VERY VERY IMP DOCS FOR NBDE/NDEB 2017

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1.Basal cell carcinoma On the face

2.Decrease response to cellular signal Necrosis
3.Innervation: what does the vagus innervate below the intestine Colon (descending
colon)?
4.Someone climb mount Everest, and the pressure was atmospheric pressure 250
mmHg, what is the P02? 21% of PO2, so .21 x 250= 50mmHg
5.What is percentage of post teeth in the max arch?(ask in different ways)
10/16=62.5%???
6.What goes btw the sup and middle constrictor? Stylopharyngeous m.
7.Fumerase Hydrolase
8.What runs thru the stylomastoid foramen CN7
9.What is the def enzyme of tay sachs? It is GM2!!!
10.What branch goes of the ECA goes down to the hyoid? Sup thyroid artery?
11.Where does the vertebral artery come out from? Foramen magnum
12.Tracheostomy C6
13.What comes out of the ext auditory meatus Cn 7 and 8
14.What does the straight sinus drain into? Internal jugular vein
15.What part papillae doesn't have taste bud? Filliform
16.What nerve provides sensory to the ant 2/3 of the tongue? Lingual n.
17.Eagles syndrome Stylohyoid ligament
18.Which of the following only produces mucous Sublingual gland
19.Case question: what was wrong with lady...osteoarthritis ---
20.B12 Megoloblastic anemia
21.Sensory to the face in the thalamus VPM
22.What goes btw the palaglossus and palatopharyngeus? Palatine tonsil
23.What innervates the the sternohyoid, sternthyroid Ansa cervacalis (c1-c3)
24.What forms the face Frontal process and branchial arch 2
25.What inserts to the corinoid process Temporalis
26.What retrudes the mandible Post fibers of temporalis
27.A Dr. was delivering inf aveolar nerve block what is affecting Parotid gland
28.What does polymyxin act on Cell membrane?
29.What indicates a positive PPD except? Mycobacterium bovus
30.Legionella is found in what Water
31.What is most common vaccine used to vaccine children in us DPT
vaccine=inactivated endotoxin (it is a toxoid)
32.Fungi: which one is found intracellularly Histoplasmosis
33.Which fungi causes brain infarcts Asperigillus
34.Which of the following is found in diabetics? Mucomycosis
35.Which is transferred from person to person? Dermatophytosis
36.Amphotericin B Bc it doesn't have a ERGOSTERO
L37.Canididias Clotrimazole
38.Where is the hammulus a part of Medial ptyregoid
39.Foramen ovale Located in the posterior sphenoid bone. V3 passes through
40.Which doesn't carry a branch of v2 Foramen lacerum
41.Dentist was drillin on soft palate, and starts bleeding Lesser palatine artery
42.Ameologenesis imperfecta, what is the genetic defect, mutation in gene 6
Missense mutation
43.Tooth fused with roots forming one root and one canal Germination
44.What is the name given to a tooth erupting medially to the central incisors
Mesodens
45.Line of owen is equavalent t Line stria of retsiaz
46.What is cementum and pdl come from Dental sac =follicle
47.A person broke there pelvic bone, what kind of bone is formed? Woven bone
48.What type of jt is TMJ Diarthrodal
49.What kind of jt forms btw teeth and aveolar bone Gomphosis joint
50.Bone is made up of what type collagen Type 1
51.Cartilage Type 2
52.Reticular Type 3
53.BM Type 4
54.Anchoring fibers Type 7
55.Visceral branches of the abdominal aorta Celiac, IMA, SMA
56.What inhibits insulin Somatostatin
57.What organ has a afferent and efferent vessels Kidney
58.Calcitonin Parafollicular cells
59.Stimulate breast milk Prolactin
60.Resect infundibulum Destroy post pit dec adh and oxytocin
61.Median nerve Intrinsic muscle of the thumb and skin behind the thumb
62.Heart is in Middle mediastinum
63.3 month pregnant Hcg increase and estrogen+ lH decrease
64.Diabetes Type 2- not autoimmune,
65.Sphingomylein Not involved in blood typing
66.Ceramides and sphingomylins ---
67.Case study, in 10 weeks pregnancy what is not formed Tmj
68.What is the outer covering of Hep B Glycoprotein
69.What part of the kidney is using the most ATP PCT
70.What is the filtration of glucose ZEROOOOO ml (trick question)BIOCHEMISTRY -
-
71.Pyruvate formed OR METABOLIZED by? Reduction, Oxidation, Carboxylation,
Transamination (ROCT)
72.What type of reactions do not create pyruvate? Transamination double check
ANYTHING BESIDES ROCT
73.Secondary structure of a protein is held together by? Hydrogen bonds
74.What type of curve does myoglobin have? Hyberbolic (Hemoglobin= sigmoidal)
75.Your body is having trouble absorbing choline what might happen? Won't be able
to break down fats/lipids (Choline is used in lecithins which is a component of bile)
76.What type of mutation gives you the same amino acid? Silent
77.Ascorbic acid is used for what? Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen
synthesis (Ascorbic acid= vit C)
78.Most common amino acid in collagen? Glycine is 1/3 (then
proline/hydroxyproline)
79.Ketogenic AA's ? Lysine/ Leucine
80.Collagen and elastin are cross-linked by? Lysine (by the action of lysyl oxidase)
Copper is a cofactor
81.What is the melting temperature for DNA? 94-98 C
82.Hexokinase and glucokinase, what are their functions? know differences between
the two too
83.Hexokinase: G-6-P is the most important product
84.Glucokinase: has a much lower affinity for glucose than hexokinase, YET is the
only one of the two to work in the liver, esp after meals Other tissues use hexokinase
to do the same thing as glucokinase
.85.Tetracycline inhibits protein synthesis via? 30s ribosomal subunit
86.Where is carbamoyl phosphate formed? Mitochondria (Ornithine converted by
carbamoyl phosphatase inside the mitochondria of the liver into... Citruline)
87.What is an intermediate in the urea cycle and a precursor for ornithine? Arginine
88.What does 8M of urea do to DNA? Disrupt hydrophobic bonds
89.Rifamycin targets RNA synthesis via? RNA polymerase
90.Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism synthesis occurs where? Cytosol of mostly
hepatocytes
91.--Conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA is the rate limiting step
92.--Citrate-malate shuttle transports acetyl groups from mitochondria to the cytosol
93.How does ATP cross the inner mitochondrial matric membrane? Carrier mediated
94.How do you sterilize heat sensitive products? Ethylene oxide
95.Urea cycle gets its nitrogen directly from? Aspartic acid
96.NADPH for biosynthesis comes from what pathway? Pentose phosphate pathway
97.Vit B6 is a cofactor for? Transamination
98.What uses biotin as a cofactor? Basicially anything with "carboxylase"
99.In the urea cycle where do the nitrogens come from? Ammonia & Aspartate
100.What amino acid is used to taste umani? Glutamate
101.Ig has two parts: Fc and Fab, which is the variable part? Fab
102.Where does glycolysis occur? Cytosol
103.What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis? PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase)
104.Competitive vs Non competitive inhibition: Competitive= Increase Km, Vmax
stays the same, Non-competitive= Km stays the same, Vmax decreases
105.Isocitrate dehydrogenase is used to make what? Alpha ketogluterate in TCA (on
so many exams!)
