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PERFORMANCE BY DESIGN SEISMIC
MECE aneuris HERNANDEZ VELEZ

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER OF COMPUTER
DEALER AND STRUCTURES "CSI" HIGH LEVEL OF PRESIDENT
ENGINEERING LLC
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Introduction
The buildings are designed by the regulations of the codes with pre written procedures.
The goal of this design is to meet all code requirements.
In this design pre written is used as a normal practice assuming linear elastic response of
the structure, which does not take into account the redistribution of forces due to the
nonlinear behavior of the elements and the ability to dissipate energy having material after
creep. For this reason there have been considerable damage and the goal of saving the
lives of the people has not been achieved. Security structure should be understood as
having this ability to deform in the inelastic range without collapse.
During a seismic excitation, the structure is generally responds more of its elastic
capacity. There are two options for assessing the performance of an inelastic structure: 1-
Pushover
2- Time History (Nonlinear)

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Introduction
Based Design Resistance.
If the Force Demand (F Factored) <that the yield strength (Fy), it is reasonable to use the linear analysis for calculating the strength of demand. But the
codes do not compare with the force of creep if not rather with reduced ultimate capacity, which means that if the power demand exceeds the yield
strength in the event of an earthquake would be very conservative and we'd use a much larger force that actually is occurring in the element, as
illustrated in the following chart.
F demand
This causes will have to provide greater capacity than

necessary, resulting in a very conservative design.
φF capacity
F creep
F demand
Ductile under a given action elements, it is more reasonable to analyze the structure by measuring the ratio between the deformation of the deformation
demand vs. capacity, using the nonlinear analysis.
Elements with brittle behavior is more reasonable to verify the relationship between resistance vs demand since the deformations govern behavior.
Seismic Design Based on Performance
(PBSD)
The performance-based design is a different alternative to conventional pre written design

providing codes. The concept using "PBSD" implies limits set multiple performance
(damage). These damages will depend on the intensity of the movement and should not be
exceeded. The appropriate seismic intensities using probabilistic methods and acceptable
levels of damage can be established to both structural and non-structural.
Documents describing the PBSD:

• FEMA (For Existing structures)
• ATC (For Existing structures)
• SEAOC's Vision 2000 (for the design of new structures)

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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Performance Objectives
DEALER OF COMPUTER AND STRUCTURES "CSI" HIGH LEVEL
OF PRESIDENT ENGINEERING LLC
It should achieve the goal of building performance needed to meet different

levels of states of damage and achieve specific design objectives.
• Performance Objectives
I. "No Damage" for Minor quakes (magnitude of 4 to 4.9)
II. "No Damage to structural elements" for Movements

Seismic Moderate (Magnitude of 5 to 5.9)
III. "If Damage to structural and non structural But avoid loss of
human lives" Seismic Movements for higher intensity (magnitude 6 to
6.9)
IV. "No Collapsing" Severa for Seismic Movements

Intensity (magnitude of 7 to 7.9)
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• Performance levels that can have the structure to consider its satisfactory
response depending on the intensity of the movement.
Global Capacity Lateral curve as a tool to
Evaluate Performance

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PROCESS FOR THE METHOD PBSD
I. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
• DEVELOP MOVEMENT INTENSITIES
• Acceptable levels of performance or injury to each intensity of movement.
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PROCESS FOR THE METHOD PBSD
II. EVALUATION
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
CAPACITY FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN
DESIGN
REVIEW
PERFORMANCE MEETS
OBJECTIVES?????
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EVALUATION APPROACH
1. Select the different levels of intensity Seismic:
• Earthquake "Minor" (Minor EQ) which occurs frequently (50% in 50 years).

• "Moderate" earthquake (Moderate EQ) which occasionally occurs (20% in 50 years).
• Earthquake "Mayor" (occurs rarely) 10% in 50 years.

• Earthquake "Severe" (happens very rarely) 2% in 50 years.
2. Determine the ground motion functions.

