UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

(FKAAS)

SEMESTER 2 2017/2018

CIVIL ENGINEERING SOFTWARE

BFC43201

SECTION 10

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

LECTURER

PUAN ZARINA BINTI MD ALI

NAME : MUHAMMAD SHAHRUZI BIN MAHADZIR

NO MATRIC : DF150065

DATE : 26/3/2018

EMAIL : DF150065@siwa.uthm.edu.my

DUE DATE: 2/4/2018

1. Explain clearly four main applications of HECRAS in Hydraulic Engineering

User Interface

The user interacts with HEC-RAS through a graphical user interface (GUI). The main focus
in the design of the interface was to make it easy to use the software, while still maintaining a
high level of efficiency for the user. The interface provides for the following functions:

- File Management
- Data Entry and Editing
- Hydraulic Analyses
- Tabulation and Graphical Displays of Input and Output Data
- Inundation mapping and animations of water propagation
- Reporting Facilities
- Context Sensitive Help

Hydraulic Analysis Components

The HEC-RAS system contains several river analysis components for: (1) steady flow water
surface profile computations; (2) one- and two-dimensional unsteady flow simulation; (3)
movable boundary sediment transport computations; and (4) water quality analysis. A key
element is, that all four components use a common geometric data representation and
common geometric and hydraulic computation routines. In addition to these river analysis
components, the system contains several hydraulic design features that can be invoked once
the basic water surface profiles are computed.

 Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles

 One- and Two-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Simulation
 Sediment Transport/Movable Boundary Computations
 Water Quality Analysis
Steady Flow Water Surface Profiles

This component of the modeling system is intended for calculating water surface profiles for
steady gradually varied flow. The system can handle a full network of channels, a dendritic
system, or a single river reach. The steady flow component is capable of modeling
subcritical, supercritical, and mixed flow regimes water surface profiles. The basic
computational procedure is based on the solution of the one-dimensional energy equation.
Energy losses are evaluated by friction (Manning's equation) and contraction/expansion
(coefficient multiplied by the change in velocity head). The momentum equation may be
used in situations where the water surface profile is rapidly varied. These situations include
mixed flow regime calculations (i.e., hydraulic jumps), hydraulics of bridges, and evaluating
profiles at river confluences (stream junctions).

One- and Two-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Simulation

This component of the HEC-RAS modeling system is capable of simulating one-

dimensional; two-dimensional; and combined one/two-dimensional unsteady flow through a
full network of open channels, floodplains, and alluvial fans. The unsteady flow component
can be used to performed subcritical, supercritical, and mixed flow regime (subcritical,
supercritical, hydraulic jumps, and drawdowns) calculations in the unsteady flow
computations module. The hydraulic calculations for cross-sections, bridges, culverts, and
other hydraulic structures that were developed for the steady flow component were
incorporated into the unsteady flow module.
Special features of the unsteady flow component include: extensive hydraulic structure
capabilities Dam break analysis; levee breaching and overtopping; Pumping stations;
navigation dam operations; pressurized pipe systems; automated calibration features; User
defined rules; and combined one and two-dimensional unsteady flow modeling

Steady Transport/Movable Boundary Computations

This component of the modeling system is intended for the simulation of one-dimensional
sediment transport/movable boundary calculations resulting from scour and deposition over
moderate time periods (typically years, although applications to single flood events are
possible).
The sediment transport potential is computed by grain size fraction, thereby allowing the
simulation of hydraulic sorting and armoring. Major features include the ability to model a
full network of streams, channel dredging, various levee and encroachment alternatives, and
the use of several different equations for the computation of sediment transport.
The model is designed to simulate long-term trends of scour and deposition in a stream
channel that might result from modifying the frequency and duration of the water discharge
and stage, or modifying the channel geometry. This system can be used to evaluate
deposition in reservoirs, design channel contractions required to maintain navigation depths,
predict the influence of dredging on the rate of deposition, estimate maximum possible scour
during large flood events, and evaluate sedimentation in fixed channels.

