Bluetoothtechnology 1

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY
ABSTRACT
Bluetooth is a radio frequency specification for short range, point to point

and point to multi point voice and data transfer. Bluetooth technology
facilitates the replacement of cables normally used to connect one device
to another by a short range radio link. With the help of blue tooth we can
operate our keyboard and mouse without direct connection of CPU.
Printers, fax machines, headphone, mouse, keyboard or any other digital
devices can be part of Bluetooth system.
In spite of facilitating the replacement of cables, Bluetooth technology

works as an universal medium to bridge the existing data networks, a
peripheral interface for existing devices and provide a mechanism to
form short ad hok network of connected devices away from fixed
network infrastructures.
Due to their independence on short range radio link, Bluetooth devices do

not require a line of site connection in order to communicate. Therefore a
computer can print information on a printer if printer is in inside the
room. Two blue tooth devices can talk to each other when they come
within range of 10 meters to each other.
Bluetooth technology represents an opportunity for the industry to deliver

wireless solutions that are ubiquitous across a broad range of devices.
St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 1

INTRODUCTION
While many new technologies bear technical names, like RS-232 or

IEEE
802.11b, Bluetooth, the wireless technology, is different.
Bluetooth was named for the 10th Century Viking king , Harald Blatand
(A.K.A., Bluetooth) who peacefully united all the tiny island kingdoms
of
Denmark, southern Sweden, and southern Norway into one country . In
keeping with its namesake, Bluetooth, the new low-cost radio
technology, is
designed to unite or connect all different types of devices to effectively
work
as one. By uniting devices, Bluetooth eliminates the need for cabling in a
wide range of products, including cellular phones, PCs, headphones,
audio
equipment, printers, and many more.

Bluetooth Definitions
• Piconet: Devices connected in an ad hoc fashion, that is, not

requiring predefinition and planning, as with a standard network.
Two to eight devices can be networked into a piconet. It is a peer
network, that is, once connected, each device has equal access to
the others. However, one device is defined as master, and the
others as slaves.
• Scatternet: Several piconets may form a larger scatternet, with

each piconet maintaining independence.
• Master unit: The master in a piconet whose clock and hopping

sequence synchronizes the other devices.
• Slave unit: Devices in a piconet that are not the master.
• MAC address: Three bit address that distinguishes each unit in a

piconet.
• Parked units: Piconet devices that are synchronized but don't have
MAC addresses.
• Sniff and hold mode: Power-saving mode of a piconet device.

WORKING
The technology of Bluetooth centers aIround a 9mm x 9mm microchip,

which functions as a low cost and short range radio link. Bluetooth
Technology provide a 10 meter personal bubble that support
simultaneous transmission of both voice
and data for multiple devices. Up to 8 devices can be connected in a
piconet, and uo to 10 piconets can exist within the 10 meter bubble. Each
piconet support
up to 3 simultaneous full duplex voice devices.
The gross data rate is 1 Mb/s, but the actual data rate are 432 kbps full
duplex transmission,721/56kbps for asymmetric transmission, and 384
kbps for
tms2000 transmission.
Bluetooth wireless technology is designed to be as secure as a wire
with up to 128-bit public/private key authentication, and streaming cipher
up to 64 bit based on a5 security.
Transmission types and rates :

The baseband (single channel per line) protocol combines circuit and
packet switching. To assure that packets do not arrive out of order, slots
(up to five) can be reserved for synchronous packets. As noted earlier, a
different hop signal is used for each packet. Circuit switching can be
either asynchronous or synchronous. Up to three synchronous (voice)
data channels, or one synchronous and one asynchronous data channel,
can be supported on one channel. Each synchronous channel can support

a 64 Kb/s transfer rate, which is fully adequate for voice transmissions.

An asynchronous channel can transmit as much as 721 Kb/s in one
direction and 57.6 Kb/s in the opposite direction. It is also possible for an
asynchronous connection to support 432.6 Kb/s in both directions if the
link is symmetric.
Radio frequency and spectrum hopping :

What if there's a lot of radio noise? Won't that interfere with Bluetooth
connections? As a rule, the answer is no. It is designed to use fast
acknowledgement and frequency hopping, which will make connections
robust. It is packet-based, and will jump to a new frequency after each
packet is received, which not only helps limit interference problems, but
also adds to security. Data rates are one megabyte/second, including
headers. Full duplex transmissions (both directions at once) are
accomplished via time division multiplexing.
The Bluetooth radio chip functions at 2.4 gigahertz, which is in the

unlicensed ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band. It separates the 2.4
gigahertz frequency band into 79 hops one megahertz apart, starting with
2.402 and ending with 2.480 (though this bandwidth is narrower in Japan,
France, and Spain). This spread spectrum is used to hop from one
channel to another, pseudo-randomly, which adds a strong layer of
security. Up to 1600 hops per second can be made. The standard
frequency range is 10 centimeters to 10 meters, and can be extended to at
least 100 meters by increasing transmission power.

