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A Review On Methods Application and Properties of Immobilized Enzyme

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A Review on Methods, Application and Properties


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Chemical Science Review and Letters ISSN 2278-6783

Research Article

A Review on Methods, Application and Properties of Immobilized Enzyme


Nisha S, Arun Karthick S and Gobi N*

Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract industry, etc. Enzyme immobilization improves


the operational stability and is also due to the
Immobilized enzymes are widely used for increased enzyme loading which causes the
variety of applications. Based on the type of controlled diffusion. Several hundreds of
application, the method of immobilization and enzymes are immobilized and used for various
support material can be selected. The large scale industries. Immobilization technique
immobilized enzymes can be separated from the reduces the effluent treatment costs and this
reaction mixture and reused and also paper reviews the methods and applications of
immobilized in order to prevent the enzyme immobilized enzymes.
from being exposed to harsh conditions, high
temperature, surfactants, and oxidizing agents *Correspondence
etc. the immobilized enzymes are also widely Gobi N,
used in food industry, pharmaceutical industry, Email: gobsnn@gmail.com,
bioremediation, detergent industry, textile Tel No: +91-9884845999.

Keywords: Enzyme immobilization, Methods, Applications and properties.

Introduction
An enzyme derived from an organism or cell culture that biotechnological method , but now due to rapid growth
catalyses metabolic reaction in living organisms and /or of nanotechnology, the synergistic interaction of two
substrate conversions in various chemical reactions. The technologies, the development of immobilized enzymes
enzymes are the potential catalyst works in mild on various nanomaterials using conventional methods
temperature, pressure, pH, substrate specificity under such as covalent and adsorption attachment [36] (Table
suitable reaction conditions and for the production of 1). B M Brena and F Batista have classified enzyme
desired products without any intermediate products as immobilization as Irreversible enzyme immobilization
contaminations for these advantages enzyme are used in and Reversible enzyme immobilization methods.
variety of application such as cosmetics, paper industry, Irreversible enzyme immobilization includes covalent
textile industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, binding and Entrapment. Reversible enzyme
laundry and in detergents etc [1-5]. The biotechnological immobilization includes adsorption, ionic binding,
method of producing enzyme is expensive; hence new affinity binding and metal binding [2]. Immobilization of
methods have been implemented to reduce the cost. The enzyme by enzymatic process is recently identified by
enzymes have various other limitations such as low researchers in order to avoid harsh immobilization.
stability, highly sensitive to the process conditions and
these problems can be overcome by the immobilization Enzyme Immobilization Methods
techniques [6-8]. Immobilized enzymes are being used
since 1916, when Nelson and Griffin discovered that Covalent Binding:
invertase when absorbed to charcoal has the ability to
hydrolyse the sucrose [9]. The possibility of Covalent binding is a conventional method for
immobilized enzyme for its reuse and stability was immobilization; it can be achieved by direct attachment
identified by Grubhofer and Schelth, reported the with the enzyme and the material through the covalent
covalent immobilization of several enzymes [10]. The linkage [37]. The covalent linkage is strong and stable
repeated assay can be done with the immobilized and the support material of enzymes includes
enzyme which reduces the cost of assay and the reuse of polyacrylamide, porous glass, agarose and porous silica
enzyme process is also very simple and it can be attained [38]. Covalent method of immobilization is mainly used
through ultrafiltration technique. In earlier days the when a reaction process does not require enzyme in the
immobilization of enzymes are carried out using product, this is the criteria to choose covalent

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Chemical Science Review and Letters ISSN 2278-6783

immobilization method. This covalent binding of the the addition of the reactive compound and the second
enzyme with the support material involves two main one is the modification of the polymer backbone to
steps such as, the activation of the support material by activate the matrix (Figure 1).
Table 1 Developmental Phases of Immobilized Enzymes

Phase Years Development


Early Phase 1916-1940 Glass [11], Alumina[12], Hydrophobic compound coated glass[13].
Non-specific physical adsorption of enzymes on solid carriers e.g
Underdeveloped Phase 1950 amylase on activated carbon, bentonite or clay [14], chymotrypsin on
kaolinite [15] AMP deaminase on silica [16],ribonuclease on the
anionic exchanger Dowex-2 [17]
Entrapment of whole cells in synthetic gel [18], Encapsulation in
Developing Phase 1960 artificial cell [19], Adsorption-cross-linking [20], Active site titration
[21], Cross-linked enzyme (CLE) [22], cross-linked enzyme crystals
(CLEC), Immobilization or post-treatment by denaturant [23]
Many new method subgroups, for example affinity binding and
Developed Phase 1970 coordination binding and many novel variations have been developed
[24]. Increased enzyme loading in order to enhance the activity [25,26]
Encagement (double encagement) [27,28], Covalent multilayer
Post Developed Phase 1980 immobilized enzymes [29], Organosoluble lipid-coated enzyme [30],
Introduction of genetically engineered tags [31]
Stability and activity in organic solvents [32,33], High enzyme loading
Rational Design Phase 1990-till now and less diffusion limitation [34], Development of single enzyme
nanoparticle [35]