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EVALUATION APPROACH
3. Determine the maximum relative displacement and demands on the components of the
structure.
4. Forces and Deformations at each component are verified and

compared with the corresponding level of damage
according the limits
established.
5. Performance is verified globally and that compliance with the goals that have been set.
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BECAUSE THE PREDICTION CAN GO WRONG ??
Land movement Not

Appropriate
Inaccurate nonlinear properties

and Conditions of edges not
appropriate.
The damage does not meet

selected criteria.
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INTERPRETING THE ANSWER

MAXIMA STRUCTURE
Performance Point represents the Deformation Ultima or Maxima, under the design
earthquake, reduced to take into account the inelastic capacity
the structure
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EXAMPLE OF A CURVE CAPACITY VS

DISTINCT SEISMIC DEMANDS
The figure illustrates three different levels of seismic demand, the intersection of the
demand curves capacity curve indicates how far the structure must move globally for a
particular event occurs.
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Global deformation and ductile Structure Performance
1. Immediate Occupancy: Damage is relatively limited. The structure retains a significant portion of its
original rigidity and most of its rigidity.
2. Safety of Lives: A substantial harm will occur to the structure and a significant loss of its original stiffness.
After this limit there is a substantial range of deformation prior to collapse.
3. Collapse Prevention Level: The building undergoes extreme damage. If the structure is displaced laterally
over this point the structure is unstable and collapse.
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Global Deformation Structure and Performance of Ductile No

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STATIC PUSHOVER Nonlinear Analysis

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The Pushover technique is appropriate for:
• Lateral Curve get beyond the range Elastic capacity.
• Get the sequential formation and failure mechanisms elements.
General concept of technical Pushover:
• It is a successive process of incremental static analysis taking into account the stiffness
variation in the elements in each element.
• The analysis is performed by increasing the lateral load until the structure reaches certain limits
displacement or become unstable.
This process requires:
• Knowing the dimensions and steel sections.
• Dabble nonlinear properties of forces and deformations in sections.

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• Lateral determine the capacity of the structure.
• Which elements are more likely to fail first.
• Determine the Global Local Ductility of elements and structure.
• Check the concept of weak beams and strong columns.
• Check the overall strength degradation.
• Check relative displacements (Drift).
• Check acceptance criteria locally for each item.

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Controlling displacement process analysis
(4) Calculate Offset corresponding to the

Load increase
(5) locate a specific displacement,

climbing towards
behind.
(3) Apply an
increase of (6) Achieving increased load
Arbitrary Charge required for this
displacement.
Displacement
(1) Starting Point
(2) Specify Shift increased.
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Controlling the displacement process in case of an event
Load
(3) escalate to the point where an event occurred
(2) Solution Linear using the Offset. Specific
New Linear Solution
(1) Initial Stiffness (4) New Stiffness (5)
Displacement
Specific increase Displacement
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Displacement control methods
Reference Displacement: Usually one point is evaluated on the roof of the structure.
Displacements Controllers: You can evaluate one or more points and add the answer. This is not necessarily the case
where the maximum displacement on the roof is expected.
H H
H Δ2
Δ2
Δ1
Δ1
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USE OF THE CURVE CAPACITY

Once the curve Capacity obtained can be used with any of these methods:
Coefficients method Capacity spectrum method

MSC
The sole purpose of the two methods is to determine the point of performance "Performed Point" or maximum
displacement response. With this point you can get the odds on
damage to the structure using fragility curves.
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P ROCEDURE OF METHOD SPECTRUM

FROM CAPACITY ATC-40
24
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Hysteresis loops Stable: к = 1

Hysteresis loops with Moderate Reduction: к = 02.03
Hysteresis loops very low: к = 1/3
Inherent Quenching of 5% Sa
api
Oh
Damping dissipated energy

AND D = 4 Area = 4 (ay dpi -. Dy Api.)
(Chopra 1995) dpi dy Sd

Viscous damping
Equivalent associated with Hysteresis loops.
Keff
api
Maximum strain energy
A = That = (api. Dpi) / 2
dpi
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P ROCEDURE OF METHOD OF C OEFICIENTE