Data transmission:
Data can be transmitted both synchronously and asynchronously. The

Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) method is used primarily for
voice, and Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL) is primarily for data.
Within a piconet, each master-slave pair can use a different transmission
mode, and modes can be changed at any time. Time Division Duplex
(TDD) is used by both SCO and ACL, and both support 16 types of
packets, four of which are control packets that are the same in each type.
Because of the need for smoothness in data transmission, SCO packets
are generally delivered via reserved intervals, that is, the packets are sent
in groups without allowing other transmissions to interrupt. SCO packets
can be transmitted without polling by the sending unit. ACL links support
both symmetric and assymetric transmissions.
Bandwidth is controlled by the master unit, which determines how much

of the total each slave unit can use. Slaves cannot transmit data until they
have been polled by the master, and the master can broadcast messages to
the slave units via ACL link.
Network arrangement:
Bluetooth network arrangements (topology) can be either point-to-point

or point-to-multipoint. Any unit in a piconet can establish a connection
to another piconet to form a scatternet. See the figure, which diagrams a
scatternet in which piconet A, which consists of four units, is connected

to piconet B, consisting of two units. Note that the master unit of A is not
the link Bluetooth network arrangements (topology) can between the two
piconets.
Error correction and security:
on code (FEC), 2/3 rate forward error correction code FEC, and
automatic repeat request (ARQ). The FEC methods are designed to
reduce the number of retransmissions. However, the over hea Three error
correction techniques have been defined: 1/3 rate forward error corrected
significantly slows transmissions, so is generally not used in relatively
error-free environments, with the exception of packet headers. The ARQ
scheme requires that the header error and cyclic redundancy checks are
okay. When they are, an acknowledge is sent. When they aren't, the data
is resent.

Security is provided in three ways: through pseudo-random frequency

band hops, authentication, and encryption. Frequency band hops make
it difficult for anyone to eavesdrop. Authentication allows a user to
control connectivity to only devices specified. Encryption uses secret
key lengths of 1, 40, and 64 bits. The quality of security is excellent
for most applications. However, it is not the highest level available,
and for those users who require it, the suggestion is to investigate
separate network transfer protocols and security software.
Connection Protocol
Bluetooth connections are established via the following techniques:
1. Standby: Devices not connected in a piconet are in standby mode.
In this mode, they listen for messages every 1.28 seconds over 32
hop frequencies (fewer in Japan, Spain, and France).
2. Page/Inquiry: If a device wishes to make a connection with
another device, it sends out a page message, if the address is

known, or an inquiry followed by a page message, if it is unknown.
The master unit sends out 16 identical page messages on 16 hop
frequencies to the slave unit. If there is no response, the master
retransmits on the other 16 hop frequencies. The inquiry method
requires an extra response from the slave unit, since the MAC
address is unknown to the master unit.
3. Active: Data transmission occurs.

4. Hold: When either the master or slave wishes, a hold mode can be
established, during which no data is transmitted. The purpose of

this is to conserve power. Otherwise, there is a constant data
exchange. A typical reason for going into hold mode is the
connection of several piconets.
5. Sniff: The sniff mode, applicable only to slave units, is for power
conservation, though not at as reduced a level as hold. During this

mode, the slave does not take an active role in the piconet, but
listens at a reduced level. This is usually a programmable setting.
6. Park: Park mode is a more reduced level of activity than the hold
mode. During it, the slave is synchronized to the piconet, thus not
requiring full reactivation, but is not part of the traffic. In this state,
they do not have MAC addresses, but only listen enough to keep
their synchronization with the master and check for broadcast
messages.

USAGE MODEL:
While the Bluetooth * usage model is based on connecting devices

together, it is focused on three broad categories: voice/data access points,
peripheral interconnects, and Personal Area Networking (PAN).

