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Experiment 5

Aim: To configure the modem of a computer.

A modem is a device that modulates a digital signal into an analog signal. The signal then is
demodulated back into a digital signal at the receiving modem. A modem allows a user to do a
variety of tasks, including:

 Connect to the Internet

 Connect to a remote network
 Connect to another PC directly
 Send and receive faxes
 Accept incoming phone calls

There are different types of modems available. The selection of the modem depends upon the
requirement and network structure.

The types of available modems include

1. Analog
2. Digital subscriber line (DSL)
3. Cable
4. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

1. Analog : Analog modems are used for dial-up connections. Two types internal fax
modem is attached to the internal slot of the mother boards. These modems are categorized as
full duplex and half duplex modems. These modems are used for fax and internet
communications. These modems can also be used for data and voice communications.

For the PC card modem, a PCI slot or even sometimes an ISA slot is required, depending on
the available interface your motherboard uses to receive the modem. Internal computer
modems are used with Dial-Up Internet connection through a couple of RJ-11 connection. Also
called copper telephone lines, the RJ-11 allows computer to receive and send data as explained
above. Internal computer modems are usually 56K modems which mean that the modem is
able to receive 56 Kbits/s (56 kilobits or 56000 bits per second) of data. This kind of data
transmission is called downstream transmission, came from a provider and transmitted over
telephone lines. Commonly it is the standard bandwidth with telephones lines.

Internet is a two-way system, data must also flow from the client to the (server) provider. For
this purpose the computer can use 56K modems V90 to flow back 33.6 Kbits/s of upstream
transmission rate. On the other hand the 56K modems V 92 is able to provide 48 Kbits/s of
upstream transmission rate.

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External Fax Modem

These are similar to internal modems but it connects to the communication port and placed
outside of the CPU. These are used for the same purposes. External modem is a small box that
uses other kind of interfaces to be connected to the computer.

It could be a serial modem, named thus because it uses the serial port to connect to the
computer. Usually installed on the back of the computer, the serial port is an easy-to-install
option for the external modem. The same small box, on the other hand, can be an USB modem
which normally uses USB port usually placed on the back or in front of the computer.

2. Cable modem. The cable modem uses a coaxial cable television lines to provide a
greater bandwidth than the dial-up computer modem. An extremely fast access to the Web is
providing by the cable modem with downstream transmission up to 38 Mbits/s and an
upstream transmission up to 1 Mbits/s.

Unfortunately this transmission rate fluctuates with the number of users because of the shared
bandwidth on which the cable technology is based.

3. ISDN and DSL Modem:

For broadband internet communication we can have the ISDN and DSL modems. These
modems provides faster communication depend upon the package and services of the service
provider.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) modem is exclusively used for connections from a telephone
switching office to the user. This technology, available and frequently usable, split up into two
main categories:

ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subcriber Lines) is used in North America and supports from 1.5
Mbits/s up to 9 Mbits/s of downstream transmission rate and up to 3 Mbits/s of upstream
transmission rate.

Installing a modem

Installing a modem is not difficult work. As most computers today ship with a modem installed
already, you’re likely to find yourself replacing modems more often than installing them from
scratch.

1. Power off the computer and disconnect all cords from the PC. Open the case of the computer
according to the manufacturer’s guidelines.

2. If you are replacing a modem, remove the old modem from its bus. If you’re adding a new
modem, confirm that the modem you’re about to add has an available bus on the
motherboard.

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3. If necessary, remove the plate that allows access to the modem on the back of the PC. Insert
the new modem into the appropriate slot. The card should fit snugly and firmly with a
satisfying snap.

4. Screw the modem into place and replace the case’s cover and all of the cords.

5. Most modems have two “jacks” or receptacles. The first jack connects to the telephone line.
The second jack connects to a telephone, caller-ID station, or fax machine. The modem can
route the call to the appropriate device if the call is not meant for it. Connect the modem
directly to the incoming phone line and then connect the phone to the modem’s second
phone port. Modems accept RJ-11 connectors, the transceiver on the end of a standard
phone line.

Configuring a modem

Windows 9x and Windows 2000 both use Plug-and-Play to detect and install modems. In some
instances, the modem may not be detected properly through Plug-and-Play. You can use either the
Device Manager in the System or Modems applets in the Windows Control Panel to confirm that
your modem has been detected and installed properly.

