EC6401 Electronic Circuits II Department of ECE 2014-2015

PART – B
1. Explain briefly about four basic topologies.
There are 4 basic topologies. They are,
Voltage series feedback (4)
Voltage shunt feedback (4)
Current series feedback (4)
Current shunt feedback (4)

(i) Voltage –Series feedback (Series-Shunt feedback):

Input voltage & feedback voltage are in series

Derive the following values:

1. Output Voltage, Vo = A.Vi
2. Gain with feedback, Af = A / (1 + Aβ)
3. Input impedance, Zif = Zi.(1 + Aβ)
4. Output impedance, Zof = Zo / (1 + Aβ)

(ii) Current –Series feedback (Series–Series feedback):

Voltage proportional to output current is fed back to the input in series with the voltage source.

Closed loop amplification

A = Io / Viβ = Vf / Io
Vs = Vi + Vf
Af = Io /Vs
= Io / (Vi + Vf)
= AVi / (Vi + β Io)
= AVi / (Vi + β AVi)
= A / (1 + Aβ)
Gain is reduced by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Input impedance:

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Vs = Ii Zi + Vf
= Ii Zi + β Io
= Ii Zi + β AVi
= Ii Zi + Aβ Ii Ri
= Ii Zi( 1 + Aβ)
Zif = Vs / Ii
Zif = Zi( 1 + Aβ)
Zi increases by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Output impedance:
To get Zo, input voltage Vs is shorted to give output current Io
Vs = 0Vi = -Vf
Io = AVi + (Vo / Zof)
= -AVf + (Vo / Zof)
=-AβIo + (Vo / Zof)
Io( 1 + Aβ) = Vo / Zof
Zof = Zo / ( 1 + Aβ)
Zo decreases by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given.

(iii) Current –Shunt feedback (Shunt -Series feedback):

Input current & feedback current are in series

A = Io / Iiβ = If /Io
Is = Ii + If
= Ii + β Io
= Ii + β A Ii
= Ii (1 + A β)
Af = Io / Is
= (Ii A) / Ii (1 + A β)
= A / (1 + A β)
Gain is reduced by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Input Impedance:
Is = Ii + If
= Ii + β Io
= Ii + β A Ii
= Ii (1 + A β)
= (Vi / Zi) (1 + A β)
Zif = Vi / Is
= Zi / (1 + A β)
Zi is reduced by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Output Impedance:
To get Zo, source current Is is shorted Is = Ii + If
Ii = Is –If
= -If
Io = AIi + (Vo / Zo)

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= -A If + (Vo / Zo)
= (Vo / Zo) -β A Io
Io (1 + A β) = Vo / Zo
Zof = Vo / Io
= Zo (1 + A β)
Zo is increased by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given.

(iv) Voltage – Shunt feedback (Shunt -Shunt feedback):

Output voltage is fed in parallel with the input current

A = Vo / Iiβ = If / Vo
Is = Ii + If
= Ii + β Vo
= Ii + β A Ii
= Ii (1 + A β)
Af = Vo /Is
= A Ii / [Ii (1 + A β)]
= A / (1 + A β)
Gain is reduced by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Input Impedance:
Zif = Vi / Is
= Vi / (Ii + If)
= Vi / (Ii + β Vo)
= Vi / (Ii + β A Ii)
= Vi / Ii (1 + A β)
= Zi / (1 + A β)
Zi gets reduced by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Output Impedance:
To get Zo, source current Is is shorted Is = 0
Ii = Is –If Ii = -IfIf = β Vo
Vo = Io Zo + A Ii
= Io Zo –A β Vo
Vo (1 + A β) = Io Zo
Zof = Vo / Io
= Zo / (1 + A β)
Zo gets reducedby (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given

2. Explain about Voltage shunt and voltage series feedback and derive the expression for input
impedance, output impedance and voltage gain. Derive the bandwidth with feedback. (Dec 2013,
June 2014)
Voltage Shunt (8)
Voltage Series (8)
(i) Block diagram of Voltage –Shunt feedback (Shunt -Shunt feedback):
Output voltage is fed in parallel with the input current

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Derive Gian with feedback (Af):

Af = Vo /Is = A / (1 + A β)
Derive Input Impedance (Zif):
Zif = Zi / (1 + A β)
Derive Output Impedance (Zof):
Zof = Zo / (1 + A β)

