Iot
Iot
Iot
other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data.[1][2][3] Each thing is uniquely identifiable
through its embedded computing system but is able to inter-operate within the
existing Internetinfrastructure.
The figure of online capable devices increased 31% from 2016 to 8.4 billion in 2017.[4] Experts
estimate that the IoT will consist of about 30 billion objects by 2020.[5] It is also estimated that the
global market value of IoT will reach $7.1 trillion by 2020.[6]
The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure,[7] creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in
addition to reduced human intervention.[8][9][10][11] When IoT is augmented with sensors and
actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical
systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart
homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
"Things", in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, cameras streaming live feeds of wild animals in
coastal waters,[12] automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for
environmental/food/pathogen monitoring,[13] or field operation devices that assist firefighters
in search and rescue operations.[14] Legal scholars suggest regarding "things" as an "inextricable
mixture of hardware, software, data and service".[15]
These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices.[16]
The term "the Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's
Auto-ID Center, in 1999.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1History
2Applications
o 2.1Consumer application
2.1.1Smart Home
2.1.1.1Applications
o 2.2Enterprise
2.2.1Media
o 2.3Infrastructure Management
2.3.1Manufacturing
2.3.2Agriculture
2.3.3Energy management
2.3.4Environmental monitoring
2.3.5Building and home automation
2.3.6Metropolitan scale deployments
o 2.4Other Fields of Application
2.4.1Medical and healthcare
2.4.2Transportation
3Trends and characteristics
o 3.1Intelligence
o 3.2Architecture
3.2.1Network architecture
o 3.3Complexity
o 3.4Size considerations
o 3.5Space considerations
o 3.6A Solution to "basket of remotes"
4Frameworks
5Standards and standards organizations
6Enabling technologies for IoT
o 6.1Addressability
o 6.2Short-range wireless
o 6.3Medium-range wireless
o 6.4Long-range wireless
o 6.5Wired
7Simulation
8Politics and civic engagement
9Government regulation on IoT
10Criticism and controversies
o 10.1Platform fragmentation
o 10.2Privacy, autonomy, and control
o 10.3Data storage and analytics
o 10.4Security
o 10.5Design
o 10.6Environmental sustainability impact
o 10.7Intentional obsolescence of devices
o 10.8Confusing terminology
11IoT adoption barriers
o 11.1Lack of interoperability and unclear value propositions
o 11.2Privacy and security concerns
o 11.3Traditional governance structures
o 11.4Lack of solid business models
12See also
13References
14Bibliography
15External links
History[edit]
As of 2016, the vision of the Internet of things has evolved due to a convergence of multiple
technologies, including ubiquitous wireless communication, real-time analytics, machine learning,
commodity sensors, and embedded systems.[14] This means that the traditional fields of
embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to
enabling the Internet of things.[18]
The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified
Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first Internet-connected
appliance,[19] able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold.[20] Mark
Weiser's seminal 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as
well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of
IoT.[21][22] In 1994 Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets
of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances
to entire factories".[23] Between 1993 and 1996 several companies proposed solutions
like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. However, only in 1999 did the field start gathering
momentum. Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device (D2D) communication as part of his "Six Webs"
framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.[24]
The concept of the Internet of things became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID
Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications.[25] Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
was seen by Kevin Ashton (one of the founders of the original Auto-ID Center) as a prerequisite
for the Internet of things at that point.[26] Ashtonprefers the phrase "Internet for things."[27] If all
objects and people in daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and
store them.[28][29][30] Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such
technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.[31][32]
In its original interpretation,[when?] one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet of
things by equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or machine-
readable identifiers would be to transform daily life.[33][34] For instance, instant and
ceaseless inventory control would become ubiquitous.[34] A person's ability to interact with objects
could be altered remotely based on immediate or present needs, in accordance with
existing end-user agreements.[26] For example, such technology could grant motion-picture
publishers much more control over end-user private devices by remotely
enforcing copyright restrictions and digital rights management, so the ability of a customer who
bought a Blu-ray disc to watch the movie could become dependent on the copyright holder's
decision, similar to Circuit City's failed DIVX.[citation needed]
A significant transformation is to extend "things" from the data generated from devices to objects
in the physical space. The thought-model for future interconnection environment was proposed in
2004.[35] The model includes the notion of the ternary universe consists of the physical world,
virtual world and mental world and a multi-level reference architecture with the nature and
devices at the bottom level followed by the level of the Internet, sensor network, and mobile
network, and intelligent human-machine communities at the top level, which supports
geographically dispersed users to cooperatively accomplish tasks and solve problems by using
the network to actively promote the flow of material, energy, techniques, information, knowledge,
and services in this environment.[36] This thought model envisioned the development trend of the
Internet of things.
