this
case to express some of these ideas "
; as, ^TRf^enrf^WT^, by
reason of the unsteadiness of his mind." Especially in the
,
of"; as, ^JTT5?Tf^ xjrgR^;, "caught in the toils throvigh the instru-
mentality of the jackall "; rf '^^ti^ft.^rRT^ (gnv: ^flfni^ H%Tt), " the
alleviation of disease is not effected by the mere knowledge of
the medicine."
iHT; as, 4^-ed.Tri':, "at one's own pleasure" (cf. p. 152. a.).
e. This case also denotes "after"; as, ^T^^cf^JIHIri , "after separation from the
"
" since his arrival
g. Nouns expressive of fear are joined with the ablative of the thing feared ; as,
Genitive Case.
178. This and the locative case are of the most extensive ap-
plication, and are often employed, in a vague and indeterminate
manner, to express relations properly belonging to the other cases.
The true force of the genitive is equivalent to " of," and this
her husband "; »f tTliW •fd ^Ttft ^TO^ 5 ^^^, " man is not the
slave of man, but the slave of wealth.""
f^ jnrr ^^^A TJ^:, " what ofTence have I committed towards the
king"? f^ ^nn^ 'HWT* eB^ ^PT^:, " what can this man do to us?"
c. And not unfi-eijuently of "in'' or "on"; as, ^^fhrn f^gjur;,
"confidence in women"; ^^ "^TH-^M, "dependence on me."
d. It is even equivalent occasionally to " from " or " by," as usually expressed by
the ablative or instramental; as, rl cfi^lfq (dqN«i Tr^TTnr). " one ought not to
accept a present from any one"; '>5{^l4(^^ i^It^)* "the wood is to be abandoned
by us"; ^ "ipift TJ^ "HfQnl IT TTTrfnT PmhI?)!:, ''he is blessed from whom su]»-
e. Difference between two tilings is expressed by this case ; as, ^^T^cjofirft^ V[^
•^rJJR, " there is great difference between the master and the servant." Cf. p. 182. g.
Locative Case.
as, W^ t^:, "the cause of his modesty"; ^HTT^TflT f^R^ >I^^^ Ph^^M .
"your speech was the cause of the war between the two princes"; mVjfctii^JH ;
Krft^ 4>\IM fW'TTt, "the absence of a suitor is the cause of a woman's chastity ";
ffjctil'l)) f^ inft^nt. " ^vhat need of a boat." Also, words signifying cmi>loyment
A\'ords derived from the root i/iij usually require the locative ; as, jflf <|tM ^KJ I ^J H I
c. This case may yield other senses equivalent to "by reason of," "for," &c. ; as,
^ fd^^, "through my faults"; ^RJ M<.<IKIUFJ« ^^^yt«fi^, ''a spy is for the
13 U
,
sake of examining the territory of one's enemies "; T{^ oBT^*"'T, " this is the time
for battle"; rTWR W^TJIT:, "affection for her"; T^l^:^ "^^T^l,:, "disregard for
advice"; ^T f^^fTT 'WW 'OT; " ^^'hat anxiety about dying in battle?"
d. It is also used in giving the meaning of a root; as, IJ^ '^'mc^l*! » "the root
grah is in taking" i.e. conveys the idea of " taking."
^ J^T^, " for two months "; ^V^HT, " for a hundred years "; ^ir^fft:
^fnrrt,
" to all eternity." The instrumental, however, is sometimes
used in this sense also; as, lT?^f>TT^ ^^^ ^ifiiraif ^r^» "having
traded for twelve years "; ohfri'mi'^lf:, "for a few days."
b.When any particular period or epoch is referred to, the
locative may be employed as, efifwftj^^ f^^, " on a certain day ";
;
fTlft^ f^^. " on the third day ;" or sometimes the accusative ; as,
^
when
^ w
the
iTfn: irfW'JT w 3^*
ambassadors entered the
Tri ts^ >n^vT
city,
wr ?¥:, " on the night
on that night a dream
was seen by Bharata."
The place in which any thing is done may be in the locative as, ;
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
Accusative after the Adjective.
want or possession, require this case ; as, 'sr^ ^t^I. " destitute of
>J(ft
'^ ^rfVaTfcT, " there has never been, nor will there ever be, any
one like him in this world "; ^^r^^nn ^ m^, " a crime equal to
"^rrf^^ fTctr:, "equal to the sun." These are also joined with a
genitive.
Genitive after the Adjective.
183. Adjectives signifying " dear to," or the reverse, are joined
with the genitive; as, i^rt ftnTl. "dear to kings"; >T?ik: h^m
frnn:, "husbands are dear to Avomen "; ^ ofifsjir ^^^^hilJTH ^ftni:
"women dislike nobody"; i^aft JT^flf hO^'*!! r ,
" he is detestable to
his ministers."
b. So colso other adjectives; a-s, tr^jTrJ^lt ^rlfRt TTcRt •Ttirf, "giving advice to
others is easy to all men"; ^(.^Itjl^ Tf^lTt, '"'' u-orthi/ of happiness"; ^P^Irf:
n. So also other adjectives; as, ^fMM ^J^fc^:, '"'' skilled m arms"; '>l{«^q UTsT:.
''•
loisc in trifles"; i^fxi ••!<H<7hl ^Ahi\\ «n ^1*0, " is your master attndicd or
? of his dependants."
(idccrse to you " ^"J^ifH^^ Sln'^C ,
•"
itnjlixtfnl
,, ;
»I JT^ J^lf^TTH^t 4*1T*i^ ^^, " there is not a more wretched man
than I"; JTfwt. ^^^^r^sbtnft, " mind is more powerful than strength."
a. Sometimes they govern the instrumental ; as, Tn%t ftnnTT:
»T ^fw Tm ^Rfts^ W^T^TFmrd ^f^^
" dearer than life "; " there is
better?"
ir^fr:, " better abandon life than (literally, and not) engage in
such an action "; ^ m^ oFTO -^ ^ c^h ^ xr^ 'spjiT, " it is better
/. Many words are in their nature comparative and require an ablative case,
H^.f^( ?H4:*<:|i«i "^j "it is better not to touch mud than to wash it off"; ^Tft^'T
W^ q ijll I A > "poverty is less desirable than death"; ofit TT "f'T^TT^ ^'^TO ^TT^
TR§:. "who is able to rescue me, other than a friend?" fofi^ T-^^l, ^fl^ ^'
'' wl at grief is greater than this?" "^ ^rTT^ '^'^'^ f^fTHl^, "one ought not to
speak differently from what one has heard"; in^X^yr^ ^^'T^) "at another time
SYNTAX OF TRONOUNS. IN9
than the present "; fj|,f44 ff ^T^nT HIAIIIH^ W^, "there is no cause of fear to man
from any otlier quarter than from death"; ^i >{ H ,^l i1 1
^1 ^fv^> "more than a
g. Numerals if used partitively may take the genitive ; as, ^vji»^f ^M,f<^^lf4!),
"a hundred thousand of the horses"; and, if comparatively, the ablative; as,
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
156. The chief peculiarities in the syntax of pronouns have
ah'eady been noticed in Chapter V., pp. 50 — 55. It remains to
offer one or two remarks with reference more especially to tlie
"whatever may be the disposition of whom (2.^. any one) "; tj^
^^ TT^%, "whatever is pleasing to any one"; ^lT^ ^ ^pum ^rOff,
" whatever excellencies belong to any one "; tt? ^ "TST^, " what-
ever corresponds with any thing ''; ^ f^ !^| | ^h ^nzR"^ ,
" what
book is to be read by whom .^ {i.e. by any one)."'*
instrumental to signify " what is the use of ? " " there is no need
of"; as, -^WlT fsfi ^ ^ VW^ 'ill^^rt^ ftlW 'STTTR^ ^^ ftf^f^^^ >?^,
" of what use is scriptural knowledge (to one) who does not prac-
tice virtue, of what use is a soul (to one) whose passions are not
kept in subjection ?'''
f^ ^ w^^ Tf^, " what business have you to
make this inquiry?"
cessary by the use of the relative compound ; thus, rfTrQ' ^f^^T^rvtlT^'^ is equi-
valent to TfTT^ ^fMl^r '^T'^ohTTlrTnffT ^*^ir*ir, "a city whose palaces were sil-
may sometimes be expressed by the indeclinable participle ; thus, "ftff^ "^V^ '^r^
"a lion having killed a hunter," or " a lion who had killed a hunter."
SYNTAX OF VERBS.
188. Nothing is more common in Sanscrit syntax than for the
verb to be omitted altogether, or supplied from the context.
This is more especially the case with the copula, or substantive
verb ; thus, in^ ^f^nTT ^ ^TRf n^ H^l ri^ .
\
^KI^" TT^ "^T^
TTT^^ f<^M.<*^ ^, " as long as the gods have existed in Meru, as
long as the Ganges upon earth, as long as the sun and moon in
the sky, so long have w^e (existed) in the family of Brahmans ";
^fi.^^ Trrft!3?T,
" discrimination (is) wisdom."
Nominative, Genitive, and Locative Absolute.
189. These cases are used absolutely with participles. The no-
minative is very rarely thus used ; as, ^^ ^ ^JTTTnr: Uiwmn "^rftj?
as, ^ >T^, " the danger (being) distant." When the passive parti-
ciple is thus used absolutely with a noun in the locative case, the
present participle of WS^, " to be," is often redundantly added as, ;
irqr ^W ^rflT,
" it being so done."
Hence it is evident that the genitive or locative absolute often
takes the place of the particles, " when," " while," "since," "although."
* The writer of these pages is indebted for this couplet to Mr. Seton Karr, of the
Bengal Civil Service. It is in the mouth of all the Kidin Brahmans of Bengal, and
is that on which they found their claim to precedence.
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 101
H M i l e^eh :
TWn[^, " let a king be the protector of liis subjects ''; ^ fir uH^^ I
191. Transitive verbs generally govern this case ; as, f^vj '^^^
"Brahma created
^MT;, the universe'"; gii^Trr fqiftftr *n^, "the
woman gathers flowers "; umiirj^ »T^ 5?,^*'
" the dying man gave up
the ghost'"; ^-^Tnr " one should wine ''';
Jj-g , rtuoiV/ tt^ irf^, ''speak
the truth."''
c. The following are other examples : 411(1 Uju ^Tj^frf, "he desires what is unat-
Twoj^n^s his horse"; ofiJ^rfiir ^?ftf*Tt., "they began the business"; i \ A\A TT ^T^:.
"^^^V'^•eno^/or the departed"; ftl.c^ledlf^MKJ^ HH^Prt , "he rfeserre.s the sovereignty
192. Verbs of "asking" govern a double accusative; as, ^ '^ {Jlxf^, "he
seeks a boon of the god"; ^ li^\A WW^, "he begs money from the king."
Of " speaking " ; as, TTSfnT ^-<Nr|^ ^TcT^hT, "he addressed a speech to the king."
0. Causal verbs; as, ^fJTfT^ ^ftinrfir ^T^, "he causes the guest to eat food";
rS(T ^nnrrftr "m^ Tt f^, "I cause you to know what is for your interest";
fjT^ ^<^H 'HunM^flT ^:, "the Guru teaches his pupil the Vedas"; in T^
,
H^^^nrfff, "he causes her to enter the house"; TBoSTT^ft^ *II^MIHt^ ^^TTTTlf,
" he presented the king's son with fruits, flowers, and water"; JJ^m ^T^jH ^RlQ^fri,
" she causes her son to sit on her lap " (literally " her hip ") ; f^^n «Ti. ^ ^^-H^fri,
" learning leads a man into the presence of a king."
rated him general," more usually joined with an ace. and loc. ; "^ "qfTT ^iT^frf,
" she chooses a god for her husband "; W^f^lfw <^iAH I Ph '^'^^ ,
" she gathers
blossoms from the trees"; HT^T TITf^Tlft^ ^H,*il(^'H, "he sent them to the abode of
Yama" (Hades) ; t;jpir8riir>1 -^t ^f^ njM< ! riri] ^ H^P^d , "his own acts had
a man to eminence or the reverse."