If you find that your modem has not been installed, you will have to add your modem manually
using the Add New Hardware Wizard in the Add/Remove Hardware applet of the Control Panel.

As with most hardware, the drivers for the modem are typically included with the modem on a CD.

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Experiment 6

Aim: To install WIN NT/Windows 2000 Server.

Step: 1
When you run the Windows 2000 Server Setup program, you must provide information about how
to install and configure the operating system. Installation of W2K more efficient by helping you to
avoid potential problems during installation. An understanding of the configuration options will
also help to ensure that you have properly configured your system.

You should take into consideration when planning for your Windows Server 2000 installation:

 Check System Requirements

 Check Hardware and Software Compatibility

 Determine Disk Partitioning Options

 Choose the Appropriate File System: FAT, FAT32, NTFS

 Decide on a Workgroup or Domain Installation

 Complete a Pre-Installation Checklist

After you made sure you can go on, start the installation process.

Step: 2 installation process

You can install Windows 2000 Server in several methods - all are valid and good, it all depends
upon your needs and your limitations.

Manual installations usually come in 3 flavors:

 Boot from CD - No existing partition is required.

 Boot from the 4 Setup Boot Disks, then insert the CD - No existing partition is required.

 Boot from an MS-DOS startup floppy, go to the command prompt, create a 4GB FAT32
partition with FDISK, reboot, format the C partition you've created, then go to the CD
drive, go into the I386 folder, and run the WINNT.EXE command.

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 Run an already installed OS, such as Windows NT 4.0 Server. From within NT 4.0 go to
the I386 folder in the W2K installation CD and run the WINNT32.EXE command.

 If you want to upgrade a desktop OS such as Windows 98 into Windows 2000 Professional
you can follow the same procedure as above (You cannot upgrade Windows 98 into W2K
Server).

There are other non-manual installation methods, such as using an unattended file along with a
uniqueness database file, using Sysprep, using RIS or even running unattended installations from
within the CD itself, but we won't go into that right now.

Step: 3 The text-based portion of the Setup program

The setup process begins loading a blue-looking text screen (not GUI). In that phase you will be
asked to accept the EULA and choose a partition on which to install W2K, and if that partition is
new, you'll be asked to format it by using either FAT, FAT32 or NTFS.

1. Start the computer from the CD.

2. You can press F6 if you need to install additional SCSI adapters or other mass-storage
devices. If you do you will be asked to supply a floppy disk with the drivers and you
CANNOT browse it (or a CD for that matter). Make sure you have one handy.

3. Setup will load all the needed files and drivers.

4. Select To Setup W2K Now. If you want, and if you have a previous installation of the OS,
you can try to fix it by pressing R. If not, just press ENTER.

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5. In case your server is a new one, or it is using a new hard disk that hasn't been partitioned
yet, you'll get a warning message. Read it, and if you want to continue, press C.

6. Read and accept the licensing agreement and press F8 if you accept it.

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7. Select or create the partition on which you will install W2K. Depending upon your existing
disk configuration choose one of the following:

 If the hard disk is not yet partitioned, you can create and size the partition on which you
will install Windows 2000. Press C.

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 If the hard disk is new and you want to create a partition that will span the entire hard
disk's size - press Enter.

Other options (L)

 If the hard disk is already partitioned, but has enough unpartitioned disk space, you can
create an additional partition in the unpartitioned space.
 If the hard disk already has a partition that is large enough, you can install Windows 2000
on that partition. If the partition has an existing operating system, you will overwrite that
operating system if you accept the default installation path. However, files other than the
operating system files, such as program files and data files, will not be overwritten.

 If the hard disk has an existing partition, you can delete it to create more unpartitioned
space for the new partition. Deleting an existing partition erases all data on that partition.

If you select a new partition during Setup, create and size only the partition on which you will
install Windows 2000. After installation, use Disk Management to partition the remaining space on
the hard disk.

8. Select a file system for the installation partition. After you create the partition on which you
will install W2K, you can use Setup to select the file system with which to format the partition.
W2K supports the NTFS file system in addition to the file allocation table (FAT) and FAT32
file systems. Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000, and Windows
NT are the only Microsoft operating systems that you can use to gain access to data on a local
hard disk that is formatted with NTFS. If you plan to gain access to files that are on a local
W2K partition with the Microsoft Windows 95 or Windows 98 operating systems, you should
format the partition with a FAT or FAT32 file system. We will use NTFS.