(ii) Block diagram of Voltage –Series feedback:

Input voltage & feedback voltage are in series

Derive Gian with feedback (Af):

Af = A / (1 + Aβ)
Derive Input Impedance (Zif):
Zif = Zi.(1 + Aβ)
Derive Output Impedance (Zof):
Zof = Zo / (1 + Aβ)

3. Explain about Current shunt and Current series feedback and derive the expression for input
impedance, output impedance and voltage gain. (Dec 2013)
Current shunt (8)
Current Series (8)
(i) Block diagram of Current –Series feedback (Series–Series feedback):
Voltage proportional to output current is fed back to the input in series with the voltage source.

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Derive Gian with feedback (Af):

Af = A / (1 + Aβ)
Derive Input Impedance (Zif):
Zif = Zi.(1 + Aβ)
Derive Output Impedance (Zof):
Zof = Zo / ( 1 + Aβ)

(ii) Block diagram of Current –Shunt feedback (Shunt -Series feedback):

Input current & feedback current are in series

Derive Gian with feedback (Af):

Af = A / (1 + Aβ)
Derive Input Impedance (Zif):
Zif = Zi./(1 + Aβ)
Derive Output Impedance (Zof):
Zof = Zo.(1 + Aβ)

4. Briefly explain the effect of negative feedback on gain, bandwidth, noise and distortion. (Dec
2013)
Derivation for gain (4)
Bandwidth (4)
Noise (4)
Distortion (4)
(i) Important Advantages of Negative Feedback:
1. Improved stability
2. Reduced distortion
3. Reduced noise
4. Increase in input impedance
5. Decrease in output impedance
6. Increase in bandwidth
7. (Reduction in gain)

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(ii) Explanation for Improved stability:

When the input signal tries to increase, the negative feedback gives more correction & prevents the
output from raising,
Af = A / (1 + A β)
When A β is very large, Af = 1 / β i.e. the closed loop gain depends only on β
It is independent of variations in temperature, transistor parameters etc.
Hence more stable.
(iii) Explanation for Reduction in distortion:
When the signal amplitude becomes very large, it may exceed the cut-off point & the saturation point
which will result in amplitude distortion. But negative feedback reduces the gain. Further the negative
feedback provides greater correction as the signal amplitude tries to increase. Thus, it prevents
distortion
(iv) Explanation for Noise reduction:
In the same way, the noise also is kept under check by the negative feedback.
(v) Explanation for Bandwidth:
Justify the increase in bandwidth when feedback is given.
BW f  (1  Amid  ) BW

5. Identify the topology with justification for the circuit shown in figure. Transistor used are
identical and have parameters hie = 2K, hfe = 50 and hre = hoe =0.
Identify the topology (2)
Basic Amplifier (6)
Problem solving (8)

(i) Identify the topology:

Since the feedback element is directly connected to the output branch & indirectly connected to the
input side, it is Voltage series feedback.
(ii) Draw the equivalent circuit:
(a) To find the input circuit, Set Vo=0 which makes parallel combination of 3.3K.
(b) To find the output circuit, set Ii=0. This places 3.3K and 3.3K in series across the output.
(iii) Find the Voltage gain without feedback and β:
Av=Av1 x Av2, Where Av2=Vo/Vi2 and Av1=Vi2/Vi1, β=Vf/Vo.
Ans: Av2= -165, Av1= -1.114, Av=183.86, β=0.5.
Find the Voltage gain with feedback:
Avf=Av/(1+βAv)
Ans: 1.978

6. (i) What are the steps to be carried out for the complete analysis of a feedback amplifier? (8)
Step 1: Identify the basic topology.
Step 2: Draw the basic amplifier circuit without feedback, following the rules listed below.
To find the Input circuit:
(i) Set Vo=0 (Short the output node)
(ii) Set Io=0 (Open the output loop)

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To find the Output circuit:

(i) Set Vi=0 (Short circuit the Input node)
(ii) Set Ii=0 (Open the Input loop)
Step 3: Use a Thevenin’s source if Xf is a Voltage and a Norton’s source if Xf is a current.
Step 4: Replace each active device by the proper model. (Eg: Hybrid-π model for a transistor at high
frequency or h parameter model for a transistor at low frequency).
Step 5: Indicate Xf and Xo on the circuit obtained by carrying out step 2,3 and 4. Evaluate β=Xf/Xo.
Where Xf – Feedback Voltage or Current, Xo=Output Voltage or Current.
Step 6: Evaluate gain (A), by applying KVL and KCL to equivalent circuit obtained after step 4.
Step 7: From A and β, find Af, Rif, Rof and R’of.

