5 продвинутых технологий

Cisco, которые нужно знать

ведущий:
Ruslan Savchenko
09.08.2013
rsavchenko@getccna.ru
 What Is CCNP-R&S Coverage
CCNP is:
 Routing: EIGRP, OSPF, RIP, BGP
 Switching
 Routing and switching troubleshooting

CCNP is NOT:
 Voice
 Wireless
 Security
 Specific WAN protocols (MPLS,
advanced BGP)

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 Certification for Network Engineers
 CCENT: install and verify basic IP network
with supervision
 CCNA: also… configure and maintain a
multisite enterprise network, as directed
 CCNP: also… plan and troubleshoot
enterprise networks with advanced
solutions, collaborating with network
specialists
 CCIE: also… independently troubleshoot
and optimize network performance in
complex and integrated enterprise
networks

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Cisco Career Certifications

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Switching (SWITCH)

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 What Is Switch Coverage
SWITCH is:
 Campus layer 2 management (VLANs, STP –all flavors)
 Campus layer 3 management (Inter-VLAN Routing, first hop
redundancy)
 Campus network management (network design, security,
voice)

SWITCH is NOT:
 “Only layer 2”
 Deep wireless, security or voice

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Enterprise Campus Architecture

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 VLAN Deployment

 End-to-end VLANs

Users are grouped into VLANs

independent of physical location
If users are moved within the campus,
their VLAN membership remains the
same

 Local VLANs

Recommended solution in the

enterprise campus architecture
Users are grouped into VLANs
depending of physical location
If users are moved within the campus,
their VLAN membership changes

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 Trunk Configuration
 Configure VLANs
 Disable trunk negotiation
 Configure trunk mode
 Set native VLAN to unused VLAN
 Allow only required VLANs on trunks

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 Common Trunk Link Problems
 Trunks can be configured statically or autonegotiated with DTP
 For trunking to be autonegotiated, the switches must be in the same
VTP domain
 Some trunk configuration combinations will successfully configure a
trunk, some will not

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 Issues with 802.1Q Native VLAN
 Native VLAN frames are carried over the trunk link untagged
 Native VLAN must match at the ends of a trunk
 A native VLAN mismatch will merge traffic between VLANs
 Default native VLAN is VLAN 1
 Configure an unused VLAN as native VLAN on trunks

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 Spanning Tree Standards

 802.1D-1998: The legacy standard for bridging and STP

 CST: Assumes one spanning-tree instance for the entire bridged
network, regardless of the number of VLANs
 PVST+:A Cisco enhancement of STP that provides a separate 802.1D
spanning tree instance for each VLAN configured in the network
 802.1D-2004: An updated bridging and STP standard
 802.1s (MST):Maps multiple VLANs into the same spanning-tree
instance
 802.1w (RSTP):Improves convergence over 1998 STP by adding roles to
ports and enhancing BPDU exchanges
 PVRST+: A Cisco enhancement of RSTP using PVST+
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 Spanning Tree Recommendations
 Use PVRST+ or MSTP for best
convergence
 Take advantage of the Cisco
STP toolkit
 Keep STP domain as simple as
possible
 Do not disable STP—it
protects against unplanned
loops
 Use routed links if possible

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 Cisco STP Toolkit
 PortFast: configures access port as edge
ports which transition directly to
forwarding state
 BPDUGuard: disables a PortFast-enabled
port if a BPDU is received
 BPDUfilter: suppresses BPDUs on ports
(not recommended)
 RootGuard: prevents external switches
from becoming roots
 LoopGuard: prevents an alternate port
or root port from becoming the
designated port if no BPDUs are received
 UplinkFast*: provides from 3 to 5
seconds convergence after link failure
 BackboneFast*: cuts the convergence
time by max_age for an indirect failure

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 Cisco Layer 3 Switching Methods
Process switching
Slowest method—every packet examined by CPU, all forwarding decisions
made in software

Fast switching (route caching)

Faster method—first packet in each flow examined by CPU, forwarding
decision cached in hardware for subsequent packets in flow

Cisco Express Forwarding (topology-based switching)

Fastest method—hardware forwarding table created regardless of traffic
flows, all packets switched using hardware
Switching mode for multi-layer switches