193. Any verb may be joined with the instrumental, to express the
instrument, or cause, or manner of the action as, "^^ Tra"»T ^pr^rfw, ;
" the flower fades by reason of the wind "; ^%: ^hljfri, " he plays
with dice "; ^rft^lTTt ^ift. ftT^nrrfiT, " the cloud puts out the fire with
its rain "; ^^ ^A^A ,
" he lives happily."
h. After verbs oi" motion" this case is used in reference either to the vehicle by ivhich,
or the place on which, the motion takes place; as, ^^ inrrfw, "he goes in a
chariot "; ^^^[^ TfT^rfw, "he goes on horse-bach "; ITRTO T^aifn', " he goes on the
road"; q ^l^ Wit tflchill, "he navigated the ocean in a boat." Similarly,
c. After verbs of " carrying" ^'placing" ^c, it is used in reference to the place
on which any thing is carried or placed : as, ej^fri ^Irr ^'U't, "he bears faggots
on his Jiead"; ^^: ^I^^T "3^, "the dog is borne on the shoidders." efi is
his son on his head." The following are other examples : f^l u)iy TT^afir ^T^t
" the master ^roes in coinpanywith the pupil"; JT^gXTRTO if^^fiTl, " he considted
with his ministers." But in this sense ;g^ is usualiy placed after it. >TWT >4|i^<4l
f»^-qd.rri ,
" the husband meets the wife "; jj^Tl ^^ ^rri
'
T!^ ^: ,
" he harnesses the
horses to the chariot; ^^ "ftpii^rff, "he is separated from the body," more usu-
ally with the ablative, "mx^ "^T^'" "he fights his enemies," or ^TJ^T: ^.
d. Verbs of '' boast itig"; as, Iwm ftC'Kr'W, "jo" boast of your learning";
tjt^ H^m \
"^rnr^, "you glory in the fame of others." Of "swearing"; as,
e. Verbs of '''hiii/ini/" and "srl/ii/;/" take the instrumental of tlio price; as.
^^^i "^ffq sr^TJinT Tl-SR l^vfh^ t^f^jjff , ''1)111/ one wise man even for thousands of
fools"; TT^t ^rf¥5T "^t fr^hrftw, " lit-- «'//*' l^s house for a thousand cows."
them to the murder of their mother "; tt^HT "SWItt, " he is angry
with his son."
Ablative after the Verb.
195. All verbs may take an ablative of the object fi-om which
any thing proceeds, or arises, or is produced ; as, ^T^irfTr '^\^\\ ^,
" the leaf from the tree TT^Tr^, " blood flows from
falls "; ^f>R 'JINfrf
the body "; ^STRHTT^ Tfw¥fifr, " he rises from his seat "; JjfTcn^rn ^ftl
5^ ^ra^ i^'^f ri ,
" from the lump of clay the artist makes whatever
he wishes " (p. 152. «.); N»ii|id WJT m-JKcfl,
" from education a per-
son attains capacity"; fJT^rnJT fRtTrT ,
" he went out from the city."
a. Verbs of ''fearing''' may be joined with the ablative ; as,
WgT^ ^c^riR^fri > "he <«/ce.y f^ (causes to descend) the golden bracelet from his
C C
194 SYNTAX OF VERBS.
body"; frj-^^Ti qPHTH', "he ceases from wickedness"; ^Jxit^fi^ f^TJJT, "he left off
speaking "; fTToBTlT fxirR -sfmri ^^ Vrft^oK , "a virtuous son saves his father
frona hell"; ^TSSf^^nT^FTfT ¥(AH -^sH Pri r<-=M ri , "truth is siipej-ior to a thousand
examples such as, ^'^JtrFTTftr ^'.^f^ ^'Rlf^ tff^. " unexpected ills
"
a. Other examples are ; ^nTTrTirP^ WWra "^^rnR "sfiFT ^^rftr HTWT, " tdl us
who are ignorant of it, whose wife you are?" efi^ (for ofifTrT^) f^«rftT VTfi=^T:,
'of whom are the righteous afraid f Tf^ WJITPT WfrislMl^ ^ TT?? ^THI^ ^TTT ,
"one should not ijive to one what one promises to another,"; v^ Vf '5iT!f|f?T,
" he does not hear me" (cf. the Greek usage) ; V^ WTJ ,
" remember me," or with
the accusative. ->K^t4i JTW, IW^fir, "death overcomes us"; ^TfTrJT. "^ Forfff
* This A^ague use of the genitive to express various relations prevails also in
early Greek."
,
iiatiiral, aiul luMU-e it is that vei'hs are foiuiel with the lui-ativc of
him "":
"q^ ^^(iJ4<* TTRf^trfff,
" he consigns a rinfy to his son "; li^
^^ ^iR?Tfw ^TTq".>TTi.
" lu> i/itrusts the burthen of the kingdom to a
In this sense oR is used ; as, f^ ^ahh ^ToR^, " he placed the wood
on his back "'; " he applies his mind to sin."
JTfiT ^n^ efidfff.
a. A\'hen ^, " to give," is used for " to put," it follows the same analogy; as,
iT^^Tsilit f^ ^f^. 'V"' yo"'' h'l"'^ on the end of its tail ;"
>TTIT^ ^^r^ ^,
''•he phued his foot on a heap of ashes." Similarly, ^f^|a^^ TJlft^'ftcr. '"he was
^575 JI^iPh or ^yiohMrrf, "he seizes or drajs him by the hair"; :fT^ H^l^frf,
•'
he strikes a sleeping man."
h. Other examples are. "^xf ffJJV^ "H^ii , "he is engaged in a very severe
penance"; m.ohl'Um JTT ^TRlft ^J, "do not busy yourself about other people's
affairs"; fciMiiM ^t^H, '' he is addicted to objects of sense "; ^| Qjlohf^^ THW,
'• he detiglits in the good of all the world"; H.JHrMg^K PH^i^ri > "lie is apjioiuted
to the command of the fort"; ^ ^W^ vfl. f^^'Tl'iniffT , "he yokes two bulls to
the other to Gandhari" (Astrashiksha 34. Ed. Prof. Johnson), where the same
verb governs a dative and genitive. Similarly, in the Mitralabha (p. 10.), ^%int
P=l»jmi IT cjrl^: i^ ^, "confidence is not to be placed in horned animals or
:
T5T "S"^^, "the dust is raised by the wind"; ^rf ^l^^aiiPiir ^TSifhfwRri,
" let all things be prepared by him "; ^Iht, ^5rrf^rJft^'iTT>fNTlT,
" the
sun was concealed by arrows." But the passive participle, as
a. Acth'e or causal verbs, wliich take a double accusative, will retain one accusative
when constructed passively ; Init the other accusative passes into a nominative case
thus, instead of ^ tif q^^'tuHu "gcJM, "he addressed me in harsh words," may be
* There are a- few instances of the agent in the genitive case; as, V[t{ oSTT '^[^,
tive, on the other hand, can never be made the subject or nomi-
native case to a verb, admits of no accusative before it, and can
only express indeterminate time and incomplete action. Wherever
it occurs it must always be considered as the object, and never the
subject, of some verb expressed or understood. And as the object
of the verb, it may be regarded as equivalent to an indeclinable
substantive, in which the force of two cases, an accusative and
dative,* is inherent, and which difTers from other substantives in
its power of governing a case. Its use as a substantive with the
force of the accusative case corresponds to one use of the Latin
infinitive; thus, W^ ^
Tsfl^H ^^[TfJT, "I desire to hear all that,"
" id aud'ire cupio^ where "^jVff and audire are both equivalent to
accusative cases, themselves also governing an accusative. Simi-
larly, ^rf^ ITI^. "she began to weep'"; and JT^* %g37 '^fn^, "he
began to concjuer the earth,"' where " he began the
J^^')m^*^^ ^TTT»^,
* Bopp considers the termination of the infinitive to Ik; tlie accusative of tlic affix
W, and it is certain that in the Vedas an irref^iilar infinitive in ff% mid jf^ is found,
wliicli \vould sccni to Ite the dative of the same affix. ?ee I'aiiini .'^. 1. !».
,
" for the eating"; xfl^RT'T. " for the fighting"; and in Latin the
infinitive could not be used at all, but either the supine, devoratum,
pugnatum, or still more properly, the conjunction with the sub-
junctive mood, " ut devoreW " ut pugnarent.'''' The following are
other examples in which the infinitive has a dative force in ex-
pressing the purpose of the action : tn^iH m^ '^'^^ ^TJUTiT, " he
went to the river to drink water "; »tj? ^"s^ %^i7 3'XRT^rT, " he
comes to cut asunder my bonds "; irt ^Tfl" ^TJT^t (^rftfT being under-
stood), "he is able to rescue me"; XTT^T^ '^^ft^ ^nnsft ^^, "he
busied himself about collecting together the snares."
a. The Sanscrit infinitive, therefore, rather deserves the name
of a supine than an infinitive, and in its character of supine is
the force of the Latin debet; as, Tf JTTll^ft rTR wfWTSW ^T^fw, "such a person
bewail him."
c. The infinitive is sometimes joined with the noun cBTT. "desire," to form a
kind of compound adjective, expressive of the " wish to do any thing," and the
final m of the infinitive is then rejected; thus, ^^g(iR:, -iTT, -jf, "desirous of
frequently used for the future ; as, H JItshHh, " whither shall I
TT "^ ^fX^ cfi^ w^^ifrf "^ ^. " lie, liavinii; touelied the f2:roun(l,
h. It may denote habitual or repeated action ; as. JTTt UFT? W^ ^Hr^ '^H^
^T^fir. '"the deer goinu' there every day was in flie liabit of eating the corn";
'^^ '^ J^fHeJi^fc^ ^nifffiT W^ fqsicJ -H^Tfir, "whenever he heard tlie noise
f^ftff^, "as long as my teeth do not break, so long will I gnaw asunder your
fettere." (Cf. the use of ihnn).
"T^^ ^ ^t^ ^^, " he keeps making a slaughter of the beasts"; T{t{ TJ^STR
e. The particle ^, when used with the present, gives it the force of a perfect
TlTl? ift >TR: TXTTrT, "whatever may be the disposition of any one"; T^ jj^i
^4 -^ ^i^TTT ^iF^tni, " ^vhen the kmg may not himself make investigation of
down." Sometimes the conjunction is omitted ; as, -^ H^, " should it not be so";
^T WTfT TTOVN't .
" '^'^^'^ 1^^ ^ot subject to another."
thou go," for 7T«a[ ; and ^TfTTiT^ TScTrfiT) " let him eat fruits," for ^W.
204. lasPERATivE. —This tense yields the usual force of " com-
»H H h1 r^ JTT ^l-gi lfiT> "permit me (and) I will go," i.e. "if you will permit me,
I will go"; '^i^m^i ^frR ^F3nt) "if you command me I will kiU the villain";
being omitted; as, JTT "^^tt;, "do not make"; »n WT^l wr^, "do
not lose the opportunity"; »nw ^SRTT ^T^:, "do not tell an un-
truth"; m "^w:* " do not be angry "; m 31^:, " do not grieve "; m
f^Wt, " do not injure."
