Load Flow - 2

ELE-B7 Power Systems Engineering
Load Flow (Gauss-Seidel Method )

Dr. Ramadan El-Shatshat
Classification of buses:
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 PQ bus
Different buses at the network can be classified as: Slack
PQ bus Bus PV bus

1. The Load Buses (PQ bus)
2. The Generator Bus (PV bus) Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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3. The Slack or Swing Bus ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
PV bus PV bus
PV bus PQ bus
1. The Load Buses (PQ bus)

A non-generator bus. The active and reactive powers are specified at this
bus. The voltage magnitude and phase angle are unknown.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Pig and Qig

Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and δ i are unknown
Bus i
Generators Power: Pig = 0 and Qig = 0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Pid and Qid

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ELEC572, 04/05 Delivered Power: Pid and Qid are known
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In practice, the load real power is known from measurement, load forecasting
or historical record and the reactive power is assumed based on 0.85 pf.
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Pi ,sch = Pig − Pid = − Pid Qi ,sch = Qig − Qid = −Dr.UAE

QA.M.id
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and
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2. The Generator Bus (PV bus)
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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The bus is also known as “Voltage controlled bus” because
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the voltage magnitude can be kept constant. At this bus the Pi,sch
net active power and the voltage magnitude are specified. Bus i
The reactive power and the voltage phase angle are
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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| Vi |
unknown.
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Pi and | Vi | are known & Qi and δ i are unknown
NOTE: There are certain buses without generators may have voltage controlled
capability. At these buses the real power generation is zero.
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3. The Slack or Swing Bus

Because the system losses are not known precisely before completing the
power flow solution, it is not possible to specify the real power injected at
every bus. Hence, The real power of one of the generator buses is allowed to
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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swing. The swing bus supplies the slack between the scheduled real power
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generation and the sum of all loads and system losses. The voltage angle of the
slack bus serves as a reference, δ i = 0
| Vi | and δ i are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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NOTE:
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Real Power losses = Total generation − Total load

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N N N
PL =
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∑P −∑P = ∑P
i =1
gi
i =1
di
i =1
i Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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In the load flow problem, we select the slack bus at which the
power Pg is not scheduled.
After solving the load flow problem, the difference (Slack) between
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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the total specified power (P) going into the system at all other buses
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and the total output (P) plus the losses (I2R) are assigned to the
slack bus.
For this reason a generator bus must be selected as a slack bus.
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Voltage of the swing bus is selected as a reference. Generally, the

bus of the largest generator is selected as swing bus and numbered
as bus 1. Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Solution of Non-Linear Equations
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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The two load flow equations are: ELEC572, 04/05
n
=|Gaouda
PDr.i A.M. Vi | ∑| Yip || V p | cos ( δ i − δ p − γ ip )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 p =1 UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
n
Qi =| Vi | ∑| Yip || V p | sin ( δ i − δ p − γ ip )
p =1
These equations provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive
power entering bus ‘i’. The equations are non-linear and only a numerical
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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solution is possible. There are different methods could be implemented to solve

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these equations. Among those is the Gauss-Seidel method.
Gauss-Seidel Method
Consider a system of non-linear equations having “n” unknowns x1 , x 2 , .........., x n
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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f 1 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
f 2 ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
.. .. .. ..Dr. A.M...Gaouda..
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f n ( x1 , x 2 ,ELEC572,
..........
04/05, x
n )
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Rearranging, then
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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x i = f i ( x1 , x 2 , .........., x n )
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Eq. 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

1≤ i ≤ n Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Assuming initial values, ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
x1o , x 2o , .........., x no
Substituting the initial values in Eq. 1, then All values are initial values
xDr.1o A.M. o
, xGaouda o
2 , .........., x n
first iteration
x = f ( x , x , .........., x )
1 1 o o o
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first variable 1 1 1 2 n
x 1 = x 11 from previous step
x 21 = f 21 ( x11 , x 2o , .........., x no ) and all other values are
initial values
x 2o , .........., x no
x = f ( x , x , x .........., x no )
1 1 1 1 o
x 1 = x 11 & x 2 = x 21
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3 3 1 2 3
and
Or in general x 3 , .........., x no
o
x i1 = f i 1 ( x11 , x 21 , ....., x io ,....., x no )

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Where
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x 1
i
is the first approximation
Dr. A.M.of
Gaouda
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assumed values.
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The kth approximation of xi is:

th
K iteration UAE University UAE University
k −1 k −1 k −1
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x = f i ( x , x , .....x
k
i
1 k
1
k
2
k
i −1 ,x i ,x i+1 ....., x n )
i th variable
k k −1
The changes in the magnitude of each variable
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x i from its value
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xi
at
the previous iteration is:
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Δ x i = x ik − x ik − 1
If Δ x i < ε then the solution has converged.
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Where, ε is a small value ( for exmple : ε = 0.001 )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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For the following equation, find an accurate value for x up to 5 decimal places.
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2 x − log( x ) = 7
SOLUTION: ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Using Gauss-Seidel
x = 0.5 ( 7 + log x )
x =1 o Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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x 1 = 0.5( 7 + log 1 ) = 3.5
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1 st iteration
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x = 3.5
1
x 2 = 0.5 ( 7 + log 3.5 ) = 3.772034 2 nd iteration
x 2 = 3.772034 x 3 = 0.5( 7 + log 3.772034 ) = 3.788287

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x 3 = 3.788287 x 4 = 0.5( 7 + log 3.788287 ) = 3.789221
x 5 = 3.789274
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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x = 3.789278
6 UAE University
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ε = 0.000004 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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EXAMPLE:
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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For the following equations, find an x and y after 4 iterations.
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x = 0.7 sin x + 0.2 cos y & y = 0.7 cos x − 0.2 sin y

SOLUTION:
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Using Gauss-Seidel, assuming initial values

x o = y o = 0.5 ( rad )
x 1 = 0.7 sin x o + 0.2 cos y o

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x 1 = 0.7 sin 0.5 + 0.2 cos 0.5
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x 1 = 0.51111
y 1 = 0.7 cos 0.51111 − 0.2 sin 0.5

y = 0.51465
1
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x 2 = 0.516497 y 2 = 0.510241
x 3 = 0.520211 Dr. A.M. Gaouda y 3 = 0.509722
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
x = 0.522520
4 ELEC572, 04/05
y 4 = 0.509007
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ELEC572, 04/05 Gauss-Seidel Method for Load Flow Analysis
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Advantages
1. Simplicity ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
2. Small computer memory requirement

3. Less computational time per iteration
Disadvantages Dr. A.M. Gaouda

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1. Slow rate of convergence, and therefore large number of iterations.