Applications[edit]
The applications for internet connected devices are extensive. Multiple categorizations have
been suggested, most of which agree on a separation between consumer, enterprise (business),
and infrastructure applications.[37][38] George Osborne, the former British Chancellor of the
Exchequer, posited that the Internet of things is the next stage of the information revolution and
referenced the inter-connectivity of everything from urban transport to medical devices to
household appliances.[39]
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources means
that IoT finds applications in nearly every field.[40] Such systems could be in charge of collecting
information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories,[41] thereby
finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning.[42]
Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a
store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then be provided with special
offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they need, which their fridge has
automatically conveyed to the phone.[43][44] Additional examples of sensing and actuating are
reflected in applications that deal with heat, water, electricity and energy management, as well as
cruise-assisting transportation systems.[45][46][47] Other applications that the Internet of things can
provide is enabling extended home security features and home automation.[48] The concept of an
"Internet of living things" has been proposed to describe networks of biological sensors that could
use cloud-based analyses to allow users to study DNA or other molecules.[49][50]
Consumer application[edit]
A growing portion of IoT devices are created for consumer use. Examples of consumer
applications include connected car, entertainment, home automation (also known as smart home
devices), wearable technology, quantified self, connected health, and appliances such as
washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens, or refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-Fi for
remote monitoring.[51] Consumer IoT provides new opportunities for user
experience and interfaces.[citation needed]
Some consumer applications have been criticized for their lack of redundancy and their
inconsistency, leading to a popular parody known as the “Internet of Shit.”[52] Companies have
been criticized for their rush into IoT, creating devices of questionable value,[53] and not setting up
stringent security standards.[54]
Smart Home[edit]
IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, also known as domotics. Large
smart home systems utilize a main hub or controller to provide users with a central control for all
of their devices. These devices can include lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and
security systems (including access control systems, namely August, Ausweis, Kwikset,
Schlage).[55] Ease of usability is the most immediate benefit to connecting these functionalities.
Long term benefits can include the ability to create a more environmentally friendly home by
automating some functions such as ensuring lights and electronics are turned off. One of the
major obstacles to obtaining smart home technology is the high initial cost. [56]
Applications[edit]
One key application of smart home is to provide assistance for disabled and elderly individuals.
These home systems utilize assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific
disabilities.[57] Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems
can be connected directly to Cochlear implants worn by hearing impaired users.[58] They can also
be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include sensors that monitor for
medical emergencies such as falls or seizures.[59] Smart home technology applied in this way can
provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.[60]
A second application of smart home is even more sophisticated. One can guide his or her
connected device at home even from far away. If one for example leaves the office, it is possible
to tell a connected air conditioner device via smart phone to cool down the house to a certain
temperature.
Another example would be using smart devices such as Amazon's Alexa to listen to news while
cutting vegetables for a meal. In general, Smart Home devices make life easier at home and give
users the ability to do several things at the same time. [61]
Enterprise[edit]
The term "Enterprise IoT," or EIoT, is used to refer to all devices used in business and corporate
settings. By 2019, it is estimated the EIoT will account for nearly 40% or 9.1 billion devices.[37]
Media[edit]
Media use of the Internet of things is primarily concerned with marketing and studying consumer
habits. Through behavioral targeting these devices collect many actionable points of information
about millions of individuals.[62] Using the profiles built during the targeting process, media
producers present display advertising in line with the consumer's known habits at a time and
location to maximize its effect.[63] [64] Further information is collected by tracking how consumers
interact with the content. This is done through conversion tracking, drop off rate, click through
rate, registration rate and interaction rate. The size of the data often presents challenges as it
crosses into the realm of big data. However, in many cases benefits gained from the data stored
greatly out weighs these challenges.[65]
Infrastructure Management[edit]
Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway
tracks, on- and offshore- wind-farms is a key application of the IoT.[66] The IoT infrastructure can
be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise
safety and increase risk. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in
an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these
facilities.[41] IoT devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide
access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to
improve incident management and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-
times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas.[67] Even areas such as
waste management can benefit [68] from automation and optimization that could be brought in by
the IoT.[69]
Manufacturing[edit]
Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management,
or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial applications and
smart manufacturing as well.[70] The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new
products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time optimization of manufacturing
production and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems
together.[41]
Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information
systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT.[66] But it also
extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability.[71] Smart industrial management systems can also be
integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements,
automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are
provided by a large number of networked sensors.[41]
The term industrial Internet of things (IIoT) is often encountered in the manufacturing industries,
referring to the industrial subset of the IoT. IIoT in manufacturing could generate so much
business value that it will eventually lead to the fourth industrial revolution, so the so-
called Industry 4.0. It is estimated that in the future, successful companies will be able to
increase their revenue through Internet of things by creating new business models and improve
productivity, exploit analytics for innovation, and transform workforce.[72] The potential of growth
by implementing IIoT will generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030.[72]
While connectivity and data acquisition are imperative for IIoT, they should not be the purpose,
rather the foundation and path to something bigger. Among all the technologies, predictive
maintenance is probably a relatively "easier win" since it is applicable to existing assets and