106.You do not need which of the following for cholesterol synthesis? Oxygen
107.What is the rate limiting step of cholesterol synth? HMG-CoA reductase
108.Where does the glycerol come from for FA synthesis? Glucose/pyruvate
109.What hormones stain acidic? Growth hormone and prolactin
110.Krebs cycle NADH locations? Malate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate ("MIA")
111.Epinephrine and glucagon effect? A. Gluconeogenesis B. Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
112.What is the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis? Glycogen phosphorylase
113.UTP binds to glucose-1-phosphate in? Glycogenesis (Glucose-1-phosphate
UDP glucose glycogen)
114.Tertiary structure made possible by which amino acid? Cysteine (*check)
115.Strong, covalent bonds between thiol (- SH) group of two cysteine residuesthat
stabilizes structure of proteins and prevent denaturation.
116.What catalyzes the reaction from fumarate to malate in TCA? Fumarase
117.What does cAMP do for glycogen breakdown? cAMP binds and releases active
form of pKa which activates glycogen phosphorylase
.118.Where is glycogen made and broken down? Liver and muscle
119.Where does antigen bind on antibody? Variable light and variable heavy
120.What transfers bacteria in a single step? Transduction
121.What is the final electron acceptor? Oxygen
122.Which amino acids are branched? Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine
123.To make purines and pyrimidines de novo what is needed? Inosine
phosphateMICROBIOLOGY --
124.What bacteria have capsules? Mycoplasm Tuberculosis (Some Killers have
Pretty Nice Capsules)
125.The candida overgrowth? Antibacterial (Long term antibiotics can cause
overgrowth of yeast of
126.Candida Can use "nystatin" to treat candida, give orally)
127.How do yeasts reproduce? Conjugation (budding wasn't an option)
128.What is specific for bacteria? Penicillin
129.What amino acid is in bacterial cell walls? D-alanine
130.What fungi infects the lungs to look like TB? Histoplasma capsulatum (found in
macrophages)
131.What fungi are associated with avian (bird) origin? Histoplasma capsulatum
132.What medium is fungi grown on? Sabouraud agar (It is a selective medium that
is formulated to allow growth of fungi and inhibit the growth of bacteria)
133.What disease causes mild fever and nausea and sore throat in 24 hours?
Influenza
134.Why are chlamydia intracellular obligates? It cannot make ATP so it must be in a
host
135.What does Rickettsia cause? Typhus (or rocky mountain spotted fever)--
Characteristic lesions on Palms; Several questions: arthropod vector, insect bite,
causes typhus, affects endothelial cells
136.DNA oncovirus virus that causes cancer= Human papillomaa virus (HPV)
137.Rifampin is used with other medications to treat? Tuberculosis (TB)--Can also
be used to treat some people who have Neisseria meningitides; Rifampin acts to=
inhibit transcription aka RNA synthesis
138.How does Strep Mutans genes regulate activity? Transcription
139.How do sulfa drugs work? They block DNA synthesis--Sulfa drugs act as
competitive inhibitors to the enzyme DHFA
140.Chlamydia needs to be inside the cell because? It does not have its own energy
source, it has DNA dependent RNA polymerase
141.What is the most common cause of eye infections? Chlamydia trachomatis
142.Which fungus most likely causes meningitis? Cryptococcus
143.What is the mutation in amelogenesis imperfect? Missense (gene for type
collagen; COL1A1)
144.Where does a silent mutation occur? In non-coding regions
145.What is the best medium to grow fungi from? Sabourards
146.The herpes infections have what phase? Latent phase
147.Varicilla zoster and EBV= Herpes
148.Where would you see changes of cell degeneration? Nucleus
149.Etiology for Q fever? Coxiella burnetii
150.Peptidoglycan (NAG-NAM) is made by D-glutamate and? D-alanine
151.How do bacteria transfer the most DNA? Conjugation with sex pili
152.First antibody to show up on the scene? IgM
153.The mutation in odontogenesis imperfecta? Missense
154.Actinomyces infection, cause lumps near thyrocervical trunk? Sulfur granules
155.Interlukins like IL-1 can cause? Bone resorption (also fever)
156.Arbovirus mode of transmission? Arthropod vectors
157.What stage of infection of a patient's infection is the dentist/staff most likely to be
infected?
158.Prodromal stage (this is the stage when the patient is virally or bacterially
shedding, while appearing asymptomatic)
159.How does AZT work against HIV? Inhibits reverse transcriptase Zidovudine
(AZT)—A thymidine analog, is a competitive inhibitor of the HIV reverse
transcriptase. The wild-type reverse transcriptase seems to have a high affinity for
AZT and other base analogs.