.
211. Participles govern the cases of the verbs whence they are
derived; as, "anv M^il«1, "seeing the fowler"; ^i,iu) 'gi^T. " walking
in the forest"; 5r=<H '^TRiint, " having heard a noise "; MifflM*^ wfh^
inn, " he went away without drinking water."
Passive Past Participle.
212. The syntax of this most useful participle has been ex-
plained at p. 137. r. 125. and r. 199. When used actively it may
often govern the accusative case ; as, W^t^ WJWSl ,
" he ascended
the tree "; Tr^
" I reached the city."
rfh^:, " having crossed the road "; ^ hjiOm, W^rrnr:
But its active use is restricted to neuter
verbs. The following are other examples trf^TBr ^rMfriifi:, "the ;
and may govern the case of the verb ; as, ^ ^iTfT^, " he heard
everything "; ttR^ xHtht ^iH^r^-rt'^iO, " the wife embraced her hus-
band "; iT^rt f% TR^ <r('lM, "he gave the fruit into the hand of
the king."
In'leclinahle Past Participles.
They occur, in narration, more commonly than any other, and are
almost invariably used for the past tense, as united with a copula-
tive conjunction ; thus, w^ 4ll<*?fi| fHOgrf*?^ ^T^ ^"^ ^t ^ fTFTT "Wn
D D
202 SYNTAX OF PARTICIPLES.
He then abandoned the goat, and when he had bathed, went to his
own house." It is evident from this example that the indeclinable
participles often stand in the place of a pluperfect tense, a tense
which does not really exist in Sanscrit.
a. But although they always refer to something past, it should be observed that
a hundred wrong things"; f^ ifl^^ ^[r^T ^, " what bravery is there in killing
mental case of the same affix of which the infinitive termination (?««) is the accu-
sative. Whether this be so or not, there can be little doubt that the indeclinable
participle bears about it much of the character of an instrumental case. And the
proof ot this is, tliat it is constantly found in grammatical connexion with the agent
in this case; thus, ^r|f: Tl^rf>TT. f^rf^ngT "f^T^ f^TTt, "by all the beasts having
met together the lion was informed "; ^^ A\<^\ ^TT^ni ^gl^rii ,
" by all having
215. The usual sense yielded by this participle is that of " fit-
ness " or " necessity ""; and the usual construction required is,
that the agent on whom the duty or necessity rests, be in the in-
strumental case, and the participle agree with the object ; as, i^Tn
HdP^^ -q- f^^TTT, " by you the attempt is not to be made." Some-
times, however, the agent is the genitive case. Cf. p. 196. note.
* As the Latin gerund is connected with the future participle in dus, so the
Sanscrit indeclinable ])articipk' in j/a is connected with the future passive participle
n. If the verb govern two accusatives, one may l)e retained after the jtarticiplc ; as,
W^HI^fc^c^ 'iT^J '^nOtT n^» "the tear of the eye is to be brought to assuagement
"
by thee.
it does not agi-ee with the object, but may govern it in the manner of the verb ; thus,
jnn ^TR ^PtT^* "it is to be gone by me to the village," for JHTT '^T^1 T^tPfl.
So also T^TTT ^HF TTTS^, "V you it is to be entered into the assembly."
c. The neuter HfTfT^ (from vt) is thus impersonally used, and in accordance with
r. 190. requires the instrumental after it, as well as before; thus, ^tflfM «BTW^
iff^Tf^, "by something it is to be become the cause," i.e. "there must be some
cause"; ^if^f^l ^H^ 31'^ III Hn^ri«<t, "a ruler ought to be possessed of discrimina-
future tense, no propriety or obligation being implied; as, rf'^H ^HfJT ^3T%*T
JTTTTTrerfq^ TfT^, " i" all probability this hunter will go in quest of the deer"s
flesh"; where J|»Hcq is used impersonally, j^ g^T ^5^ fofif^ "^W^, "when
the people see you they will utter some exclamation." See also tlie eleventh
e. It w^ould appear that the neuter of this participle is sometimes used infinitively,
future infinitive, without implying necessity or fitness. In such cases yfir is added ;
thus, <M'=drMri«l|H ^fw, "the being about to deceive"; Jrlr^lIT ^flT. "the being
about to die."
fault "; f^^TT^ ^fi^ f*r.^. " creeping out of the hole '';
•?rw^^toB*T^-
iDTfT H^ffir,
" from the moment of seeing (him) "; fTiT: IwfiT, " from
that time forward "; ^m^ wi^, " for the sake of wealth " (cf.
r. 171. c); "rT^qr: ^, "for her sake." T«lft, with the genitive,
occurs rather fre<iuently, and with some latitude of meaning
thus, fvf^ Wf^ Tqfl^ 'nTTff, " the lion fell upon liim ":
vm -^rfh
204 SYNTAX OF ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS.
^Enfttt,
" near the king "; ftrg: ^TofiT^^ qrp^ " he receives
^^TRJ^lfff,
money from his father"; T{m ^"jft^^ "ftrf^, "flesh thrown before
the dog"; ^^ WTEf, "in my presence"; ^Twra ttsTT^^, "after us."
may take an
^IKjlTT instrumental ; as, ^"^t ftiKjid, " before others."
in^ may govern an ablative ; as, in^ ^tjqtRT^ 'JTtwT^'fi;^, ^
" before
investiture let him not utter the Veda ": or an accusative as, ;
b- mr^, "even," " merely, ' when compounded with another word is declinable ;
as, TW^TTN' it ^^rfir, "he does not even give an answer"; "^ 51'^.Hl'slK >TW^,
"one ought not to be afraid of mere noise."
'• irm and TJ^, when used as correlatives, are equivalent to the English so that,
and the Latin ita ut ; thus, T^qT 4^Ih1 "STFlfw TT^T TTT «fi%^» " I must so act
d. tnr is also used for " that "; as, W^ «T(T«ft "^qTlft ^ ^nrfif ^r^T M^\m fWTit,
" this is a new doctrine, that having killed an enemy remorse should be felt."
e. fan ,
" why ?" may often be regarded as a note of interrogation wliich is not
to be translated, but affects only the tone of voice in which a sentence is uttered ; as,
'TrffnTT^'JI f^ oh'Og'ri MTijri; " is any one honoured for mere birth 1"
It sometimes has the force of "whether?" as, ^nTiTt f^RH inpT^ ^HIT^ cj^f)
217. The conjunctions ^rf^ and ^TT, " if," are commonly used
with the indicative ; as, ^f^ nft^flT vr^jfm ^'ifir, " if he live he will
219. All the languages of the East are averse to the use of the
obHqua oratio. In Sanscrit it is never admitted, and when any
one relates the words or describes the sentiments or tlioughts of
another, the relator invariably represents him as speaking the ac-
tual words in his own person. In such cases the particle ^ff
(properly meaning " so," " thus,'") is often placed after the words
quoted, and may be regarded as serving the purpose of inverted
commas thus, f^nm 35^. ^"[^ ^t^
;
the pupils said, " we ^.
have accomplished our object,' not according to the English or
Latin idiom, " the pupils said that theij had accomplished their ob-
ject." So also oh<j)^oMO ^TT ^^ ntr, your husband calls you " quar-
relsome,", where et)<ji^eHi} is in the nominative case, as being the
actual word supposed to be spoken by the husband himself in his
JTt^, but (they call) a teacher of scripture " ftither." II. 153.
"
before 5^ in this sense ; as, JTiT^ ^frT JTi^, thinking that he was
dead/' In all these examples the use of ^w indicates that a quo-
tation is made of the thoughts of the person at the time when the
event took place.
b. Not unfrequently the participle " thinking/' " supposing/' &c.
is omitted altogether, and ^fif itself involves the sense of such a
participle;
though a child
as, ^T^-ftT Tf 'ST^JT^iN^ W^ ^ «fi?^:, "a king even
is not to he despised, saying to ones self he is a
mortal "; ^i^i^i^ ^ f%^ ^ ^ ^T^ ^srg^^nir ,
" either through af-
220. The following two stories, taken from the 4tli Book of the
Hitopadesha, will conclude the chapter on Syntax. A literal
this, a cat was observed by the sage running after the mouse to
devour it."
V ik^^: *^u i f^irfjT tht: -^i: fir. f^r^r ^min^ jt^^ htt
'
6. i i i
W dHill ^ ^mr: ^fit:. "The cat fears the doo;. Upon that it was
chani2:iHl into a doj^. Great is the dread of the dog for a tiger
then it was transformed into a tiger/'
7. ^3^1 ^mn=T ^srfcr f fwfrrft^ T^ntrfk ^f^:, "Now the sage re-
gards oven tlie tiger as not dillering at all from the mouse."
S. -^nr. ^ W^WT jHTTTT tt ^rm ?^T ^t^, "Then all the persons
residing in the neighbourhood, seeing the tiger, say."
9. -^RiT gf^TfTT gfTTSRt-"^ «4IHri l ^fhr.,
'
By this holy -sage this
lieu of verbs.
First sentence Asfi, " there is," 3d sing. pres. of the root as, 2d conj., p. 101.
Gautamasya, "of Gautama," noun of the first class, masc. gend. gen. case (p. 31.).
Mums, "of the sage," noun of the second class, masc. gend. gen. case (p. 33.).
compound formed -by the crude noun tapas, "penance," as being changed to o by
r. 29. ; the last member, by the loc. case of vana, " grove," noun of the first class,
neut. (p. 32.). Mahdtapa, " great devotion," relative form of descriptive compound,
p. 168., the first member formed by the crude adjective mahd (substituted for
mahat), "great"; the last member, by the nom. case of tapas, "devotion," noun
of the seventh class, neut. (pp. 43. 44.), Visargah being dropped by r. 28. b. p. 14.
iVamo, " by name," an adverb, p. 151. a. Mi/nih, "a sage," noun of the second
Second sentence.— Te/za, "by him," instr. case of the pronoun tnt, p. 51. r. 77-
compound, p. 101., the first member formed by the crade noun dshrama^ " her-
mitage"; the last member by the loc. case of sannidhdna, "neighbourhood," noun
of the first class, neut. (p. 82.). The initial d of this word blends with the final of
a mouse," genitively dependent compound, p. 161., the first member formed by the
crude noun mushika, "a mouse"; the last, by the nom. case of sMra/ca, " the
young of any animal," noun of the first class (p. 31.). Vis. remains by r. 24. a.
Kdkamukhdd, "from the beak (or mouth) of a crow," genitively dependent com-
pound, p. 161. ; the first member, formed by the crude noun kdka^ "a crow"; the
last, by the abl. case of mukha, " mouth," noun of the first class, neut. (p. 32.),
t being changed to d by r. 14. p. 11. Brashto, "fallen," nom. case, sing. masc. of
the pass, past part, of the root bhransh, p. 140. n. ; ah changed to o by r. 26. a.
Drishfah, "seen," nom. case, sing. masc. of the pass, past part, of the root drish
Third sentence. Tafo, " then," adv. p. 152. a. ; as changed to o by r. 29. and 26. a.
p. 160. ; the first member formed by the crude noun dayd^ "compassion"; the last,
by the instr. case oi yukta, " endowed with," pass, past part, of the root yuj, p. 139. L
Tena, see second sentence. Munind, " by the sage," noun of the second class, masc.
gend. instr. case (p. 33.). Nlvdrakanaih, "with grains of wild rice," genitively
dependent compound, p= 161. ; the first member formed by the crude noun riivdra,
" wild rice"; the second, by the instr. plur. of kana^ noun of the first class, masc.