2. Increase in the number of iterations as the number of system buses
increases.
3. The speed of convergence is affected by the selected slack bus.
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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I - G-S Method when PV buses are absent
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Assuming a power system in which the voltage controlled buses are absent. If the
system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a slack bus and the other n-1
buses are load buses (PQ-buses). Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
For the Slack or Swing Bus:
| Vi | and δ i = 0 are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

The swing bus voltage is taken as a reference. It is voltage magnitude is known and
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its phase shift angle is set equal to zero.
For (n-1) Load Buses (PQ bus):
Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and δ i are unknown

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Using Gauss-Seidel Method, we assume the initial values for the magnitude and
phase shift angle of (n-1) buses. These values are updated at each iteration.
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For an ‘n’ bus system
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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I bus = Ybus Vbus ….. Eq. 1

For the ith bus of an ‘n’ bus system, the current
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entering this bus is: 
I i = Yi1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn ….. Eq. 2

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n
I i = Yii Vi + ∑ Yip V p ….. Eq. 3
p=1
p≠ i
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⎛ ⎞ Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1 ⎜ n
⎟ UAE University
Vi = ⎜ I i − ∑ Yip V p ⎟
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….. Eq. 4
Yii ⎜ p=1 ⎟
⎝ p ≠ i ⎠
In power systems, power is known rather than currents. The complex power
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
injected into the ith bus is:

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Si = Pi + jQi = Vi I *i
….. Eq. 5
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S i* = Vi* I i ….. Eq. 6

OR ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Pi − jQi ….. Eq. 7

Ii =
Vi*
Substituting in Eq. 4
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Rearranging in GS
⎛ ⎞ method
⎜
1 Pi − jQi n
⎟
Vi = ⎜ *
− ∑ Yip V p ⎟ ….. Eq. 8 “Vi” is moved to
Yii ⎜ Vi p=1 ⎟
the left hand side
⎝ p≠ i ⎠ of the equation.
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Since bus 1 is the slack bus “reference”, then Vi represents n-1 set of
equations for i= 2, 3, …., n. These equations will be solved using G-S
method for the unknowns V2, V3, …..Vn. Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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NOTES:
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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1. Eq. 8 can be written as:
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n Y
1 Pi − jQi
− ∑ Vp
ip
NOTE Vi = * ….. Eq. 9
The values for P and Q Vi Yii p = 1 Yii
are the scheduled Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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values for PQ Bus. ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
n
Ki
Vi = * − ∑ Lip V p ….. Eq. 10
Vi p = 1
p≠ i
P − jQi Yip
Ki = i and Lip =
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Yii
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Yii
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The values for Ki and Lip are computed once in the beginning and used in every
iteration.
2. The voltages at all the buses in a power system are close to 1.0 pu.
Therefore, we can start the G-S iteration process assuming initial values for the
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voltages equal to 1.0 and making zero angle.
V2o = V3o = ...... Vno = 1∠0

3. At each step in the iteration process use the most updated values for the
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
voltages to compute the new values for the bus voltages.
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n
Ki
Vi = * − ∑ Lip V p
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….. Eq. 11
Vi p=1
p≠ i
i −1 n Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Ki
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Vi = * − ∑L Vp − ∑L
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Vp
ELEC572, 04/05 ….. Eq. 12
ip ip
Vi p=1 p= i + 1
The most updated voltage
Therefore, for the (kth+1) iteration, values are from the
previous iteration
i −1 n
Ki
Vi k + 1
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= k *
( Vi )
− ∑ ip p −
L
p=1
V ( k +1 )
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∑ ip p
L V k
p= i + 1
….. Eq. 13
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for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n values are from the same
iteration
The iteration process is continuous till the convergence occurs, i.e.;

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| ΔVi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | − | Vi k | 〈 ε ….. Eq. 14
for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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4. The current and complex power at
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ith bus are:
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ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 1
2
I i = Yi1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn Linear Ii

3
i
Network
And Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Si = Pi + jQi = Vi I *i
UAE University UAE University Vi
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 n
Reference
S i* = Pi − Qi = Vi* I i
Or
Pi − jQi = Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Pi = Re{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}
Qi = − Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
The two equations are known as the rectangular form of the load flow equations.
They provide the calculated value of net real power and net reactive power
entering bus ‘i’. Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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ELEC572, 04/05
G1
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For the three bus system. Write the expression
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for the bus voltages using GS method. | V1 | = 1 1

δ1 = 0
SOLUTION: Dr. A.M. Gaouda 2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
The system contains 3 buses, (n=3).

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i- Select bus 1 as a slack bus “reference”.

3
P2 , Q 2
| V1 | = 1 and δ 1 = 0 P3 , Q3
ii- Buses 2 and 3 are load buses.

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P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known
V2 ,V3 ,δ 2 and δ 3 are unknown

3 NOTE
K2
V2 = * − ∑ L2 p V p
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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-----------
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 The load flow problem
V2 p = 1 is solve when the
p≠ 2 mismatch is equal to
zero.
3 Y
1 P2 − jQ2
−∑
2p
V2 = *
Calculated values
Vp Dr. A.M. Gaouda
=
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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V2 Y22 p = 1 Y22
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Scheduled values
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1 P2 − jQ2 ⎡ Y21 Y23 ⎤Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
V2 = * − ⎢ V1 +
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V3 ⎥
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….. Eq. 15
NOTE V2 Y22 ⎣ Y22 Y22 ⎦
The values for P and Q
are the scheduled
values
1 P3 − jQ3 ⎡ Y31
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y32 ⎤ Dr. A.M. Gaouda
V3 = * − ⎢ V1 + V2 ⎥
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ….. Eq. 16
V3 Y33 ⎣ Y33 Y33 ⎦
Using GS method, select the initial values for the unknowns as:
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ELEC572, 04/05 V = V = 1∠0
2
o
3
o
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Start the first iteration The most updated voltage

value is the initial value
1 P2 − jQ2 ⎡ Y21 Y23 o ⎤

V = 2
1
o *
− ⎢ V1 + V3 ⎥ ….. Eq. 17
( V2 ) Y22 ⎣ Y22
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Y22 ⎦
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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value is from this iteration
1 P3 − jQ3 ⎡ Y31 Y32 1 ⎤

