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puppetlabs / puppetlabs-stdlib

Puppet Labs Standard Library module http://forge.puppetlabs.com/puppetlab…

1,977 commits 29 branches 68 releases 175 contributors Apache-2.0

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README.md

stdlib
Table of Contents

1. Module Description - What the module does and why it is useful

2. Setup - The basics of getting started with stdlib
3. Usage - Configuration options and additional functionality
4. Reference - An under-the-hood peek at what the module is doing and how
i. Classes
ii. Defined Types
iii. Data Types
iv. Facts
v. Functions
5. Limitations - OS compatibility, etc.
6. Development - Guide for contributing to the module
7. Contributors

Module Description
This module provides a standard library of resources for Puppet modules. Puppet modules make heavy use of this standard
library. The stdlib module adds the following resources to Puppet:

Stages
Facts
Functions
Defined types
Data types
Providers

Note: As of version 3.7, Puppet Enterprise no longer includes the stdlib module. If you're running Puppet Enterprise, you
should install the most recent release of stdlib for compatibility with Puppet modules.

Setup
Install the stdlib module to add the functions, facts, and resources of this standard library to Puppet.

If you are authoring a module that depends on stdlib, be sure to specify dependencies in your metadata.json.

Usage
Most of stdlib's features are automatically loaded by Puppet. To use standardized run stages in Puppet, declare this class in
your manifest with include stdlib .

When declared, stdlib declares all other classes in the module. The only other class currently included in the module is
stdlib::stages .

The stdlib::stages class declares various run stages for deploying infrastructure, language runtimes, and application layers.
The high level stages are (in order):

setup
main
runtime
setup_infra
deploy_infra
setup_app

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deploy_app
deploy

Sample usage:

node default {
include stdlib
class { java: stage => 'runtime' }
}

Reference
Public classes
Private classes
Defined types
Data types
Facts
Functions

Classes

Public classes

The stdlib class has no parameters.

Private classes

stdlib::stages : Manages a standard set of run stages for Puppet.

Defined types

file_line

Ensures that a given line is contained within a file. The implementation matches the full line, including whitespace at the
beginning and end. If the line is not contained in the given file, Puppet appends the line to the end of the file to ensure the
desired state. Multiple resources can be declared to manage multiple lines in the same file.

Example:

file_line { 'sudo_rule':
path => '/etc/sudoers',
line => '%sudo ALL=(ALL) ALL',
}

file_line { 'sudo_rule_nopw':
path => '/etc/sudoers',
line => '%sudonopw ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL',
}

In the example above, Puppet ensures that both of the specified lines are contained in the file /etc/sudoers .

Match Example:

file_line { 'bashrc_proxy':
ensure => present,
path => '/etc/bashrc',
line => 'export HTTP_PROXY=http://squid.puppetlabs.vm:3128',
match => '^export\ HTTP_PROXY\=',
}

In the example above, match looks for a line beginning with 'export' followed by 'HTTP_PROXY' and replaces it with the value
in line.

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Match Example:

file_line { 'bashrc_proxy':
ensure => present,
path => '/etc/bashrc',
line => 'export HTTP_PROXY=http://squid.puppetlabs.vm:3128',
match => '^export\ HTTP_PROXY\=',
append_on_no_match => false,
}

In this code example, match looks for a line beginning with export followed by 'HTTP_PROXY' and replaces it with the value in
line. If a match is not found, then no changes are made to the file.

Examples of ensure => absent :

This type has two behaviors when ensure => absent is set.

The first is to set match => ... and match_for_absence => true . Match looks for a line beginning with 'export', followed by
'HTTP_PROXY', and then deletes it. If multiple lines match, an error is raised unless the multiple => true parameter is set.

The line => ... parameter in this example would be accepted but ignored.

For example:

file_line { 'bashrc_proxy':
ensure => absent,
path => '/etc/bashrc',
match => '^export\ HTTP_PROXY\=',
match_for_absence => true,
}

The second way of using ensure => absent is to specify a line => ... and no match. When ensuring lines are absent, the
default behavior is to remove all lines matching. This behavior can't be disabled.

For example:

file_line { 'bashrc_proxy':
ensure => absent,
path => '/etc/bashrc',
line => 'export HTTP_PROXY=http://squid.puppetlabs.vm:3128',
}

Encoding example:

file_line { "XScreenSaver":
ensure => present,
path => '/root/XScreenSaver'
line => "*lock: 10:00:00",
match => '^*lock:',
encoding => "iso-8859-1",
}

Files with special characters that are not valid UTF-8 give the error message "Invalid byte sequence in UTF-8". In this case,
determine the correct file encoding and specify it with the encoding attribute.

Autorequires: If Puppet is managing the file that contains the line being managed, the file_line resource autorequires that
file.

Parameters

All parameters are optional, unless otherwise noted.

after

Specifies the line after which Puppet adds any new lines using a regular expression. (Existing lines are added in place.)

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Values: String containing a regex.

Default value: undef .

encoding

Specifies the correct file encoding.

Values: String specifying a valid Ruby character encoding.

Default: 'UTF-8'.

ensure : Specifies whether the resource is present.

Values: 'present', 'absent'.

Default value: 'present'.

line

Required.

Sets the line to be added to the file located by the path parameter.

Values: String.

match

Specifies a regular expression to compare against existing lines in the file; if a match is found, it is replaced rather than adding
a new line.

Values: String containing a regex.

Default value: undef .

match_for_absence

Specifies whether a match should be applied when ensure => absent . If set to true and match is set, the line that matches
is deleted. If set to false (the default), match is ignored when ensure => absent and the value of line is used instead.
Ignored when ensure => present .

Boolean.

Default value: false .

multiple

Specifies whether match and after can change multiple lines. If set to false , allows file_line to replace only one line and
raises an error if more than one will be replaced. If set to true , allows file_line to replace one or more lines.

Values: true , false .

Default value: false .

name

Specifies the name to use as the identity of the resource. If you want the resource namevar to differ from the supplied title
of the resource, specify it with name .

Values: String.

Default value: The value of the title.

path

Required.

Specifies the file in which Puppet ensures the line specified by line .

Value: String specifying an absolute path to the file.

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replace

Specifies whether the resource overwrites an existing line that matches the match parameter when line does not otherwise
exist.

If set to false and a line is found matching the match parameter, the line is not placed in the file.

Boolean.

Default value: true .

replace_all_matches_not_matching_line

Replaces all lines matched by match parameter, even if line already exists in the file.

Default value: false .

Data types

Stdlib::Absolutepath

A strict absolute path type. Uses a variant of Unixpath and Windowspath types.

Acceptable input examples:

/var/log

/usr2/username/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:.

C:\\WINDOWS\\System32

Unacceptable input example:

../relative_path

Stdlib::Ensure::Service

Matches acceptable ensure values for service resources.

Acceptable input examples:

stopped
running

Unacceptable input example:

true
false

Stdlib::Httpsurl

Matches HTTPS URLs.

Acceptable input example:

https://hello.com

Unacceptable input example:

httds://notquiteright.org`

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Stdlib::Httpurl

Matches both HTTPS and HTTP URLs.

Acceptable input example:

https://hello.com

http://hello.com

Unacceptable input example:

httds://notquiteright.org

Stdlib::MAC

Matches MAC addresses defined in RFC5342.

Stdlib::Unixpath

Matches paths on Unix operating systems.

Acceptable input example:

/usr2/username/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:

/var/tmp

Unacceptable input example:

C:/whatever

Stdlib::Filemode

Matches valid four digit modes in octal format.

Acceptable input examples:

0644

1777

Unacceptable input examples:

644

0999

Stdlib::Windowspath

Matches paths on Windows operating systems.

Acceptable input example:

C:\\WINDOWS\\System32

C:\\

\\\\host\\windows

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Valid values: A windows filepath.

Stdlib::Filesource

Matches paths valid values for the source parameter of the puppet file type.

Acceptable input example:

http://example.com

https://example.com

file:///hello/bla

Valid values: A filepath.

Stdlib::Fqdn

Matches paths on fully qualified domain name.

Acceptable input example:

localhost

example.com

www.example.com

Valid values: Domain name of a server.