management systems. The objective of intelligent maintenance systems is to reduce unexpected
downtime and increase productivity. And to realize that alone would generate around up to 30%
over the total maintenance costs.[72] Industrial big data analytics will play a vital role in
manufacturing asset predictive maintenance, although that is not the only capability of industrial
big data.[74][75] Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is the core technology of industrial big data and it
will be an interface between human and the cyber world. Cyber-physical systems can be
designed by following the 5C (connection, conversion, cyber, cognition, configuration)
architecture,[73] and it will transform the collected data into actionable information, and eventually
interfere with the physical assets to optimize processes.[citation needed]
An IoT-enabled intelligent system of such cases was proposed in 2001 and later demonstrated in
2014 by the National Science Foundation Industry/University Collaborative Research Center
for Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) at the University of Cincinnati on a band saw machine
in IMTS 2014 in Chicago.[76][77][78] Band saw machines are not necessarily expensive, but the band
saw belt expenses are enormous since they degrade much faster. However, without sensing and
intelligent analytics, it can be only determined by experience when the band saw belt will actually
break. The developed prognostics system will be able to recognize and monitor the degradation
of band saw belts even if the condition is changing, advising users when is the best time to
replace band saw. This will significantly improve user experience and operator safety and
ultimately save on costs.[78]
Agriculture[edit]
The IoT contributes significantly towards innovating farming methods.[1] Farming challenges
caused by population growth and climate change have made it one of the first industries to utilize
the IoT. The integration of wireless sensors with agricultural mobile apps and cloud platforms
helps in collecting vital information pertaining to the environmental conditions – temperature,
rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pest infestation, soil humus content or nutrients, besides others –
linked with a farmland, can be used to improve and automate farming techniques, take informed
decisions to improve quality and quantity, and minimize risks and wastes. The app-based field or
crop monitoring also lowers the hassles of managing crops at multiple locations. For example,
farmers can now detect which areas have been fertilised (or mistakenly missed), if the land is too
dry and predict future yields.
Energy management[edit]
Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is likely to optimize
energy consumption as a whole.[41] It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms
of energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to
communicate with the utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generation and
energy usage.[79] Such devices would also offer the opportunity for users to remotely control their
devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud-based interface, and enable advanced functions
like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing
lighting conditions etc.).[41]
Besides home-based energy management, the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart Grid since
it provides systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an automated
fashion with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of electricity.[79] Using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) devices
connected to the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not only collect data from end-user
connections but also, manage other distribution automation devices like transformers and
reclosers.[41]
Environmental monitoring[edit]
Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental
protection[80] by monitoring air or water quality,[12] atmospheric or soil conditions,[81] and can even
include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats.[82] Development of
resource-constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications
like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to
provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area
and can also be mobile.[41] It has been argued that the standardization IoT brings to wireless
sensing will revolutionize this area.[83]
Building and home automation[edit]
IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems
used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or
residential)[41] in home automation and building automation systems. In this context, three main
areas are being covered in literature:[84]
The integration of the internet with building energy management systems in order to create
energy efficient and IOT driven “smart buildings”.[84]
The possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy consumption[85] and
monitoring occupant behaviors.[84]
The integration of smart devices in the built environment and how they might be used in
future applications.[84]
Metropolitan scale deployments[edit]
There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better
management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully
equipped and wired smart city, is on near completion. Nearly everything in this city is planned to
be wired, connected and turned into a constant stream of data that would be monitored and
analyzed by an array of computers with little, or no human intervention.[citation needed]
Another application is a currently undergoing project in Santander, Spain. For this deployment,
two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants has already seen 18,000
downloads of its city smartphone app. The app is connected to 10,000 sensors that enable
services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda, and more. City
context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals
mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification.[86]
Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou
Knowledge City;[87] work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution, and
increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California;[88] and smart traffic management in
western Singapore.[89] French company, Sigfox, commenced building an ultra-
narrowband wireless data network in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to
achieve such a deployment in the U.S.[90][91] It subsequently announced it would set up a total of
4000 base stations to cover a total of 30 cities in the U.S. by the end of 2016, making it the
largest IoT network coverage provider in the country thus far.[92][93]
Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in New
York City to connect all the city's vessels and be able to monitor them live 24/7. The network was
designed and engineered by Fluidmesh Networks, a Chicago-based company developing
wireless networks for critical applications. The NYWW network is currently providing coverage on
the Hudson River, East River, and Upper New York Bay. With the wireless network in place, NY
Waterway is able to take control of its fleet and passengers in a way that was not previously
possible. New applications can include security, energy and fleet management, digital signage,
public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing and others.[94]
The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information processing
across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle[100], the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic
interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular
communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection
systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance.[41][101] In
Logistics and Fleet Management for example, The IoT platform can continuously monitor the
location and conditions of cargo and assets via wireless sensors and send specific alerts when
management exceptions occur (delays, damages, thefts, etc.).