V = 3
1
o *
− ⎢ V1 + V2 ⎥ Dr. A.M. Gaouda ….. Eq. 18
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( V3 ) Y33 ⎣ Y33 Y33 ⎦ UAE University
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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Start the second iteration
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Dr. A.M. Gaouda
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value is from previous
1 P2 − jQ2 ⎡ Y21 Y23 1 ⎤ iteration
V = 2
2
1 *
− ⎢ V1 + V3 ⎥ ….. Eq. 19
( V2 ) Y22 ⎣ Y22
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y22 ⎦ Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 The most updated voltage
value is from this iteration
1 P3 − jQ3 ⎡ Y31 Y32 2 ⎤ ….. Eq. 20
V = 3
2
1 *
− ⎢ V1 + V2 ⎥
( V3 ) Y33 ⎣ Y33 Y33 ⎦
Compare the results for convergence
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ELEC572, 04/05
| ΔVi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | − | Vi k | 〈 ε for i = 1 ,2 ,..........n
….. Eq. 21
| ΔV22 | = | V22 | − | V21 | 〈 ε
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
….. Eq. 22
| ΔV32 | = | V32 | − | V31 | 〈 ε
If Eqs. 21, 22 are not satisfied then start a new iteration.

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE
UAE University 1: Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
For the system shown in the figure, the line impedances are as indicated in per
ELEC572, 04/05
unit on 100MVA base.

A. Using Gauss-Seidel method find the bus voltages after 7 iterations.
B. Using the bus voltages find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
1 2
256.6
0.02 + j 0.04 pu MW
ELEC572, 04/05
G ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
0.01 + j 0.03 pu 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu

110.2
V1 = 1.05 ∠0 pu o
MVAR

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
3
138.6 45.2
MW MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
1 2
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 256.6
0.02 + j 0.04 pu MW
1 G
y12 = = 10 − j 20 = y 21 0.01 + j 0.03 pu 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
0.02 + j 0.04 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda 110.2
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V1 = 1.05 ∠0 o pu UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 MVAR
1
y13 = = 10 − j 30 = y 31
0.01 + j 0.03
1 3
y 23 = = 16 − j 32 = y 32
0.0125 + j 0.025 138.6 45.2
MW MVAR
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
⎡Y11 Y12 Y13 ⎤ ⎡ y12 + y13 − y12 − y13 ⎤

Ybus = ⎢⎢Y21 Y22 Y23 ⎥⎥ = ⎢ − y 21 y 21 + y 23 − y 23 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢Y31 Y32 Y33 ⎥ ⎢⎣ − y 31 − y 32 y 31 + y 32 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30 ⎤
Ybus = ⎢ − 10 + j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32 ⎥
⎢ Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University ⎥
⎢⎣ − 10 + j 30 − 16 + j 32 26 − j 62 ⎥⎦
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Classification of buses:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University 2 ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 256.6
0.02 + j 0.04 pu
Bus 1: Slack Bus MW
G
0.01 + j 0.03 pu 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
V1 = 1.05∠0 pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
o
V1 = 1.05∠0 o pu Dr. A.M. Gaouda
110.2
MVAR
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Buses 2 and 3: Load Buses (PQ bus)

3
P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known 138.6 45.2
MW MVAR
V2 ,V3 ,δ 2 and δ 3 are unknown

ELEC572, 04/05
P2 ,d = 256.6 MW Q2 ,d = 110.2 MVAR
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Pig and Qig

P3 ,d = 138.6 MW Q3 ,d = 45.2 MVAR
G
Pi ,sch = Pgi − Pdi
UAE University UAE University Bus i
&
Qi ,sch = Q gi − Qdi
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Pid and Qid

S i ,sch = Pi ,sch + jQi ,sch
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g − P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g − Q2 ,d )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
( P2 , g − P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g − Q2Dr.UAE
,d )University
UAE University A.M. Gaouda UAE University
S 2 ,sch
ELEC572, 04/05
= pu Reminder
ELEC572, 04/05
Base MVA
ELEC572, 04/05
The bus admittance matrix
is
⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30 ⎤
( 0 − 256.6 ) + j ( 0 − 110.2 ) ⎢ ⎥
S 2 ,sch = Dr. A.M. Gaouda pu Dr. A.M. Gaouda⎢ − 10 + j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32 ⎥
100
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 MVA UAE University ⎢
ELEC572, 04/05⎣
− 10 + j 30 − 16 + j 32 26 - j 62 ⎦⎥
S 2 ,sch = − 2.566 − j 1.102 pu
S 3 ,sch = − 1.386 − j 0.452 pu

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V2o = V3o = 1∠0

Start the first iteration
1 P2 ,sch − jQ2 ,sch ⎡ Y21 Y23 o ⎤

V2 =
1
− ⎢ V1 + V3 ⎥
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
o *
( V2 ) Y22 ⎣ Y22 Y22 ⎦
S *i ,sch = Pi ,sch − jQ i ,sch
1 − 2.566 + j 1.102 ⎡ − 10 + j 20
1 − 16 + j 32 ⎤
Dr. A.M. GaoudaV 2 = −⎢ 1.05 + 1.0 ⎥
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
26 − j 52 ⎣ 26 − j 52 26 − j 52
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
*
( 1.0 ) ⎦
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
OR, to simplify the calculations, we have:
ELEC572, 04/05
Reminder
1 Pi − jQi n Yip
− ∑ Vp
Vi = * is
Vi Yii p = 1 Yii ⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30 ⎤
p≠ i ⎢− + ⎥
⎢ 10 j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32 ⎥
n
K2
⎢⎣ − 10 + j 30 − 16 + j 32 26 - j 62 ⎥⎦
V2 = * − ∑ L2 p V p
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V2 p = 1
p≠ 2
V = 2
K2
1
( V2o )*
− L V
21 1 + [
L V
23 3
o
]
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
iteration.
P − jQ2 Y21 Y23
K2 = 2 L21 = and L23 =
Y22 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y22 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y22
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
K2 = -0.0367 - j0.031 L21 = -0.3846 L23 = -0.6154
V1 = 1.05 ∠0 o pu and V3o = 1∠0