The activation step produces the electrophilic group on contamination, proteins and enzymes in the micro
the support material, so that the support material couples environment [43]. Microencapsulation method is that the
/reacts with the strong nucleophiles on the proteins [2]. enzyme molecules are capsulated within spherical
For example glutaraldehyde is the activation method, in semipermeable membranes with a selective controlled
this reaction the amine group reacts with the activated permeability [44]. This method provides the large
matrix [39]. The covalent binding is normally formed surface area between polymeric material and the
between the functional group in the support matrix and enzyme. The drawback of this method is inactivation of
the enzyme surface that contains the amino acid enzyme during encapsulation [42].
residues. The amino acid residues involved in the
covalent binding are the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, Adsorption:
hydroxyl group of serine and threonine [40, 41]. The
attachment between the enzyme and the support material This is a simple method of preparing an immobilized
can be achieved either through direct linkage or through enzymes and the materials used for adsorption are
the spacer arm. The potentiality of using the spacer arm activated charcoal, Alumina, Ion exchange resins, this
is that it provides the greater degree of the mobility to method is cheap and easy for use and the disadvantage
the enzymes hence the enzymes show the higher activity is a weak binding force between the carrier and the
when compared to the direct attachment. enzyme [45]. This method comes under carrier bound
immobilization and the process of immobilization is
Entrapment: reversible. Adsorption is the easiest and oldest
immobilization techniques [46]. The interaction between
Enzymes are occluded in the synthetic or natural the enzyme and the surface of the matrix through weak
polymeric networks, it is a permeable membrane which forces by salt linkage, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic
allows the substrates and the products to pass, but it bonds, ionic bonds and van der waals forces. Based on
retains the enzyme inside the network, the entrapment the charges of the matrix and the protein arrangements
can be achieved by the gel, fibre entrapping and the strongly bound, but not distorted enzyme will be
microencapsulation [42]. The advantage of entrapment formed [47]. The advantage of enzyme adsorption is
of enzyme immobilization is fast, cheap and mild minimum activation step and as a result of minimum
conditions required for reaction process. The activation, no reagents required. It is cheap and easy way
disadvantage is that limitation in mass transfer. The of immobilization.
support matrix protects the enzymes from microbial

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Chemical Science Review and Letters ISSN 2278-6783

Ionic Binding: covalent immobilization the process will be reversed by


changing the temperature polarity and ionic strength
The bonding involved between the enzyme and the conditions. This principle is similar to protein-ligand
support material is salt linkages. The nature of this non interactions principles used in chromatography [48].

Figure 1 Shows pictorial representation of different Enzyme Immobilization methods


a) Covalent Binding b) Entrapment c) Encapsulation d) Adsorption e) Ionic Binding
f) Affinity Binding and g) Metal ion Immobilization

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Chemical Science Review and Letters ISSN 2278-6783