Stdlib::Host

Matches a valid host which could be a valid ipv4, ipv6 or fqdn.

Acceptable input example:

localhost

www.example.com

192.0.2.1

Valid values: An IP address or domain name.

Stdlib::Port

Matches a valid TCP/UDP Port number.

Acceptable input examples:

80

443

65000

Valid values: An Integer.

Stdlib::Port::Privileged

Matches a valid TCP/UDP Privileged port i.e. < 1024.

Acceptable input examples:

80

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443

1023

Valid values: A number less than 1024.

Stdlib::Port::Unprivileged

Matches a valid TCP/UDP Privileged port i.e. >= 1024.

Acceptable input examples:

1024

1337

65000

Valid values: A number more than or equal to 1024.

Stdlib::Base32

Matches paths a valid base32 string.

Acceptable input example:

ASDASDDASD3453453

asdasddasd3453453=

ASDASDDASD3453453==

Valid values: A base32 string.

Stdlib::Base64

Matches paths a valid base64 string.

Acceptable input example:

asdasdASDSADA342386832/746+=

asdasdASDSADA34238683274/6+

asdasdASDSADA3423868327/46+==

Valid values: A base64 string.

Stdlib::Ipv4

Matches on valid IPv4 addresses.

Acceptable input example:

0.0.0.0

192.0.2.1

127.0.0.1

Valid values: An IPv4 address.

Stdlib::Ipv6

Matches on valid IPv6 addresses.

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Acceptable input example:

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

2001:db8::

2001:db8::80

Valid values: An IPv6 address.

Stdlib::Ip_address

Matches on valid IPv4 or IPv6 addresses.

Acceptable input example:

0.0.0.0

127.0.0.1

fe80:0000:0000:0000:0204:61ff:fe9d:f156

Valid values: An IP address.

Stdlib::IP::Address

Matches any IP address, including both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. It will match them either with or without an address prefix as
used in CIDR format IPv4 addresses.

Examples:

'127.0.0.1' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address # true

'10.1.240.4/24' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address # true
'52.10.10.141' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address # true
'192.168.1' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address # false
'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address # true
'FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address # true

Stdlib::IP::Address::V4

Match any string consisting of an IPv4 address in the quad-dotted decimal format, with or without a CIDR prefix. It will not
match any abbreviated form (for example, 192.168.1) because these are poorly documented and inconsistently supported.

Examples:

'127.0.0.1' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V4 # true

'10.1.240.4/24' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V4 # true
'192.168.1' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V4 # false
'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V4 # false
'12AB::CD30:192.168.0.1' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V4 # false

Valid values: An IPv4 address.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6

Match any string consistenting of an IPv6 address in any of the documented formats in RFC 2373, with or without an address
prefix.

Examples:

'127.0.0.1' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V6 # false

'10.1.240.4/24' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V6 # false
'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V6 # true
'FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V6 # true

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'FF01::101' =~ Stdlib::IP::Address::V6 # true

Valid values: An IPv6 address.

Stdlib::IP::Address::Nosubnet

Match the same things as the Stdlib::IP::Address alias, except it will not match an address that includes an address prefix
(for example, it will match '192.168.0.6' but not '192.168.0.6/24').

Valid values: An IP address with no subnet.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V4::CIDR

Match an IPv4 address in the CIDR format. It will only match if the address contains an address prefix (for example, it will
match '192.168.0.6/24' but not '192.168.0.6').

Valid values: An IPv4 address with a CIDR provided eg: '192.186.8.101/105'. This will match anything inclusive of
'192.186.8.101' to '192.168.8.105'.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V4::Nosubnet

Match an IPv4 address only if the address does not contain an address prefix (for example, it will match '192.168.0.6' but not
'192.168.0.6/24').

Valid values: An IPv4 address with no subnet.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Full

Match an IPv6 address formatted in the "preferred form" as documented in section 2.2 of RFC 2373, with or without an
address prefix as documented in section 2.3 of RFC 2373.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Alternate

Match an IPv6 address formatted in the "alternative form" allowing for representing the last two 16-bit pieces of the address
with a quad-dotted decimal, as documented in section 2.2.1 of RFC 2373. It will match addresses with or without an address
prefix as documented in section 2.3 of RFC 2373.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Compressed

Match an IPv6 address which may contain :: used to compress zeros as documented in section 2.2.2 of RFC 2373. It will
match addresses with or without an address prefix as documented in section 2.3 of RFC 2373.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet

Alias to allow Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet::Full , Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet::Alternate and

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet::Compressed .

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet::Full

Match an IPv6 address formatted in the "preferred form" as documented in section 2.2 of RFC 2373. It will not match
addresses with address prefix as documented in section 2.3 of RFC 2373.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet::Alternate

Match an IPv6 address formatted in the "alternative form" allowing for representing the last two 16-bit pieces of the address
with a quad-dotted decimal, as documented in section 2.2.1 of RFC 2373. It will only match addresses without an address
prefix as documented in section 2.3 of RFC 2373.

Stdlib::IP::Address::V6::Nosubnet::Compressed

Match an IPv6 address which may contain :: used to compress zeros as documented in section 2.2.2 of RFC 2373. It will only
match addresses without an address prefix as documented in section 2.3 of RFC 2373.

Facts

package_provider

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Returns the default provider Puppet uses to manage packages on this system.

is_pe

Returns whether Puppet Enterprise is installed. Does not report anything on platforms newer than PE 3.x.

pe_version

Returns the version of Puppet Enterprise installed. Does not report anything on platforms newer than PE 3.x.

pe_major_version

Returns the major version Puppet Enterprise that is installed. Does not report anything on platforms newer than PE 3.x.

pe_minor_version

Returns the minor version of Puppet Enterprise that is installed. Does not report anything on platforms newer than PE 3.x.

pe_patch_version

Returns the patch version of Puppet Enterprise that is installed.

puppet_vardir

Returns the value of the Puppet vardir setting for the node running Puppet or Puppet agent.

puppet_environmentpath

Returns the value of the Puppet environment path settings for the node running Puppet or Puppet agent.

puppet_server

Returns the Puppet agent's server value, which is the hostname of the Puppet master with which the agent should
communicate.

root_home

Determines the root home directory.

Determines the root home directory, which depends on your operating system. Generally this is '/root'.

service_provider

Returns the default provider Puppet uses to manage services on this system

Functions

abs

Returns the absolute value of a number. For example, '-34.56' becomes '34.56'.

Argument: A single argument of either an integer or float value.

Type: rvalue.

any2array

Converts any object to an array containing that object. Converts empty argument lists are to empty arrays. Hashes are
converted to arrays of alternating keys and values. Arrays are not touched.

Type: rvalue.

any2bool

Converts any object to a Boolean:

Strings such as 'Y', 'y', '1', 'T', 't', 'TRUE', 'yes', 'true' return true .
Strings such as '0', 'F', 'f', 'N', 'n', 'FALSE', 'no', 'false' return false .

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Booleans return their original value.

A number (or a string representation of a number) greater than 0 returns true , otherwise false .
An undef value returns false .
Anything else returns true .

Type: rvalue.

assert_private

Sets the current class or definition as private. Calling the class or defined type from outside the current module fails.

For example, assert_private() called in class foo::bar outputs the following message if class is called from outside module
foo : Class foo::bar is private.

To specify the error message you want to use:

assert_private("You're not supposed to do that!")

Type: statement.

base64

Converts a string to and from base64 encoding. Requires an action ('encode', 'decode') and either a plain or base64-
encoded string , and an optional method ('default', 'strict', 'urlsafe').

For backward compatibility, method is set as default if not specified.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

Examples:

base64('encode', 'hello')
base64('encode', 'hello', 'default')
# return: "aGVsbG8=\n"

base64('encode', 'hello', 'strict')

# return: "aGVsbG8="

base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=\n')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=', 'default')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=\n', 'default')
base64('decode', 'aGVsbG8=', 'strict')
# return: "hello"

base64('encode', 'https://puppetlabs.com', 'urlsafe')

# return: "aHR0cHM6Ly9wdXBwZXRsYWJzLmNvbQ=="

base64('decode', 'aHR0cHM6Ly9wdXBwZXRsYWJzLmNvbQ==', 'urlsafe')

# return: "https://puppetlabs.com"

Type: rvalue.

basename

Returns the basename of a path. An optional argument strips the extension. For example:

('/path/to/a/file.ext') returns 'file.ext'

('relative/path/file.ext') returns 'file.ext'
('/path/to/a/file.ext', '.ext') returns 'file'

Type: rvalue.

bool2num

Converts a Boolean to a number. Converts values:

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false , 'f', '0', 'n', and 'no' to 0.

true , 't', '1', 'y', and 'yes' to 1.