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
V = 0.9825 − j 0.310
1
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 2 ELEC572, 04/05
K3
[ ]
V31 = − L V + L V 1
31 1 32 2
( V3o )* ELEC572, 04/05
P3 − jQ3 Y31 Y32

K3 = Dr. A.M. Gaouda and L31 = and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda L32 =
Y33 Y33 Y33
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
K3 = -0.0142 - j0.0164 L31 = - 0.4690 + 0.0354i L32 = -0.5310 - 0.0354i
V1 = 1.05 ∠0 o pu and V21 = 0.9825 − j 0.310

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V31 = ELEC572,
UAE University − j 0.0353
1.0011 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Start the second iteration K 2 , K 3 , L21 , L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.
V = 2
2K2
( V21 )*
− L V + L V 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
21 1 23 3
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
[ ] VDr.22A.M.=Gaouda
0.9816 − j 0.0520
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
V32 =
K3
( V31 )*
− L V
31 1 + [
L V
32 2
2
] V32 = 1.0008 − j0.0459
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Start the third iteration
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.UAE
LA.M.
21 ,Gaouda
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.ELEC572,
University
UAE University
04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
V23 =
K2
( V22 )*
− L [
V
21 1 + L V
23 3
2
] = 0.9808 - j0.0578

[ ]
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
K3
V =
3
3
− L V
31 1 + L V
32 2
3 = 1.0004 - j0.0488
( V32 )*
Start the fourth iteration

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
K 2 , K 3 ,Dr.LA.M.
21 ,Gaouda
L23 , L31 , L32 constants will be the same.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V24 =
K2
( V23 )*
− L [
V
21 1 + L V
23 3
3
] = 0.9803 - j0.0594
V34 =
K3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
( V33 )*
ELEC572, 04/05
− L [
V
31 1 + L V
32 2
4
] Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
= 1.0002 - j0.0497
After 7 iterations,
V27 = 0.9800 − j0.0600 = 0.98183∠ − 3.5035 o pu
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
V = 1.0000 − j 0.0500 = 0.00125∠ − 2.8624 pu

ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University 7 o UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 3
UAE University B. Using the bus voltages find the Slack bus real and reactive power.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
1 2
256.6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
0.02 + j 0.04 pu Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University MW
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
G
0.01 + j 0.03 pu 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
V1 = 1.05∠0 o pu MVAR

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
3
138.6 45.2
MW MVAR
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V1 = 1.05 + j 0.0 o pu
V2 = 0.9800 − j0.0600 = 0.98183∠ − 3.5035 o pu

V3 = 1.0000 − j 0.0500
Dr. A.M.= 0 .
Gaouda
UAE University
00125 ∠ − 2 .8624 o
pu
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Using the rectangular form of the load flow equations,
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
then the net active and reactive powers at 1th bus are:
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 Reminder
is
Pi = Re{ V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 )} ⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda⎢ − 10 + j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32 ⎥
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University ⎢
ELEC572, 04/05⎣
− 10 + j 30 − 16 + j 32 26 - j 62 ⎦⎥
Qi = − Im{ V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 )}
P1 − jQ1 = V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 )

ELEC572, 04/05
Pi − jQi = ELEC572, 04/05
4.0938 - j1.8894
ELEC572, 04/05
1 2
P1 = 4.0938 pu 0.02 + j 0.04 pu
256.6
MW
Q1 = 1.8894 pu
UAE University G UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 0.01 + j 004/05
ELEC572, .03 pu 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
110.2
Base MVA=100 V1 = 1.05∠0 o pu MVAR
P1 = 409.38 MVA
3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Q1 = 188.94 MVA
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 138.6 45.2 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 MW MVAR ELEC572, 04/05
Problem 1:
The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base. Using Gauss-
Seidel method:
1. Classify each bus
2. find bus admittance matrix
2. find bus 2 voltage after the first iteration.
3. find bus 1 real and reactive power.
NOTE: select the initial value for bus 2 voltage as:
V2o = 1∠ − 22.0169 o
SG 2 =
0.25 + j 0.6459 pu
G1 G2
1 V1 = 1.0∠0 o pu V2 2
S D1 Z L = j 0.5 pu S D2 =
1.0 + j 0.5 pu
Ybus = -j2.0 j2.0
j2.0 -j2.0
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g − P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g − Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = - 0.7500 + j0.1459 pu

V2o = 1∠ − 22.0169 o V1 = 1.0∠0 o pu
1 P2 ,sch − jQ2 ,sch ⎡ Y21 ⎤

V21 = −⎢ V1 ⎥
( V2o )* Y22 ⎢⎣ Y22 ⎥⎦
V21 = 1∠ − 22.0238 o = 0.9271 - j0.3749

Power at bus 1
P1 − jQ1 = V1* ( Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 )
P1 + jQ1 = 0.7500 +j0.1459

II. Modifying G-S Method when PV buses are present
ELEC572, 04/05
Assuming a power system has n buses, then; one bus will be considered as a
slack bus and the other buses are load buses (PQ-buses) and voltage controlled
buses (PV-buses). Let the system buses be numbered as:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
i=1 Salck bus
i = 2 , 3 , ..... , m PV − buses
i = m + 1 , m + 2 , ...... , n
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University PQ − buses
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
For the voltage controlled buses,