Affinity Binding: The immobilized enzymes are used for the production of
syrups. Immobilized beta-galactosidase used for lactose
The immobilization of enzyme linked to the matrix hydrolysis in whey for the production of bakers yeast.
through the specific interactions. The Two methods are The enzyme is linked to porous silica matrix through
being followed in affinity immobilization. The first covalent linkage. This method is not preferably used due
method is the activation of the support material which to its cost and the other technique developed by Valio in
contains the coupled affinity ligand, so that the enzyme 1980, the enzyme galactosidase was linked to resin (food
will be added. The advantage of this method is the grade) through cross linking. This method was used for
enzyme is not exposed to any harsh chemicals the various purposes such as confectionaries and
conditions. The second method, the enzyme modified to icecreams [54].
another molecule which has the ability to bind towards a
matrix [49]. Biodiesel Production:
Metal Linked immobilization: Biodiesel is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids.
Biodiesel is produced through triglycerides (vegetable
In metal linked enzyme immobilization, the metal salts oil, animal fat) with esterification of alcohol (methanol,
are precipitated over the surface of the carriers and it has ethanol) in the presence of the catalyst. The production
the potential to bind with the nucleophilic groups on the of catalyst is a drawback of high energy requirements,
matrix. The precipitation of the meatl ion on the carrier recovery of glycerol and side reaction which may affect
can be achieved by heating. This method is simple and the pollution. Hence the biological production of liquid
the activity of the immobilized enzymes is relatively fuel with lipases nowadays has a great consideration
high (30-80%). The carrier and the enzyme can be with a rapid improvement [55]. Lipase catalyses the
separated by decreasing the pH, hence it is a reversible reaction with less energy requirements and mild
process [64].The matrix and the enzyme can be conditions required. But the production of lipase is of
regenerated, by the process. high cost, hence the immobilization of lipase which
results in repeated use and stability [56, 57]. The
Application of the Immobilized Enzymes: immobilization of lipase includes several methods
entrapment, encapsulation, cross linking, adsorption and
Biomedical Application: covalent bonding. Adsortion method of immobilization
is widely used in recent years when compared to
Immobilized enzymes are used in medicine from 1990 covalent bond, entrapment and cross linking [58]. In the
[50,51], immobilized enzymes are used for diagnosis biological production of biodiesel the methanol
and treatment of diseases in the medical field. The inactivates the the lipase, hence the immobilization
inborn metabolic deficiency can be overcome by method is an advantage for the biodiesel production [59].
replacing the encapsulated enzymes (i.e, enzymes The low cost of lipase, candida sp as origin is of more
encapsulated by erythrocytes) instead of waste industrial use [60]. The nanostructured carriers are with
metabolites, the RBC acts as a carrier for the exogenous high porosity [61], natural material activated carbon
enzyme drugs and the enzymes are biocompatable in [62], celite, zeolite [63]. The carriers for lipase
nature, hence there is no immune response [52]. The immobilization by covalent attachment of olive pomace
enzyme encapsulation through the electroporation is a [64], resins [65], Polyurethane foam [66], chitosan [67],
easiest way of immobilization in the biomedical field silica [68] and magnetic nanostructures [69], When
and it is a reversible process for which enzyme can be compared to the natural support material chitosan is used
regenerated [53]. The enzymes when combined with the for enzyme binding, the immobilized lipase retains its
biomaterials it provides biological and functional stability for 10 cycles of pomace oil, esterification, while
systems. The biomaterials are used in tissue engineering maintaining 80% residual activity [70].
application for repair of the defect. The advantage of the
enzyme immobilization in biomedical is that the free Wastewater Treatment:
enzymes are consumed by the cells and not active for
prolonged use, hence the immobilized enzymes remains The increasing consumption of fresh water and water
stable, to stimulate the growth and to repair the defect. bodies are mixed up with polluted industrial waste water
The cancer therapy is delivery of enzymes to the and the waste water treatments are necessary at present.
oncogenic sites have been improved with new methods. The sources of dye effluents are textile industry, paper
The nanoparticles and nanospheres are often used as industry, leather industry and the effluents are rich in
enzyme carriers for the delivery of therapeutic agents. dye colourants. These effluents are threat to the
environment and even in low concentration it is
Food industry Application: carcinogenic. Nowadays enzymes are used to degrade
the dye stuffs. The enzymes used in the wastewater
In food industry, the purified enzymes are used but treatments are preoxidases, laccase, azo reductases.
during the purification the enzymes will denature. Hence These enzymes due to harsh conditions like extreme
the immobilization technique makes the enzymes stable. temperature, low or high pH and high ionic strength may

