Environmental Engineering-II Course Code: CEP1316: Department of Civil Engineering Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh

Environmental Engineering Lab-II
Course Code- CEP 1316
Environmental Engineering-II
Course Code: CEP1316
Department of Civil Engineering
Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh
ATAL SHIKSHA KUNJ, ATAL NAGAR, BAROTIWALA, DISTT-SOLAN-174 103, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA 1
Department of Civil Engineering
Laboratory Manual
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Course Code: CEP1316
S.NO. PREPARED BY SIGNATURE WITH DATE
PREPARED BY Monika Sharma
REVIEWED BY Col. H.S.Mavi
APPROVED BY Dr. Bushra Zaman
How to write a laboratory report
The following arrangement of the report is suggested:
Title: This should indicate the nature of the test and the specifications number used.
Scope of the test: A brief statement of the purpose and significance of the test should be
indicated.
Materials: The materials used or tested should be described.
Apparatus and method of testing: Special equipment used should be briefly described. The
testing procedure should be also described.
Data and results of the test: All laboratory data shall be submitted in tabular form.
Observations relating to the behavior of the materials should be included. All equations or
formulas used should be clearly indicated. Calculations should be properly checked. The results
of the test should be summarized in tabular or graphical form.
Discussion/Comments on the result: The test results should be compared with the standard
values and conclusion should be drawn.
Practical Aspects of the experiment: There should be included a brief discussion in which
attention is drawn to the silent facts shown by the tables and diagrams and how the experiment
relates to the real world. The student might refer to literature/websites etc. to gain more
information about a particular experiment.
Table of contents
S.No. Name of the experiment Page No.

1. Determination of pH of wastewater sample 5-16
2. Determination of total solids of Wastewater Sample 17-20
3. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Water 21-33
4. Measurement of total suspended solids (TSS) of Wastewater Sample 34-37
5. Jar Test for Determining Optimum Coagulant Dosage 38-41
6. Determination of Settleable solids of Wastewater Sample 42-45
7. Determination of Kjeldahl Nitrogen 46-50
8. Determination of B.O.D. of Wastewater Sample 51-58
9. Determination of C.O.D. of Wastewater Sample 59-64
10. Determination of Sludge Volume Index (SVI) 65-68
11. Determination of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) 69-74
12. Determination of Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) 75-79
Experiment No. 1
AIM
To determine the PH of the given water sample with the stipulations as per IS: 3025
(Part 11) - Reaffirmed 2002
“Test procedure is in accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 11) - Reaffirmed 2002.
In addition to our Indian Standard, we also discuss in brief regarding the procedure stated in
(1) APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - 20th Edition.
Method 4500-H+ B.
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020, USEPA, Method
150.1
INTRODUCTION
The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as the
negative log of H+ ions concentration in water and wastewater. The values of pH 0 to a little less
than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH a little above 7 to 14 are termed as basic. When
the concentration of H+ and OH– ions are equal then it is termed as neutral pH.
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Determination of pH is one of the important objectives in biological treatment of the wastewater.
In anaerobic treatment, if the pH goes below 5 due to excess accumulation of acids, the process
is severely affected. Shifting of pH beyond 5 to 10 upsets the aerobic treatment of the
wastewater. In these circumstances, the pH is generally adjusted by addition of suitable acid or
alkali to optimize the treatment of the wastewater. pH value or range is of immense importance
for any chemical reaction. A chemical shall be highly effective at a particular pH. Chemical
coagulation, disinfection, water softening and corrosion control are governed by pH adjustment.
Dewatering of sludge, oxidation of cyanides and reduction of hexavalent chromium into trivalent
chromium also need a favorable pH range. It is used in the calculation of carbonate, bicarbonate,
CO2 corrosion, stability index and acid base equilibrium. Lower value of pH below 4 will
produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 a bitter taste. Higher values of pH hasten the scale
formation in water heating apparatus and also reduce the germicidal potential of chlorine. Higher
pH induces the formation of trihalomethanes, which are causing cancer in human beings.
PRINCIPLE
The pH electrode used in the pH measurement is a combined glass electrode. It consists of
sensing half cell and reference half cell, together form an electrode system. The sensing half cell
is a thin pH sensitive semi permeable membrane, separating two solutions, viz., the outer
solution, the sample to be analyzed and the internal solution, enclosed inside the glass membrane
and has a known pH value. An electrical potential is developed inside and another electrical
potential is developed outside, the difference in the potential is measured and is given as the pH
of the sample.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Apparatus Required
1. pH meter
2. Standard flasks
3. Magnetic Stirrer
4. Funnel
5. Beaker
6. Wash Bottle
7. Tissue Paper
8. Forceps
Fig.1 Apparatus Required
2. Chemicals Required
1. Buffers Solutions of pH 4.01, 7.0 and 9.2

2. Potassium Chloride
3. Distilled Water
Fig.2 Chemicals Required
Fig.3. Procedure Required
SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION

Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will continue after a sample
has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage. The characteristics of the water
sample may change. To reduce the change in samples taken for the determination of pH, keep
samples at 40 C. Do not allow the samples to freeze. Analysis should begin as soon as possible.
PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:
1. Temperature affects the measurement of pH at two points. The first is caused by the
change in electrode output at different temperatures. This interference can be controlled
by the instruments having temperature compensation or by calibrating the electrode-
instrument system at the temperature of the samples. The second is the change of pH
inherent in the sample at different temperatures. This type of error is sample dependent
and cannot be controlled; hence both the pH and temperature at the time of analysis
should be noted.
2. In general, the glass electrode, is not subject to solution interferences like color, high
salinity, colloidal matter, oxidants, turbidity or reductants.
3. Oil and grease, if present in the electrode layer, should be removed by gentle wiping or
detergent washing, followed by rinsing with distilled water, because it could impair the
electrode response.
4. Before using, allow the electrode to stand in dilute hydrochloric acid solution for at least
2 hours.
5. Electrodes used in the pH meter are highly fragile, hence handle it carefully.
PROCEDURE
Three major steps are involved in the experiment. They are:
1. Preparation of Reagents
2. Calibrating the Instrument
3. Testing of Sample
1. Preparation of Reagents
1.1 Buffer Solution of pH 4.0
a) Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
b) Using the forceps carefully transfer one buffer tablet of pH 4.0 to the funnel.
c) Add little amount of distilled water, crush the tablet and dissolve it.
d) Make up the volume to 100 mL using distilled water.

b) Using the forceps carefully transfer one buffer tablet of pH 7.0 to the funnel.

b) Using the forceps carefully transfer one Buffer tablet of pH 9.2 to the funnel.
2. Calibrating the Instrument