160.What part of a virus allows us to create a vaccine? Viral proteins
161.GUMMA is a result of? Syphillis infection
162.Syphilis= Treponema pallidum, spirochete, gram (-), motile
163.Measles and Mumps are part of? Paramyxovirus
164.Which is NOT an organelle? Lipid body
165.Mycolic acid= Reason for acid fast stain
166.Common cause of infective endocarditis? Staph aureus OR ALPHA hemolytic
167.Bacteria that cause subacute endocarditis= GAMMA-hemolytic S. viridans
168.Traveler's diarrhea= E.coli
169.Which fungus causes athletes foot (tinea pedis)? Tricophyton
170.What bacteria is NOT in plaque? B. pertussis
171.Which fungus has the pseudocapsule? Candida
172.Eosinophils target? Parasites
173.What is the most variable phase in the cell cycle G1
174.Heterochromatin is= condensed
175.Which disease has only one mutation? Sickle cell anemia
176.You have a dead guy, what is the best for forensics? Southern blot
177.What complement component activates the alternative pathway? C3
178.Where is CD4/CD8 located on cell? On the outside of the membrane
179.NSAIDS inhibit? Cyclooxygenase (Cox-1= for pain; Cox-2= for inflammation)
180.If agglutination occurs with Type B blood will it occur with type AB too? No,
because AB is the universal receiver
181.Sphingomyelin= surround the axon, myelin sheath Synthesis- enzymatic transfer
of a
182.phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine to a ceramide; First committed step of
synthesis= condensation of L-syrine and palmitoyl-COA (occurs at ER)
183.Sphingolipids= play major role in signal transmission and cell recognition
184.What do cytotoxic T-cells bind to? MHC Class I (Helper T cells (CD4) bind to
MHC Class II; Cytotoxic
185.T cells (CD8) bind to MHC Class I)
186.Kids recommended taking this vaccine in the U.S.= TDAP
187.Most abundant organism in colon and feces? **? Bacteroides, anaerobic gram-
positive cocci, such as Peptostreptococcus sp., Eubacterium sp., Lactobacillussp.,
and Clostridium sp
.188.Positive to TB tests may be because of? M. tuberculosis
189.Amphotericin B= antifungal drug that targets ergosterol (Used to treat THRUSH
and cryptococcal meningitis)
190.Clostridium difficile= pseudomembranous colitis
191.TH1 helper cells secrete what? IL-2 & TNF-Beta (TH1= immunity against
bacteria and protozoa, Main partner is Macrophage—Think IL-2, IFN-gamma, TGF-
beta; TH2= immunity against parasites, Main partner is B-cell—Think IL-4,5,6,13)
192.Mother has gonorrhea, what is the risk to the baby? Ophthalmic neonatorum
193.Syphilis can be seen with? Dark field microscopy
194.What do you NOT need for translation? A. 50 and 30s ribosome B. tRNA C.
rRNA D. deoxytrinucleotide DEOXYTRINUCLEOTIDE
195.What cytokines are found in osteoclastic bone? IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta
196.What is a cause of food poisoning, produced by staph gram +? Enterotoxin b
197.Chronic hepatitis? Hep C
198.What is the reason the Influenza virus doesn't have a vaccine? Antigenic drift
199.Which of the following will lead to congenital defects? Herpes simplex
200.What secrets IgG? Plasma B cells
201.Pasturization kills what? M tuberculosis
202.What is the difference between viruses and bacteria? Viruses are not able to
replicate outside of host
203.You have a 0.05% solution of NaF. What is that in ppm?
500ANATOMY/HISTOLOGY --
204.Common hepatic artery gives off? Right gastric artery (Celiac a. Left Gastric
artery; Common hepatic a. Right gastric artery)
205.What happens with high extracellular potassium? Excreted in kidneys
206.Nerve that innervates the maxillary 2nd premolar? Middle superior alveolar n.
(MSA n. innervates= maxillary PM's and MB root of 1st max molar. )
207.What nerve fiber type sends dull burning pain in a patient for 2 years? C-fiber
208.What cervical nerve segment innervates the middle finger? Dermatome C7
209.What is calcium not needed for? A. ATP production B. Muscle contraction C.NT
release D. Hormone release ATP PRODUCTION
210.What ligament gets taut in full mouth opening causing the condyles to move
forward? Stylomandibular ligament
211.What is TMJ cartilage embryologically? A. Meckel's B. Primary C. Secondary
SECONDARY
212.What goes through the incisive foramen? Nasopalatine n. and a
.213.At what stage is embryo at implantation? Blastocyst
214.What is made from the cartilage of the 1st branchial arch? Mandible
215.The deep facial vein drains directly into? The facial vein (The facial vein drains
into= IJV)
216.The sigmoid sinus drains into the? Internal jugular vein
217.10 year old TMJ has? Dense fibrous CT
218.What is the difference between the lamina propria and submucosa? Lamina
proproa is mostly loose
219.CT whereas submucosa is dense irregular CT (Muscualris mucosa, Lamina
propria has less regular CT, Less spiciales CT)
220.The internal elastic lamina is located where? Between vessel and intima
(located outside of intima between intima and tunica media in blood vessels)
221.What is not present in an orthokeratinized layer? Stratum lucidium (listed all the
other stratums)
222.What is the composition of a bone salt? Calcium hydroxyapatite
223.What forms the anterior 2/3rds of the palate? Palatine processes of maxilla
(Posterior 1/3rd formed from the horizontal plates of palatine bones)
224.What bone is the pterygoid plate a part of? Sphenoid bone
225.What innervates the branchial muscles? Nucleus Ambiguous (Vagus n. for
swallowing)
226.Cell bodies for the parotid gland? Otic ganglion
227.What is the most distal aspect of the brachial plexus? A. Cords B. Divisions C.
Branches BRANCHES
228.Woman has pain in the right middle finger taking off her ring, which innervation?
C7
229.What innervates the erector spinae muscles? Dorsal (posterior) rami of spinal n
.230.What is most likely to cause a brain infarction? Stroke
231.What organ is closest to the right kidney? A. Small intestines (duodenum) B.
Colon C. Pancreas D. Spleen SMALL INTESTINES
232.What parasympathetic nerve runs through the foramen lacerum? Greater
Petrosal
233.What makes up the superior orbital fissure? Greater + lesser wing of the
sphenoid
234.Superficial temporal vein + maxillary vein? Retromandibular vein
235.What main artery supplies the nose? Nasopalatine (aka Sphenopalatine a.)
236.What part of the maxillary artery is in the infratemporal fossa? 1st part
(Mandibular branch)
237.What is the main artery in the pterygopalatine fossa? Maxillary artery
238.What nerve block do you use if you're only working on the mandibular incisors?
Mental nerve
239.NOT a part of the circle of willis? Basilar
240.Which one of the thalamic nucleus receives pain and temperature from the
face? VPM (VPM= ventral postomedial, VPL is from the body, "M= mouth, L=leg")
241.Know the parts of the adrenal gland: Zona Glomerulosa—mineralcorticoids like
aldosterone, Zona Fasciculata—glucocorticoids like cortisol, Zona Reticularis—
androgens, Adrenal Medulla—catecholamines
242.The foramen ovale is damaged, what does this cause? Loss of general
sensation to anterior 2/3 rds of tongue (b/c V3 is damaged, do not lose taste!! -
Would lose taste if stylomastoid foramen was damaged causing damage to chorda
tympani)
243.Most numerous tastebud? Filiform
244.They are the most numerous but have NO actual taste buds!
245.Also most keratinized
246.Where does the submandibular gland empty into? Sublingual caruncle (papilla)
247.What are the borders of the carotid triangle? Superior omohyoid, SCM, posterior
diagastric
248.Which of the following is a content of the carotid sheath? Vagus n.