Argument: a single Boolean or string as an input.

Type: rvalue.

bool2str

Converts a Boolean to a string using optionally supplied arguments. The optional second and third arguments represent what
true and false are converted to respectively. If only one argument is given, it is converted from a Boolean to a string
containing true or false .

Examples:

bool2str(true) => `true`

bool2str(true, 'yes', 'no') => 'yes'
bool2str(false, 't', 'f') => 'f'

Arguments: Boolean.

Type: rvalue.

camelcase

Converts the case of a string or all strings in an array to CamelCase (mixed case).

Arguments: Either an array or string. Returns the same type of argument as it received, but in CamelCase form.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

Type: rvalue.

capitalize

Capitalizes the first character of a string or array of strings and lowercases the remaining characters of each string.

Arguments: either a single string or an array as an input. Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

ceiling

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the argument.

Arguments: A single numeric value.

Type: rvalue.

chomp

Removes the record separator from the end of a string or an array of strings; for example, 'hello\n' becomes 'hello'.

Arguments: a single string or array.

Type: rvalue.

chop

Returns a new string with the last character removed. If the string ends with '\r\n', both characters are removed. Applying
chop to an empty string returns an empty string. To only remove record separators, use the chomp function.

Arguments: A string or an array of strings as input.

Type: rvalue.

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clamp

Keeps value within the range [Min, X, Max] by sort based on integer value (parameter order doesn't matter). Strings are
converted and compared numerically. Arrays of values are flattened into a list for further handling. For example:

clamp('24', [575, 187]) returns 187.

clamp(16, 88, 661) returns 88.

clamp([4, 3, '99']) returns 4.

Arguments: strings, arrays, or numerics.

Type: rvalue.

concat

Appends the contents of multiple arrays onto the first array given. For example:

concat(['1','2','3'],'4') returns ['1','2','3','4'].

concat(['1','2','3'],'4',['5','6','7']) returns ['1','2','3','4','5','6','7'].

Type: rvalue.

convert_base

Converts a given integer or base 10 string representing an integer to a specified base, as a string. For example:

convert_base(5, 2) results in: '101'

convert_base('254', '16') results in: 'fe'

count

If called with only an array, counts the number of elements that are not nil or undef . If called with a second argument, counts
the number of elements in an array that matches the second argument.

Type: rvalue.

deep_merge

Recursively merges two or more hashes together and returns the resulting hash.

$hash1 = {'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => { 'four' => 4 } }

$hash2 = {'two' => 'dos', 'three' => { 'five' => 5 } }
$merged_hash = deep_merge($hash1, $hash2)

The resulting hash is equivalent to:

$merged_hash = { 'one' => 1, 'two' => 'dos', 'three' => { 'four' => 4, 'five' => 5 } }

If there is a duplicate key that is a hash, they are recursively merged. If there is a duplicate key that is not a hash, the key in
the rightmost hash takes precedence.

Type: rvalue.

defined_with_params

Takes a resource reference and an optional hash of attributes. Returns true if a resource with the specified attributes has
already been added to the catalog. Returns false otherwise.

user { 'dan':
ensure => present,
}

if ! defined_with_params(User[dan], {'ensure' => 'present' }) {

user { 'dan': ensure => present, }
}

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Type: rvalue.

delete

Deletes all instances of a given element from an array, substring from a string, or key from a hash.

For example:

delete(['a','b','c','b'], 'b') returns ['a','c'].

delete('abracadabra', 'bra') returns 'acada'.

delete({'a' => 1,'b' => 2,'c' => 3},['b','c']) returns {'a'=> 1}.

delete(['ab', 'b'], 'b') returns ['ab'].

Type: rvalue.

delete_at

Deletes a determined indexed value from an array.

For example: delete_at(['a','b','c'], 1) returns ['a','c'].

Type: rvalue.

delete_regex

Deletes all instances of a given element from an array or hash that match a provided regular expression. A string is treated as
a one-item array.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

For example

delete_regex(['a','b','c','b'], 'b') returns ['a','c'].

delete_regex({'a' => 1,'b' => 2,'c' => 3},['b','c']) returns {'a'=> 1}.

delete_regex(['abf', 'ab', 'ac'], '^ab.*') returns ['ac'].

delete_regex(['ab', 'b'], 'b') returns ['ab'].

Type: rvalue.

delete_values

Deletes all instances of a given value from a hash.

For example:

delete_values({'a'=>'A','b'=>'B','c'=>'C','B'=>'D'}, 'B') returns {'a'=>'A','c'=>'C','B'=>'D'}

Type: rvalue.

delete_undef_values

Deletes all instances of the undef value from an array or hash.

For example:

$hash = delete_undef_values({a=>'A', b=>'', c=> undef , d => false}) returns {a => 'A', b => '', d => false}.

Type: rvalue.

deprecation

Prints deprecation warnings and logs a warning once for a given key:

deprecation(key, message)

Arguments:

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A string specifying the key: To keep the number of messages low during the lifetime of a Puppet process, only one
message per key is logged.
A string specifying the message: the text to be logged.

Type: Statement.

Settings that affect deprecation

Other settings in Puppet affect the stdlib deprecation function:

disable_warnings

max_deprecations

strict :

error : Fails immediately with the deprecation message

off : Output emits no messages.

warning : Logs all warnings. This is the default setting.

The environment variable STDLIB_LOG_DEPRECATIONS

Specifies whether or not to log deprecation warnings. This is especially useful for automated tests to avoid flooding your
logs before you are ready to migrate.

This variable is Boolean, with the following effects:

true : Functions log a warning.

false : No warnings are logged.

No value set: Puppet 4 emits warnings, but Puppet 3 does not.

difference

Returns the difference between two arrays. The returned array is a copy of the original array, removing any items that also
appear in the second array.

For example:

difference(["a","b","c"],["b","c","d"]) returns ["a"].

Type: rvalue.

dig

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in dig function as of Puppet 4.5.0. Use dig44() for backwards
compatibility or use the new version.

Retrieves a value within multiple layers of hashes and arrays via an array of keys containing a path. The function goes through
the structure by each path component and tries to return the value at the end of the path.

In addition to the required path argument, the function accepts the default argument. It is returned if the path is not correct,
if no value was found, or if any other error has occurred.

$data = {
'a' => {
'b' => [
'b1',
'b2',
'b3',
]
}
}

$value = dig($data, ['a', 'b', 2])

# $value = 'b3'

# with all possible options

$value = dig($data, ['a', 'b', 2], 'not_found')

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# $value = 'b3'

# using the default value

$value = dig($data, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'not_found')
# $value = 'not_found'

1. $data The data structure we are working with.

2. ['a', 'b', 2] The path array.
3. 'not_found' The default value. It is returned if nothing is found.

Default value: undef .

Type: rvalue.

dig44

Retrieves a value within multiple layers of hashes and arrays via an array of keys containing a path. The function goes through
the structure by each path component and tries to return the value at the end of the path.

In addition to the required path argument, the function accepts the default argument. It is returned if the path is incorrect, if
no value was found, or if any other error has occurred.

$data = {
'a' => {
'b' => [
'b1',
'b2',
'b3',
]
}
}

$value = dig44($data, ['a', 'b', 2])

# $value = 'b3'

# with all possible options

$value = dig44($data, ['a', 'b', 2], 'not_found')
# $value = 'b3'

# using the default value

$value = dig44($data, ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'not_found')
# $value = 'not_found'

Type: rvalue.

1. $data The data structure we are working with.