Using the buffer solutions calibrate the instrument.
Step 1
a. In a 100 mL beaker take pH 9.2 buffer solution and place it in a magnetic stirrer,
insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
b. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for
the reading in the pH meter.
c. If the instrument is not showing pH value of 9.2, using the calibration knob adjust
the reading to 9.2.
d. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe
gently with soft tissue.
Step 2
b. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for
the reading in the pH meter.
the reading to 7.0.
d. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe
gently with soft tissue.
Step 3
b. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the
reading in the pH meter.
the reading to 4.0.
d. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently
with soft tissue.
e. Now the instrument is calibrated.
3. Testing of Sample
a. In a clean dry 100 mL beaker take the water sample and place it in a
magnetic stirrer, insert the teflon coated stirring bar and stir well.
b. Now place the electrode in the beaker containing the water sample and check
for the reading in the pH meter. Wait until you get a stable reading.
c. The pH of the given water sample is …….
d. Take the electrode from the water sample, wash it with distilled water and then
wipe gently with soft tissue.
CALCULATION
To determine the value of pH of the given water sample the readings obtained are required to be
tabulated.
TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS
Sample No. Temperature of

Sample (ºC) pH
1.
2.
3.
For sample 1 the temperature of the measurement is 27° C and as obtained the value of the pH is
……...
For sample 2 the temperature of the measurement is 27° C and as obtained the value of the pH
is…...
For sample 3 the temperature of the measurement is 27° C and as obtained the value of the pH is
…………
DATA SHEET
DETERMINATION OF pH
DATA SHEET
Date Tested :
Tested By : Civil Engineering Class, Group ……
Project Name : CE, Environmental Engg. Lab
Sample Number, 1, 2, 3: 1, 2, 3
Sample Description 1 : Surface water
Sample Description 2: Ground water
Sample Description 3: Sea water
Tabulation
Sample Temperature of Sample (ºC) pH

1
RESULT
The pH of the given sample 1 =
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
The pH of the given water sample is ………
The water is therefore acidic/ basic or neutral.
INFERENCE
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water. Values lower than 7 indicate acidity
and values higher than 7 indicate alkalinity. Drinking water with a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 is
generally considered satisfactory. Acidic waters tend to be corrosive to plumbing and faucets,
particularly if the pH is below 6. Alkaline waters are less corrosive. Waters with a pH above 8.5
may tend to have a bitter taste.The pH of the water samples are well within the limit of the
drinking water standards. The pH of the ground water is slightly towards the alkaline side
because of some soil and rocks chemicals might have dissolved in it. In case of the pH of the
fresh water, aquatic plants uses up hydrogen molecules for photosynthesis, which causes the
concentration of hydrogen ions to decrease and therefore the pH is towards the alkaline side. The
sea water is mostly alkaline in nature because of the presence of different type of salts.
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
PRACTICAL ASPECT OF THE EXPERIMENT

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss the relationship between (a) pH and hydrogen ion concentration (b) pH and
hydroxide ion concentration?
2. A decrease in pH of 1 unit represents how much of an increase in hydrogen ion
concentration?
3. Why is it necessary to maintain the pH of water nearly 7?
4. What is a buffer solution? Give examples.
5. pH is defined as__________.
a. Logarithm of Hydrogen ions concentration
b. Negative logarithm of Hydrogen ions concentration
c. Hydrogen ion concentration
d. OH ion concentration
6. pH of neutral water is__________.
a. less than 7
b. more than 7
c. 7.0
d. 0.0
7. The acceptable value of pH of potable water is__________.
a) 7.0 to 8.5
b) 6.5 to 9.5
c) 6 to 8.5
d) 6.5 to 10
8. Possible reasons for a relatively high pH value in a river water sample are due to ___.
a. Running over clay
b. Running long distances
c. Running of fishes
d. Presence of aquatic plants
9. Possible reasons for a relatively low pH value in a river water sample are due to ___.
a. Organic material decomposition to form acidic substances
b. Running long distances

c. Presence of fishes
d. Presence of aquatic plants
10. The buffer solution can be stored for a minimum period at room temperature.
a. True
b. False
Experiment No. 2
AIM: To determine the total solids present in water sample.
THEORY: The term solid refers to the matter either filterable or infilterable that remains as
residue after evaporation and subsequent drying at a defined temperature. Different forms of
solids are defined on the basis of method applied for their determination. Residue after the
evaporation and subsequent drying in oven at specific temperature, 103-105ºC of a known
volume of a sample are total solids. The loss in weight on ignition of the same sample at
550°C(in which organic matter is converted to CO2 and H2 O) gives organic solids present in
the sample.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take empty weight of beaker. (WI)
2. Take a known volume of a well mixed sample in the above beaker.
3. Evaporate the sample to dryness at 103°C for 24 hours.
4. Cool and weigh and record the reading (W2)
5 .Keep the beaker for 15-20 min. in a muffle furnace maintained at 550 + 50°C.
6. Cool the beaker and record the final weight (W3).
CALCULATIONS:
Total solids mg/L. = (W2 – W1) × 1000 ml of sample
Organic solids mg/L. = (W2 – W3) × 1000 ml of sample
Observations:
Weight of empty beaker W1= ---------------- mg
Weight of beaker after evaporation at 103°C W2 =---------------- mg
Weight of beaker after evaporation in W3 = --------------- mg

Fig.4.Procedure Followed
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sample No. Weight of the sample

1
RESULT:
Total Solids = ______________________mg/l
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1. Can total solids are referred to material left after evaporation?

2. After evaporation, the evaporating dishes needs to be?
3. What temperature evaporating dishes needs to be cleaned and dried to remove the
existing organic content?
4. Sewage contains about 99% of_______
a) Water b) solids c) clay d) microbes
5. An important step in testing a sample for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is –
a. Settling the sample b. Filtering the sample c. Incubating the sample
d. Burning the sample e. Evaporating the sample
6. What is the difference between total solids and total suspended solids?
7. What is the importance of this experiment?
8. Total Solids are referred to materials left after evaporation.

a. True
b. False
9. The determination of total solids in wastewater gives an idea about
c. the foulness of the sewage
d. pH of the sewage
e. temperature of the sewage
f. colour of the sewage
10. Sewage contains about 99% of _____.
e) water
f) solids
g) clay
h) microbes
Experiment No.3
AIM: To determine the dissolved oxygen content in given sample.
Theory: The solubility of atmospheric oxygen in fresh water ranges from 14.4 mg/l at 0º C to
about 7.0mg/L at 35ºC at one atmospheric pressure. Since it is poorly soluble gas, its solubility
directly varies with the atmospheric pressure at any given temperature. Analysis of DO is
important in sanitary engineering practice. It is necessary to know DO levels to keep a check on
stream pollution, and also to assess raw water quality. DO is necessary for all aerobic biological
treatment processes. DO is the basis for BOD test which is an important parameter to evaluate
pollution potential of wastes.
PRINCIPLE: (Winkler method with azide modification)
Oxygen present in a sample rapidly oxidizes the dispersed divalent manganese hydroxide to its
higher valency which precipitates as a brown hydrated oxide after addition of NaOH and KI.
Upon acidification, manganese reverts to divalent state and liberates iodine from KI equivalent to
the original DO content. The liberated iodine is titrated against Na2S203 (N/80) using starch as
an indicator.
PRINCIPLE: Dissolved Oxygen can be measured either by titrimetric or electrometric method.
1. Titrimetric Method: Titrimetric method is based on the oxidizing property of DO while the
electrometric method (using membrane electrodes) is based on the rate of diffusion of molecular
oxygen across a membrane. It is most accurate method to determine DO. There are different
titrimetric methods based on the nature of sample to be tested.
(a) Winkler Method
(b) Azide Modification
(c) Alum Flocculation Modification
(d) Permanganate ModificationReagents:
Fig.5.Methods used for Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
Choice of the method depends upon the type of sample to be tested.
Azide Modification: In this method, interference caused by nitrate is removed effectively.