249.Border of the submandibular triangle? DIagastric, inferior border of the
mandible, post and ant diagastric
250.Which muscle is supplied by the same nerve as the mylohyoid m.? Anterior belly
of the diagastric (talking about V3)
251.What structure creates an impression on the right lung? Arch of azygous vein
252.Right first, second, and third thoracic ribs drain into? Azygous v
.253.What muscle adducts the scapula? Rhomboids
254.What drains the tip of the tongue? Submental lymph nodes
255.What gland does not contain intercalated ducts? Sublingual (Striated ducts=
salivary glands,
256.Intercalated ducts have simple cuboidal epithelium, Submandibular and parotid
have both striated and intercalated, The pancreas only has intercalated ducts)
257.Striations in the striated duct are due to? Mitochondria
258.Where did the thyroid gland originate? Foramen Cecum on the tongue
259.What develops from Rathke's pouch? Adenohypophysis (ie. Anterior Pituitary) |
Rathke's pouch is a depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the
buccopharyngeal membrane. Derived from the ectoderm.
260.What blood vessel supplies left and right atria? Right coronary= R. Atrium // Left
circumflex= L. atrium
261.What connects the portions of the small intestines to the abdominal wall?
Mesentery a.
262.What part of the stomach is the substance that promotes absorption of B12
released from? Fundic portion (Parietal cells - intrinsic factor)
263.What do the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine promote? Pancreatic
and gallbladder activity
264.What supplies myelin in the CNS? Oligodendrocytes
265.What is the difference between the portal vein and regular veins? Portal veins
connect two sets of capillary beds without going thru the heart
266.Where do osteoclast come from? Monocytes/macrophage lineage
267.What is the difference between juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons?
The length of the thin portion of henle (Cortical is shorter, Juxta nephrons have
longer loop of henle to create hyperosmolar gradient, to create concentrated urine)
268.The type of collagen that predominates in the PDL and not in bone or dentin?
Type 3 (PDL has type 1 and type 3, but type 3 is not in bone or dentin)
269.What comes from the dental papilla? Pulp tissue and dentin (Dental papilla =
"DP" = dentin and pulp)
270.What comes from the dental follicle? Cementum, alveolar bone and PDL
271.Know embryonically what the philtrum, the lips, and the palate are made from?
Philtrum: frontal nasal processes & 2 medial nasal processes, Upper lip: Maxillary
processes & Medial nasal processes, Primary palate (anterior): 2 medial nasal
processes, Secondary palate (posterior): 2 maxillary processes or the lateral palatine
processes
272.Horner's question. Superior cervical ganglia
273.Sternohyoid and sternothyroid innervated by what? Ansa cervicalis
274.What innervates the shoulder area? C3-C4
275.Ductus Arteriosus makes what? Ligamentum arteriosum
276.The posterior horizontal temporalis fibers do what? Retract the mandible |
Anterior fibers= elevate the mandible (close)
277.If you feel pain in the retrodiscal space of the TMJ? Auriculotemporal n
.278.What lies between medial pterygoid & hyoglossus? Lingual n., Hyoglossus n.,
and submandibular duct
279.Superior cervical ganglion does sympathetic ganglionic so... Thoraco-lumbar |
Parasympathetic = Cranio-sacral
280.Adrenal medulla origin? Neural crest
281.Adrenal medulla is most similar to which in origin and function? A. Post
Sympathetic B. Pre
282.Sympathetic Post Sympathetic
283.What is a feature of skeletal muscle? Multinucleated cells
284.Where is sperm stored? Epididymis
285.What cells produce testosterone? Leydig cells
286.Which is not in seminiferous tubules? A. Leydig cells B. Sertoli C.
Spermatogonia D.Spermatids LEYDIG CELLS (found adjacent to seminiferous
tubules in the testicles)
287.Which is NOT a part of the thoracic cage? Clavicle
288.Which tonsil has respiratory epithelium? Pharyngeal tonsil | Tubal tonsil= ciliated
pseudo stratified, Palatine tonsil= non kerat. Stratified squamous, Lingual tonsil= non
kerat. Stratified squamous
289.What is the epithelium of sweat glands? Stratified cuboida
l290.External jugular vein, what lymph nodes go along with it? Superficial cervical
lymph nodes
291.The upper half of the external jugular vein also runs with the..? great auricular n
292.Celiac trunk a. main branches include? Left gastric a, common hepatic a, and
splenic a
.293.Where do the buccinators, platysma, stapedius and stylohyoid originate from?
Branchial arch 2 (all muscles of facial expression)
294.Which are the most similar in organic material? Cementum and bone
295.Ventral surface of tongue has what kind of epithelium? Non-keratinized, thin
stratified squamous
296.What is the tounge innervated by? Motor=CNXII, Sensation= CNV3, IX, X,
Taste=CN VII, IX, X
297.Upper median lip is innervated by? Superior Labial n
.298.Case study. You do an ejection into the maxillary molar and the patient comes
in the next day with a hematoma, what could you have hit? Pterygoid plexus
299.Epidural hematoma in= temporal area | Overlying dura, damage to Middle
Meningeal a.
300.Posterior hard palate is innervated by? Greater palatine n.
301.What part of the lateral pterygoid muscle protrudes the mandible? Inferior
302.The superior head of the lateral pterygoid... stabilizes the articular disk during
clenching (power stroke)
303.Pain is perceived by? Hydrodynamic effects
304.What muscle is used for circumduction of arm? Deltoid
305.When does organogenesis occur? Embryonic weeks 3-8
306.The ligament attached to the liver was what in the fetus? Ductus venosus
307.What innervates the biceps brachii m.? Musculocutaneous n.
308.Innervation of Triceps= Radial n.
309.What artery does the superior thyroid branch off of? External carotid a.
310.What triangle does the facial artery go thru? Submandibular
311.Ligamentum artery is a landmark for what? Left recurrent laryngeal (aka left
inferior laryngeal n.)
312.What is the only muscle to abduct (contract) the larynx (vocal fold)? Posterior
cricoarytenoid m. | 313.Adducts larynx= Lateral cricoarytenoid & Transverse
arytenoid mm., Relaxs/shortens vocal folds= Thyroarytenoid
314.Which gland in the mouth is pure mucous? Palatine gland | Pure serous= Von
ebner's in the tongue and parotid, Parasympathetic=serous, sympathetics=mucous,
Para=Parotid=serous
315.What supplies the SA node? Right coronary a.