Pi and | Vi | are known & Qi and δ i are unknown
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
| Vi | = | Vi | Specified ….. Eq. 23
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Qi ,min 〈 Qi 〈 Qi ,max ….. Eq. 24
The second requirement for the voltage controlled bus may be violated if the
bus voltage becomes too high or too small. It is to be noted that we can control
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
the bus voltage by controlling the bus reactive power.
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Therefore, during any iteration, if the PV-bus reactive power
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
UAE University
Qi ,min 〈 Qi 〈 Qi ,max
ELEC572, 04/05
violates its limits then set it according to the following rule. ELEC572, 04/05
Qi 〉 Qi ,max set Qi = Qi ,max

Qi 〈 Qi ,min set Qi = Qi ,min

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
NOTE
For PQ − bus
And treat this bus as PQ-bus. Pi and Qi are known
& | Vi | and δi are unknown
Load flow solution when PV buses are present

a. Calculate Qi ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
In the polar form,

n
Qi =| Vi | ∑| Yip || V p | sin ( δ i − δ p − γ ip )
p =1
For the (kth+1) iteration,
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
i −1
Q ( k +1 )
i = | Vi |speci ∑ ip p
|
p=1
Y | | V ( k +1 )
| sin ( δ i
(k )
− δ ( k +1 )
p − γ ip )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University
+ | Vi |speci ∑ ip p
| Y
p= i
| | V (k )
| sin ( δ
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
i
(k )
− δ i
(k )
− γ ip ) Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
For p = 1 to ( i − 1 ), use | V | & δ p of ( k + 1 ) iteration th

p
ELEC572, 04/05
For p = i to n , use | V p | & δ p of ( k th ) iteration

Set | Vi | = | Vi | speci
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
In the rectangular form,

Qi = − Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
b. Check Qik+1 to see if it is within the limits
Qi ,min 〈 Qi 〈 Qi ,max
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Case 1: If the reactive power limits are not violated, • Use the most
calculate Vi k + 1 updated value of Qi
to calculate Ki .
i −1 n
Ki •New Voltage
∑ Lip V ∑ ip p = |Vik + 1 |∠δ i
k +1 ( k +1 ) k +1
Vi = k *
− p − L V k
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
magnitudeDr. and
( Vi )
Dr. A.M. Gaouda A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 p=1 p= i + 1 angle are obtained
ELEC572, 04/05
Use
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
| Vi | speci and δ ik + 1 For the PV-bus voltage. Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
k +1
ELEC572, 04/05
Voltage magnitude is known for PV
Reset the magnitude |Vi | = |Vi |Speci bus, therefore the new calculated
magnitude will not be used.
∠δ ik + 1 Only the calculated angle
Vi k + 1 = |Vi |Speci
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
will be updated and used.
Case 2: If the reactive power limits are violated,
Qik + 1 〉 Qi ,max set Qik + 1 = Qi ,max

Or Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Qik + 1 〈 Qi ,min set Qik + 1 = Qi ,min
Consider this bus as a PQ-Bus, calculate bus voltage Vi k + 1

i −1 n
Ki ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Vi k + 1 = k *
( Vi )
− ∑ ip p −
L V
p=1
( k +1 )
∑ ip p
L V
p= i + 1
k
The PV-bus becomes PQ-bus

k +A.M.
1 Gaouda
and both Voltage magnitude
k +1 k + 1 ∠δ Dr.
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Vi = |Vi | iUAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
and angle are calculated
used
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Each line has an impedance of 0.05+j0.15
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Line Data for the 5 buses Network

3 4
From To
R X
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Bus Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
2 UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
1 2 0.0500 0.1500
2 3 0.0500 0.1500
2 4 0.0500 0.1500
5 3 4 0.0500 0.1500
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
G1 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
1 5 0.0500 0.1500
G
UAE University
ELEC572, 204/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
4 5 0.0500 0.1500
1
The shunt admittance is neglected
Bus Data for the the 5 buses Network Before load flow solution
Load
Bus Bus VoltDr. A.M. GaoudaVolt Load Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda Q Q Inject
MW
No. code Mag.ELEC572,
UAE University
Angle
04/05
MVAR MW ELEC572,
MVAR
UAE University
04/05
Min. Max. MVAR
1 Slack 1.0200 0 100 50 ? ? 0 0 0

2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0 200 ? 20 60 0
3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
4
Dr. A.M. Gaouda PQ ? ? 50 UAE University
20 0 0 0 0 Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
5
ELEC572, 04/05 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
ELEC572, 04/05
For the ‘5’ bus system

ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
Construct the bus admittance matrix Ybus

Find Q2 ,δ 2 ,V3 ,V4 and V5
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
3 4

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
5
G1
G2
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
3 4 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
SOLUTION:
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus Construction
1 1
y = = Dr. A.M. Gaouda = 2 − j 6 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
z 0.05 +ELEC572,
j 0.15
04/05
2
ELEC572, 04/05
5
G1
Y11 = y12 + y15 = 4 − j 12 G2
1
Y22 = y 21 + y 23 + y 25 = 6 − j 18
Y12 = − y12 = −2 + j 6
Y = y + y 34 = 4 − j 12
33ELEC572, 04/05
32 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Y15 = − y15 = −2 + j 6
Y44 = y43 + y 45 = 4 − j 12
Y13 = Y14 = 0
Y55 = y51 + y52 + y54 = 6 − j 18
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0

-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
Ybus = 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda -2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
UAE University -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
The net scheduled power injected at each bus is:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
3 4 Load
Bus Bus Volt Volt Load Gen. Gen. Q Q Inject
MW
No. code Mag. Angle MVAR MW MVAR Min. Max. MVAR
2
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Slack 1.0200 0 100 Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ? ? 0 0 0
UAE University UAE University 200 ? 20 60 0
2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
5 3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
G1
4 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
G2
1 5 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
S 1 ,sch = ( P1 , g − P1 ,d ) + j ( Q1 , g − Q1 ,d )
S 1 ,sch = ( P1 , g − 1.0 ) + j ( Q1 , g − 0.5 )

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
S 2 ,sch = ( P2 , g − P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g − Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = ( 2.0 − 0 ) + j ( Q2 , g − 0 )
S
UAE University
3 ,sch
ELEC572, 04/05 = ( 0 − 0.5 ) + j ( 0 − 0.2 ) UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
S 3 ,sch = − 0.5 − j 0.2
S 4 ,sch = − 0.5 − j0.2