Vis. remains by r. 24. a. Sanvarddhitah, " reared," nom. case, sing, of the pass.
past piu-t. of the causal form of the root vridh, p. 141. Vis. remains by r. 24. b.
Fourth sentence. Tadanantaram, "soon after this," compound adverb, the first
member formed with the pronoun tat, " this "; the second by the adverb aiiantaram,
"after." Mushikam, noun of the first class, masc. gend., ace. case (p. 31.).
Khddltum, "to eat," infinitive mood of the root khdd, p. 85. r. 106. and r. 200.
Anudhdvan, "pursuing after," "running after," nom. case, sing. masc. of the pres.
part, paras, of the root dhdv, "to run," with the preposition aim, "after,'' p. 136. b.
Fiddlo, "a cat," noun of the first class, masc. (p. 31.), nom. case; ah changed to o
Fifth sentence. Tarn, ace. case of the pronoun tat (p. 51.), used as a definite
article, p. 28. r. 46. Mushikam, see fourth sentence. Bhitam, " terrified," ace.
case, sing. masc. of the pass, past part, of the root hhl, p. l.'?8. b, Alokya, " per-
—
ceiving," indeclinable part, of the root /ok\ with tlio prep, a, p. 14.5./. Tapahpra-
hhdvnt, " through the efficacy of his devotion " (p. 184. f. ), genitively dependent com-
pound, p. IGl. ; the firet member formed by the crude noun tapas, " devotion," .s being
changed to Visargali, by r. 29. and 24. a. ; the second, by the abl. case of prahhdra,
noun of the first class, masc. (p. 31.). Tma, sec second sentence. Mutiina^ sve
third sentence. Mushiko, nom. case, ah changed to o by r. 2fl. a. Bdlishtfio, " very
strong," nom. case, masc. of the superlative form of the adj. baltn, "strong"
(see p. 47.), all changed to o by r. 26. a. Vldrdali, see fourth sentence. Vis.
remains by r. 24. a. Kritah, "changed," " made." nom. case, sing, of the pass, past
Sixth sentence.— iSa, nom. ease of the pronoun faf (p. 51.), used as a definite
article, p. 28. r. 46. Vis. dropped, by note t, p. 14. Fidalah, see fourth sentence.
Kukkitrdd, "the dog," noun of the first class, masc. (p. 31.), abl. case after a verb of
fearing (p. 193. a.), t changed to c? by r. 14. JBibheti, "fears," 3d sing. pres. tense
of the root bhl, 3d conj. p. 119. Tatah, " upon that," adv. p. 152. o. y as changed
to ah, by r. 29. and 24. a. Kiikkiirah, " the dog," nom. case (p. 31 .). Vis. remains
by r. 24. a. Kritah, see fifth sentence. Kuhhurasya, " of the dog," gen. case (p. 31 .
).
Vydghrun, "for the tiger," noun of the first class, masc. (p. 31.), abl. case, after
a noun of "fear" (p. 184. g.), t changed to n by r. 15. Mahad, "great," noim adj.
of the fifth class, r. 63. nom. case, sing. neut. t changed to dhy r. 14. Bhayam,
"fear," noun of tlie first class, neut. (p. 32.), nom. case. Tadanantaravi, see fourth
sentence. Vydghrah, nom. case. Vis. remains by r. 24. a. Kritah, see fifth
sentence.
Seventh sentence. Atha, " now," inceptive particle, p. 154. b. Vydghram^ ace.
case, ^/j?, " even," adv. MusMkanimshesham, "as not differing at all from the
mouse," compound adverb ; the first member formed by the crude noun mushika ;
the second by the neut. form of the substantive vishesha, " difference," w^ith nir
prefixed, see p. 177- b. Pashyati, 3d sing. pres. tense of the root drish, 1st conj.
Eighth sentence — J/a//, " then," adv. p. 152. a. A^a?t'<?, "all," pronomind adj.
nom. case, plur. masc. p. 54. r. 87. Tatrasthd, "residing in the neighbourhood,"
member being formed by the adverb tatra (p. 152. b.), " there," or "in that place";
the second by the nom. plur. masc. of the participial noun of agency of the root sthd,
"to remain," p. 149. 1. Vis. dropped by r. 20. b. Jands, "persons," noun of the
first class, masc. gend. (p. 31.) noin. case, plur. Vis. changed to * by r. 25. a. Tain,
aec. case of the pronoun tat (p. 51 .), used as a definite article. Vydyhravi, " tiger,"
noun of the first class, masc. gend. (p. 31.) ace. ease. Drishfwd, "having seen,"
E E
———— ;
indeclinable past participle of the root drhh (g^ ), p. 143. a. Fadanfl, " they say,"
Ninth sentence. Anena, "by this," instr. case of the demonstrative pronoun
ayarn^ p. 52. Mimind, see third sentence. Mushiho, nom. case, ah changed to o by
r. 26. b. Aya7n, " this," nom. case of the demonstrative pron., p. 52. The initial a
cut off by r. 26. b. Vymjhratdm, " the condition of a tiger," fern, abstract noun of
the first class (p. 31.), ace. case, formed from the substantive vydghra^ "a tiger," by
the affix id, p. 24. xiv. Nltah, "brought," nom. case, sing. masc. of the pass. part,
Tenth sentence. Etach, "this," ace. case, neut. of the demonstrative pron. etat^
participle of the root shru (y(), p. 143. a. TJT^gx becomes "^igTbyr. 17. Vydghrah,
nom. case. Vis. remains by r. 24. a. Saryatho, " uneasy," relative compound,
formed by prefixing the preposition saha to the fem. substantive vyathd, p. 169.
Sd sing. 1st pret. of the root chmt, 10th conj. p. 87. e; the initial a cut off by
r. 26. b.
Eleventh Sentence. Ydvad, " as long as," adv. p. 151. a., t changed to d by r. 14.
Anena, see nmth sentence. J'lvitavyam^ " to be lived," nom. case, neut. of the fut.
pass. part, of the root jlv, p. 146. a. See also r. 215. c. d. Tdi-af, " so long," adv.
correlative to ydvat, p. 151 . a. Idam, " this," nom. case, neut. of the demonstrative
pron. aya7u, p. 52. Mama, "of me," gen. case of the pronoun aham, "I," p. 50.
r. 83.) ; the second by the nom. case of dhhydna, noun of the first class, neuter, m
retained by r. 23. Akirtikaram, " disgi-aceful," accusatively dependent compound
the first member formed by the crude noun aklrii, "disgi-ace"; the second by the
nom. case, neut. of the participial noun of agency kara, p. 149. 1. A^a, " not," adv.
p. 153. a. Paldyishyate, " will die away," 3d sing. 2d fut. atm. of the compound
vevh pahly, formed by combining the root i with the prep, para, p. 174.
Twelfth Sentence. Iti, "thus," adv. p. 153. e. See also r. 219. a. Samdlochya,
" reflecting," indeclinable part, of the comijound verb samdloch (p. 145./.), formed
by combining the root loch with the prepositions sa?n and a, pp. 174. 175.
Munim, ace. case. Hantum, "to kill," infinitive mood of the root han, pp. 85.
and 115. and r. 200. Samudyatah, "prepared," nom. case, sing. masc. of the pass,
past part, of the compound verb samudyam (p. 140. o.), formed by combining the
root yam with the prepositions sam and ut.
"of liini," gen. case of the pron. tut^ p. 51. ChihlrsltUant, " intention," aec. ciise,
ncut. of the pass, past part, of the desiderativc base of the root kri, " to do" (p. 141.
s.), used as a substantive. Gi/dfn^a, or Jnntwd, " discovering," indecl. part, of the
root Jna, p. 143, a. Pitnar, " again," adv. p. 153. e., r remains by r. 32. Mils/iilw,
nom. case, ah changed to o by r. 2(5. a. Bhara, " become," 2d sing, impcrat. of the
root hhu, p. 104. Ifi/ answers to inverted commas, see r. 219., tlie final i changed
oMcj^J^itq TT^rrfr? I inn ^r^T mr. i irw^^ tt^ ^^^ ^T^jV^nfhr "nw^
"HHI^H ^bU I ,*<tn aiiq-lQffT: ^fwg I TTTft-'^ ^ofl ^T^RTR 'SrRTnTJT
changed to o by r. 26. a. •) p. 24. xv. ^) pass, past part, of the root *m, with
the preposition ^ra, p. 1.38. 6. e) p. 51. ') r. 154. ») p. 177. c. '>) p. 145. L
1") r. 106. and r. 200. n) r. 125. p. 140. o. and p. 180. a.
i'^)
p. 156. e.
'
') p. 41
ddridra is an abstract noun, formed according to p. 23. viii. '•') 1st pret. of the
root chint, 10th conj. p. 126. 2u) r. 171. a. 21) p. io7. '--) or A^lrHl , r. 4.
05. -tj
23) r. 85. r. 17. -') p. 124. 2.^-) ggn. case of shishu, p. 35. 26) r. j.. 4.
of the causal form of the root sthd, yi'iih. the prepositions vi and ara, p. 145. t.
36) p. 143. a. 37) Visargah changed to s by r. 25. a. 38) p. 177. c. 39) pros,
^i)
part, of the root gam, p. 107. p. 136. with a prefixed, p. 174. '") r. 154. p. 141, 2.
root pad, with vi and d. ^'-) Vis. changed to sh by r. 25. a. '') The initial
-i) y'.
a cut. off by r. 9. ''^j pres. part, of ijd, with d, r. 123. p. 145.
212 EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION AND PARSING.
''•^) complex relative compound (p. 171. &), the whole being the relative form of
descriptive, involving a dependent and an aggregative. ^') p. 145. g. root gam,
with prep, upa and a. ^s) loc. case, dual of charana, p. 81., see p. 195. c.
by r. 7. ^^) p. 145. L root char, with prep, vi and negative prefix a. »-) p. 142.
65) r. 143. 66) p. 145. /. root rup, with 7ii. 67) r, 159. a.
Translation.
to the gods and manes, and gifts to the officiating Bralimans, performed at various
fixed periods, in behalf of a deceased parent or ancestor, to secure the happy condi-
tion of his soul. The Parvana is a particular form of Shraddha, in behalf of fAree
ancestors.
SELECTIONS
IN PROSE AND VERSE.
wT ^fT^^^iK-^MMvjif?3id ^oipmn: II
the Vedangas are the sciences subordinate to the Vedas ; such as Grammar, Prosody,'
Astronomy, &c., see Manu II. 105. *) p. 54. r. 87- ^) lit. "seeing to the
remains by r. 29. and 24. a. n) ace. case of m<i^||^|, "a school," lit. "a reading-
room," r. 147- '-) p- 143. a. 1^) p. 35. r. 54. 1*) ace. case pi. of feRjrf^" rf
"a seeker of knowledge," "student," p. 43. r. 147- '^^ ace. plur. neut. p. 32.
i changed to y by r. 7. "')
P- 87. note*, and r. 192. a. ''')
p. 154. b.
^c)
IS)
p. 149. a. p. 171. b. '') p. 49. ^om. case pi. Vis. remains by r. 24. a.
21) p. 140. 0. root gatu with prep, a (p. 174.) and sam (175). --) p. 152. d.
-') ^TTTT, "arrival," irftinT. "cause," r. 147- ") "he asked," p. 142. a.
"i)
2') Vis. to s by r. 25. a. •>")
p. 76. rf. p. 175. p. 54. r. 84. 3-) " a teacher
of the Vedas," r. 147. See Manu II. 140. 141. for the difference between an dcharya
'') mft^W, "learning" (p. 23. vii.), T^qrfff, "fame" (p. 24. ii.) r. 147- »")p.50.
