Types: Positive Displacement Pumps

Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid:
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many
energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in
many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-
cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for
operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes
in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in
particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
Single stage pump – When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single
stage pump.
Double/multi-stage pump – When a casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is
called a double or multi-stage pump.
In biology, many different types of chemical and bio-mechanical pumps have evolved,
and biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.
Types
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed external to the
fluid.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps, impulse
pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are two basic types of
pumps: positive displacement and centrifugal. Although axial-flow pumps are frequently classified as a
separate type, they have essentially the same operating principles as centrifugal pumps.[2]
Positive displacement pumps
A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing)
that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on
the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid
flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.
Rotary positive displacement pumps
Rotary vane pump
These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and draws in
the liquid.[3]
Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient[citation needed] because they can handle highly viscous fluids
with higher flow rates as viscosity increases.[4]
Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump and the
outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the
fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which
reduces efficiency.
Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into three main types:
 Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two gears
 Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning against each
other to pump the liquid
 Rotary vane pumps – similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a
similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap fluid between the rotor and the
casing, drawing the fluid through the pump.
Various positive-displacement pumps

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:
 Rotary lobe pump

 Progressive cavity pump
 Rotary gear pump
 Piston pump
 Diaphragm pump
 Screw pump
 Gear pump
 Hydraulic pump
 Rotary vane pump
 Peristaltic pump
 Rope pump
 Flexible impeller pump
Impulse pumps
Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas
trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump,
creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.
Conventional impulse pumps include:
 Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water supply is stored temporarily
in an air-bubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive water to a higher head.
 Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.
 Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles
move upward
Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of
hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse form a
combustion event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this
direct transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone
rubber). Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid
out of the adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft pump was developed
by ETH Zurich.[12]
Hydraulic ram pumps
A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.[13]
It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher
hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop
pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than
where the water started.
The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-
head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the
source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power
other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.
Velocity pumps]
A centrifugal pump uses an impellerwith backward-swept arms
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic
energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is
converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as
the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure
is explained by the First law of thermodynamics, or more specifically by Bernoulli's
principle.
Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain
is achieved.[14]
These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:
1. Continuous energy
2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head
A practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is how they operate under
closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a valve
downstream of a positive displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause
mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated
under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).
Radial-flow pumps
Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is
the centrifugal fan, which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Generally, a radial-flow
pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.
Applications
Metering pump for gasoline and additives.
Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the
use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water
supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor),
chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.
Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from
very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low
pressure, and from high volume to low volume.
Advantage
1. Small in size, space saving & less capital costs
2. Easy for maintenance
3. No danger creates if discharge v/v is closed while starting
4. Deal with large volume
5. Able to work medium to low head
6. Able to work medium to low viscous fluid

Types: Positive Displacement Pumps

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Types: Positive Displacement Pumps

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Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

Positive displacement pumps

Rotary vane pump

Various positive-displacement pumps

 Rotary lobe pump

A centrifugal pump uses an impellerwith backward-swept arms

Metering pump for gasoline and additives.

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