316.What is the primary sensory relay station of the brain? Thalamus
317.The thumb muscles are innervated by? Median n. | Abductor pollicis brevis=
abducts the thumb, Flexor pollicis brevis= flex the thumb, Opponens pollicis=
opposes the thumb
318.Anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to which lobes? Frontal and parieta
l319.Vagus supplies innervation to? A. Transverse colon B. Sigmoid colon
TRANSVERSE COLON
320.Sensations from the left face and teeth are interpreted in? Right parietal lobe
321.Cut infundibulum? Decrease ADH | Posterior pituitary effected--The hormones
of the posterior pituitary (ADH and oxytocin) are synthesized in neuroendocrine cells
located within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The
synthesized hormones are packaged in granules that are transported down the axon
of the cell and stored in nerve terminals located in the neurohypophysis (posterior
pituitary)
.322.Case. 10 year boy was found dead with a broken jaw deviating to the right, had
bruising on the side of his face and was bite by a rattle snake on the lateral side of
his forearm. Right lateral pterygoid affected from broken jaw; radial n. from snake
bite
323.The optimal muscle to close the mouth is? Masseter
324.Where is the pterygomandibular raphe extended from? Pterygoid hamulus to the
lingual side of the mandible (mylohyoid line)
325.What is the medial wall of the axillary triangle? Serratus anterior
326.Where does the thoracic duct lie? Posterior mediastinum
327.If you have a premolar has a bad infection what lymph node would it spread to?
Submandibular then deep cervical
328.Inferior parathyroid glands come from? 3rd brachial POUCH
329.Superior parathyroid come from 4th brachial POUCH Superior parathyroid
gland, Ultimobranchial body (Gives rise to thyroid parafollicular/C-cells, Calcitonin)
330.What supplies the cricothyroid? External branch of superior laryngeal
331.Terminal branches of the external carotid artery? Maxillary and superficial
temporal a.
332.What is deep to the hyoglossus? Lingual a.
333.What causes gag reflex? Glossopharyngeal afferent, Vagus efferent
334.What runs with glossopharyngeal n.? Stylopharyngeal mm.
335.What pierces thyrohyoid membrane? Internal superior laryngeal n. and a.
336.Sensory to larynx? Recurrent laryngeal n.(aka Inferior laryngeal)
337.Diploic veins are found in? Calvarium (Drain the diploe of the skull into dural
sinuses.)
338.Innervaion to TMJ? Auricotemporal n. and mesenteric branch of V3
339.Carotid sinus= baroreceptor
340.Internal and external jugular veins are separated by? Sternocleidomastoid
341.An older patient is more likely to have a pulp with? More collagen
342.What does the TMJ ligament attach to? Zygomatic arch (to neck of mandible)
343.Temporalis muscle attaches to (inserts at)? Coronoid process
344.Foramen with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? Foramen ovale
345.What is the function of the foramen ovale in an embryo? Shunts blood from
RALA
346.The motor innervation to the muscles of mastication exit which foramen?
Foramen Ovale (muscles of mastication=V3)
347.Where are cell bodies for preganglionic for sympathetic nerves? spinal cord T1-
L3*
348.Difference between gemination & fusion: Gemination= share a single root and
root canal (development of 2 crowns from 1 tooth bud); Fusion= same dentin (fusion
of 2 unique tooth buds)
349.Tongue deviates to a certain side, which nerve is damaged? CN12 same side
350.What is the most abundant protein in enamel? Ameloogenins
351.What is the most mineralized/hardest dentin? Peritubuler or intratubular
352.Which lymphatic organ has both afferent and efferent vessels? A. Thymus B.
Spleen (no afferent) C. 353.Lymph node LYMPH NODE (many afferent, few efferent)
354.What is the efferent n. to the epiglottis? Superior laryngeal branch of the vagus
n. (CN 10)
355.Afferent limb to upper epiglottis= glossopharyngeal n. (CN 9)
356.Efferent limb to the lower epiglottis= sup. Laryngeal branch of vagus n.
357.What protrudes the hyoid? A. Suprahyoids B.Infrahyoids C. Geniohyoid D.
Stylohyoid SUPRAHYOIDS
358.Which of the following muscles is NOT an infrahyoid muscle? Geniohyoid
359.Nourishment to the TMJ? Superficial temporal artery (branch of maxillary artery)
360.Alpha 1 function post gang= smooth muscle contraction
361.Alpha 2 function pre gang= inhibition of transmitter release
362.Which organ has fenestrated capillaries? Pancreas
363.Which soft palate muscle is not affected by a laceration of the mucosa 1 cm
lingual to the 2nd max molar? A. Tensor veli palatine B. Palato-glossal C. Palato
pharyngeal D. Levator veli palatani LEVATOR VELI PALATINI
364.What nerve lies between palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus? CN9
365.The nerve leaving the stylomastoid foramen was damaged? Facial n. (CN 7)
366.Patient got shot in the back of his head and it came thru his forehead, which
bones were least likely damaged? Maxilla & temporal
367.Thoracic duct lies in? Posterior mediastinum (between the descending thoracic
aorta [to its left] and the azygos vein [to its right])
368.Heart lies in? Middle mediastinum
369.The laryngeal prominence (adams apple) is the= thyroid cartilage
370.If you cut below the cricoid cartilage you could injury? Inferior laryngeal (which
supplies the voice box mm. except the cricothyroid m. = superior laryngeal n.)
371.Which of the following leaves the thoracic cavity at T12? Descending abdominal
aorta (T10= esophageal hiatus, T8= where the inferior vena cava goes thru the
diaphragm
372.Epithelium of maxillary sinus? Ciliated columnar
373.Questions asked all of the following are stratified squamous except= Maxillary
sinus
374.The pterygomaxillary fissure is made up of? Sphenoid and maxilla
375.The medial wall of the infratemporal fossa? Pterygomaxillary fissure
376.The nose develops from? The medial and lateral nasal processes
377.Where does indirect (deep) inguinal hernia occur? Deep inguinal ring
378.Where does the nerve that provides secretion of the soft palate come out of the
skull? Foramen Rotundum (V2)
379.What contains the superior and inferior sagittal sinus? Falx cerebri
380.What is the falx cerebri a fold of? Dura mater
381.Proprioception from the PDL = mesencephalic nucleus
382.Midbrain= mesencephalon
383.Where do sensory fibers from face traveling from thalamus to the brain cortex
travel thru? Internal capsule
384.What is the embryonic origin of the posterior pituitary? FOREBRAIN
385.DIV.=>PROSENCEPHALON=>DIENCEPHALON Posterior pituitary=
diencephalon - neurohypophysis, down growth, Anterior pituitary= adenohyphosis,
rathkes pouch
386.What causes you to spring your mouth back open when you bite on popcorn?