FEMA 356
26
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P ROCEDURE OF METHOD OF L INEARIZACION

FEMA 440
27
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C URVAS DE FRAGILITY
28
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Section 2.4.2.1 states that FEMA 356 method (NSP) should not be used in structures where the effect of higher modes is
significant (usually in structures with a height greater than 30 meters).
To define whether the higher modes are significant:

1. Make Modal Analysis modes Espectral enough to capture 90% share of the dough.
2. Perform another Modal Analysis Spectral involving only the first mode.
3. If the cutting in a flat in the first spectral modal analysis is greater than 130% of the cutting obtained only with the
participation of the first mode.
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Redistribution of
moments.
Ductility
reserve.
APPLICATION diagrams M-CURVATURA
DESIGN IN SEISMIC
Curvature
Ductility
ductility
demand
capacity
Determination of
Inertia chapped.
Damage rate
element level.
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Curvature ductility capacity
While it is greater then the greater the ability to have the structure to dissipate
Energy.
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Ductility demand by Curvature
Md is the acting moment in a given earthquake

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Reserve by Curvature Ductility
The greater this reserve best moment redistribution is done.

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Inertia fissured.
Note: The disadvantage of working with Inertia chapped Conventional Seismic Analysis is that it is assumed that all
the items will be working Nonlinear and this is not true.
Cracked stiffness
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Damage Index
If the acting moment is equal to the moment Md Creep damage index is zero. If he
acting moment Md is equal to Mu damage index is equal to the unit.
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Generalized diagram
Yield Point Steel
Pending Pos - Creep

F / Fy
Resistance Last Component
Significant degradation in
Resistance
Forces
standardized Total Loss
Resistance
Ɵ/ɵY
pending Elástica
Normalized
rotations
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CRITERIA OF ACCEPTANCE.
It is used to establish the limits of performance in terms of deformations. The response of an element is
measured according to the acceptance criteria established.
F / Fy
- An element which answer is between B (P)
Y IO It indicates that the structure can be filled (P) CP
(P, S)
immediately after the earthquake. LS
IO
C
- Between IO Y LS Criteria used to establish the
(P) (S)
safety of the lives of the occupants. B
LS CP
D
AND
- In CP It will be necessary to prevent collapse
through rehabilitation to the item in question. TO
Ɵ/ɵY
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Inelastic Nonlinear Analysis IN TIME
This analysis is used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under arbitrary loads
(accelerogram). The set of applied forces changes continuously as ground accelerations change over
time. If the building is damaged rigidities of the structure change. The response is calculated in each
time step usually every 1/100 seconds or less.
In a typical building it requires solving thousands of simultaneous equations. One of the difficulties of
analysis is that it is not known which acelelograma appropriate. You can use the EZ-FRISK v7.32
program to predict the seismic movement that can occur at the site.
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Some typical questions:

As differs Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis Linear analysis?
1. Analysis of Spectral Response is used for dynamic linear analysis but is not used in the nonlinear
analysis. The reason is that this analysis depends on the overlay, which does not apply in the nonlinear
response.
2. For linear analysis all components are elastic and elastic properties only needed for analysis. In the
nonlinear analysis some components can flow and required properties
Additional to analyze these
components.
3. In a linear analysis forces in the structural components are computed and performance is assessed using
D / C. In the nonlinear analysis inelastic deformations also computed are used to evaluate performance
(An example is the plastic rotations).
4. In a linear model analysis using typical components (bars, beams, columns, Shell) while in a nonlinear
model there are more components due to the diversity of behaviors that can be studied.
5. The properties required for analysis are linear EI, EA rigidities. In the nonlinear case we need the creep
strength, creep and after degradation stiffness cyclic loads.
Introduction
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What are the steps?
1. Define the geometry of the structure.

2. Define gravity loads.
3. Define the properties of the structural components.
4. Define Deformation capabilities. In the linear analysis by the resistance formulate resistance are clearly
standardized codes. Deformation capabilities are less standardized and require more judgment and
personal opinion, as experience.
5. Select several earthquakes.