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
S 5 ,sch = − 0.5 − j 0.2

UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
The known values are:
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda The bus admittance matrix is UAE University
V1 = 1.02∠0 o
ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
|V2 |spec = 1.02

-2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 ,min = 0.2 and Q2 ,max = 0.6
V3o =V4o = V5o = 1∠0o

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
and
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University δ 2o = 0 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Check Q2 is within the limits Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Q2 ,min 〈 Q2 〈 Q2 ,max Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Q21 = − Im{ V2* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V2o + Y23 V3o + Y24 V4o + Y25 V5o )}
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Q = 0.2448
1 ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
2
Q2 ,min 〈 Q2 〈 Q2 ,max 0.20 〈 0.2448 〈 0.6
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 i .e .;
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
The reactive power limits are not violated,

Calculate:
K2
[ ]
V2 = − + + +
1 o o o
L V
ELEC572, 04/05
21 1 L V
23 3 L V
24 4 L V
25 5
ELEC572, 04/05
( V2o )*
iteration.
P2 − jQ2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Y Y
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y25
K2 = UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 L21 = 21 L23 = 23
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L24 = 24
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
L25 =
Y22 Y22 Y22 Y22 Y22
S 2 ,sch = 2.0 + j 0.2448
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959 L21 = -0.3333 L23 = -0.3333 L24 = 0.0 L25 = -0.3333
V = 1.0555∠5.1113
1 o
ELEC572, 04/05 2 ELEC572, 04/05
Reset the magnitude Voltage magnitude is

|V | = |V2 |Speci = 1.02
2
1
known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
Therefore, δ 21 = 5.1113o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
new calculated
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University magnitude willDr.not be
A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05
V21 = 1.02∠5.1113o used. ELEC572, 04/05

ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
K3
[ ]
V31 = − + + +
ELEC572, 04/05
1 o o
L V
31 1 L V
32 2 L V
34 4 L V
35 5
( V3o )*
P3 − jQ3 Y31 Y32 Y34 Y35

K3 =
L31 =
ELEC572, 04/05
L32 = L34 =
ELEC572, 04/05
L35 =
Y33 Y33 Y33 Y33 Y33
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325 L31 = 0.0 L32 = -0.5000 L34 = -0.5000 L35 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University V31 = 0.9806∠0.7559o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Bus 4 is PQ Bus ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V =
K4
4
1
( V4o )*
− L41 V1 + L42 V 2
1
+ [
L43 V 3
1
+ L45 V5
o
]
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y42
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y43 Y45
P4 − jQ4 Y L43 = L45 =
K4 = L41 = 41
ELEC572, 04/05
L42 = ELEC572, 04/05
Y44 Y44
Y44 Y44 Y44
K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325 L41 = 0.0 L42 = 0.0 L43 = -0.5000 L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
V = 0.9631∠ - 1.5489
1 o
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
4
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
[ ]
ELEC572, 04/05
K5 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05
V =
5
1
− L V
51 1 + L V 1
+ L V 3
+
ELEC572, 04/05
52 2 53 3 L V
54 4
1
( V5o )*
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i L51 = -0.3333 L52 = -0.3333 L53 = 0.0 L54 = -0.3333
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V51 = 0.9812∠ - 0.0031o

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Check Q2 is within the limits
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
0.2 〈 Q2 〈 0.6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Q22 = − Im{ V21* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V21 + Y23 V31 + Y24 V41 + Y25 V51 )}
Q22 = 0.0290
The reactive power limits are violated Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Q2 〈 Qi ,min set Q2 = Qi ,min = 0.2 Use the most

updated value of
Q2 to calculate the
And treat this bus as PQ-bus S 2 ,sch = 2.0 + j 0.2
constant K2
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
All Buses 2, 3, 4 and 5 are PQ Buses. Find the bus voltages using GS method
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
Problem 2:
A. The line impedances are as indicated in per unit on 100MVA base.

The line charging susceptances are neglected. Using Gauss-Seidel method find
the power flow solution of the system. Ignoring the limits of Q3.
1 2
400
0.02 + j 0.04 pu MW
G
0.01 + j 0.03 pu 0.0125 + j0.025 pu
250
V1 = 1.05 ∠0 o pu MVAR
3 | V3 | = 1.04
200
MW G
1 2
1 400
y12 = = 10 − j 20 = y 21 0.02 + j 0.04 pu MW
0.02 + j 0.04
G
0.01 + j 0.03 pu 0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
1 250
y13 = = 10 − j 30 = y 31 V1 = 1.05 ∠0 o pu MVAR
0.01 + j 0.03
1
y 23 = = 16 − j 32 = y 32 3
0.0125 + j 0.025 | V3 | = 1.04
200
MW G
⎡Y11 Y12 Y13 ⎤ ⎡ y12 + y13 − y12 − y13 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
Ybus = ⎢Y21 Y22 Y23 ⎥ = ⎢ − y 21 y 21 + y 23 − y 23 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢Y31 Y32 Y33 ⎥ ⎢⎣ − y 31 − y 32 y 31 + y 32 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 20 − j 50 − 10 + j 20 − 10 + j 30 ⎤
Ybus = ⎢ − 10 + j 20 26 − j 52 − 16 + j 32 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − 10 + j 30 − 16 + j 32 26 − j 62 ⎥⎦
Classification of buses: 1 2
400
0.02 + j 0.04 pu MW
Bus 1: Slack Bus G

0.0125 + j 0.025 pu
0.01 + j 0.03 pu
250
V1 = 1.05 ∠0 pu
o
V1 = 1.05∠0 o pu MVAR
3
Bus 2: Load Bus (PQ bus) | V3 | = 1.04
200
MW G
P2 and Q2 are known V2 and δ 2 are unknown