Vis. dropped by r. 28. a. "") p. 153. g., the final a blends with the initial a of
1 / v/ ^•
d^Mftdm^
#ZT ^^: ittct:
II
.V
Wi^ ^cTT%^: ^ ^rr^T^:
r^^-^
^nr^:
/i 2^ 3
MI<iV!!^f
// ^ ^/<?.
^
^flKHMP^T* II
f^
rR[r
*
ts~
"5%^ HTngrTT:
4-70
^ ^t^: V
XTOSTT^TTT '^Fmr* mT ^TF^^^TOR ^R^rT n > II
"•;) p. 123. «) 2d future, p. 88. 4') p. 144. c. «) ^TT^^PT. " sitting down,"
p. 177. c. «) ace. pi. neut. p. 32. ^'') " He gave," p. 142. a. s') locative
absolute, r. 189. ^2) p. 151. a. 53) p. 139. i, p. 174. m) p. 53. r. 83. «) jgt
^'OTT, "a cell or student's apartment." «') p. 144. c. p. 126. ^-) p. 118.
63) gen. c. p. 35. Vis. changed to r by r. 27.c. <'^) "according to the order,"
r. 171. 6. ''') " he performed," root sthd, with prep, anu (p. 173.), see also p. 142. a.
««) ITTfR, "in the morning," r. 31. «-) ^rnf^cfi, " having performed his daUy
prayers, or religious observances," r. 169. '-) r. 161. s") " having arrived at,"
72) r. 90. a. p. 111. '^)r. 186. a. -4) p. 113. p. 147. 'j- ^^) p. 54. r. 85.
76) r. 215. and p. 50. 77) » are to be read," nom. pi. m. root Tjy. ^) noni. pi. of
mf^, " law," as delivered by Manu and other legislators, p. 34. 79) p. 14(5. «.
»") ace. pi. of wli, "logical treatise." ') 2d fut. atm. of /, with adhi, p. 79. e.
8 H %^;^MIl5^IH »
J A, \ / 2.
/* 2 ^3 /
'2.^''^
A<^
2.
3"
MMM ^TW^cT
3
3
II
^ /
cR'TOR
*
/
^ W?
1.
2 ^
3
(k
I
S^
/
"Scn^*
^ ^
ftRTT TT^
354:" "^^ 7^
WTIT ^^H ^^ fwBw ^BPJT W^
sf rv -N
I
^
-') p. 104. 3) p. 153. e. 4) See root 'S(, p. 114. note Z>. 5) "readers of the
Vedas," nom. pi. m. (p. 149. a.) «) p. 177. j. 7) -q^^ "a lesson," "lecture,"
19) "every day," iffiT is often prefixed in this sense, p. 177- b. 20) p. i(;7_ j.
21) p. 199. e. ") for ^nf Ijeht^ l, r. 6. See also p. 152. d. '--)
p. 37. 24) 2d pret.
of the caubal of ^ ,
" to know," with prep, f^, p. 87. d. and r. 108. 2^) yoc. case,
p. 37. and r. 31. 26) gen. case, p. 31. and r. 28. b. 27) y. 25. a.
2-^) p. 48. •^^UTt is the proper form (r. 157.), but efi may be redundantly added to
so) ^i) S2) root ms, with prep, ni,
any word. 29) p. loi. j., 25. a. p. 49.
p. 107.
S3)
p, 152. a. r. 28. a.
*i) loc. c. (r.
72.) of ekaika, " each single," eka
41) p. 150. b. ^'-) " any," p. 54. r. 85. -J^) " answer," ace. c.
II %^H^XTnsErFf II M
^ >r 7 / /o ^ e /z
incaus. with prep, vi, p. 145. i. "'') inst. c. of ^f%, "mind." ''2) " he fixed upon,"
p. 142.
S3)
p. 1.51. c. -i)p. 70. d 5^)r.94. se) «« I will declare," 2d fut.
of^rtc/i (p. 80.), with prep. 11. ^v.m. -^) "built with stone," r. 144.
'9) ^151. b. *!) "of such like," gen. pi. ^^ is added to the crude pronouns ff.
PIT, ij, to express similarity, the final a being lengthened. ''^') "the building,"
nom. c. n, ^'-) "to be eflFected by the outlay of much money," p. 171. b. ^^) r.61.
69) r. 147. ^")r. 85. ^i) i-. 1,57. 72) loc. case of ^-^j "acquisition," p. 185. c.
76) p. 172. g. 77) igt fut. of gam, " to go," p. 80. 7s)
p. ,35.
7ii)
p. 43.
8") p. .37. ''Or. 150. ^-)p.47. *> ) " "lUJiificent," r. 25. a. '^) ^TflH^,
proper nai^ "Hero-conqueror," r. 42., t changed to n by r. 15. (see p. 1(J7.).
85) p. 41. r. 1 *>6) 2d fut. p. 80. «") for ^^ f^pm^, r. 20. f- ***)
P- 145.
d.
S9) « to the ijllace of the king of Benares." "') p. 7G. a. p. 112. and r. lOl.fl.
F F
^ ^ <^ «S1B ^ 19 / 20 ^ ^1
rm^HR
T y
*
-^26
^=RcT
.
I
^
cRTO cT^R TJ^/ ^TIl
27 -^ ^ ,^.
^i^
4 «^
cT^TT^
') " with conversations on various books of science," or " with various conversations
:<)p. 102. '') ace. case of ^^IIJ, "a space of twenty -four minutes," r. 180. a.
') "having rested" (p. 146./.), from '^R, " to be weary," see the force of f%, p. 175.
6) p. 107. '^) The repetition of the word gives continuity to the action, " as they
i")
kept on advancing." **) ace. case, plur. neut. p. 36. r. 7- ^) p. 172. g. xjrnfihT,
" regal" (p. 23. xi.) ; ^^5^, " supremacy" (p. 23. vii.), "signs of regal supremacy,"
p. 171. h. ") r. 147. 1^) 3d plur. 2d pret. of ap (p. 120.) with U. i^) nom.
case, dual of ^^7ft35> "a porter." In forming a noun according to p. 23. ix.,
when the initial is a double consonant, consisting of two letters of which the last is
or i for y, and this u or i take the Vriddhi change required by the rule. i')
^^,
" a mace," " staff," r. 157. '«) 3d dual, 2d pret. of ^, " to bow" (p. 76. c), with
prep. U, see p. 175. i^) 3d dual, 2d pret. of u^, "to ask." According to Wilkins
and Bopp (whose authority was followed at p. 77./. and p. 111.) this should be
xm^arfft, hut the form im^eAffl is correct according to the Siddhanta KaumudI 142,
and on the same authority the base tJlT^ wiU be retained throughout this tense.
2o)r. 84. 2i)p. 152. ^,. 22^ p. 112. aaid r. 4. 23) see ^, note ft. p. 114. and p. 175.
21) " the king's presence," r. 147. 2^) p. 198. c. 26) 2d dual, imperat. of eft,
" to lead." 27) p. 51. 28) p. 151. 29) dat. case, p. 43.
II ^^T^rt^ms^Ff II
K ^3
Jt
^^^n:^TT^iR|?FrR^: ^Hi.Md.Miiwr: ii
%^t: ^.MN(f7T^:^^:
W^
^TFTTTfftoTPl:
/ ^ /
I
W^ Tn%?^
2. ^ ^
^ #ffr^
^ I MIWhI
li
"') ->!{
I ^T ) "an order," p. 182. c. ^i) "with great respect," lit. "preceded by great
respect." ^-) 1st pret. of "qt with sam and a. ^^^ inf. mood of root '^^, " to eulo-
gize," 10 conj. 3') " began," root ^ with prep. 'grT, r- 126. See also p. 197. ^s)
nom.
plur. (r. 28. h) p. 23. ix. See also r. 188. 'e)
nom. plur. " of a generous disposition."
3") p. 171. h. *^) "devoted to the sincere (discharge of) religious observances."
39) ^7^, "beauty" (p. 23. vii.); ^, "site" (p. 34.). «) nom. plur. of
" the performer of frequent sacrifices." ^i)
p_ ](;{) ^ 42^ ^^^ " passion ";
TnTTifafi;
jVi, " current," " the current of whose passion is restrained." ^^) 4lHf , "hand-
some as the moon." *^) ^r^, "excellence"; ^[TfQ5«T, "possessing." ''^)
^H^,
" always"; "gXR. " exertion," r. 5. r. 161. «) ^n^, "good"; ^TT^R, " practice,"
r. 14. r. l.ji). '") "devoted to the protection of your subjects." i**) " knowing
the peculiarities of various countries"; ^, "knowing," p. 149. 1. 'J)
loc. case of
"a multitude." ^') "to be honoured," root scv, p. 147. c. "-) "possessing a
large accumulation of fame and riches," r. 171. h. ••>) r. 140. •') p. 33. p. 22. vi.
55) "than royalty," p. 152. a. p. 188./ ^g) r. 217. ^t) r. 187. a. ss)
p. 107.
5s)
p. 1G7. «. «") Pcir^l^ri l. " superiority," p. 24. xiv. p. 188./. ei) r. 28. a.
67) '• one by whom gifts are given," " liberal," p. 169. a. 6«) p. 149. 1. 69) loc.
p. 145. e. '2) r, 194. 73) p 49, 74) « silver coins," ace. case, plur.
fern,
(p. 31.), r. 28. b. 75) p. 118. 76) ace. case of ^STTr.tR, " the inner or private
r. li)2. b.
/ ,
II %^nA"lMiicTn^ II e
/ / Z
^TOTR:
., ,5
I
^"^W
/ >-
MpMkchR
MIMKchl^ITTf
Z
in?
Xo
I ^sTTifNH
3 /
This division
; xn, " to drink " (c.) ; 'q^, " to chew "
(g.) ; ^
"to suck" Qi.). of food into four kinds, lickables, drinkables,
"to eat," r. 108. r. 193. a. '•) "having finished," cans, of root 'STR with ^m,
p. 14.5. i. ») ^WW T^lf^^ (r. 5.), "having arrived, sat dovm," 2d pret. of f^^,
9) JT^ ,
" to consult," 10th conj. p. 102. c. i") voc. case, p. 43. i>)
p. 123.
'2) p. 114. ') voc. case of UH, "master," p. 35. ") p. 105. a. fcrgT*T is
16) " causes to go," " passes," caus. oi yd, p. 87. d. '') r. 17G. a. '^) p. 188./,
" an attendant." 2') ^oot /hcc (p. 107.) with prep. «. '-'5) p. 202. c. '')"on
an obeisance being made," r. 189. '^') gen. case, fcm. of UT^^, " old."
rTjf^%^i^ ^T^r^ ^^li^ ^^ ^'^tTT
I I f^pff ^ijcrr-
*N 8 4 fi3 I ~. fi4_|_
^Tr%:iR *
i^f^TH
^^jh ^ ^
I w^ ?;§5J5I^
/ — — ^TTf3 '
:f ^"i; ^^
I
^: W Wfftr^ nnT^
2 / "Z 4 , so 3 lif , «
i^^fcT 1 ^: II
55) "than royalty," p. 152. a. p. 188./ 56) r. 217. 5-) r. 187. a. 58) p. 107.
6-) r. 1 54. " a living creature," p. 27. iv. 63) « from his being the
TITft!n|, m^^di
(r. 150. b.) or protector," see r. 177. b. 64) p. 154. f,^ 6.5) root fif, " to con-
quer," with prep, f^ and "ftrx., p. 144. a. ee) ace. case, neut. p. 43. r. 28. a.