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Setup will then begin copying necessary files from the installation point (CD, local I386 or
network share).

Note: If you began the installation process from an MS-DOS floppy, make sure you have and
run SMARTDRV from the floppy, otherwise the copying process will probably last more
than an hour, perhaps even more. With SMARTDRV (or if setup was run by booting
from CD) the copying will probably last a few minutes, no more than 5 max.

The computer will restart in graphical mode, and the installation will continue.

Step 4: The GUI-based portion of the Setup program

The setup process reboots and loads a GUI mode phase.

It will then begin to load device drivers based upon what it finds on your computer. You don't need
to do anything at this stage.

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If your computer stops responding during this phase (the progress bar is stuck almost half-way, and
there is no disk activity) - shut down your computer and begin removing hardware such as PCI and
ISA cards. If it works for you then later try to figure out how to make that specific piece of
hardware work (it's probably not in the HCL).

1. Click Customize to change regional settings, if necessary.

 Current System Locale - Affects how programs display dates, times, currency, and
numbers. Choose the locale that matches your location, for example, French (Canada).

 Current Keyboard Layout - Accommodates the special characters and symbols

used in different languages. Your keyboard layout determines which characters appear
when you press keys on the keyboard.

If you don't need to make any changes just press Next.

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If you do need to make changes press Customize and add your System Locale etc.

2. Type your name and organization.

3. Type the product key.

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4. Enter the appropriate license type and number of purchased licenses.

5. Type the computer name and a password for the local Administrator account. The local
Administrator account resides in the SAM of the computer, not in Active Directory. If you will
be installing in a domain, you need either a pre-assigned computer name for which a domain
account has been created, or the right to create a computer account within the domain.

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6. Choose which components to install or remove from the system.

7. Select the date, time, and time zone settings.

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8. Setup will now install the networking components.

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Press Next to accept the Typical settings option if you have one of the following situations:

 You have a functional DHCP on your network.

 You have a computer running Internet Connection Sharing (ICS).

 You're in a workgroup environment and do not plan to have any other servers or Active
Directory at all, and all other workgroup members are configured in the same manner.

Otherwise select Custom Settings and press Next to customize your network settings.

9. Highlight the TCP/IP selection and press Properties.

In the General tab enter the required information. You must specify the IP address of the computer,
and if you don't know what the Subnet Mask entry should be - you can simply place your mouse
pointer over the empty area in the Subnet Mask box and click it. The OS will automatically select
the value it thinks is good for the IP address you provided.

In the above screenshot I've configured the computer with a valid IP address for MY network,
along with the Default Gateway and the address of MY DNS server.

In the Workgroup or Domain window enter the name of your workgroup or domain.

A workgroup is a small group of computers on a network that enables users to work together
and does not support centralized administration.

A domain is a logical grouping of computers on a network that has a central security database
for storing security information. Centralized security and administration are important for
computers in a domain because they enable an administrator to easily manage computers that
are geographically distant from each other. A domain is administered as a unit with common

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rules and procedures. Each domain has a unique name, and each computer within a domain has
a unique name.

If you're a stand-alone computer, or if you don't know what to enter, or if you don't have the
sufficient rights to join a domain - leave the default entry selected and press Next.

If you want to join a domain (NT 4.0 domain of W2K/2003 Active Directory domain) enter the
domain's name in the "Yes, make this computer a member of the following domain" box.

To successfully join a domain you need the following:

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 The person performing the installation must have a user account in Active Directory.
This account does not need to be the domain Administrator account and
 The computer must have an existing computer account in the Active Directory database
of the domain that the computer is joining, and the computer must be named exactly as its
domain account is named or

 The person performing the installation must have appropriate permission to create a
domain account for the computer during installation.

Also, you need to have connectivity to the domain's domain and a fully functional DNS server.

Enter the Active Directory domain name (in the form of xxx.yyy, for example: DPETRI.NET)
Press Next.

Note: If you provide a wrong domain name or do not have the correct connectivity to the domain's
DNS server you will get an error message.

A username/password window will appear. Enter the name and password of the domain's
administrator (or your own if you're the administrator on the target domain).

Note: Providing a wrong username or password will cause this phase to fail.