6. Analyze the structure under gravity loads.
7. Run the dynamic non-linear analysis.
8. Assessing Performance using D / C for deformation and strength.
9. Review and refine the design, if necessary.
Introduction
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How are the results of analysis used to assess performance
structural?
1. Some components have a ductile behavior and this inelastic behavior is allowed to explore these cases
we use D / C for the deformations (An example is the plastic rotations steel girders).
2. In other cases we may not ductile cases where an inelastic behavior is not allowed. In these cases the
performance is assessed using D / C resistance (An example is the cutting in a reinforced concrete
beam).
3. Another widely used measure of performance are "Drift".
Introduction
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Nonlinear Analysis leads to better design?
1. The goal of any analysis is to get as much information for the design and this can best be obtained by
nonlinear analysis.
2. The nonlinear analysis has the potential to provide more information related to the expected damage
achieving lower risks.
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JOINING THE 3D PERFORM AS A TOOL
Perform 3D is a tool for PBSD (Performance Based Seismic Design) and not only for nonlinear
analysis as misunderstood. This program has capabilities to create nonlinear models, specify the
strength of each component, specify the deformation capacity, calculate the ratio between demand
and capacity and presents the results in compact form which facilitates the decision making.
This program offers the nonlinear static pushover analysis and dynamic analysis for wrapping
mechanisms formations (plastic hinges) which may be visible to help identify the failure modes that
may have the structure. We can work with existing structures or new structures.
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Chord
Rotation
Finite Plastic
Different
Element Hinge
Model models Model
Plastic
Model
Zone
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Joby concept Plastic:
Difference between a kneecap Curvature Measurement and Measurement Rotation:

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FEMA Chord Rotation Model
This model requires specifying the nonlinear relationship between the times the ends of the beam and rotation occurring at the ends,
called rotation of the rope. This rotation eliminates rotation of the rigid arms of the board that is not taken into account. This
relationship is not the same as the relationship between the time and curvature. One advantage of this model is that FEMA gives us
specific properties, including capabilities rotation. This model assumes only creep at the ends.
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Plastic Hinge Model
In this model it is possible to construct the kneecaps directly, which gives more flexibility to locate kneecaps and assign their properties.
It may be the case that you want to evaluate the possible formation of a ball joint in the center of the stage, in which case you can use this
model. These ball joints are zero length.
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Plastic Hinge Model for

Reduced Beam Section
In some cases, elements that are made weaker sections in some regions, which can result generated kneecaps bending in these
areas. This is the case of some steel beams where the width of the wings is reduced to a short distance from the face of the column.
In this type of beam you can also use this type of model.
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Plastic Model Zone
In this type of model plastic deformation is distributed over a finite length of plasticization.
This model has the following restrictions: 1. The

plastication region must be fixed.
2- You can use these areas using ball joints or sections curvature with fiber segments.
The length can be determined plasticizing as recommended by Paulay and Priestley authors, the term L = the distance to the turning
point, this equation for beams and columns is typical 0.5D.
For consistency IE stiffness of the elastic component should be equal to the initial stiffness of the patella by curvature.
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Finite Element Model
In detail this model is divided into a certain number of elements along its length. This model uses kneecaps of curvature.
The rigidity of the elastic segment is equal to the elastic stiffness

of the beam.
Bending moment ratios are the same as the beam.
Tax length the same as the size of finite element.
Inelastic behavior is monitored in the middle of the finite

element.
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Recommended sequence
Plastic Model
Zone
Plastic Hinge
Model
Chord
Rotation
Model
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Shear beams
Steel girders:
• It is very rare to flow due to the Court. Concrete
beams:
• Low cut usually exhibit brittle failure.
• They are usually designed for resistance.
If you want to analyze a possible a ball joint inelastic behavior is required cutting properties vs. shear displacement, which can be
used as a measure of D / C. One can also use displacement shearing = shear / element length.
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Shearing capacity According to the ASCE 41 for steel beams. IO = 0.005 LS = 0.11 CP
= 0.14
Shear displacement in the kneecap is = shearing element length x Free