The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices connected
and controlled by the internet. [102] The wide range of applications for IoT technology mean that
the specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic characteristics
shared by most.
Intelligence[edit]
Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the Internet of
things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet
structures, either. However, there is a shift in research to integrate the concepts of the Internet of
things and autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this direction considering objects
as the driving force for autonomous IoT.[citation needed]
In the future, the Internet of things may be a non-deterministic and open network in which auto-
organized or intelligent entities (Web services, SOA components) and virtual objects (avatars)
will be interoperable and able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or shared
ones) depending on the context, circumstances or environments. Autonomous behavior through
the collection and reasoning of context information as well as the object's ability to detect
changes in the environment (faults affecting sensors) and introduce suitable mitigation measures
constitutes a major research trend,[103] clearly needed to provide credibility to the IoT technology.
Modern IoT products and solutions in the marketplace use a variety of different technologies to
support such context-aware automation but more sophisticated forms of intelligence are
requested to permit sensor units to be deployed in real environments.[citation needed]
Architecture[edit]
The system will likely be an example of event-driven architecture,[104] bottom-up made (based on
the context of processes and operations, in real-time) and will consider any subsidiary level.
Therefore, model driven and functional approaches will coexist with new ones able to treat
exceptions and unusual evolution of processes (multi-agent systems, B-ADSc, etc.).[citation needed]
In an Internet of Things, the meaning of an event will not necessarily be based on a deterministic
or syntactic model but would instead be based on the context of the event itself: this will also be
a semantic web.[105] Consequently, it will not necessarily need common standards that would not
be able to address every context or use: some actors (services, components, avatars) will
accordingly be self-referenced and, if ever needed, adaptive to existing common standards
(predicting everything would be no more than defining a "global finality" for everything that is just
not possible with any of the current top-down approaches and standardizations).[citation needed]
Building on top of the Internet of things, the web of things is an architecture for the application
layer of the Internet of things looking at the convergence of data from IoT devices into Web
applications to create innovative use-cases. In order to program and control the flow of
information in the Internet of things, a predicted architectural direction is being called BPM
Everywhere which is a blending of traditional process management with process mining and
special capabilities to automate the control of large numbers of coordinated devices.[citation needed]
Network architecture[edit]
The Internet of things requires huge scalability in the network space to handle the surge of
devices.[106] IETF 6LoWPAN would be used to connect devices to IP networks. With billions of
devices[107] being added to the Internet space, IPv6 will play a major role in handling the network
layer scalability. IETF's Constrained Application Protocol, ZeroMQ, and MQTT would provide
lightweight data transport. "MQ" in "MQTT" came from IBM's MQ Series message queuing
product line.[citation needed]
Fog computing is a viable alternative to prevent such large burst of data flow through
Internet.[108] The edge devices' computation power can be used to analyse and process data, thus
providing easy real time scalability.[citation needed]
Complexity[edit]
In semi-open or closed loops (i.e. value chains, whenever a global finality can be settled) IoT will
often be considered and studied as a complex system[109] due to the huge number of different
links, interactions between autonomous actors, and its capacity to integrate new actors. At the
overall stage (full open loop) it will likely be seen as a chaotic environment (since systems always
have finality). As a practical approach, not all elements in the Internet of things run in a global,
public space. Subsystems are often implemented to mitigate the risks of privacy, control and
reliability. For example, Domestic Robotics (Domotics) running inside a smart home might only
share data within and be available via a local network.[citation needed]
Size considerations[edit]
The Internet of things would encode 50 to 100 trillion objects, and be able to follow the
movement of those objects. Human beings in surveyed urban environments are each surrounded
by 1000 to 5000 trackable objects.[110] In 2015 there were already 83 million smart devices in
people`s homes. This number is about to grow up to 193 million devices in 2020 and will for sure
go on growing in the near future. [111]
The figure of online capable devices grew 31% from 2016 to 8.4 billion in 2017.[112]
Space considerations[edit]
In the Internet of things, the precise geographic location of a thing—and also the precise
geographic dimensions of a thing—will be critical.[113] Therefore, facts about a thing, such as its
location in time and space, have been less critical to track because the person processing the
information can decide whether or not that information was important to the action being taken,
and if so, add the missing information (or decide to not take the action). (Note that some things in
the Internet of things will be sensors, and sensor location is usually important.[114])
The GeoWeb and Digital Earth are promising applications that become possible when things can
become organized and connected by location. However, the challenges that remain include the
constraints of variable spatial scales, the need to handle massive amounts of data, and an
indexing for fast search and neighbor operations. In the Internet of things, if things are able to
take actions on their own initiative, this human-centric mediation role is eliminated. Thus, the
time-space context that we as humans take for granted must be given a central role in this
information ecosystem. Just as standards play a key role in the Internet and the Web, geospatial
standards will play a key role in the Internet of things.[citation needed]
Frameworks[edit]
IoT frameworks might help support the interaction between "things" and allow for more complex
structures like distributed computing and the development of distributed applications. Currently,
some IoT frameworks seem to focus on real-time data logging solutions, offering some basis to
work with many "things" and have them interact. Future developments might lead to
specific software-development environments to create the software to work with the hardware
used in the Internet of things. Companies are developing technology platforms to provide this
type of functionality for the Internet of things. Newer platforms are being developed, which add
more intelligence.