2. ['a', 'b', 2] The path array.
3. 'not_found' The default value. It will be returned if nothing is found. (optional, defaults to undef )

dirname

Returns the dirname of a path. For example, dirname('/path/to/a/file.ext') returns '/path/to/a'.

Type: rvalue.

dos2unix

Returns the Unix version of the given string. Very useful when using a File resource with a cross-platform template.

file { $config_file:
ensure => file,
content => dos2unix(template('my_module/settings.conf.erb')),
}

See also unix2dos.

Type: rvalue.

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downcase

Converts the case of a string or of all strings in an array to lowercase.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

Type: rvalue.

empty

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in empty function as of Puppet 5.5.0.

Returns true if the argument is an array or hash that contains no elements, or an empty string. Returns false when the
argument is a numerical value.

Type: rvalue.

enclose_ipv6

Takes an array of IP addresses and encloses the ipv6 addresses with square brackets.

Type: rvalue.

ensure_packages

Takes a list of packages in an array or hash and installs them only if they don't already exist. Optionally takes a hash as a
second parameter to be passed as the third argument to the ensure_resource() or ensure_resources() function.

Type: statement.

For an array:

ensure_packages(['ksh','openssl'], {'ensure' => 'present'})

For a hash:

ensure_packages({'ksh' => { ensure => '20120801-1' } , 'mypackage' => { source => '/tmp/myrpm-1.0.0.x86_64.rpm', provider

ensure_resource

Takes a resource type, title, and a hash of attributes that describe the resource(s).

user { 'dan':
ensure => present,
}

This example only creates the resource if it does not already exist:

ensure_resource('user', 'dan', {'ensure' => 'present' })

If the resource already exists, but does not match the specified parameters, this function attempts to recreate the resource,
leading to a duplicate resource definition error.

An array of resources can also be passed in, and each will be created with the type and parameters specified if it doesn't
already exist.

ensure_resource('user', ['dan','alex'], {'ensure' => 'present'})

Type: statement.

ensure_resources

Creates resource declarations from a hash, but doesn't conflict with resources that are already declared.

Specify a resource type and title and a hash of attributes that describe the resource(s).

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user { 'dan':
gid => 'mygroup',
ensure => present,
}

ensure_resources($user)

Pass in a hash of resources. Any listed resources that don't already exist will be created with the type and parameters
specified:

ensure_resources('user', {'dan' => { gid => 'mygroup', uid => '600' } , 'alex' => { gid => 'mygroup' }},
{'ensure' => 'present'})

From Hiera backend:

userlist:
dan:
gid: 'mygroup'
uid: '600'
alex:
gid: 'mygroup'

ensure_resources('user', hiera_hash('userlist'), {'ensure' => 'present'})

fact

Return the value of a given fact. Supports the use of dot-notation for referring to structured facts. If a fact requested does not
exist, returns Undef.

Example usage:

fact('kernel')
fact('osfamily')
fact('os.architecture')

Array indexing:

$first_processor = fact('processors.models.0')
$second_processor = fact('processors.models.1')

Fact containing a "." in the fact name:

fact('vmware."VRA.version"')

flatten

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in flatten function as of Puppet 5.5.0.

Flattens deeply nested arrays and returns a single flat array as a result.

For example, flatten(['a', ['b', ['c']]]) returns ['a','b','c'].

Type: rvalue.

floor

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the argument.

Arguments: A single numeric value.

Type: rvalue.

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fqdn_rand_string

Generates a random alphanumeric string, combining the $fqdn fact and an optional seed for repeatable randomness.
Optionally, you can specify a character set for the function (defaults to alphanumeric).

Usage:

fqdn_rand_string(LENGTH, [CHARSET], [SEED])

Examples:

fqdn_rand_string(10)
fqdn_rand_string(10, 'ABCDEF!@#$%^')
fqdn_rand_string(10, '', 'custom seed')

Arguments:

An integer, specifying the length of the resulting string.

Optionally, a string specifying the character set.
Optionally, a string specifying the seed for repeatable randomness.

Type: rvalue.

fqdn_rotate

Rotates an array or string a random number of times, combining the $fqdn fact and an optional seed for repeatable
randomness.

Usage:

fqdn_rotate(VALUE, [SEED])

Examples:

fqdn_rotate(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])

fqdn_rotate('abcd')
fqdn_rotate([1, 2, 3], 'custom seed')

Type: rvalue.

fqdn_uuid

Returns a RFC 4122 valid version 5 UUID based on an FQDN string under the DNS namespace:

fqdn_uuid('puppetlabs.com') returns '9c70320f-6815-5fc5-ab0f-debe68bf764c'

fqdn_uuid('google.com') returns '64ee70a4-8cc1-5d25-abf2-dea6c79a09c8'

Type: rvalue.

get_module_path

Returns the absolute path of the specified module for the current environment.

$module_path = get_module_path('stdlib')

Type: rvalue.

getparam

Returns the value of a resource's parameter.

Arguments: A resource reference and the name of the parameter.

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For example, the following returns 'param_value':

define example_resource($param) {
}

example_resource { "example_resource_instance":
param => "param_value"
}

getparam(Example_resource["example_resource_instance"], "param")

Type: rvalue.

getvar

Looks up a variable in a remote namespace.

For example:

$foo = getvar('site::data::foo')
# Equivalent to $foo = $site::data::foo

This is useful if the namespace itself is stored in a string:

$datalocation = 'site::data'
$bar = getvar("${datalocation}::bar")
# Equivalent to $bar = $site::data::bar

Type: rvalue.

glob

Returns an array of strings of paths matching path patterns.

Arguments: A string or an array of strings specifying path patterns.

$confs = glob(['/etc/**/*.conf', '/opt/**/*.conf'])

Type: rvalue.

grep

Searches through an array and returns any elements that match the provided regular expression.

For example, grep(['aaa','bbb','ccc','aaaddd'], 'aaa') returns ['aaa','aaaddd'].

Type: rvalue.

has_interface_with

Returns a Boolean based on kind and value:

macaddress
netmask
ipaddress
network

Examples:

has_interface_with("macaddress", "x:x:x:x:x:x")
has_interface_with("ipaddress", "127.0.0.1") => true

If no kind is given, then the presence of the interface is checked:

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has_interface_with("lo") => true

Type: rvalue.

has_ip_address

Returns true if the client has the requested IP address on some interface. This function iterates through the interfaces fact
and checks the ipaddress_IFACE facts, performing a simple string comparison.

Arguments: A string specifying an IP address.

Type: rvalue.

has_ip_network

Returns true if the client has an IP address within the requested network. This function iterates through the interfaces fact
and checks the network_IFACE facts, performing a simple string comparision.

Arguments: A string specifying an IP address.

Type: rvalue.

has_key

Determines if a hash has a certain key value.

Example:

$my_hash = {'key_one' => 'value_one'}

if has_key($my_hash, 'key_two') {
notice('we will not reach here')
}
if has_key($my_hash, 'key_one') {
notice('this will be printed')
}

Type: rvalue.

hash

Converts an array into a hash.

For example, hash(['a',1,'b',2,'c',3]) returns {'a'=>1,'b'=>2,'c'=>3}.

Type: rvalue.

intersection

Returns an array an intersection of two.

For example, intersection(["a","b","c"],["b","c","d"]) returns ["b","c"].

Type: rvalue.

is_a

Boolean check to determine whether a variable is of a given data type. This is equivalent to the =~ type checks. This function
is available only in Puppet 4, or in Puppet 3 with the "future" parser.

foo = 3
$bar = [1,2,3]
$baz = 'A string!'

if $foo.is_a(Integer) {
notify { 'foo!': }
}
if $bar.is_a(Array) {

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notify { 'bar!': }
}
if $baz.is_a(String) {
notify { 'baz!': }
}

See the the Puppet type system for more information about types.
See the assert_type() function for flexible ways to assert the type of a value.

is_absolute_path

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the given path is absolute.

Type: rvalue.

is_array

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable passed to this function is an array.

Type: rvalue.

is_bool

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable passed to this function is a Boolean.

Type: rvalue.

is_domain_name

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the string passed to this function is a syntactically correct domain name.

Type: rvalue.

is_email_address

Returns true if the string passed to this function is a valid email address.