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 Configure SVI and Routed Interface
switch(config)# ip routing
switch(config)# interface vlan10
switch(config-if)# ip address 10.1.10.1 255.255.255.0
switch(config-if)# no shutdown
switch(config)# interface vlan20
switch(config-if)# ip address 10.1.20.1 255.255.255.0
switch(config-if)# no shutdown

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HSRP Configuration

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 HSRP and Spanning Tree

 Configured active
router should be the
same as STP root
bridge
 Blocked uplink caused
traffic to take less than
optimal path

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GLBP Operation

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GLBP Weights and Decrements

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GLBP Configuration

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Routing (ROUTE)

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 What Is Route Coverage
ROUTE is:
 IGP Routing: EIGRP, OSPF, RIP
 Path control: route maps, filters, redistribution, policy-based
routing
 ISP connection management: standard BGP
 IPv6
 Branch offices and remote workers connectivity: VPN, GRE

ROUTE is NOT:
 Voice
 Wireless
 Security
 Specific WAN protocols (MPLS, IS-IS, advanced BGP)
 Multicast

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Example: Enterprise network

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Routing Protocol Comparison

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OSPF. Link-State Protocols

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 Area Terminology and Router Types
Link-state routing requires a hierarchical network structure:
Transit area (backbone or area 0)
Normal areas (non-backbone areas)
ABR:Area Border Router
ASBR:Autonomous System Boundary Router
R5, R6:Internal routers
R1:Backbone router

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OSPF Packet Types

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Example of Different LSAs

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Types of Areas

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 Design Limitations of OSPF
 If more than one area is configured, one of these areas has be
to be area 0—backbone area
 All areas must be connected to area 0
 Area 0 must be contiguous

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 No Direct Physical Connection to Area 0

 Area 20 added with no physical access to area 0

 A virtual link provides logical path to the backbone
 The OSPF database treats the link between routers ABR1 and
ABR2 as a direct link

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 Discontinuous Area 0
 Two companies merge without a direct link between them
 Virtual links are used to connect a discontinuous area 0
 A logical link is built between routers ABR1 and ABR2
 Virtual links are recommended for backup or temporary
connections too

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 EIGRP Capabilities and Attributes
 Advanced distance vector
 Multicast and Unicast instead of broadcast address
 Support for multiple network-layer protocols
 100% loop-free classless routing
 Fast convergence
 Partial updates
 Flexible network design

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 EIGRP Capabilities and Attributes
 Support for VLSM and discontinuous subnets
 Provides load balancing across equal-and unequal-cost
pathways
 Easy configuration for WANs and LANs
 Manual summarization at any point
 Sophisticated metric

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Example: EIGRP Tables

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Successor and Feasible Successor

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 Example: Successor and Feasible
Successor Solve Loop Issue

R1 receives information about the 10.0.0./8 from R8 and R4

FD on R1 is smaller than AD from R4 and the update from R4 is not FS

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Verifying EIGRP Neighbors

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 Factors that Influence EIGRP Scalability
 Amount of routing information exchanged between peers
 Number of routers
 Depth of topology—the number of hops that information must
travel to reach all routers
 Number of alternate paths through the network

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 EIGRP Query Process Stuck-in-Active
The router must get replies to all its queries for a lost route to start calculating successor
information
If any reply to the query is lost or missing within three minutes:
 The route is SIA
 The router resets the neighbor relationship with the neighbor that fails to reply

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 Enterprise Network to ISP Connection
Options
 Single-homed
 Dual-homed
 Multihomed
 Dual-multihomed

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 BGP Routing Between Autonomous
Systems
 BGP is to provide an interdomain routing system
 BGP guarantees the exchange of loop-free routing information
 BGP works differently than IGPs
 BGP is a policy-based routing protocol
 Control traffic flow using multiple BGP path attributes

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Basic EBGP Configuration

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 BGP Path Selection Decision Process
Consider only (synchronized) routes with no AS loops and a
valid next hop, and next steps for evaluation are:

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Set AS Path with Route Map

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Redistribution Techniques

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Two-Way Multipoint Redistribution
Issue

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Questions?

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Thank you!