Presence of nitrate is most interference in biologically treated effluent and incubated BOD
samples.
Alum Flocculation Modification: If the sample contains suspended solids (especially effluent
samples), then this method will be suitable.
Permanganate Modification: If the sample contains iron (Fe2+) ions. Addition of 1mL of
potassium fluoride and azide solution can be adopted to suppress the interference due to (Fe3+).
This method is not useful when the sample contains sulphites, thiosulphates and high BOD.
The Titrimetric principle: Divalent Manganese salt in solution is precipitated by strong alkali
to divalent manganese hydroxide.
𝑀𝑁𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻 → 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4
Addition of Potassium iodide or Potassium hydroxide is added to create a pinkish brown

precipitate. In the alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen present in the sample rapidly oxidized to
form trivalent or higher valency hydroxide.
2𝑀𝑁(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑂2 → 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐼2 + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻
MnO(OH)2 appears as a brown precipitate. There is some confusion about whether the oxidised
manganese is tetravalent or trivalent. Some sources claim that Mn(OH)3 is the brown precipitate,
but hydrated MnO2 may also give the brown colour. Iodide ions are added and acidified (acid
facilitates the conversion by the brown), which reduces tetravalent hydroxides back to their
stable divalent state thereby liberating equivalent amount of iodine.
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 + 2𝐾𝐼 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐼2 + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻
Thiosulphate solution is used, with a starch indicator, to titrate the iodine.
𝐼2 + 2𝑆2 𝑂32− → 𝑆4 𝑂62− + 2𝐼 −
This iodine is equivalent to dissolved oxygen present in the sample.

2. Electrometric Method:
The electrode method offers several advantages over the titrimetric method including speed,
elimination or minimization of interferences, field compatibility, continuous monitoring and
insitu measurement. Dissolved oxygen can be measured by a special sensor kept in an
electrochemical cell by the amperometric method. The cell comprises a sensing electrode, a
reference electrode and a supporting electrolyte, a semi-permeable membrane, which served dual
function. It separates the water sample from the electrolyte, and at the same time, permits only
the dissolved oxygen to diffuse from the water sample through the membrane into the supporting
electrolyte.
The diffusion current created by migration of oxygen through a permeable membrane is linearly
proportional to the concentration of molecular oxygen in the sample.
The diffusion current created by migration of oxygen through a permeable membrane is linearly
proportional to the concentration of molecular oxygen in the sample.
Fig.6. Dissolved Oxygen Meter
The sample is treated with manganous sulphate, alkaline-iodide-azide reagent and finally sulfuric
acid. The first two chemicals combine with dissolved oxygen to form a compound which, when
acid is added, releases free iodine (from the potassium iodide).
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Apparatus Required
1. Burette
2. Burette stand
3. 300 mL glass stoppered BOD bottles
4. 500 mL conical flask
5. Pipettes with elongated tips

6. Pipette bulb
7. 250 mL graduated cylinders
8. Wash bottle
Fig.7. Apparatus Required
Chemicals Required
1. Manganous sulphate solution
2. Alkaline iodide-azide solution
3. Sulfuric acid, Concentrated
4. Starch indicator solution
5. Sodium thiosulphate
6. Distilled or deionized water
7. Potassium Hydroxide
8. Potassium Iodide
9. Sodium Azide
Fig.8. Chemicals Required
Fig.9. Procedure
PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
1. Manganous sulphate:
Dissolve Manganese Sulphate
 480 g of 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 . 4𝐻2 O OR

 400 g of 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 O OR
 364 g of 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 O
in freshly boiled and cooled distilled water, filter the solution and make up to 1000 mL (One
litre). In this experiment, we are using Manganese sulphate Mono hydrate, Take 364 g
Manganese sulphate Mono hydrate () and transfer it to the beaker. To dissolve the content, place
it in the magnetic stirrer. The solution should not give blue color by addition of acidified
potassium iodide solution and starch.
2. Alkaline Iodide Sodium Azide Solution
To prepare this reagent we are going to mix three different chemicals Dissolve either
→ 500 g of Sodium Hydroxide (or)
→ 700 g of Potassium Hydroxide and
→ 135 g of Sodium Iodide (or)
→ 150 g of Potassium Iodide
To prepare this reagent, take 700 g of Potassium hydroxide and add 150 g of potassium iodide
and dissolve it in freshly boiled and cooled water, and make up to 1000 mL (One litre). Dissolve
10 g of Sodium Azide in 40 mL of distilled water and add this with constant stirring to the cool
alkaline iodide solution prepared.
3. Sodium Thiosulphate Stock Solution: Weigh approximately 25 g of sodium thiosulphate and

dissolve it in boiled distilled water and make up to 1000 mL. Add 1 g of Sodium Hydroxide to
preserve it.
4. Starch Indicator: Weigh 2 g of starch and dissolve in 100 mL of hot distilled water. In case if
you are going to preserve the starch indicator add 0.2 g of salicylic acid as preservative.
5. Sulphuric Acid
PROCEDURE:
1. Collect sample in a BOD bottle using DO sampler.
2. Add 2 ml MgSO4 followed by 2 ml of alkali-iodide-azide reagent. The tip of the pipette
should be below the liquid level while adding these reagents. Stopper immediately.
3. Mix well by inverting the bottle 2-3 times and allow the precipitate to settle leaving 150
mL clear supernatant.
4. At this stage, add 2 ml conc. H2SO4. Mix well till precipitate goes into solution.
5. Allow the solution to stand at least 5 minutes.
6. Withdraw 100 ml. of the solution into an conical flask and immediately add 0.025 N
sodium thiosulphate drop by drop from a burette until the yellow color almost disappears.
7. Add about 1 ml. of starch solution and continue the addition of the thiosulfate until the
blue color just disappears. Record the ml. of thiosuphate used.
Observation Table
Trial Temperature Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Dissolved