Type: rvalue.

is_float

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable passed to this function is a float.

Type: rvalue.

is_function_available

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Accepts a string as an argument and determines whether the Puppet runtime has access to a function by that name. It returns
true if the function exists, false if not.

Type: rvalue.

is_hash

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable passed to this function is a hash.

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Type: rvalue.

is_integer

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable returned to this string is an integer.

Type: rvalue.

is_ip_address

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the string passed to this function is a valid IP address.

Type: rvalue.

is_ipv6_address

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the string passed to this function is a valid IPv6 address.

Type: rvalue.

is_ipv4_address

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the string passed to this function is a valid IPv4 address.

Type: rvalue.

is_mac_address

Returns true if the string passed to this function is a valid MAC address.

Type: rvalue.

is_numeric

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable passed to this function is a number.

Type: rvalue.

is_string

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Returns true if the variable passed to this function is a string.

Type: rvalue.

join

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in join function as of Puppet 5.5.0.

Joins an array into a string using a separator. For example, join(['a','b','c'], ",") results in: "a,b,c".

Type: rvalue.

join_keys_to_values

Joins each key of a hash to that key's corresponding value with a separator, returning the result as strings.

If a value is an array, the key is prefixed to each element. The return value is a flattened array.

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For example, join_keys_to_values({'a'=>1,'b'=>[2,3]}, " is ") results in ["a is 1","b is 2","b is 3"].

Type: rvalue.

keys

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in keys function as of Puppet 5.5.0.

Returns the keys of a hash as an array.

Type: rvalue.

length

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in length function as of Puppet 5.5.0.

Returns the length of a given string, array or hash. Replaces the deprecated size() function.

Type: rvalue.

loadyaml

Loads a YAML file containing an array, string, or hash, and returns the data in the corresponding native data type.

For example:

$myhash = loadyaml('/etc/puppet/data/myhash.yaml')

The second parameter is returned if the file was not found or could not be parsed.

For example:

$myhash = loadyaml('no-file.yaml', {'default'=>'value'})

Type: rvalue.

loadjson

Loads a JSON file containing an array, string, or hash, and returns the data in the corresponding native data type.

For example:

$myhash = loadjson('/etc/puppet/data/myhash.json')

The second parameter is returned if the file was not found or could not be parsed.

For example:

$myhash = loadjson('no-file.json', {'default'=>'value'})

Type: rvalue.

load_module_metadata

Loads the metadata.json of a target module. Can be used to determine module version and authorship for dynamic support
of modules.

$metadata = load_module_metadata('archive')
notify { $metadata['author']: }

When a module's metadata file is absent, the catalog compilation fails. To avoid this failure:

$metadata = load_module_metadata('mysql', true)

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if empty($metadata) {
notify { "This module does not have a metadata.json file.": }
}

Type: rvalue.

lstrip

Strips spaces to the left of a string.

Type: rvalue.

max

Returns the highest value of all arguments. Requires at least one argument.

Arguments: A numeric or a string representing a number.

Type: rvalue.

member

This function determines if a variable is a member of an array. The variable can be a string, an array, or a fixnum.

For example, member(['a','b'], 'b') and member(['a','b','c'], ['b','c']) return true , while member(['a','b'], 'c')
and member(['a','b','c'], ['c','d']) return false .

Note: This function does not support nested arrays. If the first argument contains nested arrays, it will not recurse through
them.

Type: rvalue.

merge

Merges two or more hashes together and returns the resulting hash.

Example:

$hash1 = {'one' => 1, 'two' => 2}

$hash2 = {'two' => 'dos', 'three' => 'tres'}
$merged_hash = merge($hash1, $hash2)
# The resulting hash is equivalent to:
# $merged_hash = {'one' => 1, 'two' => 'dos', 'three' => 'tres'}

When there is a duplicate key, the key in the rightmost hash takes precedence.

Type: rvalue.

min

Returns the lowest value of all arguments. Requires at least one argument.

Arguments: A numeric or a string representing a number.

Type: rvalue.

num2bool

Converts a number or a string representation of a number into a true Boolean. Zero or anything non-numeric becomes
false . Numbers greater than 0 become true .

Type: rvalue.

parsejson

Converts a string of JSON into the correct Puppet structure (as a hash, array, string, integer, or a combination of such).

Arguments:

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The JSON string to convert, as a first argument.

Optionally, the result to return if conversion fails, as a second error.

Type: rvalue.

parseyaml

Converts a string of YAML into the correct Puppet structure.

Arguments:

The YAML string to convert, as a first argument.

Optionally, the result to return if conversion fails, as a second error.

Type: rvalue.

pick

From a list of values, returns the first value that is not undefined or an empty string. Takes any number of arguments, and
raises an error if all values are undefined or empty.

$real_jenkins_version = pick($::jenkins_version, '1.449')

Type: rvalue.

pick_default

Returns the first value in a list of values. Unlike the pick() function, pick_default() does not fail if all arguments are empty.
This allows it to use an empty value as default.

Type: rvalue.

prefix

Applies a prefix to all elements in an array, or to the keys in a hash.

For example:

prefix(['a','b','c'], 'p') returns ['pa','pb','pc'].

prefix({'a'=>'b','b'=>'c','c'=>'d'}, 'p') returns {'pa'=>'b','pb'=>'c','pc'=>'d'}.

Type: rvalue.

pry

Invokes a pry debugging session in the current scope object. Useful for debugging manifest code at specific points during a
compilation. Should be used only when running puppet apply or running a Puppet master in the foreground. Requires the
pry gem to be installed in Puppet's rubygems.

Examples:

pry()

In a pry session, useful commands include:

Run catalog to see the contents currently compiling catalog.

Run cd catalog and ls to see catalog methods and instance variables.
Run @resource_table to see the current catalog resource table.

pw_hash

Hashes a password using the crypt function. Provides a hash usable on most POSIX systems.

The first argument to this function is the password to hash. If it is undef or an empty string, this function returns undef .

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The second argument to this function is which type of hash to use. It will be converted into the appropriate crypt(3) hash
specifier. Valid hash types are:

Hash type Specifier

MD5 1

SHA-256 5

SHA-512 (recommended) 6

The third argument to this function is the salt to use.

This function uses the Puppet master's implementation of crypt(3). If your environment contains several different operating
systems, ensure that they are compatible before using this function.

Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

range

Extrapolates a range as an array when given in the form of '(start, stop)'. For example, range("0", "9") returns
[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Zero-padded strings are converted to integers automatically, so range("00", "09") returns
[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9].

Non-integer strings are accepted:

range("a", "c") returns ["a","b","c"].

range("host01", "host10") returns ["host01", "host02", ..., "host09", "host10"].

You must explicitly include trailing zeros, or the underlying Ruby function fails.

Passing a third argument causes the generated range to step by that interval. For example:

range("0", "9", "2") returns ["0","2","4","6","8"].

Type: rvalue.

regexpescape

Regexp escape a string or array of strings. Requires either a single string or an array as an input.

Type: rvalue.

reject

Searches through an array and rejects all elements that match the provided regular expression.

For example, reject(['aaa','bbb','ccc','aaaddd'], 'aaa') returns ['bbb','ccc'].

Type: rvalue.

reverse

Reverses the order of a string or array.

round

Rounds a number to the nearest integer

Type: rvalue.

rstrip

Strips spaces to the right of the string.

Type: rvalue.

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seeded_rand

Takes an integer max value and a string seed value and returns a repeatable random integer smaller than max. Similar to
fqdn_rand , but does not add node specific data to the seed.

Type: rvalue.

shell_escape

Escapes a string so that it can be safely used in a Bourne shell command line. Note that the resulting string should be used
unquoted and is not intended for use in either double or single quotes. This function behaves the same as Ruby's
Shellwords.shellescape() function; see the Ruby documentation.

For example:

shell_escape('foo b"ar') => 'foo\ b\"ar'

Type: rvalue.

shell_join

Builds a command line string from a given array of strings. Each array item is escaped for Bourne shell. All items are then
joined together, with a single space in between. This function behaves the same as Ruby's Shellwords.shelljoin() function;
see the Ruby documentation.