(p. 31.), r. 28. b. "5) p. 118. 76) ace. case of ^T»iniR, " the inner or private
apartments." ^s)
'^')i\lo3.f. p. 14c. «,. '!*) p. 197. s"^)
causal of ^,
''
" to hear," p. 144. c. 1) p. 203. b. 2) ijt. " the superintendant of affairs
r. 192. b.
II ^^^'Imi^^in^ II e
^TWTR: I
^ "T^
/
MMK<=hR
Z
ITTf I ^aTpft5TW
3
^n^^TrT
.. 'J)
I rirr: ^rR^^15)H[^
.,-
I rM ItoI^
Xo
^ /
I THTT
5) f^ra, "to lick" (p. 1-17. /(.); in, "to drink" (f.) ; '^, "to chew" (</.); ^^,
"to sack" (A.). This division of food into four kinds, Ikkables, dri?ikables,
"to eat," r. 108. r. 193. a. ') "having finished," caus. of root ^rTT with ^HT,
p. 14.5. i. ^) TWW T^lf^^ (r- 5.), "having arrived, sat down," 2d prct. of f%^.
'0 T^, "to consult," 10th conj. p. 192. c. if)
voc. case, p. 43. ") p. 123.
>2)p. 114. 1) voc. case of 1T>T, "master," p. 35. i')p. 105. a. fcj^M is
'6) " causes to go," " passes," caus. of yd, p. 87. d. '') r. 17(5. «. ") p. 188./,
seer. 188. '») p. 151. c. -") ^tT^toi, "assistance "; ^nn\nT, "effecting," "the
effecting some assistance in this matter." =') "is inferred," pass, of /«« with
an«, r. 112. ") root Jm, "to give," p. 79. e. ^^) ace case plur. of T^ fi^i^n^eti
,
" an attendant." -') root A?fe (p. 107.) with prep. rT. -^) p. 202. <•. '^'')
"on
an obeisance being made," r. 109. -') gen. case, fern, of 111"^^^, " old."
^0 (I %^TT;£ftxni5!|Fr II
^
/P /^ /-J^. /? . / ^ ,^2 ^
^^T^^rrf^lrftni^
^ ^^ ^^
^nr Tf^ gif^^ %^^ ^^ 5bS tt%^ ^^hrt-
'Tw I ^': ;^^^ ^1 H^^ ^^^ "^^ W '
2») loc. case, "pointed out." -'') " on all four sides," p. 165. c. ; "fejT, " a quarter,"
loc. case plur. p. 45. •'") "cause to be built," caus. of Jfl (p. 87. d.) with prep. nir.
^0 m^Hjr. "stone"; '^, "mortar," "lime," p. 103. fe. 32) fH*^H!J, "con-
struction." 33) " completed." ^O root f^ with prep, ^j " to command,"
p. 145./. 35) ace. case, "the superintendant of the oRtil or treasury," "the
treasurer." se)
i3jf-^T«T> " summons," r. 177. b. 37) root 7m with sum, 2ipa,
3s)
and a, p. 145. g. p jqq « \q(. case. 39) y. 189. ^o) ace. neut. (p. 48.)
41) ace. dual neut. ^2^ ace. plur. fem. p. 31. 43) p. us. 44) " for the pay
47) r. 207. a. 48) for ^j^ -gr^, " that which had been said by the kmg
49) caus. of T^, " to hear," r. 108. so)
p 205. ^i) " of the same class or caste
(p. 23. xi.), the prep. ^ when compounded with iTlOr and tf^ has the force of
^nTT*I, "same." "-)" of the same party." -^3) r_ js*) 54) " the instrument
'
fgTrTT ^: ^^.(fl^^ ? II '
^ ^
rTTHc^I^tUH^ftr^^WR^M'^yi^mmifTT^^^
^Fm% TTTT rT^FRT f^TTFT UiLMm I rT^ ^^^th:
Mht>.^*H^ h '
^I I H ^^T^T^fllgf f(IH.^<.'»IM ^mRHI
TT^ ^.H^M* fl.f^QrJflH ^^^H.M^* HTTTTTR ^5^^ ^-
^t)
5^) acc. case, p. 44. •^) p. 94. d^t. case of ftrf^ (p. 34.),
"why need we be anxious about the success of our affairs?" s') r. 39.
5S) r. 108. &) r. 19. ei) "in a line." '2) p. 145. j-
^3) ^^JT^,
the Sama Veda is the third of the four Vedas, composed in metre, and therefore
^STIT is a sound of surprise prefixed to a, '>-') "having the hair of his body
erect with delight," p. 169. a. ^) " his eyes shedding tears of (religious) sym-
pathy," p. 171. b. '") "his faith and devotion being excited." ^') 'TS^,
"indistinct," or "convulsive," from emotion. '-) voc. case, p. 41, 7') 2d sing,
imperat. of root Ji, p. IOC, a word used in acclamation. '*) p. 20.5. "') p. 111.
76) r. 140. 77) p. .35. f , -,) p. 109. a. 79) r 132. and p. .35. *') 3d sing.
of-^Tf%«fi, "a boat-man." ") ^r«fiT, "a boat." *) " was brought,"
root fft, p. 188. b. 9) p. 174. '") XTR, "the opposite bank." ") 2d pret.
167. 13) " hospitality," p. 23. vii. i*) "after he had per-
p. 120. '-) p. b.
is) r. i«)
formed his morning exercises (of religion)," p. 169. a. 192^ 6. gen.
w) p. 126.
case, fern, of TT^. "new." i") r. 28. b. i^)
p. 177- c.
20) acc. case, plur. masc. of ^jprfw. "an architect," "master-builder." -i) ace.
case, plur. masc. of irfinfi, " a hired labourer," sh inserted before ^ by r. 20.
22) p. 195. b. 23) cans, oiyuj with ni, r. 108. 24) p. 140. 0. 25) p. 202. c.
26) r. 194. 27) acc. case, Tf^, "a letter"; ^^^, "a writer" (p. 150. b.).
II %^"1mII$MIH II s?
Tj^r^r%R^ ^n^(T ii
^
I
p. 143. a. «) ace. case of dsliL^, p. 44. f. ") p. 118. «) r. 140. ") voc.
case of wirfifjfiw, p. 44. ") nom. fem. of ofi^g^, "what kind?" "^) p. 54. ]
f^ with u, see also r. 215. -) caus. of 3;, p. 140. a. '"") " tiic astrologer,"
formed by p. 23. ix., from ^F^, "an hour." ^') 3d sing. imp. pass. p. 90./.
''')
JlUJflh, "an astrologer," from TfCT, "to calculate," p. 150. />. «) r. 5.
G G
ijsn: ^^ ^^^: ii
57) r. 176. 5.^) " is to be chosen," " fixed upon," root ^tj with f^, '^>) " auspicious
moment," " favourable season." 6>^) r. 108. 6i) " on the day before that (fixed upon
for the ceremony)." 62) p.203. b. ^^) r. 86. w) p. 42. e^) r. 147. b.
«fi) "will arrange," root VI with prep, f^, p. 119. ^7) ace. case of ^TH^, " per-
mission to depart," r. 147. ^s)
p. 143. a. ^y) loc. case of ^r^, "a day."
'")r. 126. i)p. 155. 6. 2) p. 175. 3) r. 7. "J)
3d plur. imp. of caus. of
^^ with ^, "let them procure." ') "let them decorate," p. 102. p. 174.
6) ace. case, p. 43. ") 1st pret. of f^, " to send," with prep. j(, 5th conj. r. 94.
!=) Tli^rf^. "tliefamil}'^ priest," "with the servants, the mmister, and the priest,"
1-!) 2d pret. of "^, " to go," r. 98. i') r. 193. a. "having caused the ceremony
to be performed by the Brahmans." i-)
'^TCnTFTj "a ceremony or sacrifice
MH^^M* I
^n27TTRf?TW II
^-) " free from ^IHM or sickness,"p. 154. e. r. IGl. -y) " fi-pg fj-om all ap-
-iWA^ ,
prehension." *') "always devoted to," r. 161. ^2^ loc. case, "the Supreme Lord,"
" the Deity," r. 184. a. «) " permitted to depart." ") " spread abroad," root
ap with vi, p. 120. ^^) p. 104. ^e) ace. case, plur. of ^T^^tIiT^, "a pupil,"
p. 43. 37) pf^ give the sense of " every," r. 171. b. a») " at the three seasons,"
1) Gen. case, sing, of ^n, "creation." -') r. 171. c •') r. 159. 4) -g^^
masc. " the thigh." ^) V[^, masc. " the foot," r. 16. This is a complex com-
') 1st pret. of OT, " to enjoin," 10th conj. p. 87. e ^) ace. case of mTT. n. "the
performarice of a sacrifice." '>) the lengthening of the a shows that this word is from
merchants." '^) ace. case of "SS^t^, n. "usury." '5) ace. case of ^T^WT, fem.
le) instr. case of ^fj^^||, fem.
"service," lit. "desire to hear," p. 23. xiii.
i') i^)
''
absence of envy or grudge," p. 182. d. p. 188. d. r. 144. a.
^
II ii
rR f^ ^ ^rST^ ^ "^^^ ^^ II S^ II
'*')p. 44. '•') p. 37. -") "g^, "the divine spirit, from which all things
1) r. 9. -) p. 101. •') dat. case of ^nnnii, "a detracter." ') r. 208. and
p. 83. /. ') nom. fern, of the superl. degree of "^^^mr, "possessed of vigour,"
r. 42. i. r. 71. ^) r. 174. ") 2d sing. pot. of vid, " to know," p. 9.5. and r. 28. b.
part, of ((7/7, " to sow," p. 146. a. ") gSTR, n. 'a barren salt soil."
wr^ ^ftr ff ^Tprf ^ r^ trt^ ^% ^c^ ii ^? ii
'=) r. 6. "^^) p. 151. a. '-) "g^, "the Vedas"; tjlH^rl, " an expounder," p. 149. a.
"divine," p. 23. viii. -') r. 66. 22) g^^a. is here used generally (" own") and
not reflexively. '^') nom. case, sing, niasc. of ^nftnT, p. 115. p. 149. 2.
pres. part. atm. of ^nft, " to read," p. 113. and r. 124. -'^) p. 95. note. 2s)
p. 23. xii.
29) r. 135. ^") p. 117. 31) for ^%jt l^n^, r. 5. r. 20. : seveta is the 3d sing,
pot. atm. of sew, "to serve," "practise." •''-) See verse G2. ^^) i.e. ij^UHlv!,
com. "at his Guru's." ^^) indec. part, of y«m, " to restrain," with prep, smn
anini. ^-)y>.177.c. ^e)
p. 102. ^') y>. 195. b. :*^) " born first," " elder."
39) p. 140. /. 4") r. 1.52. /;. ") 3d dual pies. atm. of «<^, " to bear." ^2) p. 37. f-
^-) i:
43) "acquittance," "discharge of a debt." ") p. 19B. a. 180.
^ jr^ f^^ rr%^ cT^: ^ BTTTO^ II ^S II
"salutation." i')
^M^fclH , "one who serves or honours," p. 149. a. »') p. 48.