(ii) With typical example compare current series and voltage shunt feed amplifiers. (8)
Parameter Voltage Series Voltage shunt Current Series Current Shunt
feedback feedback feedback feedback
Gain Decreases decreases decreases decreases
Stability Increases increases increases increases
Noise Decreases decreases decreases decreases
Distortion Decreases decreases decreases decreases
Zi Increases decreases increases decreases
Zo Decreases decreases increases increases

7. Sketch the block diagram of a feedback amplifier and derive the expressions for gain 1) With
positive feedback. (8) 2) With negative feedback. State the advantages of negative feedback. (8)
Short notes on Positive feedback:
If the input signal & the feedback signal are in phase, then it is called Positive feedback
Positive feedback increases the input & hence output also increases
Positive feedback may result in oscillation
Derive the expression for Gain with Positive feedback:
A
Af  (For positive feedback Af >A)
1  A
Short notes on Negative feedback:
If the input signal & the feedback signal are 180 out of phase, then it is called Negative feedback
Negative feedback decreasesthe input & hence output also decreases
It may reduce distortion
Derive the expression for Gain with Negative feedback:
A
Af  (For negative feedback Af < A)
1  A
Important Advantages of Negative Feedback:
1. Improved stability
2. Reduced distortion
3. Reduced noise
4. Increase in input impedance
5. Decrease in output impedance
6. Increase in bandwidth

8. (i) For a feedback amplifier, derive the expressions for (1) the gain with feedback, (2) Lower
cut-off frequency and (3) Upper cut-off frequency. (8) (June 2012)
(i) Derive the expression for Gain with feedback:
A
Af  (For negative feedback Af < A)
1  A
(ii) Derive the expression for Lower cut-off frequency:
fL
f Lf 
1  Amid 

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(ii) Derive the expression for Upper cut-off frequency:

f Hf  (1  Amid  ) f H
(ii) If an amplifier has a bandwidth of 300 KHz and a voltage gain of 100, what will be the new
bandwidth and gain if 10% negative feedback is introduced? What will be the gain-bandwidth
product before and after feedback? What should be the amount of feedback if the bandwidth is
to be limited to 800 KHz? (8) (June 2012)
Find the Gain and Bandwidth with feedback:
Given: BW=300KHz, Av=100
Formulae:
Av
Gain with feedback: Avf 
1  Av 
Bandwidth with feedback: BW f  (1  Amid  ) BW
Substitute the given values and find out the values.
Ans: Af=50, BWf=600KHz.

9. (i) What is the effect of a current series negative feedback on input resistance and output
resistance of a BJT amplifier? Explain the same, with necessary circuit, equivalent circuit and
equations. (8) (June 2012)
Voltage proportional to output current is fed back to the input in series with the voltage source.

Draw the equivalent circuit:

Derive Input impedance:
Zif = Zi( 1 + Aβ)
Zi increases by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given
Derive Output impedance:
Zof = Zo / ( 1 + Aβ)
Zo decreases by (1 + Aβ) when feedback is given

(ii) A current series feedback amplifier is as shown below. It has the following parameters.
R1=R2=20 KΩ, hie=2KΩ, RL=1KΩ and Re=100Ω, hfe=80, hre=hoe=0. Calculate Av, β, Rif and Avf.
(8) (June 2012)

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Formulae:
h fe Re
Av 
hie
Re

Rc
Av
Avf 
1  Av 
Ri  ( R1 || R2 ) || hie
Rif  Ri (1  Av  )
Ans: Av=4, β=0.1, Avf=2.857, Ri=1.66 KΩ, Rif=2.33 KΩ.

10. For the amplifier circuit shown below, hfe=50, hre=hoe=0, hie=1.1KΩ. (i) Identify the topology.(2)
(ii) Obtain the basic amplifier circuit.(6) (iii) Calculate the voltage gain, input resistance and
output resistance.(8)

To find the input circuit:

Set Vo=0. Then R’ will be grounded at the input side.
To find the output circuit:
Set Vi=0. Then R’ will be grounded at the output side.
To find β:
β=If/Vo
Since If=-Vo/R’, β=-1/R’
Gain with feedback (or) Trans-resistance:
Rmf = Rm/1+βRm.
Input Resistance:
Ri=R||hie where R=Rs||R’.
Output Resistance:
Ro=Rc||R’.
Ans: β= -2x10-5, Rmf = 50, R=8.33 KΩ, Ri=0.971 KΩ, Ro= 2.10 KΩ.