( P2 , g − P2 ,d ) + j ( Q2 , g − Q2 ,d )
S 2 ,sch = pu
Base MVA
( 0 − 400 ) + j ( 0 − 250 )
S 2 ,sch = pu
100
S 2 ,sch = − 4 − j 2.5 pu
Bus 3: Voltage Controlled Bus (PV bus)
|V3 | and Pg ,3 are known Q3 ,sch and δ 3 are unknown
P3 ,sch = 2.0 pu
V1 = 1.05∠0 o pu V2o = 1∠0 | V3 | = 1.04 δ 3o = 0 o
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
n
K2
V2 = * − ∑ L2 p V p
V2 p = 1
p≠ 2
V =
2
1 K2
( V2o )*
− L [V
21 1 + L V
23 3
o
]
K2 = - 0.0692 - j0.0423 L21 = - 0.3846 L23 = -0.6154
V21 = 0.9746 - j0.0423

Bus 3 is PV Bus
Calculate and Check Q3 is within the limits Q3 ,min 〈 Q3 〈 Q3 ,max
Q31 = − Im{ V3* ( Y31 V1 + Y32 V21 + Y33 V3o )}
Q31 = j1.1600
V3 =
1 K3
( V3o )*
−[L V
31 1 + L V
32 2
1
]
K3 = 0.0274 + j0.0208 L31 = -0.4690 + j0.0354 L32 = -0.5310 - j0.0354
V31 = 1.0378 - j0.0052 = 1.0378∠ - 0.2854o
Reset the magnitude |V31 | = |Vi |Speci = 1.04

Voltage magnitude is
fixed for a PV bus,
V31 = 1.04∠ - 0.2854o therefore the new
calculated magnitude
V31 = 1.0400 - j0.0052 will not be used.
K 2 , L21 , L23 are constants and will be the same.
Bus 2 is PQ Bus
V =
2
2 K2
( V21 )*
− L[ V
21 1 + L V
23 3
1
]
V22 = 0.9711 - j0.0434
Bus 3 is PV Bus
Calculate and check Q3 is within the limits Q3 ,min 〈 Q3 〈 Q3 ,max
Q32 = − Im{ V3* ( Y31 V1 + Y32 V22 + Y33 V31 )}
Q32 = j1.3881
V =
3
2 K3
( V31 )*
− L [V
31 1 + L V
32 2
2
] L31 and L32 are constants and will be the same.
K 3 is changed as Q3 change
P3 − jQ32
K3 = K3 = 0.0305 + j0.0194
Y33
V32 = 1.0391 - j0.0073 = 1.0391∠ - 0.4028o
Reset the magnitude
V32 = 1.04∠ - 0.4028o = 1.0400 - j0.0073
EXAMPLE:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Each line has an impedance of 0.05+j0.15
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05

3 4
From To
R X
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Bus Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
2 UAE University UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
1 2 0.0500 0.1500
2 3 0.0500 0.1500
2 4 0.0500 0.1500
5 3 4 0.0500 0.1500
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
G1 Dr. A.M. Gaouda Dr. A.M. Gaouda
1 5 0.0500 0.1500
G
UAE University
ELEC572, 204/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
4 5 0.0500 0.1500
1
Load
Bus Bus VoltDr. A.M. GaoudaVolt Load Gen.Dr. A.M.Gen.
Gaouda Q Q Inject
MW
No. code Mag.ELEC572,
UAE University
Angle
04/05
MVAR MW ELEC572,
MVAR
UAE University
04/05
Min. Max. MVAR
1 Slack 1.0200 0 100 50 ? ? 0 0 0

2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0 200 ? 20 60 0
3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
4
Dr. A.M. Gaouda PQ ? ? 50 UAE University
20 0 0 0 0 Dr. 0
A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
5
ELEC572, 04/05 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
ELEC572, 04/05

ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
3 4 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
SOLUTION:
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
Ybus Construction
1 1
y = = Dr. A.M. Gaouda = 2 − j 6 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
z 0.05 +ELEC572,
j 0.15
04/05
2
ELEC572, 04/05
5
G1
Y11 = y12 + y15 = 4 − j 12 G2
1
Y22 = y 21 + y 23 + y 25 = 6 − j 18
Y12 = − y12 = −2 + j 6
Y = y + y 34 = 4 − j 12
33ELEC572, 04/05
32 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Y15 = − y15 = −2 + j 6
Y44 = y43 + y 45 = 4 − j 12
Y13 = Y14 = 0
Y55 = y51 + y52 + y54 = 6 − j 18
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0

-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
Ybus = 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda -2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
UAE University -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
The net scheduled power injected at each bus is:
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
3 4 Load
MW
2
1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Slack 1.0200 0 100 Dr.50A.M. Gaouda ? ? 0 0 0
UAE University UAE University 200 ? 20 60 0
2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
5 3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
G1
4 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
G2
1 5 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
The known values are:
UAE University Dr. A.M. Gaouda The bus admittance matrix is UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
4.0 - J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0
0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0
0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 4.0 -J12.0 -2.0 + J6.0
-2.0 + J6.0 -2.0 + J6.0 0 -2.0 + J6.0 6.0 -J18.0
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

Bus 2 is PV Bus
Check Q2 is within the limits Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Q2 ,min 〈 Q2 〈 Q2 ,max Dr. A.M. Gaouda
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Q21 = − Im{ V2* ( Y21 V1 + Y22 V2o + Y23 V3o + Y24 V4o + Y25 V5o )}
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Q =
1 ELEC572, 04/05 UAE University
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
2
Q2 ,min 〈 Q2 〈 Q2 ,max i .e .; 0.20 〈 0.448 〈 0.6

ELEC572, 04/05
The reactive power limits are not violated,

Calculate:
K2
[ ]
V2 = − + + +
1 o o o
L V
ELEC572, 04/05
21 1 L V
23 3 L V
24 4 L V
25 5
ELEC572, 04/05
( V2o )*
iteration.
P2 − jQ2 Y21 Y23 Y Y25
K2 = L21 = L23 =
L24 = 24 L25 =
Y22
ELEC572, 04/05
Y22 ELEC572, 04/05
Y22 Y22
ELEC572, 04/05
Y22
K2 = 0.0456 + j0.0959 L21 = -0.3333 L23 = -0.3333 L24 = 0.0 L25 = -0.3333
V21 = 1
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Reset the magnitude Voltage magnitude is
|V21 | = known and fixed for a
PV bus, therefore the
δ 21 = 5 new calculated
Therefore, Dr. A.M. Gaouda
magnitude will not be
UAE University
used. Dr.
V21 = 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Bus 3 is PQ Bus
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
K3
[ ]
V31 = − + + +
ELEC572, 04/05
1 o o
L V
31 1 L V
32 2 L V
34 4 L V
35 5
( V3o )*
P3 − jQ3 Y31 Y32 Y34 Y35