1) 3d plur. pres. atm. of the root "^yj, 1st conj. with prep. sa7n and pra. -) r. 7,
r. 124. a. ) 3d sing. pot. atm. of rfa with prep. «, p. 174. ') "purity," from
^f^, '"pure," by p. 23. viii. -) nom. plur. n. of f^f^tT, "an art." ") "to be
collected," fut. part, of c?a (p. 147- c.) with prep, sain and a. '•') gen. plur. of
pres. part, of
^ (r. 123.) with prep, vi, p. 175. i") loc. plur. r. 7. i')
^HM^ i Ph ,
"a seizer," from ^ (p. 149. a.) with prep. apu. '-) root sfhu with prep. «, "to
follow up," "apply"; Tjj^ >M|^| is a common phrase in Manu for "to make
effort." '
) TfTin, nom. sing. masc. "a driver," from to, "to restrain"
(r.181.2.).
^f^ <JtilHrijc| H% T5[^rTfiRt^ II ^t II
i
l II
i^)
p. 153./. 1) p. 109. '6) oTOjr^rlr^, masc. "fire" (nom.
of root ^, " to go to," " incur," r. 191. b. -") r. 171. b. 21) root TpT with fTT.
"to obtain"; com. Qjvrff. -2) "depraved," pass. part, of ^ (p. 139. i.) with
prep, vi andj9ra. ^3) j._ iqq 24) xm with prep. ^HT. -') nom. case siag.
of the pres. part, of fTI|, "to harass," 5th conj. r. 123. r. 135. -'•)
-^pi, "reli-
gious meditation," p. 152. a. -') TTT, fem. " the body." 2^) r. 136. b. 1: 7-
-») 3d sing. pres. of x^T., 1st conj. "to ooze out," "to disappear gradually."
•'")
ifir,
" a leather skin." 3i)r. 195. 32) j._ 152. a. JHT^* when compounded with
" undergone." •>^) r. 195. a. ''^) root f^lT , 6th conj. with T!T, " to feai-." ^7) ^qqi
oRT^ ^^'ith ^TT, "to be desirous of." '>^) gen. case of ^STSPfnT, n. " dishonour."
II 'T^^tf^fmTR: II ^«l
as a Grihastha, or Householder.
WRTftr, the phrase ^nn^ ^TTSTTlft: (p. 155. a.) might be explained, without
making ^TT govern the accusative. •) p. 44. f. '^) ace. case (r. 180. a.) of >TPT.
" part." P- 143. a. ") le. Jj<x^^, com. ) ^, "a wife," p. 169. a.
difference between a relative and absolute dependent compound ; the first is used
relatively, and as an epithet of ^T^, it must therefore be translated "has its root,"
or "is founded in contentment "j the second is not used relatively to f^pT^nTt. or
^qi^^r^t-^^wRr^^^rszw^^: 118^11
^ofi, " own," p. 23. xu. for ir? 18. n) 123. p. 120.
1-) 1') ff , r. r. '
>)
1'') 3d sing. pot. pass, of ^T^ , " to adhere to," p. 90. d. '") p. 174. i^)
^TSIR, " in-
audible reading to one's self of scripture." ^^) ace. case plur. of f^^fftnT »
" adverse to,"
"inconsistent," from ^^, by p. 149. a. -'^) gen. case sing, of ^rf>T3nT> "family rank."
2>) also written %^, "dress." 22) « sameness of form," from H^^T, by p. 23. vii.
note 61. 2S) r. 123. and p. 174. 21) root sad, p. 107. and
Cf. also p. «^o. r. 123.
2h)
r. 19. 2) p. 182. b. p. 153, g. 27) "committed," p. 139. h.
2^) p. 153./. ->) nom. case (r. 27- a.) of go, " the earth," meaning also "a cow,"
p. 39. t- ^^) P- 151. b. 31) lit. " rolling on," root ^ with -gn, r. 124.
^'-) p. 37. 33)p. 65. Z>. ^) loc. plur. of fTTT, " a grandson, p. 37. 3^) " without
If^, "fruit," p. 154. e. and p. 15. note. *«) cR^, " the most grievous," used as
a superlative. 3:) for ?q^nft (r- 7.) p. 27. iv. 3>) p. 155. (.. 39)
^ ^ indecl.
"heaven." *) p. 112.
II *4^MT^dmK: II
^?
%^ ^ ^ Hm ^ ^ t^ ^ "^^(T II 8b II
^^^Tcrftrt f5T^^^T<T^Tf^^rfN I
^^^^ni»r^^^^fTc!;cTc!;%%cT^?f^: iimsii
TJ^^ ^^
f^Tf^ ^T^ %^ ^T^#nR I
pot. of root ^ with prep, ut, "to utter." 4') r. 15. '•h)
"perpetual."
*'<) T. 86. '"') T. 182. d. ^1) p. 152. a. •-) r. 152. </. •") "food," from
^r5T, by p. 22. iii. ^') 3d sing. pot. of root •^, "to eat," 2d conj. r. 16.
'<-•)
nom. case sing, of pres. part. (r. 123.) of root o|nW, 10th conj. "to contemn,"
r. 135. ") 3d sing. pot. of root sad (p. 107.) with pra, " to be calm," " contented."
»') 3d sing. pot. of »fV^ with nfilT, "to receive with pleasure and thankfulness."
U*5\m irraf^: ofi^PTrT I -^HfHI* ftrWH ^r^^ ^!T, com. '^) ^n^ not
^TRtm, adj. "belonging to health," formed from -iil^ij, by p. 23. vii. <^') ^iT
not vM l
jj
tq, "belonging to life," p. 23. vii. •:'')
^ not ^p^, "belonging to
^ %^ ^m Aif^ i
wf^ f^j^ n MM II
the manner in which, or the state of mind with which, any thing is done.
9) r. 187. ^") "a fit object," properly " a vessel." •') root sad with a, "to
meet with." '2) yam (r. 88. c.) with pra, " to bestow." i3) " honoured in
return," p. 175. •') 8d sing. pot. atm. of smi, 1st conj. with vi, " to admire,"
" feel pride in." ''•) r. 176. b. '«) root ^, 10th conj. irreg. with tlftj " to
proclaim." '') 'snT^^, "disguise." ''-) indec. part, of the root '^[5, 10th
'J)
conj. "to cover," with prep, u, p. 145. i. ^»T«T, "deceit." -") r. 123.
21) r. 197. ^'0 r. 42. r.71. '^O root 5, "to seize" (p. J50. A.), with
prep. apa.
'
II HH^r^dWK: II ^M
^mT^^^TcTf^^rflTTfr f5=nrm^%R^3nr^H#^ ii ^^ ii
21) The yamdh^ or " moral duties," according to the scholiast, are purity of thought,
malice, mildness, and self-restraint : the niyamdh^ or " ceremonial duties," arc
ablution, fasting, sacrificing, reading of scripture, and religious silence. -') r. 124. a.
2'^) root vn{, " to serve," " perform," r. 123. -') 3d sing. pot. of root chi (p. 96.)
with prep. sam. -'") nom. plur. of uPtI*!, "a kind of ant"; 0411)0^41^^^1:,
Com. According to Wilkins, these ant-hills are seen in Bengal eiglit or ten feet
^o)
high. 29) r. 171. c. non,. case sing, of the pres. part, of root ift?, 10th
^') ace. case of JTr^TF. "luminous," formed from »TT?T, "light," l)y r. 42. i.
<i) ace. caseof ^^T^fttT, " having a celestial body," from ^."heaven," and ^T^-
"body," p. 27. iv.
.
xriTT ^^ ^ ^ ^ iTfHr^ II ^0 n
^ in Hl^^iPd *4H].ct|4^^^^^i|HI I
1) gen. case of mn!Ji4l^> "one who takes by the hand," "a hushand."
-) nom. fern, of ^TR, "virtuous," p. 40. •*) nom. fem. of pres. part. (p. 136. b.)
of desid. form of dp (p. 130. e.) with prep. abhi. ^) "to be served,"
root char with prep, upa, p. 147. 5r. ') inst. case, r. 49. <) p. 152./.
') 3d sing. pres. of an irregular nominal verb ITJ^'XI, "to be exalted," "honoured,"
formed from JT^, "great," com. iIt^h • ") inn. "by her (understood)
»TPi, it is to be (p. 147. d.) J7^g'£||, cheerful," see p. 203. c. ») inst. fem.
of ?^, " skilful." '*') p. 169. a. TT^SR, "an article of household furniture."
Com. oR^cfiTT^rf^, "pots," "pans," "crockery," &c. ") inst. fem. of ^rg^lifW.
lit. " whose hand is not free," p. 169. a. '-) ^T. with "^S^, "to transgress," "to
1^) p. 35. 1- '*^) loc. case of ^, " deceased," root ^, "to go," N^-ith U, p. 138. b.
1') 3d sing. pot. atm. of root WW, 2d conj. "to remain." i^)
^, "until";
SftitDTfT . abl. case " death," p. 155. a. '3) " patient," p. 141
II HH^T^dmK: II ^^9
Duties of the Brohman iii the third Order, or Quarter of his Life,
as a Vutiaprasthn, or Heri/iiL
^mm^h :
^^t% ^^n<^ f^^f^: i
iRir:^-7#r% <ij^^,4j^TH^'?T^: n ss ii
"") ^^» " '"^ ^vrinkle." 21) r. 197. 22) p. 145./. 2:1) root f^, 1st conj. with stain
and d, "•
to have recourse to." '-') p. 152. a. -) ^"CT, " water," p. i5. ']
; n is
changed to w by the same rule that a final eK is changed to T before a nasal, r. 15.
^') "amicable," from iw^, "a friend," by p. 23. viii. !') "composed," from rt/id
p. 174. ») from root ^RHT with prep. ^(p. 150. h.), lit. " trembling after,"
from :5ft, "to sleep," p. U9. 1. "•) " free from selfishness"; ^, "not," and JW.
"of me." ^) f^fR, n. "a habitation," p. 32. t- '") ^^^, " severe," r. 71.
3!*) root ^, 10th conj. (p. 87. r.), "to dry up." '
) ^, "freed from," lit.
"gone," root ^ with prep, f^, p. 138. h. ') root ^ with f^, p. 175., p. 144. a.
a oRTT»T or water-pot," r. 42. i. ' ) 8d sing. pot. atm. of root ^, 1st conj. with
qfjf, "to expect." ') "wages," vrfir. com. ^) "a hired labourer." s) inst.
case of flTTlV, "restraint." i") dat. case of 4<HriH , "immortality," p. 22. vi.
r. 194. ") 3d sing. pres. atm. of oKtf, 1st conj. (p. 64. a.), "to be fit for."
r. 119. >4) p. 175. 1') root "g^ with ^T, "to curse," p. 189. i. '6) lit.
"welfare." '') 'gT ^qi^K . "eating." '^) i^, adv. "in private." i^) r. 153.
20) nom. plur. neut. of the pres. part, of the jiassive of ^, r. 124. -') caus. of
root '^ with f^, "to cause to cease." '-^) root fV^T with iRl? and W[, "to
fv^, "a body formed of the five elements, earth, fire, water, air, and
aether."
II ^^BfffTT^i: II ^e
'
The Khig.
2*) p. 182. d. ^) r. 20. '^) root ^m with ^?nT and fff, "to give up all
worldly aftections." -'^) root '5r*T with ^XJ, "to expel," p. 145. g. -^) ace. neut.
of THTTT, "sin," r. 69. r. 6. '<') for ^ -^ ^:, r. 6. r. 27- «• ^') inst. plur.
«) p. 1 10.
I I
?0 II TT^effcTT^T: M
the place where the three great gods sport. ^s) root "^ with TrT, P- 174.