Mechanoreceptors on PDL
387.What structure is between condyle and mandibular fossa? Disc
388.Howships lacunae contains? Osteoclasts
389.What is the most prevalent PDL fiber? Oblique
390.The dental lamine is surrounded and stimulated by? Ectomesenchymal growth
391.What is the reticular layer (of dermis) composed of? Dense irregular connective
tissue
392.Which gland produces most saliva? Submandibular gland
393.When cutting through underneath the tongue to get to the sublingual gland what
do you cut thru? Mucous membrane ONLY
394.What muscles move the radio-ulnar joint? Pronator teres, pronator quadratus
(both do pronation) & Biceps brachii (supination)
395.Hammulus is an extension of what? Medial pterygoid plate
396.Transmitter from tooth pulp? NE (other choices: Ach, P substance, GABA)
397.What ligaments prevent excessive opening during yawning? Accessory
ligaments (stylomandibular & sphenomandibular)
398.Where does the sphenomandibular ligament insert? Lingula
399.Cut palate behind 2nd maxillary molar, what nerve is affected? Greater palatine
n
.400.Nasmyth membrane produced by the ameloblast, covers the tooth once it has
erupted
.401.Innervation to the esophagus? CN X
402.Inferior lateral pterygoid function? Protruding & Opening
403.Which muscles make the mandibular sling? Masseter and medial pterygoid
(M&M)
404.Where is the radial nerve least protected? Mid-humeral shaft (this is where the
most injuries are)
405.All of the following arelined by stratified squamous epithelium except: Maxillary
sinus (ciliated pseudostraitified columnar)
406.What wraps around the hamulus? Tensor veli palatine
407.Which of the following is not in the thoracic cage? Clavicle
408.What do you find in canaliculi? Radiating processes/projections of osteocytes &
VASCULAR TUNNELS
409.The buccal n. runs? Between heads of lateral pterygoid
410.Vertebral artery passes thru? Foramen magnum
411.What are affected in Lines of Owen? Odontoblasts Intercept the DEJ & meet an
accompanying Striats of Retzius (enamel)
412.Represent changes in color of dentin ...
413.Envelope of motion? Limits the movement of the mandible by anatomic position
414.Muscles will be in equilibrium at? Postural position
415.Where is hyaline cartilage not found? A. Nose B. Trachea C. Larynx = elastic
cartilage D. Bronchus LARYNX
416.Upon closing mouth into MIC which one is responsible for stabilizing the articular
disc during this? Superior head of inferior pterygoid
417.Muscle lining the pharynx is? Voluntary and striated
418.Your patient has an infection of their cavernous sinus, what is not infected?
Optic nerve CN2DENTAL ANATOMY ---
419.How many roots and canals in a maxillary 1st PM? 2 roots, 2 canals
420.How many roots and cusps in a PRIMARY mandibular 1st molar? 2 roots, 3
cusps (2 B,1L)
421.Tooth with the mesial crown cavity? Maxillary 1st PreMolar
422.What can you see from the maxillary 1st premolar that you cannot see on the
maxillary 2nd premolar from the lingual? Lingual cusp appears shorter than the facial
cusp
.423.What root of what tooth is most likely in the maxillary sinus? Maxillary 1st Molar
(Palatal root)
424.Which are the guiding cusps (ie. Non-functional cusps)? Max= buccal // Mand=
lingual | B.U.L.L buccal upper lower lingual
425.What is the primary protein secreted by odontoblasts? Collagen
426.What is NOT found in the pulp? A. Osteoblasts B. Odontoblasts C.
Cementoblasts D. Fibroblasts CEMENTOBLASTS- these are found in the PDL
427.What is the shape of the maxillary canine from contact to cervical line? Convex
428.Mamelons STILL PRESENT...cause? Anterior open bite
429.What describes bone and tooth fusion? Ankylosis
430.Case study. What would be the radiolucency above the first maxillary molar?
Maxillary sinus
431.Occlusion of mandibular canine in maxillary intercuspation contacts what teeth?
Max lateral and canine
432.What is the most anterior point in Posset's envelope of motion? Protrusion
433.The most inferior point in Posset's envelope of motion? Maximum opening
434.Primary teeth compared to permanent teeth are? Bulbous and constricted at
cervix
435.Life cycle of a primary tooth? Eruption, absorption, exfoliation
436.When extracting a maxillary tooth, which is the most likely to breach the
maxillary sinus? Palatal root of max 1st molar -or- MB root of max 2nd mola
r437.When extracting a tooth, due to its root shape, what is the easiest tooth to
rotate? Maxillary central
438.Major protein secreted by ameloblasts? Amelogenin / enamelin
439.Trying to numb the mandibular lateral incisor? Mental n.
440.Primary mandibular 1st molar has? 4 cusps, 2 roots MB= largest // ML=
sharpest // DB,DL= smallest
441.Surgical extraction - which tooth most likelt to involve the antrum? Max 1st Molar
(antrum= max sinus)
442.Space between two teeth is called? Diastema
443.Smallest mesio-distal dimension? Mandibular central
444.Which primary tooth has an oblique ridge? Maxillary 2nd molar
445.Which tooth has the largest facial lingual dimension of the anteriors? Maxillary
canine
446.Canine has: Mesial cuspal incline shorter than distal
447.Tooth between two centrals? Mesiodens
448.What is a likely reason for a primary tooth not to exfoliate? The successor is
missing
449.What are the two obtuse angles on a maxillary 1st molar? Mesiolingual and
Distalbuccal
450.What s the first succedaneous premolar to erupt? Mandibular 1st PM
451.In class II occlusion during a protrusive movement which tooth or teeth does the
mandibular canine occlude with? Canine and 1st premolar
452.The curve of spee for mandibular teeth= concave
453.Curve of spee for maxillary teeth= convex
454.What is gomphosis? Joint that binds the tooth to the tooth socket
455.Restore a lingual cusp of mandibular second molar, which movement is most
likely to cause interference? Mediotrusive
456.Hypercalcification= peritubular dentin
457.Looking at a radiograph, what is the radiolucency between the maxillary
centrals? Intermaxillary suture
458.Which teeth have root concavities at the CEJ, making root planning difficult?
Maxilalry 1st Molar (Max 1st PM wasn't an answer choice)
459.Primary maxillary 2nd molar resembles which permanent tooth? Permanent 1st
maxillary molar
460.How many posterior teeth are succedaneous? 8 (all premolars)
461.What does NOT cause flattening of posterior tooth cusps? Deep
overbitePATHOLOGY/PHYSIOLOGY ---462.What type of cancer is associated with
obesity? Endometrium (uterus/ovaries) | Also: Esophagus, 463.Pancreas, Colon,
Breast, Kidney, Thyroid, & Gallbladder
464.What happens after liquefactive necrosis of the brain? Something pertaining to
clear fluid
465.Where does basal cell carcinoma most affect? Either upper face or hands
466.What volume of air is left in the lungs after you forcefully exhale? Residual
volume
467.Main reason for lumps on breast? Fibrocystic disease
468.If a cell membrane potential is slowly reaching 0mV what can be the reason?