REST is a scalable architecture that allows things to communicate over Hypertext Transfer
Protocol and is easily adopted for IoT applications to provide communication from a thing to a
central web server.[citation needed]
This is a list of technical standards for the IoT, most of which are open standards, and
the standards organizations that aspire to successfully setting them.[citation needed]
Short
Long name Standards under development Other notes
name
Institute of
Underlying communication
Electrical and
IEEE technology standards such as IEEE
Electronics
802.15.4
Engineers
MTConnect is a manufacturing
industry standard for data exchange
MTConnect
— with machine tools and related
Institute
industrial equipment. It is important
to the IIoT subset of the IoT.
Short
Long name Standards under development Other notes
name
Protocol extensions
XMPP
of XMPP (Extensible Messaging
XSF Standards
and Presence Protocol), the open
Foundation
standard of instant messaging
Addressability[edit]
The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and unique identification through
the Electronic Product Code, however, this has evolved into objects having an IP address
or URI.[citation needed] An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web[121] focuses instead on
making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the existing
naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be
referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralized servers acting for their human
owners.[citation needed]Integration with the Internet implies that devices will use an IP address as a
unique identifier. Due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion unique
addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use the next generation of the Internet protocol (IPv6)
to scale to the extremely large address space required.[122][123][124] Internet-of-things devices
additionally will benefit from the stateless address auto-configuration present in IPv6,[125] as it
reduces the configuration overhead on the hosts,[123] and the IETF 6LoWPAN header
compression. To a large extent, the future of the Internet of things will not be possible without the
support of IPv6; and consequently, the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical
for the successful development of the IoT in the future.[124]
Short-range wireless[edit]
Bluetooth mesh networking – Specification providing a mesh networking variant to Bluetooth
low energy (BLE) with increased number of nodes and standardized application layer
(Models).
Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) – Wireless communication technology similar to the Wi-Fi standard, but
using visible light communication for increased bandwidth.
Near-field communication (NFC) – Communication protocols enabling two electronic devices
to communicate within a 4 cm range.
QR codes and barcodes – Machine-readable optical tags that store information about the
item to which they are attached.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) – Technology using electromagnetic fields to read data
stored in tags embedded in other items.
Thread – Network protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, similar to ZigBee,
providing IPv6 addressing.
Transport Layer Security – Network security protocol.
Wi-Fi – Widely used technology for local area networking based on the IEEE
802.11 standard, where devices may communicate through a shared access point.
Wi-Fi Direct – Variant of the Wi-Fi standard for peer-to-peer communication, eliminating the
need for an access point.
Z-Wave – Communication protocol providing short-range, low-latency data transfer at rates
and power consumption lower than Wi-Fi. Used primarily for home automation.
ZigBee – Communication protocols for personal area networking based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard, providing low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high
throughput.
Medium-range wireless[edit]
HaLow – Variant of the Wi-Fi standard providing extended range for low-power
communication at a lower data rate.
LTE-Advanced – High-speed communication specification for mobile networks. Provides
enhancements to the LTE standard with extended coverage, higher throughput, and lower
latency.
Long-range wireless[edit]
Low-power wide-area networking (LPWAN) – Wireless networks designed to allow long-
range communication at a low data rate, reducing power and cost for transmission. Available
LPWAN technologies and protocols: LoRaWan, Sigfox, NB-IoT, Weightless.
Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) – Satellite communication technology using small dish
antennas for narrowband and broadband data.
Long-range Wi-Fi connectivity
Wired[edit]
Ethernet – General purpose networking standard using twisted pair and fiber optic links in
conjunction with hubs or switches.
Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) – Specification enabling whole-home distribution of
high definition video and content over existing coaxial cabling.
Power-line communication (PLC) – Communication technology using electrical wiring to
carry power and data. Specifications such as HomePlug or G.hn utilize PLC for networking
IoT devices.