Voice/Data Access Points:
Voice/data access points is one of the key initial usage models and
involves connecting a computing device to a communicating device via a
secure wireless link (see Figure 1). For example, a mobile computer
equipped with Bluetooth technology could link to a mobile phone that
uses Bluetooth technology to connect to the Internet to access e-mail. The
mobile phone acts as a personal
access point. Even more ideal, the notebook can connect to the Internet
while the cell phone is being carried in a briefcase or purse. The

Bluetooth usage model also envisions public data access points in the
future. Imagine the current data-equipped pay phones in airports being
upgraded with Bluetooth modems. This would allow any mobile device
equipped with Bluetooth technology to easily connect to the Internet
while located within ten meters of that access point. These access points
could, of course, support much higher data rates than today’s modems, as
public spaces could connect a variety of private Bluetooth access points
via a LAN that is routed to the Internet over a DSL line, allowing each
access point a private 1Mbps connection to the Internet.
Peripheral Interconnects :
The second category of uses, peripheral interconnects, involves

connecting other devices together as shown in Figure 2. Imagine standard

keyboards, mice, and joysticks that work over a wireless link. The
Bluetooth link is built into the mobile computer; therefore, the cost of the
peripheral device is less because an access point is not needed.
Additionally, many of these devices can be used in multiple markets. For
example, a Bluetooth headset used in the office could be connected to a
Bluetooth access point that provides access to the office phone and multi-
media functions of the mobile computer. When mobile, the same headset
could be used to interface with the cellular phone (which can now remain
in a
briefcase or purse).Another aspect of a short-range link like Bluetooth is
in the area of proximity security devices. In this case, if one device is not
within range of another device, the first device will go into a high
security mode.

Personal Area Networking:
The last usage model, Personal Area Networking (PAN), focuses on the
ad-hoc formation and breakdown of personal networks(see Figure 3).
Imagine meeting someone in an airport and quickly and securely
exchanging documents by establishing a private piconet. In the future,
Bluetooth kiosks could provide access to electronic media that could be
quickly downloaded for later access on the mobile device.

Bluetooth Special Interest group (SIG)
Bluetooth special group is group of companies working together to

define, developed promote an open royalty free specification for seamless
wireless connectivity and cable replacement for a wide variety of
mobility-enhancing devices. The original charter of the SIG is to monitor
the technical development of a short range radio and to create an open
global standard. It prevent the technology from becoming the property of
any single company.
In developing the Bluetooth specification, the SIG is strictly adhering

to some basic principles that that can be summed up in five key words:
freedom, security, simplicity, versatility and reliability. These keywords
are the foundation of Bluetooth technology. To be Bluetooth certified, a
device must pass interoperability testing by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group thus assuring that products meeting the specification will be able
to interact with all other Bluetooth-certified products and with the
Internet.

In february1998, the Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed. The

founding SIG member are Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba. Since
then over 2000 adopter have joined including Compaq, Lucent, Motorola
and 3com.

Bluetooth Characteristics:
These are the features of the Bluetooth technology:
• It separates the frequency band into hops. This spread spectrum is

used to hop from one channel to another, which adds a strong layer
of security.
• Up to eight devices can be networked in a piconet.
• Signals can be transmitted through walls and briefcases, thus

eliminating the need for line-of-sight.
• Devices do not need to be pointed at each other, as signals are

omni-directional.
• Both synchronous and asynchronous applications are supported,

making it easy to implement on a variety of devices and for a
variety of services, such as voice and Internet.
• Governments worldwide regulate it, so it is possible to utilize the

same standard wherever one travels.

Competing technologies
While there is no single competing technology that covers the entire

concept of Bluetooth wireless technology, in certain market segment
other technology do exist.
IrDA
For cable replacement, the infrared standard IrDA has been around
for several years and is quite widespread. Most new portable PCs, PDAs,
and some cellular phones support IrDA, although actual adoption by
users has been rather limited. IrDA is faster than Bluetooth but is limited
to point to point connections,
Whereas Bluetooth is also capable to point to multi point. IrDA’s biggest
draw back is that it requires a clear line to sight, and is usually limited to
a few feet between devices.
Wireless LAN:
Wireless LAN based on the IEEE 802.11b standard are used to

replace a wired LAN throughout a building. The transmission capacity is
high and so is the number of simultaneous users. However, compared to
Bluetooth, these wireless LANs are more expensive, consume more
power and have a larger hardware footprint, making them unsuitable for
small mobile devices.

BLUETOOTH IN FUTURE
What is the future direction of the Bluetooth standard?
At this time, we anticipate the Bluetooth SIG to evolve the Bluetooth

technology to provide greater bandwidth & distances, thus increasing the
potential platforms & applications used in the emerging personal area-
networking marketplace.
What is the future of Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a continually expanding technology. There are plans to add

many new application profiles. With over 1800 companies working on
Bluetooth, the future could not be brighter. With a strong special interest
group behind Bluetooth, the standardization of the application profiles is
almost assured.

According to market researchers, Cahners In-Stat Group, it is anticipated

that as many as 670 million products will have Bluetooth built-in by the
year 2005.
Will the speed of Bluetooth increase?
Some members of the Bluetooth SIG such as Sony & Eastman Kodak are
interested in seeing the speed of Bluetooth increasing for applications
such as streaming video. Proposals are under consideration but it is not
clear when products based on any of the proposals would be available
Projected Market Growth:
Cahners In-Stat group estimates that the Bluetooth market will grow from
virtually zero in 1999 to over 1 billion Bluetooth-enabled devices that
will
ship in 2005.