The Na/K ATP pump stopped working
469.An increase in CO2 can cause what? Decrease in PPO2
470.To measure GFR use? Inulni or creatinine phosphate
471.To measure renal plasma flow use? PAH
472.Plummer- Vinson syndrome? Iron deficiency anemia with atrophic glossitis &
dysphagia (inflam. of the tongue) | Occurs mostly in postmenopausal women
473.How to measure basal metabolic requirements? Respiratory quotient
474.Metabolic acidosis is seen with a rise in what other ion? K+
475.Uncompensated metabolic acidosis? Increased H+, decreased HCO3- (by
inability to produce bicarbonate or excrete acids)
476.What can affect renal GFR? Histamine (increases GFR) or Adenosine
(decreases GFR)
477.Myasthenia gravis? Thyoma (cancer of thymus) | MG blocks = post membrane
receptors!, Inhibits ACh receptors at the post synaptic membrane hence the "muscle
weakness"
478.What type of cancer can metastasize to bone? Breast, lung or prostate
(prostate= most often)
479.Which cancer is the least likely to metastasize? Papillary thyroid carcinoma
480.For osteoporosis which treatment do you NOT use? Cortisone (b/c cortisone
causes osteoporosis)
481.Capillary bed velocity is inversely related to? Branching
482.Where does a red infarct occur? Lungs (or other "loose organs")
483.Mass movement in the colon is caused by food entering? A. Stomach B. Colon
C. Mouth STOMACH
484.Esophageal varices most likely to cause? Hematemeisis (blood in vomit)
485.Patient has elevated level of PSA and acid phosphatase? Carcinoma of prostate
486.Hypertension= LV hypertrophy
487.Patient has a periapical lesion with a border of epithelium? Cyst
488.Patient has fever, weakness, weight loss, something with gums, and high levels
of WBCs especially lymphocytes? CLL Chronic lymphoid leukemia)
489.Which is most likely to lead to GI cancer? Villous adenoma
490.Patient has acidosis, what else will he have? Hyperkalemia
491.What is not absorbed in the jejunum? Bile
492.Case. Depressed female is taking antidepressant medication, lots of other things
wrong with her, ask what causes pain in her mouth? Burning mouth syndrome
493.Gardener's syndrome? Familial colorectal polyposis
494.Case. Patient presents with xerostomia (dry mouth), Keratoconjunctivitis (dry
eyes), & presence of other autoimmune disorders, what do they most likely have?
Sjogrens syndrome
495.Drinking a lot of water will.. Decrease levels of ADH
496.Fatty liver disease cause by? Alcoholism
497.Beri Beri is a deficiency in what enzyme? Vit B1/ thiamine
498.Vitamin D is activated where? Kidney
499.Myasthenia Gravis? Autoimmune attack of Ach receptors peripherally
500.Paget's disease? Cotton wool appearance
501.Something is healing, secondary would healing process, after 3 days what
would you expect to see? Ulceration
502.A patient is on a mixture of 90% nitrous- 10% oxide anesthetic, what can they
suffer from?
503.Respiratory acidosis (from decreased respiration = hoarding of CO2 gas in their
body)
504.Bronchogenic carcinoma= Wall or epithelium of bronchial tree
505.If there is pus which cell do you see? Neutrophils | Ie. If there is an abscess you
will see= neutrophilsKoplic spots= rubeola (measles)
506.Tay Sach's disease is a lipid storage disease due to the deficiency of: GM2
gangliosidosis (or deficiency in beta-hexosaminidase)
507.Reed-stenberg cells= Hodgkins lymphoma (slowly progressive in order of lymph
drainage)
508.15 year old with high blood glucose= Type I diabetes (body cannot make insulin)
509.Ibuprofen main benefits= inhibits cox2
510.Where is secretin release? Duodenum
511.ADH is made where? Supraoptic of hypothalamus
512.Which would not contribute to kidney stones? Diabetes Insipidus | Kidney stone
could be caused by diabetes mellitus
513.Old man has difficulty urinating, what is most likely the cause? Benign prostatic
514.Add K+ to the extracellular environment near a free nerve ending with a resting
potential of -70mV, what does that do the potential? Slightly more depolarized
515.What's common between parkinson's and alzheimers? Loss of cognitive function
516.CASE STUDY on bone fracture and healing process: About a boy - year after
his knee fracture (what stage is bone at now?) reparative
517.CASE STUDY on bone fracture and healing process: About a lady - 5 years
after hip fracture (what stage is bone at now?) remodeling
518.ATP mechanism in sarcomere= ATP binds to myosin head
519.Which cells are not in chronic inflammation? Neutrophils (they are in initial
inflammation)
520.Vitamin K is for? Prothrombin
521.Crohns= noncaeasous granuloma
522.Anti-depressant causes: xerostomia
523.Most common cause of renal failure? Diabetes (2nd most common=
hypertension) | If you get renal failure you will most likely get hyperparathyroidism ;
kidney cannot convert vitamin D into its active form
524.Hyperparathyroidism causes? Kidney stones
525.Venous pulse is a direct reflex of? A. Peripheral blood flow B. Capillary blood
flow C. Right ventricular pulse pressure D. Left ventricular pulse pressure RIGHT
VENTRICULAR PULSE PRESSURE
526.Polymyalgia rumatica? Condition of pain in many muscles
527.CASE STUDY: Patient is getting engaged wit a pigmented lesion on his nose
What is the type of skin cancer? Malignant melanoma
528.CASE STUDY: Patient is getting engaged wit a pigmented lesion on his nose.
He also has a lump medial to the right body of the mandible extraorally:
Submandibular lymph node
529.Which muscle does not make up the triangle that contains the swelling?
Sternocleidomastoid m. (The submandibular lymph nodes are in the submandibular
triangle)
530.CASE STUDY: Fat kid in high school was advised by counselor to get blood
glucose checked. Results came back as 11% glycosylated hemoglobin. What is his
diagnosis? Diabetes type II (Normal is 4-5.9%, anything above 7% is considered
diabetic)
531.CASE STUDY: Fat kid in high school was advised by counselor to get blood
glucose checked. Results came back as 11% glycosylated hemoglobin. What are the
cells that control his blood glucose? Beta Note: Diabetes type II does not destroy
beta cells
532.In a salivary gland, what ejects IgA? Serous demilunes Note: IgA comes from
salivary glands !!