No. (0C) sample Initial Final titrant(mL) Oxygen
(mL) (mg/L)
2
3
Burette Solution: Sodium Thiosulphate
Pipette Solution: S
ample Indicator: Starch
End point : Disappearance of blue color Calculation:
Dissolved oxygen mg/L = ML of 0.025 N sodium thiosulphats used × 2
RESULT:
Dissolved oxygen = ---------------- mg/L
PRECAUTIONS:
The experiment involves lot of solutions and additions of strong acid and alkali and hence care
should be taken.
1. Dissolved oxygen concentrations may change drastically depending upon depth, distance,
temperature and period of sampling.
2. If the sample was obtained by a sampling device of some kind, the water cannot be simply
poured into a BOD bottle, since this would cause aeration of the sample. Instead, the
sample must be drawn off from a tube located near the bottom of the sampling device.
Place the rubber tube into the bottom of the BOD bottle and fill the bottle, again allowing
the bottle to overflow.
3. For shallow depth use normal water samplers. However for depth greater than 150 cm (5
ft), use Kemmerer Sample Bottles.
In the case of electrode method:
4. Membrane-covered electrode systems minimize the interferences often encountered with

dropping mercury or rotating platinum electrodes.
5. The sensing element is protected by an oxygen permeable membrane, which serves as a
diffusion barrier against matrix interference problems.
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________
QUESTIONS
1. Dissolved oxygen in the water mainly depends upon organic content of the water?
2. Dissolved oxygen depends only on physical properties of water?
3. Sulphide and sulphur dioxide interfere in the determination of dissolved oxygen?
4. What is the value of minimum DO in the fresh water for the survival of aquatic life?
5. Winkler titration method is based on __________property of dissolved oxygen.
a) Oxidation
b) Reduction
c) Redox
d) Decomposition
6. Dissolved oxygen in water mainly depends upon organic content of water.
a) True
b) False
7. The modified Winker titration to test for dissolved oxygen quantitative

test.
a) True
b) False
8. Which of the following does not increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in water?
a) Diffusion from the atmosphere

b) Bacteria in the water
c) Plants in the water
d) Rapid movement of water over rocks
e) Algae in the water
9. Dissolved oxygen in water depends upon physical properties of water.
c) True
d) False
10. Minimum DO in the fresh water for the survival of aquatic life is
a) 0mg/L
b) 2mg/L
c) 8mg/L
d) 4mg/L
Experiment No. 4
AIM: To determine the amount of Total Suspended Solids in a given sample.
APPARATUS:
Evaporating Dish, Water Bath, Oven, Desiccators, Analytical Balance, Graduated Cylinders,
Dish Tongs, Gooch Crucibles, Filter, Vacuum Pumps, Crucible tongs, Forceps, Smooth –tipped
PROCEDURE FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS:
1. Place filtration apparatus with weighed filter in filter flask.

2. Mix sample well and pour into a graduated cylinder to the selected volume.
3. Apply suction to filter flask and seat filter with a small amount of distilled water.
4. Pour selected volume into filtration apparatus.
5. Draw sample through filter into filter flask.

6. Rinse graduated cylinder into filtration apparatus with three successive 10 mL portions of
distilled water, allowing complete drainage between each rinsing.
7. Continue suction for three minutes after filtration of final rinse is completed.
8. Dry filter in an oven at 103-105°C for at least 1 hour.
9. Cool filter in desiccator to room temperature.
10. When cool, weigh the filter and support
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Description Weight (g)
Weight of the clean filter paper (g) W1
Weight of the filter paper and the residue (g) W2
Weight of residue(g) W
Volume of the Sample (mL) V
Total Suspended Solids(mg/L) TSS
CALCULATION:
Weight of residue (g) W = 𝑊2 − 𝑊1
Weight of residue in mg (To convert W (g) to W (mg), multiply W (g) with 1000)
W (mg)
Multiply the weight of the dry solids (in mg) by 1,000 mL/L to convert the sample size from mL
to L.
Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) V = Volume of the sample (mL) (To convert mL to L, multiply
by 1000) =
…. mg/…. mL = ….. mg/mL = ….. mg/mL x 1,000 mL/L = ….. mg/L
RESULT:
Total suspended solids in water sample = ……………..mg/L
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS:
1. The concentration of dissolved solids in water can be determined by specific

conductance?
2. The settleable suspended solid with diameter 0.15 to 0.2 are generally?
a)inorganic b)organic c)algae d)fungi
3. What is the value of TDS as per IS code?
4. What type of crucible used for the experiment is made?
5. Why treat waste water ?
6. Why not consider grey water treatment seriously in spite of the extra space it requires ?
7. The type of crucible used in the experiment is made up of which material?
8. The total suspended solids are mostly responsible for
a) Colour
b) Odour
c) Turbidity
d) Taste
9. The pore size of filter paper used for the filteration process is ____?
10. What is the difference between total solids and total suspended solids?
Experiment No.5
AIM: To determine the optimum dosage of given coagulant by Jar Test
GENERAL
Chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation together reduce suspended and colloidal
solids and organic matter. Alum, ferrous and ferric salts, when used for clarification, result
introducing better effluent than by the plain sedimentation. The exact doses of these coagulants
cannot be theoretically calculated and therefore, laboratory tests have to be carried out using the
jar test procedure.
PRINCIPLE
Metal salts hydrolyze in presence of the natural alkalinity to form metal hydroxides. The
multivalent actions can reduce the zeta-potential. The metal hydroxides are good adsorbents and
hence remove the suspended particles by enmeshing them.
REAGENT
Standard Alum / Ferrous / Ferric salt solution: Prepare standard chemical solution such that 1 ml
of solution contains 10 mg of salt in the solution.
Fig.11. Jar test Apparatus
PROCEDURE
1. Measure initial turbidity of the sample.
2. Measure 1 liter quantities of the water to be tested into a series of glass jars.
3. Attach to stirring device.( Jar test apparatus).
4. Add progressive volumes of the chemical solution to each of the jars covering the range
of chemical dosage expected.
5. Mix rapidly each sample for 1 minute.
6. Reduce the speed to about 10 rpm and mix for 15 minutes, (Flocculation).
7. Allow the floes to settle for 15 minutes.
8. Measure turbidity of each settled sample.
9. Plot graph % removal of turbidity Vs. Coagulant dose and select the optimum dosage.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Coagulant dose added Final Turbidity % Removal Remarks
CALCULATIONS: Initial Turbidity of the sample - ---- NTU
RESULT: Optimum dose of coagulant = ----------- mg/L
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Add coagulant doses simultaneously to all glass jars while stirring.
2. It is advisable to siphon out the settled sample from the jars so as not to disturb the settled
floc.
QUESTIONS
1. Which reagent is used to remove the optimum dosage in water?

2. How many beakers used in jar test?
3. How much time used in flocculation of jar test?
4. After flocculation how much time is required to settle down the sample?
5. Why do we perform jar test of waste water?
6. Explain the terms Chemical coagulation and flocculation.
7. Explain jar testing apparatus.
8. Briefly describe the procedure followed for jar test of waste water sample.
9. Why is Residual turbidity vs. coagulant dose plotted?
10. What is the capacity of the containers?
Experiment No. 6
AIM: Determination of Settleable Solids in water sample.
THEORY: Settleable solids in surface and saline waters as well as domestic and industrial
wastes may be determined and reported on either a volume (ml/L) or a weight (mg/L) basis.
APPARATUS: For volumetric determination: Imhoff Cone. For gravimetric determination - All
equipment for suspended solids and a glass vessel with a minimum diameter of 9 cm.
Fig.12. Settled Sludge
PROCEDURE:
Volumetric: Fill an Imhoff cone to the 1 liter mark with a well-mixed sample. Settle for 45
minutes. Gently stir sides of cone with a rod or by spinning and let settle 15 minutes longer.
Record volume of settleable solids in the cone as ml/L. If the settled matter contains pockets of
liquid between large settled particles, estimate volume of these and subtract from volume of
settled solids. The practical lower limit of measurement depends on sample composition and
generally is in the range of 0.1-1.0ml/L. Where a separation of settleable and floating material
occurs, do not estimate the floating material as settleable matter.
Gravimetric: Pour a well-mixed sample into a glass vessel. Let stand quiescent for one hour.
Without disturbing the settled or floating material, siphon 250ml from center of container at a
point halfway between the surface of the settled material and the liquid surface. Determine total
suspended solids (mg/L) of this supernatant liquor .These are the non settleable solids.
Fig.13. Settleable solids after 30 minutes
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Total Suspended Non Settleable Settleable Solids(mg/L)

Solids(mg/L) Solids(mg/L)
1
2
3
CALCULATIONS:
Settleable Solids (mg/L) = 𝐴 − 𝐵
Where A = Total suspended solids (mg/L)
B = Non settleable solids (mg/L)
RESULT: Total Settleable Solids = …..(mg/L)
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1. What is the value of settleable solids in water?