Simulation[edit]
IoT modeling and simulation (and emulation) is typically carried out at the design stage before
deployment of the network. Network simulators like OPNET and TETCOS NetSim can be used to
simulate IoT networks.[citation needed] Digital Twins may also be implemented to produce updates on
the status and health of an asset, based upon sensor readings integrated with a computational
model of the asset.[126]. The original twin model idea came from [127], in which a physical operation
was coupled with a virtual operation by means of an intelligent reasoning agent. The detailed
version of this concept is presented in [128].
Beyond of networking, a number of API simulation frameworks (such as Hoverfly, Wiremock,
sMockin, SoapUI etc..) have emerged to help simplify IoT development. These remove the need
for a full end to end integration setup, by allowing developers to quickly replicate the behaviour of
any third party web services their application may need to interface with.
Data security – At the time of designing IoT companies should ensure that data collection,
storage and processing would be secure at all times. Companies should adopt a “defence in
depth” approach and encrypt data at each stage.[134]
Data consent – users should have a choice as to what data they share with IoT companies
and the users must be informed if their data gets exposed.
Data minimization – IoT companies should collect only the data they need and retain the
collected information only for a limited time.
However, the FTC stopped at just making recommendations for now. According to an FTC
analysis, the existing framework, consisting of the FTC Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and
the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, along with developing consumer education and
business guidance, participation in multi-stakeholder efforts and advocacy to other agencies at
the federal, state and local level, is sufficient to protect consumer rights.[135]
A resolution passed by the Senate in March 2015, is already being considered by the
Congress.[136] This resolution recognized the need for formulating a National Policy on IoT and the
matter of privacy, security and spectrum. Furthermore, to provide an impetus to the IoT
ecosystem, in March 2016, a bipartisan group of four Senators proposed a bill, The Developing
Innovation and Growing the Internet of Things (DIGIT) Act, to direct the Federal Communications
Commission to assess the need for more spectrum to connect IoT devices.
Several standards for the IoT industry are actually being established relating to automobiles
because most concerns arising from use of connected cars apply to healthcare devices as well.
In fact, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is preparing cybersecurity
guidelines and a database of best practices to make automotive computer systems more
secure.[137]
A recent report from the World Bank examines the challenges and opportunities in government
adoption of IoT[138]. These include -
Security[edit]
Concerns have been raised that the Internet of things is being developed rapidly without
appropriate consideration of the profound security challenges involved[166] and the regulatory
changes that might be necessary.[167][168]
Most of the technical security issues are similar to those of conventional servers, workstations
and smartphones, but the firewall, security update and anti-malware systems used for those are
generally unsuitable for the much smaller, less capable, IoT devices.[citation needed]
Network security will remain preferred solution for IoT security products, with sales anticipated to
account for nearly US $15,000 mln by 2027-end. End-point/ device security will continue to be
the second largest solution for IoT security products. In addition, vulnerability management
solution for IoT security products will register fastest expansion through 2027.Revenues
amassed from smart grid, and home & building automation applications of IoT security products
will collectively account for revenues worth US $26,753.5 mln by 2027-end.[169]
According to the Business Insider Intelligence Survey conducted in the last quarter of 2014, 39%
of the respondents said that security is the biggest concern in adopting Internet of things
technology.[170] In particular, as the Internet of things spreads widely, cyber attacks are likely to
become an increasingly physical (rather than simply virtual) threat.[171] In a January 2014 article
in Forbes, cyber-security columnist Joseph Steinberg listed many Internet-connected appliances
that can already "spy on people in their own homes" including televisions, kitchen
appliances,[172] cameras, and thermostats.[173] Computer-controlled devices in automobiles such as
brakes, engine, locks, hood and trunk releases, horn, heat, and dashboard have been shown to
be vulnerable to attackers who have access to the on-board network. In some cases, vehicle
computer systems are Internet-connected, allowing them to be exploited remotely.[174] By 2008
security researchers had shown the ability to remotely control pacemakers without authority.