5°) nom. case masc. of frj^lH, "a reaper," root «^, "to cut," with fijt, see p. 110. c.
mP^mPv-VIH , lit. "one who attacks on the ifftllT or road.'" *) ^, "not," and
I^TT^. "punishing" (r. 20.) nom. case of pres. part, of ^jnT (p. 115.). Properly
tills should he -.ii^imrf , see p. 136. c, but such violations of Grammar are not
uncommon in metrical composition. ^) root T^, 4th conj. atm. " to be shaken,"
with n. 6) p. 154. e. •) r. 203. a. ^) 'srrfw* "depending on," "resting on,"
root f^, p. 138. 6. 9) pres. part, of the pass, ofiii^, "to irrigate," r. 124.
•'') 3d sing. pot. of root 7ft with jj, "to intiict," p. 175. ") ^?j5{, "dcsei-vinp
"
punishment," root ^5|3, "to punish," p. 147.,'/- '') ^Tc5. "• "<'" '™" P'" ''i' «P't
I'
) r. 210. IT) 3d sing. pot. of^, 2d conj. "to cat." '^) ace. case niasc. of
H^jj l ^l .
" an oblation of clarified butter mixed with cakes of barley meal." ''') root
-) 3d plur. pot. of the pass, of fi?^, "to break," p. 99. ") r. 194. -') p. lai. r.
Com. xpiJTjrn^ 55^ ^ff!, "inflicting punishment in a legal manner." -^) r. 1.53.
'-^)
p. 87. d. -') rootTj^ in cans, with "to excite." "') root IJ^, "to
-gn^,
devour," "seize upon"; but the scholia.st explains it by T^r^iT. " should neglect.'
^s) sd
24) root ^T9, "to pierce," p. 140. 7i. sing. pres. atm. of ^^n with -gTr
gTEpiT, "to extract," Com. "^IgrfnT. '^) ^KT^, "one of an assembly"; ^^T,
" an assembly "; ^, "to sit," p. 25. r. 42. 39) p. 203. b. 4") ipT^^,
neuter, "truth." ») nom. case masc. of fofif^f^rT, "possessing fofif^^,
sin," p. 27. iv. ^2) p. 99. p. 124. 1;;) 44) " the state of being f^ofi^,
mutilated, defective," p. 23. vii. 4^) p. 178./. 4g) ace. plur. of -s^pT, p. 42. "j".
47) nom. case masc. " having the head dov^'nwards." ^sj i^^ ^j^gg ^^ ^rrg " blind,'
's)
here "total." r. 199. a. ^f)
f^, "not," and jjxj, "true," p. 154. e.
1) p. 39. 2) r. 20. "0 ^Vffltr^i?, lit. " the inner man," "the internal spirit."
p. 205. a. -) p. 139. c. ,
<) loc. case of ^, r. fiO. -) nom. case ma.sc. of
|fl^, "an inspector," p. 149. 2. ^) ^fff, " a holy sage," here it refers to " the
II
^) ^ir, " that to wliich one goes for refuge." '") 2(1 sing, of 3d prct. of JT7T
with ^r^, " to contemn," p. 82. e., the augment being dropped by r. 208. 'i) r. 1,51.
c. of ^rrtr, "agriculture and trade." i-) a name of Brahma, "tlie lord of all
'") Tfw, " sowing," f^, " to know," r. 42. r. 16. '") r. l.>3. b. -") Tr^j:^,
" coral," r. 1.51 . a. 21) ^TT^fT?. n. " woven cloth." -'-) lit. " the price strong and
weak " (r. lo.3. /;.), i. c. " dear and cheap." '-')
zftT is sometimes joined to another
word, without much obvious meaning. -') loc. c. r. 8. - ) r. 19G.
?8 II HH-Ml^dWK: (I
2fi) " possessed ofTT^pff fame," p. 27. v. 27) formed from f»T:^Tm, "final bea-
titude, by p. 23. viii. '^^) r. 45. -if)
^-^^ "not," and ^^ ?.ri,
" proud "; lit.
" making- mucb of self." ^'^) loc. c. '*tlie four classes" collectively, from ^H'lp^r,
by p. 23. vii.
TRANSLATION OF THE FOREGOING SELECTIONS FROM
THE INSTITUTES OF MANU.
Tntroductori/ Feniarks,
fixes the time of the compilation of the laws far anterior to the
era of Alexander the Great, the Macedonians having found this
the existing state of things many of his own ideas upon questions
of religion, morality, and law. Nevertheless, however much the
minuter parts of the picture presented to us in this book are
to be attributed to the imagination of the legislator, and however
much it may be necessary to soften down the particular features
of the landscape, still, taken as a whole, it furnishes us with a
very valuable representation of the early condition of the Hindu
people. And its importance will be enhanced, when it is remem-
bered that the natives of India at the present day regard it not
only as the oldest, but as the most sacred text after the Vedas.
and that it still furnishes the basis of Hindu jurisprudence.
The original work is entirely wanting in arrangement, and the
preceding extracts have been selected from various parts so as to
give the cream of the whole with as much continuity and con-
nexion as the subject would admit. Tlie reader must understand
that the most remarkable feature in Hindu society, as depicted in
they were not held in nnieh esteem, their duties being to keep
cattle, till the ground, and engage in trade. The 4th, or Servile
Class, were excluded from all political and religious privileges ;
and although it does not appear that they were the slaves of the
state like those of Europe, their only duties were made to consist
in serving the other three classes.
TRANSLATION.
ORIGIN OF THE FOUR CLASSES, AND GENERAL VIEW OF THEIR DUTIES.
K K
;
Guru or Preceptor.
him surely the gotls consider as aged, who, tliough young, is well
read in Scripture.
16. As an elephant made of wood, as an antelope made of
leather, so is an unread Brahman ; these three (merely) bear the
name.
17. These (following) rules nnist a Brahmachari observe, whilst
dwelling with his preceptor, keeping all his passions under con-
troul, for the sake of increasing his habitual devotion.
18. When commanded by his preceptor, and even when he has
received no command, let him always be diligent in reading and
in friendly offices toward his teacher.
19. A teacher, a ftither, a mother, and an elder brother, are not
to be treated with disrespect, especially by a Brahman, even
though he be much irritated.
accomplished.
22. Obedience to these three is called the highest devotion,
and without their approbation he must perform no other duty.
23. Of (the youth) who habitually greets and constantly reveres
the aged, four things obtain increase — life, knowledge, fame,
strength.
24. As a man who digs deep with a spade comes to a S})ring
30. Neither the Vedas, nor almsgiving, nor sacrifices, nor strict
32. But when one among all his organs gives way, by that
single defect his knowledge of diWne truth passes away, as water
leaks through (a single crack in) a leathern vessel.
33. He whose discourse and heart are pure and ever perfectly
guarded, attains all the fruit acquired by a complete course of
studying the Veda.
34. Let a Brahman constantly shrink from worldly honour as
he would poison, and rather always earnestly desire disrespect as
he would nectar.
35. For though scorned he may sleep wuth pleasure ; with
pleasure may he awake ; with pleasure may he pass through this
life ; but the scorner utterly perishes.
36. The Brahman who thus without deviation passes the time
of his studentship, ascends (after death) to the most exalted regions,
and is not again subject to birth in this lower world.
37. Let a Brahman, having dwelt with a preceptor for the first
quarter of his life, pass the second quarter of life in his own house,
as a married man.
38. With no injury to animated beings, or with as little injury
SELECTIONS FllO-M MANU TRANSLATED. 41
as possible, and Nvitliout toil to his own body, let him aeeuniulate
rielies.
and wealth ;
(by some) pleasure and wealth ; and (by some) vii-tue
alone ;
(by others) wealth alone ; but the chief good here below is
42. Let him not from carnal desire be too strongly attached to
all objects of sense : let him wholly abandon all pursuits that are
incompatible with the study of Scripture.
43. Let him pass through this world, bringing his apparel, his
discourse, and his intellectual acquirements into conformity with
his age, his occupations, his means, his divine knowledge, and his
stJition in life.
since after death a vicious man sinks to the lowest depths of hell,
* Tliis passage will call to the mind uf the classical scholar the .Oth and <Uli
49. Let him not wound the feelings of others, even though irri-
tated ; let him not injure another in thought or deed ; let him
not even utter a word by which his fellow-creature may suffer
uneasiness.
50. Let him say what is true, let him say what is pleasing let ;
55. To a guest who has arrived at his house let him offer a
seat and water and food, such as may be in his power, treating
him with hospitality, according to prescribed rule.
56. Let him never eat any thing himself which he has not first
world, and in the next the same abode with her husband.
73.And when her husband is dead, let her not even pronounce
the name of another man, but let her continue till her own death,
From such food as himself may eat, let him to the best of
75.
his ability make offerings and give alms, and with water, roots,
fruit, and other presents let him honour all who visit his hermitage.
animated bodies.
77. Not solicitous for the means of gratification, his organs pro-
79. Having thus passed his time in the forests during the
third portion of his life, let him for the fourth portion of it
sensual connexions.
SELECTIONS FROM MANU TRANSLATED. 45
50. His liair. nails, and heard l)eini; clipped, hearinii; witii liini
not treat any one with contempt, with an angry man let him not
in his turn be angry, when cursed let him utter a blessing.
84. By eating little food, and by standing and sitting in soli-
tary places, let him sup})ress those organs that are hurried away
by sensual objects.
The King.
89. By a Kshatriya (or man of the military class), who has re-
ceived in due form the investiture prescribed by the Vedas, the pro-
tection of all these (his dominions) is to be made according to rule.
90. The military class does not flourish without the sacerdotal,
nor does the sacerdotal prosper without the military ; the sacer-
dotal and military classes, wlien associated together, obtain increase
99. If the king were not with the greatest activity to inflict
punishment on the guilty, the stronger would roast the weak like
fish on a spit.
100. The crow would peck the consecrated offering, and the
dog would lick the clarified butter ; ownership would remain with
nobody, all barriers would be broken down.
101. The whole human race is kept under controul by punish-
ment, for an innocent man is difficult to be found : through fear
of punishment the whole universe is fitted for the enjoyment of
its blessings.
103. Day and niijht must he exert every elFort to jj^ain the
vietory over his passions, sinee that king alone wliose passions
are sub(hied ean keep his subjects also in suhjeetion.
104. Neither the king himself nor the king's officer ought ever
to promote litigation, or to neglect a law-suit when brought
before him by another.
105. As a hunter tracks the lurking-place of the (wounded)
deer by the drops of blood, so must a king investigate the direc-
tion in which justice lies by deliberate arguments.
106. Where justice, being wounded by iniquity, approaches tlie
court, and the judges extract not the dart, there those judges also
shall be wounded by it.
112. The sinful say in their hearts, "None sees us.'' Yes; the
gods distinctly see them, and so does the spirit within their breasts.
115. The firmament, the earth, tlie waters, the human heart,
the moon, the sun, the fire, the Judge of departed souls, the
wind, the night, the two twilights, and justice, are acquainted with
the conduct of all corporeal beings.
117. Since the Lord of the world, having created cattle, in-
fumes, and condiments, let him know the prices both high and low
120. Let him know the just wages of servants, and the various
dialects of men, the best mode of keeping goods, and every thing
connected w^ith purchase and sale.
121. Let him exert his utmost efforts to augment his property
by all righteous means ; and let him, to the best of his power,
contribute toward the support and nourishment, of all creatures.
12 3 4 5 G 7 8 10 11 12 XW 14 15 IG
....|w
Ij '.I
~.||..-.|w
1 I
— — w.
The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 9th, 10th, Uth, and 12th syllables may be
either long or short. The 16th, as ending the line, is also com-
mon. But the line may be considered as divided into two parts
at the Sth syllable, since it is an almost universal rule that this
syllable must end a word, whether simple or compound. Hence it
found.
AVItXIAM WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR.
A.
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