2. Name the apparatus used for using a settleable solid experiment?
3. Settleable solids are expressed in which unit?
4. What is the use of determination of settleable solids experiment?
5. Settleable solids are left to settle for __________?
6. What is the name of the apparatus used for this experiment?
7. A preferred hydraulic method of cleaning sewer lines is ______?
8. An Imhoff cone is Basically Used to determine
a) pH.
b) Used to determine chlorine residual.
c) Used to determine settleable solids.
d) Used to determine SS.
9. The term pathogenic means
a) Aerobic bacteria
b) Anaerobic bacteria
c) Fecal matter
d) Colliform bacteria
e) Capable of causing disease.
10. An analytical balance is sensitive to the nearest
a.) Milligram. b.) 1/1.000 mg. c). 1/100 mg. d.) 1/10 mg.
Experiment No. 7
AIM: To determine the Kjeldahl nitrogen of the given sample of water.
THEORY: In the presence of sulphuric acid, potassium sulphate and mercuric sulphate catalyst,
the amino nitrogen of many organic materials is converted to ammonium sulphate. After the
mercury-ammonium complex, the digestible has been decomposed by sodium thiosulphate, the
ammonia is distilled from an alkaline medium and absorbed in boric acid. The ammonia is
determined colorimetrically or by titration with a standard mineral acid.
APPARATUS
1. Digestion apparatus of 800 mL capacity, Distillation apparatus, Spectrophotometer
REAGENT
1. All reagents listed for the determination of ammonia N
2. Digestion reagent
3. Phenolphthalein indicator
4. Sodium hydroxide-sodium thiosulphate reagent
5. Borate buffer solution
6. Sodium hydroxide 6 N
Fig.14. Diagram of procedure to be followed

PROCEDURE:
1. .Place a measured sample into a digestion flask. Dilute the sample to 300 mL, and
neutralise to pH Sample size determination is as follows:
Table A.Sample Size Determination
Organic nitrogen in sample (mg/L) Sample size (mL)

0 5
- 0
1 0
1 2
- 5
1 0
0
1
1 0
0 0
-
2 5
0 and 6 N NaOH until pH 9.5 is reached.
2. Add 25 mL borate buffer 0
3. Add a few glass beads and boil off 300 mL.
4. Cool and add carefully250 mL digestion reagent. After mixing heat under
2 a hood until the
0 colour.
solution clean to a pale straw 5
-
5. Digest for another 30 minute and allow the flask and contents cool.
5 mL and add 0.5 mL phenolphthalein solution.
6. Dilute the contents to 300
0
7. Add sufficient hydroxide-thiosulphate reagent to form an alkaline layer at the bottom of the
flask.
8. Connect the flashed to5the steamed out distillation apparatus and more hydroxide-thiosulphate
0
reagent.If a red phenolphthalein colour fails to appear at this stage.
-
1
0
0
9. Distilled and collect 200 mL distillate below the surface of boric acid solution. Extend the lip
of condenser well below the level of boric acid solution.
10. Determine the ammonia as described earlier by taking 50 mL portion of the distillate.
11. Carry out a similar procedure for a blank and apply the necessary correction.
OBSERVATION
The observation is presented in Tables A and B respectively.
Table B: Observation for calibration
Stock ammonia solution in Ammonia Absorbance

mL
Table C Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Sample no. Absorbance Ammonia nitrogen in µg from Ammonia nitrogen in

graph mg
CALCULATION:
Organic nitrogen in mg/L = (A × 1000)/ mL of sample × B and C
where, A = mg N found colorimetrically
B = mL of total distillate collected including H3BO3
C = mL of distillation taken for Nesslerisation.
RESULTS:
Sample no. or description Organic nitrogen in mg/L
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1) Why are catalysts used in kjeldahl test?
2) What is the role of boric acid?
3) How is ammonia determined?
4) What is spectrophotometer used for?
5) What is blue baby disease?
6) What precautions should we use to perform this experiment?
7) How ammonia nitrogen can be determined?
8) Why hydroxide thiosulfate reagent is added in above experiment?
9) Write the significance of nitrogen test in Environmental Engineering.
10) What is Kjeldahl nitrogen?
Experiment No. 8
AIM: To Determine The Biochemical Oxygen Demand Of A Given Sample of Wastewater.
Test procedure is in accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 44) - Reaffirmed 2003. In addition to our
Indian Standard, we also discuss in brief regarding the procedure stated in
Method 5210 B.
(2) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020, USEPA, Method
405.1.
THEORY: Bio oxygen demand (B.O.D) is the amount of oxygen required for the
microorganisms (bacteria) present in the waste water to convert the organic substance to stable
compounds such as CO2and H2O,
Organic substance + oxygen bacteria -->CO2 + H2O. Bacteria placed in contact with organic
materials will utilize it as a food source in the utilization the organic material will be oxidized to
CO2 H2O.B.O.D is considered to be the measure of organic content of the waste, the B.O.D
determination has been done by measuring the amount of oxygen utilized by the micro organic
has in the stabilization of waste water for 5 days at 20 C.For domestic sewage the 5 days B.O.D
value (B.O.D) is represent approximately 2/3 of the demand to be consumed of all the
oxidization materials were in fact oxidized for measurement of high B.O.D values the waste is
required to be dilute the diluted water is carefully manufactured and contains a mixture of salts
necessary for biological activities plus a phosphate buffer to maintain neutral pH. The water is
activated before mixing with sewage.
APPARATUS:
 BOD Incubator
 Burette & Burette stand
 300 mL glass stopper BOD bottles
 500 mL conical flask
 Pipettes with elongated tips

 Pipette bulb
 250 mL graduated cylinders
 Wash bottle
CHEMICALS:
 Calcium Chloride
 Magnesium Sulphate
 Ferric Chloride,
 Di Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate,
 Potassium Di Hydrogen Phosphate,
 Di sodium hydrogen phosphate,
 Ammonium Chloride,
 Manganous sulphate,
 Potassium hydroxide,
 Potassium iodide,
 Sodium azide,
 Concentrated sulfuric acid,

 Starch indicator,
 Sodium thiosulphate,
 Distilled or deionized water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take two B.O.D tubes and half fill it with distilled water.
2. Add 3ml of waste water (polluted water) to the B.O.D tubes with the help of pipit.
3. Now filled the tubes with distilled water and fix stopper on it.
4. Put one of the tubes in incubator at 20 C for 5 days.