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In the case of concrete beams

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columns
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cyclicality
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Strain measurement used to determine the D / C are rotations although there is also axial deformation, is not taken into account. On
the other hand if P is very large bending ductility is reduced, therefore the deformability depends on the value P. The same applies to
the cutting V, if this is also very large decrease in ductility occurs flexure.
FEMA 41, provides capabilities for flexural models "Chord Rotation" only. For these capabilities concrete columns rotation directly
dependent on the axial force and cutting as shown in the graph.
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Analytical model for Columns

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COURT WALLS
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LENGTH plasticizing AREAS

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ANALYSIS inelastic
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Inelastic shear modulus

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Capacity vs. Demand measures
Note:
1. Assume L = 0.5W
2. Consider Fiber in the end.
3. Little Reinforcement: d = 0.85W

rotation capacity CP = 1.5% which is equal
to: 0.015 x 0.85W x
0.5W = 2.6%
4. Much Reinforcement: d = 0.5W rotation

capacity CP = 0.9% which is equal to:
0.009 x 0.5W x
0.5W = 0.9%
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Out of Plane Behavior
1. If desired you can ignore the contribution of the stiffness of the wall and its resistance.
Considering only the rigidity in the plane. The wall thickness for bending out of the plane
must be placed very small, but considering the P-Delta effect not to do this, because
there will be possible buckling.
2. If we use the total wall thickness is recommended to reduce the elastic modulus 0.5E, to
reduce out of plane stiffness.

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PERFORMANCE BY DESIGN SEISMIC

MECE aneuris HERNANDEZ VELEZ

2- Time History (Nonlinear)

Based Design Resistance.

This causes will have to provide greater capacity than

The performance-based design is a different alternative to conventional pre written design

Documents describing the PBSD:

MECE aneuris HERNANDEZ VELEZ

It should achieve the goal of building performance needed to meet different

I. "No Damage" for Minor quakes (magnitude of 4 to 4.9)

II. "No Damage to structural elements" for Movements

IV. "No Collapsing" Severa for Seismic Movements

MECE aneuris HERNANDEZ VELEZ

PROCESS FOR THE METHOD PBSD

PROCESS FOR THE METHOD PBSD

CAPACITY FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

1. Select the different levels of intensity Seismic:

• Earthquake "Minor" (Minor EQ) which occurs frequently (50% in 50 years).

• Earthquake "Mayor" (occurs rarely) 10% in 50 years.

2. Determine the ground motion functions.

4. Forces and Deformations at each component are verified and

BECAUSE THE PREDICTION CAN GO WRONG ??

Land movement Not

Inaccurate nonlinear properties

The damage does not meet

INTERPRETING THE ANSWER

EXAMPLE OF A CURVE CAPACITY VS

Global deformation and ductile Structure Performance

Global Deformation Structure and Performance of Ductile No

STATIC PUSHOVER Nonlinear Analysis

The Pushover technique is appropriate for:

• Lateral Curve get beyond the range Elastic capacity.

• Get the sequential formation and failure mechanisms elements.

General concept of technical Pushover:

This process requires:

• Knowing the dimensions and steel sections.

• Dabble nonlinear properties of forces and deformations in sections.

• Lateral determine the capacity of the structure.

• Which elements are more likely to fail first.

• Determine the Global Local Ductility of elements and structure.

• Check the concept of weak beams and strong columns.

• Check the overall strength degradation.

• Check relative displacements (Drift).

• Check acceptance criteria locally for each item.

Controlling displacement process analysis

(4) Calculate Offset corresponding to the

(5) locate a specific displacement,

Controlling the displacement process in case of an event

(2) Solution Linear using the Offset. Specific

New Linear Solution

(1) Initial Stiffness (4) New Stiffness (5)

Displacement control methods

USE OF THE CURVE CAPACITY

Coefficients method Capacity spectrum method

P ROCEDURE OF METHOD SPECTRUM

Hysteresis loops Stable: к = 1

Damping dissipated energy

(Chopra 1995) dpi dy Sd