For example:

shell_join(['foo bar', 'ba"z']) => 'foo\ bar ba\"z'

Type: rvalue.

shell_split

Splits a string into an array of tokens. This function behaves the same as Ruby's Shellwords.shellsplit() function; see the
ruby documentation.

Example:

shell_split('foo\ bar ba\"z') => ['foo bar', 'ba"z']

Type: rvalue.

shuffle

Randomizes the order of a string or array elements.

Type: rvalue.

size

Returns the number of elements in a string, an array or a hash. This function will be deprecated in a future release. For Puppet
4, use the length function.

Type: rvalue.

sprintf_hash

Performs printf-style formatting with named references of text.

The first parameter is a format string describing how to format the rest of the parameters in the hash. See Ruby
documentation for Kernel::sprintf for details about this function.

For example:

$output = sprintf_hash('String: %<foo>s / number converted to binary: %<number>b',

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{ 'foo' => 'a string', 'number' => 5 })

# $output = 'String: a string / number converted to binary: 101'

Type: rvalue

sort

Sorts strings and arrays lexically.

Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

squeeze

Replaces consecutive repeats (such as 'aaaa') in a string with a single character. Returns a new string.

Type: rvalue.

str2bool

Converts certain strings to a Boolean. This attempts to convert strings that contain the values '1', 'true', 't', 'y', or 'yes' to true .
Strings that contain values '0', 'false', 'f', 'n', or 'no', or that are an empty string or undefined are converted to false . Any
other value causes an error. These checks are case insensitive.

Type: rvalue.

str2saltedsha512

Converts a string to a salted-SHA512 password hash, used for OS X versions 10.7 or greater. Returns a hex version of a salted-
SHA512 password hash, which can be inserted into Puppet manifests as a valid password attribute.

Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

strftime

Returns formatted time.

For example, strftime("%s") returns the time since Unix epoch, and strftime("%Y-%m-%d") returns the date.

Arguments: A string specifying the time in strftime format. See the Ruby strftime documentation for details.

Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

Format:

%a : The abbreviated weekday name ('Sun')

%A : The full weekday name ('Sunday')

%b : The abbreviated month name ('Jan')

%B : The full month name ('January')

%c : The preferred local date and time representation

%C : Century (20 in 2009)

%d : Day of the month (01..31)

%D : Date (%m/%d/%y)

%e : Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31)

%F : Equivalent to %Y-%m-%d (the ISO 8601 date format)

%h : Equivalent to %b

%H : Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00..23)

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%I : Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01..12)

%j : Day of the year (001..366)

%k : Hour, 24-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..23)

%l : Hour, 12-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..12)

%L : Millisecond of the second (000..999)

%m : Month of the year (01..12)

%M : Minute of the hour (00..59)

%n : Newline (\n)

%N : Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)

%3N : Millisecond (3 digits)

%6N : Microsecond (6 digits)

%9N : Nanosecond (9 digits)

%p : Meridian indicator ('AM' or 'PM')

%P : Meridian indicator ('am' or 'pm')

%r : Time, 12-hour (same as %I:%M:%S %p)

%R : Time, 24-hour (%H:%M)

%s : Number of seconds since the Unix epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.

%S : Second of the minute (00..60)

%t : Tab character ( )

%T : Time, 24-hour (%H:%M:%S)

%u : Day of the week as a decimal, Monday being 1. (1..7)

%U : Week number of the current year, starting with the first Sunday as the first day of the first week (00..53)

%v : VMS date (%e-%b-%Y)

%V : Week number of year according to ISO 8601 (01..53)

%W : Week number of the current year, starting with the first Monday as the first day of the first week (00..53)

%w : Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6)

%x : Preferred representation for the date alone, no time

%X : Preferred representation for the time alone, no date

%y : Year without a century (00..99)

%Y : Year with century

%z : Time zone as hour offset from UTC (for example +0900)

%Z : Time zone name

%% : Literal '%' character

strip

Removes leading and trailing whitespace from a string or from every string inside an array. For example, strip(" aaa ")
results in "aaa".

Type: rvalue.

suffix

Applies a suffix to all elements in an array or to all keys in a hash.

For example:

suffix(['a','b','c'], 'p') returns ['ap','bp','cp'].

suffix({'a'=>'b','b'=>'c','c'=>'d'}, 'p') returns {'ap'=>'b','bp'=>'c','cp'=>'d'}.

Type: rvalue.

swapcase

Swaps the existing case of a string. For example, swapcase("aBcD") results in "AbCd".

Type: rvalue.

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Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

time

Returns the current Unix epoch time as an integer.

For example, time() returns something like '1311972653'.

Type: rvalue.

to_bytes

Converts the argument into bytes.

For example, "4 kB" becomes "4096".

Arguments: A single string.

Type: rvalue.

to_json

Converts input into a JSON String.

For example, { "key" => "value" } becomes {"key":"value"} .

Type: rvalue.

to_json_pretty

Converts input into a pretty JSON String.

For example, { "key" => "value" } becomes {\n \"key\": \"value\"\n} .

Type: rvalue.

to_yaml

Converts input into a YAML String.

For example, { "key" => "value" } becomes "---\nkey: value\n" .

Type: rvalue.

try_get_value

Deprecated: Replaced by dig() .

Retrieves a value within multiple layers of hashes and arrays.

Arguments:

A string containing a path, as the first argument. Provide this argument as a string of hash keys or array indexes starting
with zero and separated by the path separator character (default "/"). This function goes through the structure by each
path component and tries to return the value at the end of the path.

A default argument as a second argument. This argument is returned if the path is not correct, if no value was found, or if
any other error has occurred.

The path separator character as a last argument.

$data = {
'a' => {
'b' => [
'b1',
'b2',
'b3',
]

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}
}

$value = try_get_value($data, 'a/b/2')

# $value = 'b3'

# with all possible options

$value = try_get_value($data, 'a/b/2', 'not_found', '/')
# $value = 'b3'

# using the default value

$value = try_get_value($data, 'a/b/c/d', 'not_found')
# $value = 'not_found'

# using custom separator

$value = try_get_value($data, 'a|b', [], '|')
# $value = ['b1','b2','b3']

1. $data The data structure we are working with.

2. 'a/b/2' The path string.
3. 'not_found' The default value. It will be returned if nothing is found. (optional, defaults to undef )
4. '/' The path separator character. (optional, defaults to '/')

Type: rvalue.

type3x

Deprecated: This function will be removed in a future release.

Returns a string description of the type of a given value. The type can be a string, array, hash, float, integer, or Boolean. For
Puppet 4, use the new type system instead.

Arguments:

string
array
hash
float
integer
Boolean

Type: rvalue.

type_of

This function is provided for backwards compatibility, but the built-in type() function provided by Puppet is preferred.

Returns the literal type of a given value. Requires Puppet 4. Useful for comparison of types with <= such as in if
type_of($some_value) <= Array[String] { ... } (which is equivalent to if $some_value =~ Array[String] { ... } ).

Type: rvalue.

union

Returns a union of two or more arrays, without duplicates.

For example, union(["a","b","c"],["b","c","d"]) returns ["a","b","c","d"].

Type: rvalue.

unique

Removes duplicates from strings and arrays.

For example, unique("aabbcc") returns 'abc', and unique(["a","a","b","b","c","c"]) returns ["a","b","c"].

Type: rvalue.

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unix2dos

Returns the DOS version of a given string. Useful when using a File resource with a cross-platform template.

Type: rvalue.

file { $config_file:
ensure => file,
content => unix2dos(template('my_module/settings.conf.erb')),
}

See also dos2unix.

upcase

Converts an object, array, or hash of objects to uppercase. Objects to be converted must respond to upcase.

For example, upcase('abcd') returns 'ABCD'.

Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

uriescape

URLEncodes a string or array of strings.

Arguments: Either a single string or an array of strings.

Type: rvalue.

Note: This function is an implementation of a Ruby class and might not be UTF8 compatible. To ensure compatibility, use this
function with Ruby 2.4.0 or greater.

validate_absolute_path

Validates that a given string represents an absolute path in the filesystem. Works for Windows and Unix style paths.