533.Where does lengthening of a bone take place? Epiphyseal plate
534.What is the function of surfactant? To decrease surface tension
535.Prions? Cause brain damage
536.Berry aneurism= cerebral vascular acciden
t537.What happens if the right vagus is damaged? Increased HR | Vagus=
parasympathetics to the heart, Right Vagus= SA node Left Vagus= Blocks AV
538.Decreased estrogen may lead to? Osteoporosis
539.A women with hysterectomy is more likely to have? Vertebral fracture
Hysterectomy= surgery to remove an ovary
540.All of the following are lysosomal deficiency disease except? A. Gaucher's B.
Hurler's C. Tay-Sachs D. Lettret-Siewer disease LETTRET-SIEWER DISEASE |
MNEMONIC: "Nip That Fat Girl"= Niemann, TaySach, Fabry, Gaucher - lipid storage
diseases with incomplete lysosomal breakdown
541.Which of the following organs is not needed for survival? Adrenal medulla (on
multiple tests)
542.Greatest amount of ATP used where in the nephron? The ascending tubule
543.Which has discontinuous capillaries? Liver (if liver isn't an answer choice then
Spleen)
544.Glucose filtration rate in kidney= 0 (other choices: 50, 100, 150
)545.Post mortem exam for congestion heart failure showed: Congestion of the lung
546.Gastrin...? causes chief cells to secrete pepsinogen
547.Vitamin B12 deficiency? Pernicious anemia
548.Glomerulus fascicularis: ACTH
549.A person swallows mostly during A. Sleep B. Clenching C. Easting D. Awake not
eating AWAKE NOT EATING
550.Growth independent of host control: Neoplasm
551.At what stage is a cell no longer responsive to growth and other chemical
factors? Neoplasia
552.What ions are found in sweat of person with Cystic fibrous? Na Cl
553.CASE STUDY: Lady has polymyalgia rheumatic, osteoarthritis, TMJ. What type
of disease? Autoimmune
554.CASE STUDY: Lady has polymyalgia rheumatic, osteoarthritis, TMJ. Which of
the following is not associated? Splenomegaly, losing weight, happening after 40
years
555.CASE STUDY: Lady has polymyalgia rheumatic, osteoarthritis, TMJ. What is the
cause of pain in the TMJ? Degeneration due to osteoarthritis
556.CASE STUDY: Lady with pain in upper 1st molar right side: What nerve would
you inject? PSA & MSA
557.CASE STUDY: Lady with pain in upper 1st molar right side: If you restore an
amalgam up to the central pit what part of the tooth must be considered to build up in
carving? Oblique ridge, buccal groove, lingual groove, cusp of carabeli *check
558.Pregnant lady with a glucose level of 210- gestational diabetes
559.hCG is increased in pregnancy to do what? Maintain the corpus luteum
560.Klinefelter= XXY
561.Increased ACTH= Cushing's
562.Recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis, leading to a swollen big toe
joint? Gout
563.Achalsia= dysfunction of lower esophageal sphincter | propulsion of food clown
the esophagus ( J, peristalsis). Failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax.
Characteristic "bird's-beak appearance" on barium swallow. Cause= Nerve related.
Clinical=Dysphagia to both solids and liquids, Regurgitation of food.
564.Some benign cancers are classified by? Containment
565.What is a possible cause of edema? Liver Faliure | A rise in hydrostatic
pressure= cardiac failure= edema. A fall in osmotic pressure= liver failure and
nephrotic syndrome= liver failure= edema
566.Which part of the lungs have cartilage? Bronchi
567.In addition to Kapsi's sarcoma, what other carcinoma are people with AIDS likely
to suffer from? Non-hodgkins lymphoma
568.Which of the following does the Medulla control? (Medulla=Autonomic functions)
A. Hunger B. Thirst C. Vomiting D. Sex drive E. Control body heat VOMITING
569.Stomatomedin= promote growth
570.Chondrogenesis= formation of cartilage
571.Macrostomia= failed fusion of max/mand prominence
572.What is not secreted in urine? A. Urea B. Creatine C. Water D. Glucose
GLUCOSE
573.1,2,5 dihydroxy vitamin D3 synthesis entire reaction sequence occurs in: skin,
then liver, then kidney
574.Why does a nerve impulse go in one direction? B/c of the conduction of nerve
fibers
575.Procallus bone is found after? 1 week | procallus = fibrocartilaginous callus =
soft callus - the first stage (approximately one week) in the healing of a bone
fracture; connective tissue stem cells and capillary blood vessels penetrate the
inflamed fracture hematoma and as phagocytes clear the debris from the injury, new
fibrous connective tissue matrix, then new cartilage matrix, and finally new bone
matrix begin to form; the procallus material usually extends beyond the volume
previously occupied by the uninjured bone; it represents the second stage in repair
of a bone fracture. bony callus = hard callus - the second, final stage (several weeks
to months in duration) in the healing of a bone fracture
576.SLE is characterized by? Antinuclear antibody
577.Allopurinol inhibits what in Gout? Xanthine oxidase
578.Purpose of a low carbohydrate diet? To keep insulin low
579.CNS necrosis is? Liquefactive necrosis
580.Person has hypoparathyroidism, what else could they have? DiGeorge
syndrome
581.Pancreatic acinar cells do what? Produce zymogens
582.Transferrin is located in? The Liver (regulates free iron when not already bound
to iron (apotransferrin)

583.A decrease in what would cause release of oxygen? Decrease in pH

584.Most kidney reabsorption happens in? Proximal convoluted tubule
585.Fluoride replaces? OH-
586.Muscle contraction questions, know the following: H band disappears, I band
shortens, A band stays the same! | The major structural unit is the myofibril: Thick
filaments (contain myosin). Thin filaments (contain actin, troponin, and tropomyosin).
Myosin cross-bridges link the two filaments. | Cross-striations are apparent due to
alternating light and dark banding of the myofibrils. A band: Dark band contains
myosin. NEVER changes length. H band: Light band that bisects the A band.
SHORTENS during contraction. I band: Light band containing actin. SHORTENS
during contraction. Z line: Dark band that bisects the I band. Anchor for actin. M line :
Dark band that bisects the H band. Anchor for myosin.
587.What muscles move the radio-ulnar joint? Pronator teres, pronator quadratus
(both do pronation) & Biceps brachii (supination)
588.Hammulus is an extension of what? Medial pterygoid plate
589.Transmitter from tooth pulp? NE (other choices: Ach, P substance, GABA)
590.What ligaments prevent excessive opening during yawning? Accessory
ligaments (stylomandibular & sphenomandibular)
kaplan DA-OCCLUSION