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lose its activity; to overcome this problem immobilized industry are protease which is used to remove the stains
enzymes are used. The Horse radish Peroxidases are of blood, egg, grass and human sweat. Amylase used to
entrapped in calcium alginate beads, this method is still remove the starch based stains like potatoes, gravies,
in lab scale research [71]. The immobilized laccase chocolate. Lipase used to remove the stains of oil and
enzyme has the ability to degrade dyes anthracinoid dye, fats and also used to remove the stains in cuffs and
Lancet blue and Ponceau red [72]. Adsorption method is collars. Cellulase is used for cotton based fabrics in
widely used because of its easy regeneration. During the order to improve softening, colour brightening and to
covalent method of immobilization the conformational remove soil stains [82, 83]. Nowadays Biotech cleaning
change in the enzyme occurs which will affect the agents are widely used in the detergent industries. When
activity of the enzyme [73]. In Single Enzyme compared to synthetic detergents the biobased detergents
Nanoparticle, the enzyme is protected by a nanometer have good cleaning property [84].
thick substance as it provides the large surface area. SEN
has the ability to retain its activity during the extreme The enzymes based detergents can be used in
conditions. SEN is also used in the removal of heavy low quantity when compared to the synthetic detergent,
metals from the waste water [74]. it has increased biodegradability, does not affect the
environment works well in low temperature, and these
Lipase has the ability to hydrolyse oil and fats to are the advantages of enzymes in detergent industry. The
long chain fatty acid and glycerol. The immobilized immobilized enzymes are also used in immobilized
lipase is of high interest for the hydrolysis of oils and enzymes. Proteases hydrolyse the proteins, and protease
fats for treating the waste water from the food industry. cannot be used for keratin based fabric wool and silk
The drawback of the conventional treatment methods is which cause adverse damage to the garment. So protease
slow biodegradability, oil and fats are absorbed on the directly cannot be used for wool and silk garments,
surface of sludge [75]. Researchers are now focusing on protease loses its stability in the presence of surfactants
the treatment with immobilized lipase. Lipase and oxidizing agents, hence protease is immobilized by
immobilized on the sol gel / calcium alginate with the covalently linking with Eudragit S-100 using
size of 82µm, immobilized lipase. Immobilized lipase carbodiimide coupling [85]. The immobilized protease
operated for 100 days in continuous sludge without any treated with wool for 72hrs with 100U at 40oC the free
problem, does not produced foam in the reactor [76]. enzyme was degraded the wool but the immobilized
enzyme retained 76% of the tensile strength of wool
Textile Industry: [86]. Protease also immobilized by entrapment method
with polyacryamide gel, the enzyme retained its activity
The enzymes derived from microbial origin are of great for about 6 cycles with incubation time of 20 min at 55
o
interest in textile industry. The enzymes such as C for each cycles, by this immobilization method,
cellulase, amylase, liccase, pectinase, cutinase etc and protease activity is retained for about 83%of the initial
these are used for various textile applications such as activity after six cycles [87]. The lipase immobilization
scouring,biopolishing, desizing, denim finishing, treating is carried in order to prevent lipase from protease action
wools etc. Among these enzymes cellulase has been and surfactant inhibition lipase is immobilized on
widely used from the older period to till now. The textile acrylamine glass beads coated with zirconia with the size
industries now turned to enzyme process instead of using of 55nm. The Maximum activity was found for
harsh chemical which affects the pollution and cause immobilized lipase at the pH of 6.5 and for free enzyme
damage to the fabrics [77]. The processing of fabrics it is 7.5 [88].
with enzymes requires high temperatures and increased
pH, the free enzymes does not able to withstand the Properties of Immobilized Enzymes:
extreme conditions. Hence, enzyme immobilization for
this process able to withstand at extreme and able to The stability of the immobilized enzymes is based on the
maintains its activity for more than 5-6 cycles. temperature and time. The activity of the enzyme is
PolyMethyl Methacrylateis linked with cellulase retained throughout series of cycles. Due to
covalently. In this method the nanoparticle is immobilization, the properties of enzymes will be altered
synthesized with cellulase as core particle [78-80]. such as catalytic activity with respect to the support
Endoglucanase is a component of Cellulase enzyme, matrix. The change in the enzyme properties in the
Endoglucanase is microencapsulated with Arabic Gum is immobilized enzyme is due to the enzyme and the
a natural polymer with the biodegradable property is substrate reacts in the microenvironment which is
used as a matrix for encapsulation of endoglucanase. different from the enzyme substrate reaction in the bulk
Encapsulation of endoglucanase prevented it to retain its solution environment. The change is also due to the
activity in the presence of detergents [81]. change in the three dimensional conformation of the
protein when linked with the support matrix. These
Detergent Industry: conformational changes are to a lesser extent and these
changes occur in the limited enzyme systems [89].
The detergent industry also employs enzymes for Enzyme immobilization improves the operational
removal of stains. The enzymes used in detergent stability and is also due to the increased enzyme loading

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Chemical Science Review and Letters ISSN 2278-6783

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Che Sci Rev Lett 2012, 1(3), 148-155 Article CS17204211 154
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[88] Mohsen Fathi Najafi, Dileep Deobagkar, Deepti © 2012, by the Authors. The articles published from this
Deobagkar Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, journal are distributed to the public under “Creative
2005 ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol. 8 No. 2. Commons Attribution License”
[89] M. Sharma, V Kumar and C S Pundir, Indian (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Therefore,
journal of Biotechnology, vol 7, 2008,pp 328-332 upon proper citation of the original work, all the articles
[90] Trevan, M, Effect of immobilization of enzyme can be used without any restriction or can be distributed
activity in Immobilized enzymes, An introduction in any medium in any form.
and application in biotechnology wiley Chichester-
Newyork, 1980, pp.11-56
Received : 17th, November, 2012
Accepted : 23rd, November, 2012
Online : 10th, December, 2012

Che Sci Rev Lett 2012, 1(3), 148-155 Article CS17204211 155

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