The following values pass:

$my_path = 'C:/Program Files (x86)/Puppet Labs/Puppet'

validate_absolute_path($my_path)
$my_path2 = '/var/lib/puppet'
validate_absolute_path($my_path2)
$my_path3 = ['C:/Program Files (x86)/Puppet Labs/Puppet','C:/Program Files/Puppet Labs/Puppet']
validate_absolute_path($my_path3)
$my_path4 = ['/var/lib/puppet','/usr/share/puppet']
validate_absolute_path($my_path4)

The following values fail, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_absolute_path(true)
validate_absolute_path('../var/lib/puppet')
validate_absolute_path('var/lib/puppet')
validate_absolute_path([ 'var/lib/puppet', '/var/foo' ])
validate_absolute_path([ '/var/lib/puppet', 'var/foo' ])
$undefined = `undef`
validate_absolute_path($undefined)

Type: statement.

validate_array

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates that all passed values are array data structures. Terminates catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

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The following values pass:

$my_array = [ 'one', 'two' ]

validate_array($my_array)

The following values fail, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_array(true)
validate_array('some_string')
$undefined = `undef`
validate_array($undefined)

Type: statement.

validate_augeas

Validates a string using an Augeas lens.

Arguments:

The string to test, as the first argument.

The name of the Augeas lens to use, as the second argument.
Optionally, a list of paths which should not be found in the file, as a third argument.
Optionally, an error message to raise and show to the user, as a fourth argument.

If Augeas fails to parse the string with the lens, the compilation terminates with a parse error.

The $file variable points to the location of the temporary file being tested in the Augeas tree.

For example, to make sure your $passwdcontent never contains user foo , include the third argument:

validate_augeas($passwdcontent, 'Passwd.lns', ['$file/foo'])

To raise and display an error message, include the fourth argument:

validate_augeas($sudoerscontent, 'Sudoers.lns', [], 'Failed to validate sudoers content with Augeas')

Type: statement.

validate_bool

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates that all passed values are either true or false . Terminates catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values pass:

$iamtrue = true
validate_bool(true)
validate_bool(true, true, false, $iamtrue)

The following values fail, causing compilation to terminate:

$some_array = [ true ]
validate_bool("false")
validate_bool("true")
validate_bool($some_array)

Type: statement.

validate_cmd

Validates a string with an external command.

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Arguments:

The string to test, as the first argument.

The path to a test command, as the second argument. This argument takes a % as a placeholder for the file path (if no %
placeholder is given, defaults to the end of the command). If the command is launched against a tempfile containing the
passed string, or returns a non-null value, compilation will terminate with a parse error.
Optionally, an error message to raise and show to the user, as a third argument.

# Defaults to end of path

validate_cmd($sudoerscontent, '/usr/sbin/visudo -c -f', 'Visudo failed to validate sudoers content')

# % as file location
validate_cmd($haproxycontent, '/usr/sbin/haproxy -f % -c', 'Haproxy failed to validate config content')

Type: statement.

validate_domain_name

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validate that all values passed are syntactically correct domain names. Aborts catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values pass:

$my_domain_name = 'server.domain.tld'
validate_domain_name($my_domain_name)
validate_domain_name('domain.tld', 'puppet.com', $my_domain_name)

The following values fail, causing compilation to abort:

validate_domain_name(1)
validate_domain_name(true)
validate_domain_name('invalid domain')
validate_domain_name('-foo.example.com')
validate_domain_name('www.example.2com')

Type: statement.

validate_email_address

Validate that all values passed are valid email addresses. Fail compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values will pass:

$my_email = "waldo@gmail.com"
validate_email_address($my_email)
validate_email_address("bob@gmail.com", "alice@gmail.com", $my_email)

The following values will fail, causing compilation to abort:

$some_array = [ 'bad_email@/d/efdf.com' ]
validate_email_address($some_array)

Type: statement.

validate_hash

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates that all passed values are hash data structures. Terminates catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values will pass:

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$my_hash = { 'one' => 'two' }

validate_hash($my_hash)

The following values will fail, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_hash(true)
validate_hash('some_string')
$undefined = `undef`
validate_hash($undefined)

Type: statement.

validate_integer

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates an integer or an array of integers. Terminates catalog compilation if any of the checks fail.

Arguments:

An integer or an array of integers, as the first argument.

Optionally, a maximum, as the second argument. (All elements of) the first argument must be equal to or less than this
maximum.
Optionally, a minimum, as the third argument. (All elements of) the first argument must be equal to or greater than than
this maximum.

This function fails if the first argument is not an integer or array of integers, or if the second or third arguments are not
convertable to an integer. However, if (and only if) a minimum is given, the second argument may be an empty string or
undef , which serves as a placeholder to ensure the minimum check.

The following values pass:

validate_integer(1)
validate_integer(1, 2)
validate_integer(1, 1)
validate_integer(1, 2, 0)
validate_integer(2, 2, 2)
validate_integer(2, '', 0)
validate_integer(2, `undef`, 0)
$foo = `undef`
validate_integer(2, $foo, 0)
validate_integer([1,2,3,4,5], 6)
validate_integer([1,2,3,4,5], 6, 0)

Plus all of the above, but any combination of values passed as strings ('1' or "1").
Plus all of the above, but with (correct) combinations of negative integer values.

The following values fail, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_integer(true)
validate_integer(false)
validate_integer(7.0)
validate_integer({ 1 => 2 })
$foo = `undef`
validate_integer($foo)
validate_integer($foobaridontexist)

validate_integer(1, 0)
validate_integer(1, true)
validate_integer(1, '')
validate_integer(1, `undef`)
validate_integer(1, , 0)
validate_integer(1, 2, 3)
validate_integer(1, 3, 2)
validate_integer(1, 3, true)

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Plus all of the above, but any combination of values passed as strings ( false or "false").
Plus all of the above, but with incorrect combinations of negative integer values.
Plus all of the above, but with non-integer items in arrays or maximum / minimum argument.

Type: statement.

validate_ip_address

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates that the argument is an IP address, regardless of whether it is an IPv4 or an IPv6 address. It also validates IP address
with netmask.

Arguments: A string specifying an IP address.

The following values will pass:

validate_ip_address('0.0.0.0')
validate_ip_address('8.8.8.8')
validate_ip_address('127.0.0.1')
validate_ip_address('194.232.104.150')
validate_ip_address('3ffe:0505:0002::')
validate_ip_address('::1/64')
validate_ip_address('fe80::a00:27ff:fe94:44d6/64')
validate_ip_address('8.8.8.8/32')

The following values will fail, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_ip_address(1)
validate_ip_address(true)
validate_ip_address(0.0.0.256)
validate_ip_address('::1', {})
validate_ip_address('0.0.0.0.0')
validate_ip_address('3.3.3')
validate_ip_address('23.43.9.22/64')
validate_ip_address('260.2.32.43')

validate_legacy

Validates a value against both a specified type and a deprecated validation function. Silently passes if both pass, errors if only
one validation passes, and fails if both validations return false.

Arguments:

The type to check the value against,

The full name of the previous validation function,
The value to be checked,
An unspecified number of arguments needed for the previous validation function.

Example:

validate_legacy('Optional[String]', 'validate_re', 'Value to be validated', ["."])

This function supports updating modules from Puppet 3-style argument validation (using the stdlib validate_* functions) to
Puppet 4 data types, without breaking functionality for those depending on Puppet 3-style validation.

Note: This function is compatible only with Puppet 4.4.0 (PE 2016.1) and later.

For module users

If you are running Puppet 4, the validate_legacy function can help you find and resolve deprecated Puppet 3 validate_*
functions. These functions are deprecated as of stdlib version 4.13 and will be removed in a future version of stdlib.

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Puppet 4 allows improved defined type checking using data types. Data types avoid some of the problems with Puppet 3's
validate_* functions, which were sometimes inconsistent. For example, validate_numeric unintentionally allowed not only
numbers, but also arrays of numbers or strings that looked like numbers.

If you run Puppet 4 and use modules with deprecated validate_* functions, you might encounter deprecation messages.
The validate_legacy function makes these differences visible and makes it easier to move to the clearer Puppet 4 syntax.

