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    Membrane Processes

    Uploaded by

    Satish G Kulkarni
    Membrane processes use semipermeable membranes to separate substances based on properties like size, charge, and molecular structure. They are used in applications like water treatment, desalination, and industrial separations. Membranes are classified by pore size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Advantages include energy savings, flexibility, and producing high quality products. Disadvantages include fouling, short lifetimes, and low selectivity. Fouling occurs through mechanisms like biofouling, scaling, and concentration polarization and can be mitigated through pretreatment and optimized operating conditions.

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    Membrane Processes

    Uploaded by

    Satish G Kulkarni
    100 views15 pages
    Membrane processes use semipermeable membranes to separate substances based on properties like size, charge, and molecular structure. They are used in applications like water treatment, desalination, and industrial separations. Membranes are classified by pore size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Advantages include energy savings, flexibility, and producing high quality products. Disadvantages include fouling, short lifetimes, and low selectivity. Fouling occurs through mechanisms like biofouling, scaling, and concentration polarization and can be mitigated through pretreatment and optimized operating conditions.

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    Membrane processes use semipermeable membranes to separate substances based on properties like size, charge, and molecular structure. They are used in applications like water treatment, desalination, and industrial separations. Membranes are classified by pore size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Advantages include energy savings, flexibility, and producing high quality products. Disadvantages include fouling, short lifetimes, and low selectivity. Fouling occurs through mechanisms like biofouling, scaling, and concentration polarization and can be mitigated through pretreatment and optimized operating conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views15 pages

    Membrane Processes

    Uploaded by

    Satish G Kulkarni
    Membrane processes use semipermeable membranes to separate substances based on properties like size, charge, and molecular structure. They are used in applications like water treatment, desalination, and industrial separations. Membranes are classified by pore size into microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Advantages include energy savings, flexibility, and producing high quality products. Disadvantages include fouling, short lifetimes, and low selectivity. Fouling occurs through mechanisms like biofouling, scaling, and concentration polarization and can be mitigated through pretreatment and optimized operating conditions.

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    of 15

    Membrane Processes

    - Review -

    Presented by Marco Zedda, Andy Heidlberger and Eva Neugebauer


    Main features of the Presentation

    „ Features
    „ Applications
    „ Classification
    „ Advantages
    „ Disadvantages
    „ Fouling

    of membrane processes
    What are Membraneprocesses
    „ The most important feature of a membrane is the
    semipermeability
    „ Different membrane separation processes based on
    different molecular properties like size, vapour pressure,
    affinity, charge and chemical nature
    „ It must have high permeability for some species and low
    permeability for others
    „ The membrane filtration can be seen as an alternative to
    flocculation, sedimentation, adsorption, extraction or
    distillation
    „ It is used for removal of suspended and colloidal
    particles, dissolved ionic and non-ionic substance
    „ Nowadays they have an increased use to produce
    process water out of ground-, surface and wastewater
    Common membrane separation
    applications

    „ Production of potable water


    „ Effluent treatment
    „ Desalination of sea water
    „ Production of process water
    „ Degasification of specific gases
    Classification of membranes

    „ Microfiltration (MF) Pore size: 100 – 1000nm


    Application: Bioengineering, food industry,
    water and wastewater

    „ Ultrafiltration (UF) Pore size: 10 – 100nm


    Application: Food industry,
    water/wastewater treatment

    „ Nanofiltration (NF) Pore size ~ 1nm


    Application: Softening, industrial
    water recycling, desalination of brackish water

    „ Reverse osmosis (RO) non-porous


    Application: Desalination of water (especially seawater)
    Membran technologies are
    pressure driven processes
    Pressure
    „ Microfiltration (MF) 0.1 – 5 bar
    „ Ultrafiltration (UF) 1 – 10 bar
    „ Nanofiltration (NF) 3 – 10 bar
    „ Reverse osmosis (RO) 10 – 100 bar
    Important membrane filtration
    operating parameters
    „ TMP (transmembrane pressure)
    is the hydrostatic pressure gradient across the membrane
    that acts as the driving force for mass transfer across the
    membrane. Measured in bar/mbar

    „ Permeability
    is the degree to which the membrane is permeable for a
    particular component. Measured in L/m2/h/bar

    „ Filtration flux
    given as L/m2/h
    Membrane filtration process
    Advantages of membrane
    separation process for industrial
    applications
    „ Energy savings
    „ Can be Easily coupled with other processes and
    operations
    „ Environmentally friendly
    „ Clean technology
    „ Produces high quality products with variable
    operating parameters
    „ Greater flexibility in designing systems with easy
    scale up
    „ No additives and chemicals
    Disadvantages of membrane
    separation processes

    „ Concentration polarisation
    „ Fouling
    „ Short membrane life-time
    „ Generally low selectivity
    Fouling I
    „ Biofouling
    Biofouling is a term for an undesirable accumulation of
    microorganisms on the membrane surface.

    May be caused by algae growth stimulated by light, by


    microorganisms embedded in the membrane (Biofilms)
    or module or even by sulphate reduction by anaerobic
    bacteria present in rawwaters and eventually causes
    possible degradation of membrane material

    „ Particulate fouling
    is the build-up of particulates such as suspended solids,
    colloids and microorganisms on the membrane
    Fouling II

    „ Organic fouling
    occurs by the chemical or physical adsorption of organic
    compounds on to the membrane, which may be followed
    by the formation of a cake or gel layer

    „ Scaling
    is the term for agglomeration of particles (salts) on the
    membrane, which ends up in a total blockage of the
    filtration process. This negative effect can occur during
    nanofiltration or reverse osmosis.
    Factors Affecting Membrane Fouling
    „ Physicochemical properties of the membrane, e.g.
    hydrophobicity, electrostatic charge, reactive groups
    „ Physicochemical properties of the solute, like molecular
    weight, electrostatic charge, hydrophobicity
    „ The physicochemical parameters of the feed solution,
    e.g., pH, solute concentration
    „ Membrane morphology, i.e. pore size, pore shape, etc.
    „ Operating parameters, e.g. TMP, permeate flux, system
    Hydrodynamics, etc.
    „ Concentration polarization
    „ Membrane operation history
    Fouling control

    „ Prevention of fouling by pre-treatment of feed water

    „ Optimize nutrient limitation techniques (Biofilms)

    „ Periodic cleaning (e.g. Backwashing, anti-fouling-agents)

    „ Optimization of filtration operating conditions

    „ Improve cleaning efficiency


    Thank you for
    listening

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