Water Quality Analysis

This component of the modeling system is intended to allow the user to perform riverine
water quality analyses. An advection-dispersion module is included with this version of
HEC–RAS, adding the capability to model water temperature. This new module uses the
QUICKEST-ULTIMATE explicit numerical scheme to solve the one-dimensional advection-
dispersion equation using a control volume approach with a fully implemented heat energy
budget. Transport and Fate of a limited set of water quality constituents is now also available
in HEC-RAS. The currently available water quality constituents are: Dissolved Nitrogen
(NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N, and Org-N); Dissolved Phosphorus (PO4-P and Org-P); Algae;
Dissolved Oxygen (DO); and Carbonaceous Biological Oxygen Demand (CBOD).

RAS Mapper

HEC-RAS has the capability to perform inundation mapping of water surface profile results
directly from HEC-RAS. Using the HEC-RAS geometry and computed water surface
profiles, inundation depth and floodplain boundary datasets are created through the RAS
Mapper. Additional geospatial data can be generated for analysis of velocity, shear stress,
stream power, ice thickness, and floodway encroachment data. In order to use the RAS
Mapper for analysis, you must have a terrain model in the binary raster floating-point format
(.flt). The resultant depth grid is stored in the .flt format while the boundary dataset is store in
ESRI's Shapefile format for use with geospatial software.

Graphics and Reporting

Graphics include X-Y plots of the river system schematic, cross-sections, profiles, rating
curves, hydrographs, and inundation mapping. A three-dimensional plot of multiple cross-
sections is also provided. Inundation mapping is accomplished in the HEC-RAS Mapper
portion of the software. Inundation maps can also be animated, and contain multiple
background layers (terrain, aerial photography, etc…). Tabular output is available. Users can
select from pre-defined tables or develop their own customized tables. All graphical and
tabular output can be displayed on the screen, sent directly to a printer (or plotter), or passed
through the Windows Clipboard to other software, such as a word-processor or spreadsheet.

Data Storage and Management

Data storage is accomplished through the use of "flat" files (ASCII and binary), the HEC-
DSS (Data Storage System), and HDF5 (Hierarchical Data Format, Version 5). User input
data are stored in flat files under separate categories of project, plan, geometry, steady flow,
unsteady flow, quasi-steady flow, sediment data, and water quality information. Output data
is predominantly stored in separate binary files (HEC and HDF5). Data can be transferred
between HEC-RAS and other programs by utilizing the HEC-DSS.
Data management is accomplished through the user interface. The modeler is requested to
enter a single filename for the project being developed. Once the project filename is entered,
all other files are automatically created and named by the interface as needed. The interface
provides for renaming, moving, and deletion of files on a project-by-project basis.
1. A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of Q = 775m3/s per meter width. At the
downstream horizontal apron, the depth of flow was found to be 0.5 m. What tall water
depth yc Is needed to form a hydraulic jump ? If a jump is formed, find its :
- Type of jump
- Energy loss
- Percentage of energy loss to the initial energy
- Power dissipated per meter width of the channel

2. An engineer is to analyze the flow in an open channel in which the channel is designed to
be constricted by placing bridge embankment at both sides of channel. Explain the
consequences due to the constriction

- Effects of bridge constrictions on water levels :

Constrictions are normally short river reaches where the cross-section is reduced due
to bridges and piers. As a result the hydraulic discharge is obstructed to a certain
degree by flood evacuation. The occurrence of such zones may be outside or within
the constriction, depending on the flow energy at the upper and lower boundary of the
constriction En and the flow energy within the constriction Ek. In order to describe
these occurring processes the critical (index critical) water depth hcrit has to be
introduced.

It is differentiated between the following hydraulic disturbances induced by short bridge

constrictions, assuming uniform flow upstream and downstream:
(a) In case of subcritical flow the channel bottom slope is smaller than the critical slope and
the backwater curve forms upstream. The water depth upstream is larger than the critical
depth in the constriction and approaches the water depth downstream rapidly.

(b) In case of subcritical flow upstream, the critical depth appears in the constriction and a
hydraulic jump emerges downstream.

(c) In case of supercritical flow a water surface elevation appears within the constriction, but
the disturbance is not transmitted upstream.

(d) In case of a great constriction, so that En < Ek, a hydraulic jump occurs upstream, shortly
before the constriction.
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