K3 =
L31 =
ELEC572, 04/05
L32 = L34 =
ELEC572, 04/05
L35 =
Y33 Y33 Y33 Y33 Y33
K3 = -0.0275 - j0.0325 L31 = 0.0 L32 = -0.5000 L34 = -0.5000 L35 = 0.0
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAE University V31 = 0.9806∠0.7559o
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
Bus 4 is PQ Bus ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V =
K4
4
1
( V4o )*
− L41 V1 + L42 V 2
1
+ [
L43 V 3
1
+ L45 V5
o
]
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y42
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Y43 Y45
P4 − jQ4 Y L43 = L45 =
K4 = L41 = 41
ELEC572, 04/05
L42 = ELEC572, 04/05
Y44 Y44
Y44 Y44 Y44
K4 = -0.0275 - j0.0325 L41 = 0.0 L42 = 0.0 L43 = -0.5000 L45 = -0.5000
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
V = 0.9631∠ - 1.5489
1 o
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05
ELEC572, 04/05
4
Bus 5 is PQ Bus
[ ]
ELEC572, 04/05
K5 UAE University ELEC572, 04/05
V =
5
1
− L V
51 1 + L V 1
+ L V 3
ELEC572, 04/05
52 2 53 3 + L V
54 4
1
( V5o )*
K5 = -0.0183 - 0.0217i L51 = -0.3333 L52 = -0.3333 L53 = 0.0 L54 = -0.3333
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
V51 = 0.9812∠ - 0.0031o

Bus 2 is PV Bus
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAE University
ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05
EXAMPLE: Each line has an impedance of 0.05+j0.15
3 4
Bus Bus
R X
nl nr
2
1 2 0.0500 0.1500
2 3 0.0500 0.1500
2 4 0.0500 0.1500
5 3 4 0.0500 0.1500
G1 1 5 0.0500 0.1500
G2 4 5 0.0500 0.1500
1
Load
MW
1 Slack 1.0200 0 100 50 ? ? 0 0 0

2 PV 1.0200 ? 0 0 200 ? 20 60 0
3 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
4 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0
5 PQ ? ? 50 20 0 0 0 0 0

Qmax = 0.6 pu
Qmin = 0.2 pu
SOLUTION:
Solution
Ybus Construction
3 4
Bus Bus
R X
nl nr
1 2 0.0500 0.1500
2 3 0.0500 0.1500
2 4 0.0500 0.1500
3 4 0.0500 0.1500
2 5
G1 1 5 0.0500 0.1500
G2 4 5 0.0500 0.1500
1
Solution 3 4
2 5
G1
G2
1

Load Flow - 2

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ELE-B7 Power Systems Engineering

Load Flow (Gauss-Seidel Method )

PQ bus Bus PV bus

1. The Load Buses (PQ bus)

Pig and Qig

Pid and Qid

Pi ,sch = Pig − Pid = − Pid Qi ,sch = Qig − Qid = −Dr.UAE

Pi and | Vi | are known & Qi and δ i are unknown

3. The Slack or Swing Bus

| Vi | and δ i are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

Real Power losses = Total generation − Total load

Voltage of the swing bus is selected as a reference. Generally, the

The two load flow equations are: ELEC572, 04/05

solution is possible. There are different methods could be implemented to solve

these equations. Among those is the Gauss-Seidel method.

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

x i1 = f i 1 ( x11 , x 21 , ....., x io ,....., x no )

The kth approximation of xi is:

Where, ε is a small value ( for exmple : ε = 0.001 )

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

SOLUTION: ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

x =1 o Dr. A.M. Gaouda

x 2 = 3.772034 x 3 = 0.5( 7 + log 3.772034 ) = 3.788287

x 3 = 3.788287 x 4 = 0.5( 7 + log 3.788287 ) = 3.789221

x = 0.7 sin x + 0.2 cos y & y = 0.7 cos x − 0.2 sin y

Using Gauss-Seidel, assuming initial values

x 1 = 0.7 sin x o + 0.2 cos y o

y 1 = 0.7 cos 0.51111 − 0.2 sin 0.5

1. Simplicity ELEC572, 04/05 ELEC572, 04/05

2. Small computer memory requirement

Disadvantages Dr. A.M. Gaouda

1. Slow rate of convergence, and therefore large number of iterations.

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

For the Slack or Swing Bus:

| Vi | and δ i = 0 are known & Pi and Qi are unknown

For (n-1) Load Buses (PQ bus):

Pi and Qi are known & | Vi | and δ i are unknown

I bus = Ybus Vbus ….. Eq. 1

entering this bus is: 

I i = Yi1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn ….. Eq. 2

injected into the ith bus is:

S i* = Vi* I i ….. Eq. 6

Pi − jQi ….. Eq. 7

voltages equal to 1.0 and making zero angle.

V2o = V3o = ...... Vno = 1∠0

i −1 n Dr. A.M. Gaouda

The most updated voltage

The iteration process is continuous till the convergence occurs, i.e.;

| ΔVi k + 1 | = | Vi k + 1 | − | Vi k | 〈 ε ….. Eq. 14

I i = Yi1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn Linear Ii

Pi = Re{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}

Qi = − Im{ Vi* ( Yi 1 V1 + Yi 2 V2 + ...... + Yii Vi + ...Yin Vn )}

for the bus voltages using GS method. | V1 | = 1 1

The system contains 3 buses, (n=3).

i- Select bus 1 as a slack bus “reference”.

ii- Buses 2 and 3 are load buses.

P2 , P3 , Q2 and Q3 are known

V2 ,V3 ,δ 2 and δ 3 are unknown