5. Add 2ml of alkali iodide oxide and shake well if oxygen is present the color will be
brown otherwise while)
6. Add 2ml of concentrated H2SO4 and shake well which will give a color which is in
resemblance to mustard oil.
7. Take 200ml from this solution in a graduated cylinder and add 1ml of starch indicator to
it which will give a yellowish color.
8. Put the graduated cylinder below the burette containing standard solution of sodium this
sulphate and note the initial reading.
9. Fill dissolved oxygen of the first tube the dissolved oxygen is found in similar way.
10. Find the B.O.D by using the formula.
Fig.17. Procedure to be followed
CALCULATIONS:
B.O.D (mg/lit) = (zero day D.O - 5 days D.O) x 300/ml of sample
Trial No. Day Volume Burette Reading Volume of Dissolved

of Initial Final titrant(mL) Oxygen
sample Na2S2O3 (mg/L)
(mL) solution used
Blank
1
2
Burette Solution: Sodium Thiosulphate
Pipette Solution: Sample
Indicator: Starch
End point : Disappearance of blue color
Specimen Calculation:
Initial DO of the diluted sample, D0 = ….. mL

DO at the end of 5 days for the diluted sample, D5 = ….. mL
Blank correction = C0 – C5, BC = ….. mL
Initial DO of the blank, C0 = …... mL
DO at the end of 5 days for the blank, C5 = ……mL
Biochemical Oxygen Demand = {DO− D5 − BC} × Volume of the diluted sample

Volume of sample taken
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) = (……………) × 200 / 10

= …. × 200 / 10
= …. mg/L
RESULT:
BOD after 5 days at 25° C = ………..mg/L
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
PRECAUTIONS:
The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:
1. Prepare dilution water 3 to 5 days before initiating BOD test to ensure that the BOD of the
dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L. Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological
growth
2. The sample should be adjusted to a pH between 6.5 and 7.5, using sulfuric acid for samples
with pH in the alkaline side i.e., greater than 7.5 or sodium hydroxide for samples with pH in the
acidic side i.e., less than 6.5. .
3. Add sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) to remove residual chlorine, if necessary. Samples containing
toxic metals, arsenic, or cyanide often require special study and pretreatment.
4. While still letting sample water flow down the tube, slowly pull the tube from the bottom of
the bottle and fill the bottle to its brim. Check for bubbles. Carefully stopper the BOD bottle as
described above.
QUESTIONS
1) What is BOD?
2) At what temperature stabilization of waste water takes place ?]
3) How is the pH maintained?
4) What is use of graduated cylinder?
5) Why natural water and tap water cannot be used for preparing dilution media in the BOD
test.?
6) Examples illustrating the impact of water quality on the BOD test.
7) What is the role of nitrifying bacteria in BOD test?
8) What is the history of BOD test?
9) What is seeding?
10) Define BOD Level in ppm.
Experiment No. 9
AIM: To determine the chemical oxygen demand of given sample.

Test procedure is in accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 58) - Reaffirmed 2006. In addition to our
Indian Standard, we also discuss in brief regarding the procedure stated in
Method 5220 C.
(2) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020, USEPA, Method
410.1.
THEORY: Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test determines the oxygen required for chemical
oxidation of organic matter with the help of strong chemical oxidant. The limitation of COD test
is that it cannot differentiate between the biologically oxidizable and biologically inert
material.COD determination has an advantage over BOD determination in that the result can be
obtained in about 3-4 hours as compared to 5 days required for BOD test.
PRINCIPLE: The organic matter gets oxidized completely by K2Cr2O7 in the presence of
H2SO4 to produce CO2 + H2O. The excess K2Cr2O7 remaining after the reaction is titrated with
Fe (NH4)2 (SO4)2. The dichromate consumed gives the O2 required for oxidation of organic
matter.
APPARATUS:
1. Reflux apparatus consisting of a flat bottom 250 to 500 m1 capacity flask
2. Burner or hot plate with temperature regulator .

REAGENTS:
1. Standard potassium dichromate 0.250 N: Dissolve 12.259g by K2Cr2O7 dried at
103°C for 24 hours in distilled water and dilute to 1000 mL. Add about 120 mg sulphuric
acid to take care of 6 mg/L NO2-N.
2. Sulphuric Acid reagent: Add 10 g of Ag2 SO4 to 1000 ml cone. H2 SO4 and keep over
night for dissolution.
3. Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate 0.1 N: Dissolve 39 g Fe(NH4 .) 2 (SO4 ) 26H2O in
about 400 ml distilled water. Add 20 ml cone. H2SO4 and dilute to 1000 ml.
4. Ferroin indicator: Dissolve 1.485 g of 1, 10 phenanthroline monohyderate and 695 mg
FeSO4, 7H2 O and dilute to 100 ml with distilled water.

PROCEDURE:
1. Place 0.4 g HgSO4 in a reflux flask.
2. Add 20 ml sample and mix well.
3. Add pumice stone or glass beads followed by 10 ml of standard K2Cr2O7.
4. Add slowly 30 ml H2SO4 containing Ag2SO4 mixing thoroughly. This slow addition
along with swirling prevents fatty acids to escape out due to high temperature.
5. Connect the flask to condenser: Mix the contents before heating.
6. Reflux for a minimum of 2 hours cool and then wash down the condenser with distilled
water.
7. Dilute for minimum of 150 mI, cool and titrate excess K2Cr2O7. with 0.1 N Ferr. Amm.
Sulphate using ferroin indicator. Sharp colour change from blue green to wine red indicates end-
point.
8. Reflux blank: in the same manner using distilled water instead of sample.
9. Calculate COD from the following formula:
COD mg/L = (𝑎 − 𝑏) × 𝑁 × 8000 mL of sample

Where,
a = ml of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate for blank.
b = ml of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate for sample.
N = normality of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate.
Fig.20. Procedure followed
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Sample Volume of Burette Reading Volume of 0.1 N Ferrous
sample Initial Final Ammonium Sulphate (FAS)
(mL) (mL)
RESULT:
COD of the given sample = ------------------mg/l.
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1) What is COD?
2) How is COD different from BOD?
3) What is principle of COD?
4) Which chemical are used to oxidize organic matter?
5) Why COD values are always higher then BOD values?
6) Write the applications of COD data to environmental Engineering?
7) Write the apparatus required for COD testing of a waste water sample.
8) What would be the role of Ag2SO4 in COD determination?
9) Compare BOD and COD.
10) What is acceptable limit of COD and BOD for waste water according to Indian
Standards?
Experiment No. 10
AIM: To determine sludge volume index of a given sewage sample.
APPARATUS: Three clean 1- litre glass measuring cylinder
Fig.21. 1- litre glass measuring cylinder
THEORY
The sludge volume index (SVI) is the volume in milliliters occupied by 1 g of a suspension after
30 min settling. SVI typically is used to monitor settling characteristics of activated sludge and
other biological suspensions. Although SVI is not supported theoretically, experience has shown
it to be useful in routine process control.
PROCEDURE:
1. Determine the suspended solids concentration of a well-mixed sample of the suspension.