Later hackers demonstrated remote control of insulin pumps[175] and implantable cardioverter
defibrillators.[176] David Poguewrote[177] that some recently published reports about hackers
remotely controlling certain functions of automobiles were not as serious as one might otherwise
guess because of various mitigating circumstances; such as the bug that allowed the hack
having been fixed before the report was published, or that the hack required security researchers
having physical access to the car prior to the hack to prepare for it.[citation needed]
The U.S. National Intelligence Council in an unclassified report maintains that it would be hard to
deny "access to networks of sensors and remotely-controlled objects by enemies of the United
States, criminals, and mischief makers... An open market for aggregated sensor data could serve
the interests of commerce and security no less than it helps criminals and spies identify
vulnerable targets. Thus, massively parallel sensor fusion may undermine social cohesion, if it
proves to be fundamentally incompatible with Fourth-Amendment guarantees against
unreasonable search."[178] In general, the intelligence community views the Internet of things as a
rich source of data.[179]
As a response to increasing concerns over security, the Internet of Things Security Foundation
(IoTSF) was launched on 23 September 2015. IoTSF has a mission to secure the Internet of
things by promoting knowledge and best practice. Its founding board is made from technology
providers and telecommunications companies including BT, Vodafone, Imagination Technologies
and Pen Test Partners. In addition, large IT companies are continuously developing innovative
solutions to ensure the security for IoT devices. As per the estimates from KBV Research,[180] the
overall IoT security market[181] would grow at 27.9% rate during 2016–2022 as a result of growing
infrastructural concerns and diversified usage of Internet of things.[182][183]
In 2016, a distributed denial of service attack powered by Internet of things devices running
the Mirai malware took down a DNS provider and major web sites.[184] In May 2017, Junade Ali, a
Computer Scientist at Cloudflare noted that native DDoS vulnerabilities exist in IoT devices due
to a poor implementation of the Publish–subscribe pattern.[185][186]
While security is a concern there are many things being done to protect devices. Device data is
following cryptographic standards and encryption is being used in end-to-end scenarios.[187] To
help with this scenario x.509 certificates are also being used to verify device identity.[188]
Security experts view Internet of things as a threat to the traditional Internet.[189] Some argue that
market incentive to secure IoT devices is insufficient and increased governmental regulation is
necessary to make the Internet of things secure.[190]
The overall understanding of IoT is essential for basic user security. Keeping up with current anti
virus software and patching updates will help mitigate cyber attacks.
Design[edit]
Given widespread recognition of the evolving nature of the design and management of the
Internet of things, sustainable and secure deployment of IoT solutions must design for "anarchic
scalability."[191] Application of the concept of anarchic scalability can be extended to physical
systems (i.e. controlled real-world objects), by virtue of those systems being designed to account
for uncertain management futures. This "hard anarchic scalability" thus provides a pathway
forward to fully realize the potential of Internet-of-things solutions by selectively constraining
physical systems to allow for all management regimes without risking physical failure.[citation needed]
Brown University computer scientist Michael Littman has argued that successful execution of the
Internet of things requires consideration of the interface's usability as well as the technology
itself. These interfaces need to be not only more user-friendly but also better integrated: "If users
need to learn different interfaces for their vacuums, their locks, their sprinklers, their lights, and
their coffeemakers, it's tough to say that their lives have been made any easier."[192]
Confusing terminology[edit]
Kevin Lonergan at Information Age, a business-technology magazine, has referred to the terms
surrounding IoT as a “terminology zoo”.[196] The lack of clear terminology is not “useful from a
practical point of view” and a “source of confusion for the end user”.[196] A company operating in
the IoT space could be working in anything related to sensor technology, networking, embedded
systems, or analytics.[196] According to Lonergan, the term IoT was coined before smart phones,
tablets, and devices as we know them today existed, and there is a long list of terms with varying
degrees of overlap and technological convergence: Internet of things, Internet of everything
(IoE), industrial Internet, pervasive computing, pervasive sensing, ubiquitous computing, cyber-
physical systems (CPS), wireless sensor networks (WSN), smart objects, cooperating
objects, machine to machine (M2M), ambient intelligence (AmI), Operational technology (OT),
and information technology (IT).[196] Regarding IIoT, an industrial sub-field of IoT, the Industrial
Internet Consortium's Vocabulary Task Group has created a "common and reusable vocabulary
of terms"[197] to ensure "consistent terminology"[197][198] across publications issued by the Industrial
Internet Consortium. IoT One has created an IoT Terms Database including a New Term
Alert[199] to be notified when a new term is published. As of March 2017, this database aggregates
711 IoT-related terms,[200] however, without any attempts to reduce terminological ambiguity and
complexity.[citation needed]
GE Digital CEO William Ruh speaking about GE's attempts to gain a foothold in the market for IoT services
at the first IEEE Computer SocietyTechIgnite conference.
See also[edit]
Home automation
Web of things
Smart grid
Cyber-physical system
Cloud manufacturing
Data Distribution Service
Digital object memory
Indoor positioning system
Open Interconnect Consortium
OpenWSN
5G
Digital twin
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Bibliography[edit]
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WEB RESULTS
Internet of things - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these
objects to connect and exchange data. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is ...
What is Internet of Things (IoT)? - Definition from WhatIs.com
internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are assigned unique
identifiers and given the ability to automatically transfer data over a network without requiring human-
to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
What is the Internet of Things, and how does it work? - IBM
www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/what-is-the-iot
Nov 17, 2016 ... Devices and objects with built in sensors are connected to an Internet of Things
platform, which integrates data from the different devices and applies analytics to share the most
valuable information with applications built to address specific needs. These powerful IoT platforms
can pinpoint exactly what ...
A Simple Explanation Of 'The Internet Of Things' - Forbes
www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-
can-understand
May 13, 2014 ... What exactly is the "Internet of things" and what impact is it going to have on you, if
any?