10. Next the setup process will finish copying files and configuring the setup. You do
not need to do anything.

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11. After the copying and configuring phase is finished.

12. Setup finishes and displays the finish window. Unfortunately, you must press Finish
in order to reboot.

Windows 2000 reboots and you should get the CTRL-ALT-DEL window.

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Experiment 7

Aim: To configure a Hub/Switch.

Configuration Hub

Configure the Micro Hub 1503 with the configuration program that is a part of the hub's firmware.

There are two configuration modes:

 Guest mode
 Administrator mode (also called privileged mode). The commands available in guest mode
are a subset of those available in administrator mode.

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When you first connect to the hub, the configuration program is set to guest mode. If you are
connecting to the hub using Telnet, you must also enter a Telnet session password. To enter
administrator mode, use the enable command and enter the administrator password. You will then
be prompted to enter the enable password, as below:

Hub> enable
Password: <enable_password>

Setting the Administrator Password

Some commands require the user to enter a password before they can be entered. This is an
important feature because it prevents accidental or unauthorized changes to your hub settings and
to your network.

Set the password using the password command, as shown below:

Hub# password
Old Password: <old_password>
New Password: <new_password>
Hub#

Forgot Your Password?

If forget the password that provides access to administrator-level commands or if you forget the
password required for Telnet sessions, you can bypass the password requirement and set a new
password. You must be connected to the hub through the CONSOLE port to perform these steps.

Take the following steps:

Step 1 Turn the hub OFF, and wait 60 seconds before going to Step 2.

Step 2 Turn the hub ON, and wait while the following messages are displayed on the terminal:

Starting the system...

Boot option : bootp get ip

Enter BOOTP phase, wait or press Ctrl-C to break...

.....
Bootup Error: Timeout, no response from BOOTP server.

Press RETURN to start a new session

Step 3 Press Ctrl-C.

Step 4 When the following prompt appears, enter a new administrator password:

New administrator password: <new_password>

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Step 5 When the following prompt appears, re-enter the new password:

Confirm administrator password: <new_password>

Step 6 You are then prompted to enter and confirm a new Telnet session password, as follows:

New telnet-session password: <new_telnet-session_password>

Confirm telnet-session password: <new_telnet-session_password>

Step 7 The following message appears, confirming that new passwords have been accepted:

Administrator and telnet passwords are modified.

Welcome to Cisco hub model 150x

Configuration Using a PC

If you are configuring the hub with a PC, you need a type of communication software called
terminal emulation software to send commands to the hub.

Sr.
PC Operating System Software
No.

Terminal (included with the Windows

1 Windows 3.x or Windows NT 3.5x
software)

HyperTerm (included with the

2 Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.x
Windows software)

ProComm, VersaTerm, ZTerm

3 Macintosh
(supplied separately)

Terminal emulation software has changeable settings. To enable your PC to communicate to the
hub, specify the port used by your PC (for example, COM 1), and then configure the software
settings to the following:

 Terminal emulation type: ANSI

 Baud: 9600

 Data bit: 8

 Parity: None

 Stop bits: 1

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 Flow control: None

Configuring the Hub using a PC

This section describes basic hub configuration.

Before you configure a Micro Hub 1503, have the following information available:

 IP address and IP subnet mask that you will assign to the hub if you are accessing the
configuration program using Telnet or SNMP.
 IP address for the TFTP server if you want to use TFTP bootup feature.

 IP address for the BOOTP server if you want to use the BOOTP feature.

 IP address of the hub's gateway if you want to use Telnet or SNMP.

 IP addresses for authorized Trap Managers, if you want management stations to receive
trap messages generated by the hub.

Hub ID Numbers

This section describes how to determine the hub ID number of a particular Micro Hub in a stack of
Micro Hubs. Before configuring the hub, you should understand how hubs in a stack are identified.

You cannot manually assign a hub ID number to a hub in a stack. The hub ID number is assigned
based on how the hubs are cabled together.

Here are two rules that determine hub ID numbers in a stack of hubs:

1. The lowest hub ID number in a stack (1) is always assigned to the hub with another hub
connected to its OUT port and with no hub connected to its IN port.
2. The highest hub ID number in a stack (any number from 2 to 5) is always assigned to the
hub with no hub connected to its OUT port and with another hub connected to its IN port.