ADVANTAGES OF BLUETOOTH
TECHNOLOGY:
1.No line of site restrictions as with IrDA.
2. Low power consumption makes integrated in battery powered

devices
very practical.
3. 2.4 GHz radio frequency ensures worldwide operability.

4. Tremendous momentum not only within the computer industry

but other industries like cellular telephones and transportation.
APPLICATIONS
Smart Home
Homes equipped with Bluetooth devices may be able to recognise the

arrival of its bonafideI residents and unlock the door on their arrival. The
device will also adjust heat to a preset temperature. While this is

happening, the data from the individual’s PDA may be exchanged with
the home electronic board, and the family calendar is updated
to reflect the scheduled activities in the office.
The Internet Bridge
An extension of this model could be a mobile computer that allows

surfing the Internet irrespective of the location of the user, and regardless
of whether the user is cordlessly connected through a mobile phone
(cellular) or through a wire line connection (e.g. PSTN, ISDN, LAN,
xDSL).
Automatic Check-in:
• Hotels are testing, or plan to test, services that allow guests to
check in, unlock room doors and even control room temperature
with handheld devices equipped with Bluetooth Technology.
• The Bluetooth enabled mobile phone or the PDA can present the
electronic ticket to the airline system without one having to go
through the queue at the check-in counters. The airline's on-line
system performs the identification via the ID-tag feature built into
the mobile phone or the PDA and confirms the reserved seat.

The Three-in-one Phone

With Bluetooth support, one handset will be able to provide multiple
functionality. When at home, the phone functions as a cordless phone,
connected to the fixed line. When on the move, it functions as a mobile
phone connected to the mobile network. Additionally, when the phone
comes within range of another mobile phone with built-in Bluetooth
technology, it functions as a walkie-talkie.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The official Bluetooth site,http:/www.bluetooth.com
2. http://www.intel.com/mobile/bluetooth
3. The wireless connectivity Technologies Comparison, Infrared and

Radio Frequency, Infrared Data Association, September 1998.

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BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

Bluetooth is a radio frequency specification for short range, point to point

In spite of facilitating the replacement of cables, Bluetooth technology

Due to their independence on short range radio link, Bluetooth devices do

Bluetooth technology represents an opportunity for the industry to deliver

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 1

While many new technologies bear technical names, like RS-232 or

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 2

• Piconet: Devices connected in an ad hoc fashion, that is, not

• Scatternet: Several piconets may form a larger scatternet, with

• Master unit: The master in a piconet whose clock and hopping

• Slave unit: Devices in a piconet that are not the master.

• MAC address: Three bit address that distinguishes each unit in a

• Sniff and hold mode: Power-saving mode of a piconet device.

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 3

The technology of Bluetooth centers aIround a 9mm x 9mm microchip,

Transmission types and rates :

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 4

a 64 Kb/s transfer rate, which is fully adequate for voice transmissions.

Radio frequency and spectrum hopping :

The Bluetooth radio chip functions at 2.4 gigahertz, which is in the

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 5

Data can be transmitted both synchronously and asynchronously. The

Bandwidth is controlled by the master unit, which determines how much

Bluetooth network arrangements (topology) can be either point-to-point

scatternet in which piconet A, which consists of four units, is connected

Error correction and security:

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 7

Security is provided in three ways: through pseudo-random frequency

Bluetooth connections are established via the following techniques:

1. Standby: Devices not connected in a piconet are in standby mode.

2. Page/Inquiry: If a device wishes to make a connection with

another device, it sends out a page message, if the address is

3. Active: Data transmission occurs.

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 8

established, during which no data is transmitted. The purpose of

conservation, though not at as reduced a level as hold. During this

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 9

While the Bluetooth * usage model is based on connecting devices

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 10

Voice/Data Access Points:

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 11

The second category of uses, peripheral interconnects, involves

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 12

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 13

Personal Area Networking:

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 14

Bluetooth Special Interest group (SIG)

Bluetooth special group is group of companies working together to

In developing the Bluetooth specification, the SIG is strictly adhering

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 15

In february1998, the Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed. The

St.Berchmans Off Campus Centre 16

These are the features of the Bluetooth technology:

• It separates the frequency band into hops. This spread spectrum is

• Up to eight devices can be networked in a piconet.

• Signals can be transmitted through walls and briefcases, thus

• Devices do not need to be pointed at each other, as signals are

• Both synchronous and asynchronous applications are supported,