What is the Internet of Things? Definition, Industries & Companies ...
www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-internet-of-things-definition-2016-8
Dec 19, 2016 ... robots machines internet of things ioT An engineer makes an adjustment to the robot
"The Incredible Bionic Man" at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington
October 17, 2013. REUTERS/Joshua Roberts You've likely heard the phrase "Internet of Things" —
or IoT — at some point, ...
What is the IoT? Everything you need to know about the Internet of ...
www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-the-internet-of-things-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-iot-
right-now
Jan 19, 2018 ... The Internet of Things explained: What the IoT is, and where it's going next.
Internet of Things (IoT) Definition | Webopedia
www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet_of_things.html
IoT is the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature Internet connectivity and the
communication that occurs between these and Internet- enabled devices and systems.
What is the Internet of Things? WIRED explains | WIRED UK
www.wired.co.uk/article/internet-of-things-what-is-explained-iot
"It's about networks, it's about devices, and it's about data," Caroline Gorski, the head of IoT at Digital
Catapult explains. IoT allows devices on closed private internet connections to communicate with
others and "the Internet of Things brings those networks together. It gives the opportunity for devices
to communicate not only ...
What is the Internet of Things? Internet of Things definitions - i-SCOOP
www.i-scoop.eu/internet-of-things
Internet of Things definitions, terminology and acronym - your resource to understand the Internet of
Things and the many Internet of Things definitions.
How It Works: Internet of Things - YouTube
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSIPNhOiMoE
Sep 3, 2015 ... The Internet of Things gives us access to the data from millions of devices. But how
does it work, and what can we do with all that data? Find out in this an...
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MAY 13, 2014 @ 12:05 AM 1,174,713 The Little Black Book of Billionaire Secrets
Jacob Morgan , CONTRIBUTORI write about and explore the future of work! Opinions expressed by Forbes
Contributors are their own.
Shutterstock
Broadband Internet is become more widely available, the cost of connecting is decreasing,
more devices are being created with Wi-Fi capabilities and sensors built into them,
technology costs are going down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing. All of these
things are creating a "perfect storm" for the IoT.
Watch on Forbes:
Play Video
Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off switch
to the Internet (and/or to each other). This includes everything from cellphones, coffee
makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost anything else
you can think of. This also applies to components of machines, for example a jet engine of
an airplane or the drill of an oil rig. As I mentioned, if it has an on and off switch then
chances are it can be a part of the IoT. The analyst firm Gartner says that by 2020 there will
be over 26 billion connected devices... That's a lot of connections (some even estimate this
number to be much higher, over 100 billion). The IoT is a giant network of connected
"things" (which also includes people). The relationship will be between people-people,
people-things, and things-things.
The new rule for the future is going to be, "Anything that can be connected, will be
connected." But why on earth would you want so many connected devices talking to each
other? There are many examples for what this might look like or what the potential value
might be. Say for example you are on your way to a meeting; your car could have access to
your calendar and already know the best route to take. If the traffic is heavy your car might
send a text to the other party notifying them that you will be late. What if your alarm clock
wakes up you at 6 a.m. and then notifies your coffee maker to start brewing coffee for you?
What if your office equipment knew when it was running low on supplies and automatically
re-ordered more? What if the wearable device you used in the workplace could tell you when
and where you were most active and productive and shared that information with other
devices that you used while working?
On a broader scale, the IoT can be applied to things like transportation networks: "smart
cities" which can help us reduce waste and improve efficiency for things such as energy use;
this helping us understand and improve how we work and live. Take a look at the visual
below to see what something like that can look like.
The reality is that the IoT allows for virtually endless opportunities and connections to take
place, many of which we can't even think of or fully understand the impact of today. It's not
hard to see how and why the IoT is such a hot topic today; it certainly opens the door to a lot
of opportunities but also to many challenges. Security is a big issue that is oftentimes brought
up. With billions of devices being connected together, what can people do to make sure that
their information stays secure? Will someone be able to hack into your toaster and thereby
get access to your entire network? The IoT also opens up companies all over the world to
more security threats. Then we have the issue of privacy and data sharing. This is a hot-
button topic even today, so one can only imagine how the conversation and concerns will
escalate when we are talking about many billions of devices being connected. Another issue
that many companies specifically are going to be faced with is around the massive amounts
of data that all of these devices are going to produce. Companies need to figure out a way to
store, track, analyze and make sense of the vast amounts of data that will be generated.
So what now?
Conversations about the IoT are (and have been for several years) taking place all over the
world as we seek to understand how this will impact our lives. We are also trying to
understand what the many opportunities and challenges are going to be as more and more
devices start to join the IoT. For now the best thing that we can do is educate ourselves about
what the IoT is and the potential impacts that can be seen on how we work and live.
Jacob Morgan is a keynote speaker, author (most recently of The Future of Work), and
futurist.
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