2. Determine the 30 min settled sludge volume
Fig.22. diagram showing settled sludge after 30 minutes
Type of Sludge SVI (mL/g)

Well Settling <100
Light 100-200
Bulking >200
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Settled Sludge Volume Concentration of suspended solids SVI= (Vob / Xob) ×
(Vob) in Mixed Liquor (Xob) 1000
1
CALCULATIONS:
Settled sludge volume (Vob) (mL/L) × 1000

SVI =
Suspended solids (Xob) (mg/L)
RESULT:
SVI of the sample is =………..mg/L
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1) What is sludge?
2) What is SVI?
3) What is formula to calculate SVI?
4) A certain determination made on a sample of mixed liquor from aeration tanks
shows "the volume in milliliters of one gram of sludge after settling 30 minutes.to
This determination is known as the Advanced
a) SS test.
b) Sludge volume index.
c) Settleable solids test.
d) Sludge stability test.
5) The volatile acids/alkalinity relationship is useful in digester control because it is
one of the first indicators that the digestion process is going sour.(T/F)
6) The white, thick, billowing foam common during the start up of an activated
sludge wastewater treatment plant is caused by a low F/M ratio.(T/F)
7) In a facultative pond, a drop in the pH will normally be accompanied by a rise in
the dissolved oxygen.(T/F)
8) What is the capacity of the container used for this experiment?
9) Explain the procedure.
10) What are suspended solids?
Experiment No.11
AIM: To determine the concentration of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids.
APPARATUS:
1. Dessicator
2. Drying oven, for operation at 103 to 105°C
3. Analytical balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg
4. Magnetic stirrer with TFE stirring bar
5. Wide-bore pipets
6. Graduated cylinder
7. Low-form beaker
8. Glass-fiber filter disks with organic binder
9. Filtration apparatus, which can be any one of the following:
10. Membrane filter funnel
11. Gooch crucible, 25 mL to 40 mL capacity, with Gooch crucible adapter
12. Filtration apparatus with reservoir and coarse fritted disk (40 to 60 um) as filter support
13. Filter flasks, of sufficient capacity for sample size selected
14. Vacuum pump
15. Tubing
16. Stop watch
17. Aluminum weighing dishes
18. Muffle furnace
A. Procedure of TSS (Total Suspended solid)
1. Preparation of glass fiber filters disks:
a. Insert the filter disk in filtration apparatus. Apply vacuum and wash disk with three successive
20-mL portions of reagent-grade water.
b. Continue suction to remove all traces of water, turn vacuum off, and discard washings.
c. Remove filter from filtration apparatus and transfer to an inert aluminum weighing dish.
d. Dry in an oven at 103 to 105°C for 1 h.
e. Repeat cycle of drying or igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight
is obtained or until weight change is less than 4% of the previous weighing or 0.5 mg, whichever
is less. Store in desiccators until needed.
2. Selection of sample size : Choose sample volume to yield between 2.5 to 200mg dried residue.
3. Sample analysis: setup the filtration unit with the dried glass fiber filter disk. Apply the well
stirred sample volume in the center of the filter. wash the filter with 10 ml of reagent grade water
and continue suction for about 3 min after filtration is complete.
4. Carefully remove filter from filtration apparatus and transfer to an aluminum weighing dish as
a support.
5. Dry for at least 1 h at 103 to 105°C in an oven, cool in a desiccators to balance temperature,
and weigh. Repeat the cycle of drying, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight
is obtained or until the weight change is less than 4% of the previous weight or 0.5 mg,
whichever is less. Analyze at least 10% of all samples in duplicate. Duplicate determinations
should agree within 5% of their average weight.
CALCULATION
mg total suspended solids/L =(A-B) × 1000/sample volume, mL
Where:
A = weight of filter + dried residue, mg, and
B = weight of filter, mg.
Precision
The standard deviation was 5.2 mg/L (coefficient of variation 33%) at 15 mg/L, 24 mg/L (10%)
at 242 mg/L, and 13 mg/L (0.76%) at 1707 mg/L in studies by two analysts of four sets of 10
determinations each.
Single-laboratory duplicate analyses of 50 samples of water and wastewater were made with a
standard deviation of differences of 2.8 mg/L.
B. Procedure of VSS (volatile suspended solid)
1. All the above process is same accept ignition process. Here the the glass filter paper is ignited
at 550 degree.
2. Precision - The standard deviation was 11 mg/L at 170 mg/L volatile total solids in studies by
three laboratories on four samples and 10 replicates. Bias data on actual samples cannot be
obtained.
C. MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) & MLVSS (Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended
Solids)
Mixed liquor is a combination of sludge and water removed from the clarifier in the wastewater
treatment process and reintroduced into an earlier phase of the treatment process. The mixed
liquor contains microorganisms which digest the wastes in the raw water.
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is a test for the total suspended solids in a sample of
mixed liquor. This test is essentially the same as the test you performed for TSS in the last lab,
except for the use of mixed liquor as the water sample. In addition, the concentration of
suspended solids found in the mixed liquor is typically much greater than that found in the raw
or treated water. MLSS concentrations are often greater than 1,000 mg/L, but should not exceed
4,000 mg/L.
Fig.23 Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
PROCEDURE:
1. Collect a grab sample of mixed liquor.
2. Measure the total suspended solids (TSS). Record the sample volume and the combined
sample and filter weight .At least 10% of all samples should be analyzed in duplicate.
3. Ignite the filter and the total suspended solids residue from step 1 in a muffle furnace at
550°C. An ignition time of 15 to 20 minutes is usually sufficient for 200 mg residue.
4. Let the filter cool partially in the air until most of the heat has dissipated. Then transfer the
filter to desiccators to cool the rest of the way to air temperature.
5. Weigh the filter and record the weight.
6. Repeat the cycle of igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight is
obtained or until the weight change is less than 4% or 0.5 mg, whichever is less.
CALCULATIONS:
mg total suspended solids/L = (A-B) X 1000/sample volume, mL

Where:
RESULT:
S.No. Volume of Settled Solids per Sludge Volume Index (𝑺𝑽)
⁄(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒈/𝒈)
MLSS
litre (SV) (SVI) 𝑺𝑽𝑰
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS
1) What is mixed liquor ?