UNIT II - OSCILLATORS
PART–B
1. With a neat diagram explain about RC phase shift oscillator using BJT and derive the
expression for frequency of oscillation and condition of oscillation. Also discuss about frequency
stability of an oscillator (June 2012, Dec 2013, June 2014)
Draw the Circuit Diagram(6)

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Derive the Condition for oscillation: (5)

hie =56
Derive the frequency of ocsillation: (5)

2. With a neat diagram explain about RC phase shift oscillator using FET and derive the
expression for frequency of oscillation and condition of oscillation.
Draw the Circuit Diagram:(6)

Derive the Condition for oscillation: (5)

Derive the Frequency of oscillation: (5)

3. With a neat diagram explain about Wien Bridge oscillator and derive the expression for
frequency of oscillation and condition of oscillation.
Draw the Circuit Diagram: (6)

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Transistorised Wein Bridge Oscillator:

Derive the Condition for oscillation: (5)

Derive the Frequency of oscillation: (5)

4. With a neat diagram explain about Twin -T oscillator and derive the expression for frequency
of oscillation and condition of oscillation. (Dec 2013)
Draw the Circuit Diagram: (6)

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Derive the Frequency of oscillation: (10)

5. With a neat diagram explain about Colpitt oscillator & derive the expression for frequency of
oscillation and condition of oscillation. (June 2014)
Draw the Circuit Diagram: (6)

Derive the Condition for oscillation: (5)

Derive the Frequency of oscillation: (5)

Where,

6. Explain the drawback of Colpitt oscillator and how it is overcome in Clapp oscillator (June
2014).
Introduction to Colpitt and Clapp oscillator circuits: (6)
Drawback of Colpitt oscillator: (10)
Frequency of the Signal generated cannot be changed. It is overcome in the Clapp oscillator by using
a variable capacitor in the tank circuit.

7. With a neat diagram explain about Hartley oscillator & derive the expression for frequency of
oscillation and condition of oscillation. (Dec 2013)
Draw the Circuit Diagram: (6)

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Derive the Condition for oscillation: (5)

Where,

Derive the Frequency of oscillation: (5)

Where,

8. With a neat diagram explain about Clapp oscillator & derive the expression for frequency of
oscillation and condition of oscillation.
Draw the Circuit Diagram: (6)

Derive the Condition for oscillation: (5)

hie = C2 /C1
Derive the Frequency of oscillation: (5)

Where,

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9. (i) Define piezoelectric effect. Draw the equivalent circuit of quartz crystal oscillator. (8)
Definition of Piezoelectric effect: (2)
Under the influence of the mechanical pressure, the voltage gets generated across the opposite faces
of the crystal.
Equivalent circuit: (6)

Expression for operating frequency:

(ii) Explain about pierce crystal oscillator. (8)

Draw the Circuit Diagram: (4)

Explanation: (4)
10. A colpitt oscillator is designed with C1 = 100pF and C2 = 7500pF. The inductance is variable.
Determine the range of inductance values, if the frequency of oscillation is to vary between 950
KHz and 2050 KHz. (16)
Formula for Frequency of oscillation:

Where,

Find the equivalent capacitance Ceq.

Substitute the first frequency value i.e. f=950 KHz. Find the inductance value. (L1)
Substitute the second frequency value i.e. f=2050 KHz. Find the inductance value. (L2)
Ans: L1=0.284mH and L2=61μH.

11. With neat circuit diagram, explain the working principle of the following oscillators. (i) Tuned
collector oscillator,(5) (ii) Franklin oscillator, (6) (iii) Armstrong oscillator. (5) (June 2012)

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Circuit diagram of Tuned Collector oscillator:

Circuit diagram of Franklin oscillator:

Franklin oscillator with parallel resonating circuit:

Franklin oscillator with series resonating circuit:

Circuit diagram of Armstrong oscillator:

Condition for oscillations:

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Frequency of sustained oscillations:

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