Figure 1 Hub ID Numbers for stacked hubs

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Configuring the hub takes place in three major steps:

1. Entering Administrator Mode

2. Configuring IP and SNMP Parameters

3. Configuring the SNMP Management Station

(A) Entering Administrator Mode

Step 1 Connect a console by following the instructions or start a Telnet session with the hub.

Connecting the CONSOLE Port

Applies only to the Micro Hub 1503; the Micro Hub 1502 and the 1501 do not have a CONSOLE
port.

Connect the Micro Hub 1503's CONSOLE port to a PC, or to a terminal, so that you can control
and monitor the hub using network management software or using terminal emulation software.

The terminal or terminal emulation software should be configured with the following settings:
9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity, and no flow control.

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Step 2 Turn the hub ON by setting the power switch to the ON (1) position.

Step 3 After a few seconds, you will see the user prompt. Use the enable command to enter
administrator mode:

Hub> enable

Step 4 After entering the command, you will be prompted to enter the administrator password. If
the administrator password has not been set, you can enter administrator mode by pressing
the Return key, as shown below:

Hub> enable
Password: <Return>
Hub#

(B) Configuring IP and SNMP Parameters

The figure 2 shows the network that is being configured:

Figure 2: Network

Step 1 Use the IP address command to configure the hub's IP address, subnet mask, and gateway
address:

Hub# ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1

Step 2 Use the SNMP community command to configure the SNMP communities and their
options:

Hub# snmp community 1 private rw

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Step 3 Use the IP trap-manager command to configure the IP address of the SNMP management
station:

Hub# ip trap-manager 1 172.16.20.2

Basic IP and SNMP configuration is now complete. To return to guest mode, enter exit. Enter exit
a second time to close the current terminal session:

Hub# exit
Hub> exit

(C) Configuring the SNMP Management Station

The SNMP management station receives traps from the Micro Hub 1503 (and any Micro Hubs
connected to it in a stack) by configuring the management station as follows:

1. Make sure the management station has entries for all the Micro Hubs in the stack.
2. The entries for the Micro Hubs should have Get Community and Set Community
configured as private.

3. The management station should be able to read SNMP information from the Micro Hubs,
such as port status and traffic counts.

4. The management station should be able to control and manage the Micro Hubs, including
enabling and disabling ports and changing contact information.

Hub Configuration Commands

Use the commands in this section to display information about hubs in a stack.

Syntax: show hub information [hub id]

Mode: Guest

Description: Displays information about one or more hubs in a stack.

Command Keyword Definition

 hub id—(Optional) Number used to identify the hub in a stack. An integer between 1 and 5.
If no number is entered, information about all hubs in the stack will be displayed.

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The display appears as follows:

Hub> show hub information

Hub ID Type H/W ver F/W ver SNMP-Agent

-----------------------------------------
1 1503 1.0 1.01 Yes
2 1502 1.0 1.01 No
3 1503 1.0 1.01 No

Command Display Definitions

 Hub ID: Number used to identify the hub in a stack. An integer between 1 and 5.
 Type Model number of the hub: 1502 or 1503.

 H/W ver: Hub's hardware version.

 F/W ver: Hub's firmware version.

 Agent: Whether or not the hub contains an active SNMP agent.

Show port information

Syntax: port-operation {hub id} {port id} {enable | disable}

Mode: Administrator

Description: Enables or disables any port on any hub in the stack.

Command Keyword Definitions

 hub id: Number used to identify the hub in a stack. An integer between 1 and 5.
 port id: Number of the port on the hub, based on the yellow label on the rear panel
of the hub. A number from 1 to 8.

 Enable: Enables the port.

 Disable: Disables the port

For EXIT

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Syntax: exit

Mode: Guest

Description: Exits any command mode or closes an active terminal session.

Administrator Password Commands

Use the commands to configure hub passwords.

Syntax: password

Mode: Administrator

Description: Configures the password used to enter administrator mode.

After entering the command, you will be prompted to enter the current password and then the new
password. You will then be prompted to confirm the new password. Password characters are
represented by asterisks on the screen when you enter them, as shown below:

Hub# password
Old password: ********
New password: *******
Re-type new password: *******

Passwords can:

 Contain up to 14 characters.
 Contains any combination of alphanumeric characters, including uppercase and lowercase
letters.

 Use spaces as valid characters

Password

Syntax: no password
Mode: Administrator
Description: Deletes any password that has been set with the password
command.

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