2) What is MLSS test?
3) What temp & time the TSS test is done ?
4) What is TSS?
5) The probable number of coliform organisms found in wastewater is indicated by
a) COD.
b) DO
c) MPN
d) pH
6) Write the formula used for the calculation of MLSS.
7) The best procedure for determining the SS of a plant effluent is to analyze Advanced
a) A 24-hr composite sample of the effluent.
b) A grab sample of the effluent at high flow.
c) A grab sample of the effluent at low flow.
d) A series of grab samples taken at different times during the day.
8) What is the apparatus required for this experiment?
9) What precautions should we take while performing this above experiment?
10) What is the environmental significance of this experiment.
Experiment No. 12
AIM: To determine the amount of Mixed liquor Volatile suspended solids (MLVSS).
Mixed liquor is a combination of sludge and water removed from the clarifier in the wastewater
treatment process and reintroduced into an earlier phase of the treatment process. The mixed
liquor contains microorganisms which digest the wastes in the raw water. This lab will show
you how to test for MLSS and MLVSS in the mixed liquor. MLVSS, or Mixed Liquor Volatile
Suspended Solids, is a test for the amount of volatile suspended solids found in a sample of
mixed liquor. Volatile solids are those solids which are burnt up when a sample is heated to
550°C. Most of the volatile solids in a sample of mixed liquor will consist of microorganisms
and organic matter. As a result, the volatile solids concentration of mixed liquor is
approximately equal to the amount of microorganisms in the water and can be used to determine
whether there are enough microorganisms present to digest the sludge. In a wastewater treatment
plant, operators should test for MLSS three times per week and for MLVSS once per week.
Both tests should use grab samples taken from the same location in the treatment plant.
APPARATUS:
1. Desiccators
2. Drying oven, for operation at 103 to 105°C
3. Analytical balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 mg
4. Magnetic stirrer with TFE stirring bar
5. Wide-bore pipettes
6. Graduated cylinder
7. Low-form beaker
8. Glass-fiber filter disks with organic binder
9. Filtration apparatus, which can be any one of the following:
10. Membrane filter funnel
11. Gooch crucible, 25 mL to 40 mL capacity, with Gooch crucible adapter
12. Filtration apparatus with reservoir and coarse fritted disk (40 to 60 um) as filter
support
13. Filter flasks, of sufficient capacity for sample size selected
14. Vacuum pump
15. Tubing
16. Stop watch
17. Aluminum weighing dishes
18. Muffle furnace
Reagents
Reagent-grade water
PROCEDURE
1. Collect a grab sample of mixed liquor.
2. Measure the total suspended solids in your sample using the procedure outlined in Lab 11.
You will probably need to use a smaller sample volume, such as 5 mL. Record the sample
volume and the combined sample and filter weight in the Data section. At least 10% of all
samples should be analyzed in duplicate.
3. Ignite the filter and the total suspended solids residue from step 1 in a muffle furnace at
550°C. An ignition time of 15 to 20 minutes is usually sufficient for 200 mg residue. However,
when igniting more than one sample or when igniting heavier samples, the ignition time may
need to be increased.
4. Let the filter cool partially in the air until most of the heat has dissipated. Then transfer the
filter to desiccators to cool the rest of the way to air temperature.
5. Weigh the filter and record the weight in the Data section.
6. Repeat the cycle of igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight is
obtained or until the weight change is less than 4% or 0.5 mg, whichever is less.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Sample of Mixed Total Suspended Combined Weight of filter

Liquor Solids (mg/L) sample & filter after ignition &
weight (g) cooling(g)
1
CALCULATIONS:
mg total suspended solids/L = (𝐴 − 𝐵) × 1000 /sample volume, mL
Where:
RESULT:
MLVSS of the sample = …………mg/L
COMMENT:
______________________________________________________________________________
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QUESTIONS
1) What is MLVSS Test?

2) How is MLVSS different from MLSS?
3) What are volatile suspended solids?
4) What is amount of residue in MLVSS?
5) What is the environmental significance of performing this experiment?
6) Which of these equations is correct?
a) Dissolved solids +Total solids = SS.
b) SS +Dissolved solids = Total solids.
c) SS +Total solids =Dissolved solids.
d) None of the above.
7) Which of the following gases would cause the least respiratory distress if present in the
air we breathe in concentrations at or above 10% by volume?
a. Carbon monoxide
b. Ammonia
c. Nitrogen
d. Carbon dioxide
e. Hydrogen sulfide
8) Which one of the following is a probable direct result of having too much flow detention
time in a primary clarifier?
a. Sludge will become stiff and hard to pump.
b. Septic odors will be released.
c. Scum rafts will form and bridge across the skimmers.
d. Algae growths will form in the launders.
e. Sludge scraper drives will cut out on torque overload switches.
9) Samples for making laboratory tests on wastewater should
a) Collected when possible during the day.
b) Representative of the wastewater to be tested.
c) Collected at a convenient location in the plant.
d) Collected only after the final treatment unit.

10) What inference would you make after performing this experiment?

Environmental Engineering-II Course Code: CEP1316: Department of Civil Engineering Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh

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Environmental Engineering Lab-II

Course Code- CEP 1316

Course Code: CEP1316

Department of Civil Engineering

Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh

Department of Civil Engineering

S.NO. PREPARED BY SIGNATURE WITH DATE

PREPARED BY Monika Sharma

REVIEWED BY Col. H.S.Mavi

APPROVED BY Dr. Bushra Zaman

How to write a laboratory report

The following arrangement of the report is suggested:

Materials: The materials used or tested should be described.

S.No. Name of the experiment Page No.

“Test procedure is in accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 11) - Reaffirmed 2002.

Fig.1 Apparatus Required

1. Buffers Solutions of pH 4.01, 7.0 and 9.2

Fig.2 Chemicals Required

Fig.3. Procedure Required

SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION

1.2 Buffer Solution of pH 7.0

1.3 Buffer Solution of pH 9.2

2. Calibrating the Instrument

Sample No. Temperature of

Tested By : Civil Engineering Class, Group ……

Project Name : CE, Environmental Engg. Lab

Sample Description 1 : Surface water

Sample Description 2: Ground water

Sample Description 3: Sea water

Sample Temperature of Sample (ºC) pH

PRACTICAL ASPECT OF THE EXPERIMENT

b. Running long distances

AIM: To determine the total solids present in water sample.

1. Take empty weight of beaker. (WI)

2. Take a known volume of a well mixed sample in the above beaker.

3. Evaporate the sample to dryness at 103°C for 24 hours.

4. Cool and weigh and record the reading (W2)

6. Cool the beaker and record the final weight (W3).

Total solids mg/L. = (W2 – W1) × 1000 ml of sample

Organic solids mg/L. = (W2 – W3) × 1000 ml of sample

Weight of empty beaker W1= ---------------- mg

Weight of beaker after evaporation at 103°C W2 =---------------- mg

Weight of beaker after evaporation in W3 = --------------- mg

Sample No. Weight of the sample

Total Solids = ______________________mg/l

PRACTICAL ASPECT OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. Can total solids are referred to material left after evaporation?

8. Total Solids are referred to materials left after evaporation.

AIM: To determine the dissolved oxygen content in given sample.

PRINCIPLE: (Winkler method with azide modification)

PRINCIPLE: Dissolved Oxygen can be measured either by titrimetric or electrometric method.

(a) Winkler Method

(b) Azide Modification

(c) Alum Flocculation Modification

(d) Permanganate ModificationReagents:

Fig.5.Methods used for Determination of Dissolved Oxygen

Choice of the method depends upon the type of sample to be tested.

Azide Modification: In this method, interference caused by nitrate is removed effectively.