The deprecation messages you get can vary, depending on the modules and data that you use. These deprecation messages
appear by default only in Puppet 4:

Notice: Accepting previously invalid value for target type '<type>' : This message is informational only. You're using
values that are allowed by the new type, but would have been invalid by the old validation function.
Warning: This method is deprecated, please use the stdlib validate_legacy function : The module has not yet
upgraded to validate_legacy . Use the deprecation options to silence warnings for now, or submit a fix with the
module's developer. See the information for module developers below for how to fix the issue.
Warning: validate_legacy(<function>) expected <type> value, got <actual type>_ : Your code passes a value that was
accepted by the Puppet 3-style validation, but will not be accepted by the next version of the module. Most often, you
can fix this by removing quotes from numbers or booleans.
Error: Evaluation Error: Error while evaluating a Resource Statement, Evaluation Error: Error while evaluating a
Function Call, validate_legacy(<function>) expected <type> value, got <actual type> : Your code passes a value that
is not acceptable to either the new or the old style validation.

For module developers

The validate_legacy function helps you move from Puppet 3 style validation to Puppet 4 validation without breaking
functionality your module's users depend on.

Moving to Puppet 4 type validation allows much better defined type checking using data types. Many of Puppet 3's
validate_* functions have surprising holes in their validation. For example, validate_numeric allows not only numbers, but
also arrays of numbers or strings that look like numbers, without giving you any control over the specifics.

For each parameter of your classes and defined types, choose a new Puppet 4 data type to use. In most cases, the new data
type allows a different set of values than the original validate_* function. The situation then looks like this:

validate_ pass validate_ fail

matches type pass pass, notice

fails type pass, deprecated fail

The code after the validation still has to handle all possible values for now, but users of your code can change their manifests
to pass only values that match the new type.

For each validate_* function in stdlib, there is a matching Stdlib::Compat::* type that allows the appropriate set of values.
See the documentation in the types/ directory in the stdlib source code for caveats.

For example, given a class that should accept only numbers, like this:

class example($value) {
validate_numeric($value)

the resulting validation code looks like this:

class example(
Variant[Stdlib::Compat::Numeric, Numeric] $value
) {
validate_legacy(Numeric, 'validate_numeric', $value)

Here, the type of $value is defined as Variant[Stdlib::Compat::Numeric, Numeric] , which allows any Numeric (the new
type), as well as all values previously accepted by validate_numeric (through Stdlib::Compat::Numeric ).

The call to validate_legacy takes care of triggering the correct log or fail message for you. It requires the new type, the
previous validation function name, and all arguments to that function.

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If your module still supported Puppet 3, this is a breaking change. Update your metadata.json requirements section to
indicate that your module no longer supports Puppet 3, and bump the major version of your module. With this change, all
existing tests for your module should still pass. Create additional tests for the new possible values.

As a breaking change, this is also a good time to call deprecation for any parameters you want to get rid of, or to add
additional constraints on your parameters.

After releasing this version, you can release another breaking change release where you remove all compat types and all calls
to validate_legacy . At that time, you can also go through your code and remove any leftovers dealing with the previously
possible values.

Always note such changes in your CHANGELOG and README.

validate_numeric

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates a numeric value, or an array or string of numeric values. Terminates catalog compilation if any of the checks fail.

Arguments:

A numeric value, or an array or string of numeric values.

Optionally, a maximum value. (All elements of) the first argument has to be less or equal to this max.
Optionally, a minimum value. (All elements of) the first argument has to be greater or equal to this min.

This function fails if the first argument is not a numeric (Integer or Float) or an array or string of numerics, or if the second and
third arguments are not convertable to a numeric. If, and only if, a minimum is given, the second argument can be an empty
string or undef , which serves as a placeholder to ensure the minimum check.

For passing and failing usage, see validate_integer . The same values pass and fail, except that validate_numeric also
allows floating point values.

Type: statement.

validate_re

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Performs simple validation of a string against one or more regular expressions.

Arguments:

The string to test, as the first argument. If this argument is not a string, compilation terminates. Use quotes to force
stringification.
A stringified regular expression (without the // delimiters) or an array of regular expressions, as the second argument.
Optionally, the error message raised and shown to the user, as a third argument.

If none of the regular expressions in the second argument match the string passed in the first argument, compilation
terminates with a parse error.

The following strings validate against the regular expressions:

validate_re('one', '^one$')
validate_re('one', [ '^one', '^two' ])

The following string fails to validate, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_re('one', [ '^two', '^three' ])

To set the error message:

validate_re($::puppetversion, '^2.7', 'The $puppetversion fact value does not match 2.7')

To force stringification, use quotes:

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validate_re("${::operatingsystemmajrelease}", '^[57]$')

Type: statement.

validate_slength

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates that a string (or an array of strings) is less than or equal to a specified length

Arguments:

A string or an array of strings, as a first argument.

A numeric value for maximum length, as a second argument.

Optionally, a numeric value for minimum length, as a third argument.

The following values pass:

validate_slength("discombobulate",17)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","moo"],17)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","moo"],17,3)

The following values fail:

validate_slength("discombobulate",1)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","thermometer"],5)
validate_slength(["discombobulate","moo"],17,10)

Type: statement.

validate_string

Deprecated: Will be removed in a future version of stdlib. See validate_legacy .

Validates that all passed values are string data structures. Aborts catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

The following values pass:

$my_string = "one two"

validate_string($my_string, 'three')

The following values fail, causing compilation to terminate:

validate_string(true)
validate_string([ 'some', 'array' ])

Note: validate_string( undef ) will not fail in this version of the functions API.

Instead, use:

if $var == `undef` {
fail('...')
}

Type: statement.

validate_x509_rsa_key_pair

Validates a PEM-formatted X.509 certificate and private key using OpenSSL. Verifies that the certificate's signature was created
from the supplied key.

Fails catalog compilation if any value fails this check.

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Arguments:

An X.509 certificate as the first argument.

An RSA private key, as the second argument.

validate_x509_rsa_key_pair($cert, $key)

Type: statement.

values

Deprecated: This function has been replaced with a built-in values function as of Puppet 5.5.0.

Returns the values of a given hash.

For example, given $hash = {'a'=1, 'b'=2, 'c'=3} values($hash) returns [1,2,3].

Type: rvalue.

values_at

Finds values inside an array based on location.

Arguments:

The array you want to analyze, as the first argument.

Any combination of the following values, as the second argument:
A single numeric index
A range in the form of 'start-stop' (eg. 4-9)
An array combining the above

For example:

values_at(['a','b','c'], 2) returns ['c'].

values_at(['a','b','c'], ["0-1"]) returns ['a','b'].

values_at(['a','b','c','d','e'], [0, "2-3"]) returns ['a','c','d'].

Type: rvalue.

zip

Takes one element from first array given and merges corresponding elements from second array given. This generates a
sequence of n-element arrays, where n is one more than the count of arguments. For example, zip(['1','2','3'],
['4','5','6']) results in ["1", "4"], ["2", "5"], ["3", "6"]. Type: rvalue.

Limitations
As of Puppet Enterprise 3.7, the stdlib module is no longer included in PE. PE users should install the most recent release of
stdlib for compatibility with Puppet modules.

Version Compatibility

Versions Puppet 2.6 Puppet 2.7 Puppet 3.x Puppet 4.x

stdlib 2.x yes yes no no

stdlib 3.x no yes yes no

stdlib 4.x no yes yes no

stdlib 4.6+ no yes yes yes

stdlib 5.x no no yes yes

stdlib 5.x: When released, stdlib 5.x will drop support for Puppet 2.7.x. Please see this discussion.

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Development
Puppet Labs modules on the Puppet Forge are open projects, and community contributions are essential for keeping them
great. We can’t access the huge number of platforms and myriad hardware, software, and deployment configurations that
Puppet is intended to serve. We want to keep it as easy as possible to contribute changes so that our modules work in your
environment. There are a few guidelines that we need contributors to follow so that we can have a chance of keeping on top
of things. For more information, see our module contribution guide.

To report or research a bug with any part of this module, please go to http://tickets.puppetlabs.com/browse/MODULES.

Contributors
The list of contributors can be found at: https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-stdlib/graphs/contributors.

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