A REVIEW ON OFDM-IDMA TECHNIQUE & ITS IMPLEMENTATION

Praveen Upadhaya1,Sunil shukla2

1
(PG Student ECE Dep’t.,Oriental University , Indore)
2
(Assoc. Professor ECE Dep’t., Oriental University , Indore)

ABSTRACT

It is difficult to analyze the performance of OFDM-CDMA systems. To

accomplish this task, we need to characterize the correlation matrix among spreading
sequences, because the system performance dependent on the choices of signature
sequences. Al-though the performance is not sensitive to the choices of spreading sequences
when long random spreading codes are employed , it is still mathematically demanding to
evaluate the performance by large random matrix theory. OFDM-IDMA does not involve
signature sequences, which greatly simplifies the problem.This research paper reviews the
basic ideas of OFDM-IDMA and several ways in which this concept has been implemented.

Keywords:OFDM, OFDM-IDMA, frame interleave, fast Fourier transform, wavelet

transform.

I. INTRODUCTION TO OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital

data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband
digital communication, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting,
DSL Internet access, wireless networks, powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications.

OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier

modulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to
carry data[1] on several parallel data streams or channels. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a
conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift
keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier
modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with
severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire,
narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without complex
equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using
many slowly modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly modulated wideband signal.
The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it
possible to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (on
analogue TV these are visible as ghosting and blurring, respectively) to achieve a diversity gain,
i.e. a signal-to-noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the design of single
frequency networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal
simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be
combined constructively, rather than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-
carrier system.

II. INTRODUCTIONTO OFDM-IDMA

In OFDM-CDMA systems, spreading sequences are employed to distinguish signals from

different users. From a coding theory point of view, it is not a wise choice to use spreading
sequences for user separation, since the spreading operation results in band-width expansion
without coding gain. The theoretical analysis in [1], [2] shows that the capacity of multiple
access channel can only be approached, when entire bandwidth expansion is devoted to FEC
coding. The idea of a hybrid communication scheme combining OFDM and IDMA has recently
been proposed and studied in [3] [4]. The OFDM-IDMA scheme, which employs IDMA instead
of CDMA in OFDM-CDMA inherits many attractive features of well-studied OFDM-CDMA
scheme, such as the simple treatment of ISI and effective mitigation of cross-cell interference.
Furthermore, the adoption of IDMA introduces additional benefits. In particular, IDMA allows a
simple and effective turbo-type iterative MUD algorithm applicable to system with large number
of users, which is crucial for system achieving high throughput. The CBC detection algorithm
has linear complex-ity with the number of users K . Since random interleaves are employed to
distinguish signals from different users, the spreading operation can be avoided in the OFDM-
IDMA scheme. In this situation, the OFDM-IDMA scheme devotes entire bandwidth expansion
to FEC coding and obtains additional coding gain.

The uplink transmitter and receiver structures of OFDM-IDMA with K simultaneous

users are shown in Fig below:-
Figure 1: Transmitter and receiver structures of the OFDM-IDMA scheme with K simultaneous
users

Let dk be the data stream of user-k. This data stream is encoded by a forward er-ror correction
(FEC) code, generating a chip sequence ck . (Here, “chip” is used instead of “bit” as the FEC
encoding may include spreading or repetition coding.) Then ckis permutated by a user-specific
interleaver-k . After symbol mapping, the symbol sequence xk = [ xk(1) ,…….., xk( j )
;,…………,; xk( J )] T is produced, where J is the frame length. Then these symbols are
modulated onto different subcarriers by IFFT.

Consider QPSK signaling :-

After OFDM modulation, the transmitted sequence can be expressed as :-

is divided into blocks with length of N c for OFDM transmission, where N c is the number of
subcarriers.) W is DFT matrix and the superscript “H ” indicates Hermite transpose. The ( m-n)-
th entry of W is

We assume an L -path channel model with fading coefficients hk = [ h k (0) ; h k (1) ; ……. ; h k
( L -1)] for user-k . The output of multipath channel can be written as :-

where * denotes the convolution and the elements of z are samples of additive noise. At the
receiver side, OFDM demodulation is carried out before iterative MUD process as show in lower
half of Fig. 3. Assuming that the duration of cyclic prefix is longer than the maximum channel
delay, the received signal after OFDM demodulation can be expressed as:-

Then the CBC detection algorithm for complex single-path channel can be applied [31]. The
main difference between the detection process described in Section 2.4 and detection algorithm
proposed here is that the fading coefficients of OFDM subcarriers f Hk( j ) g are different for
different j in a frequency selective channel in the OFDM-IDMA scheme, while in Section 2.4 we
consider multipath quasi-static fading channels and the fading coefficients f h k ( l ) g are
identical for all chips of user-k during one frame. (l is the path index.)

III. VARIOUS IMPLEMENTATION SCENARIOS FOR OFDM-IDMA

In 2013 Vijay Kumar Kol and Agya Mishra in their research paper titled Discrete
Wavelet Transform based OFDM-IDMA System with AWGN Channel presented a a model
which is Discrete Wavelet Transform based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-
Interleaver Division Multiple Access (OFDM-IDMA) system for next generation wireless
communication system. With IDMA, interleavers are the only means of user separation. In
Discrete Fourier Transform based OFDM-IDMA systems, signals only overlap in the frequency
domain while the Wavelet Transform signals overlap both in the time and frequency domains, so
there is no need for the cyclic prefix (CP) in the proposed model. Performance of the proposed
model is experimented and compared for different BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM channel with
transmitter & receivers and observed better BER. Also compared for different wavelet families
and found the suitable with Daubechie wavelet. The proposed model Comparisons with other
alternative technologies such as DFT-OFDM-IDMA is provided. The proposed model is
discussed for multi-user detection, flexible rate adaptation, frequency diversity, and significant
advantages regarding spectral and power efficiency. This paper concludes with efficient
performance of the system which can be considerable for next wireless communication system.

In 2013 Minaxi , Prabha&Rajan in their research paper titled Evaluation Of BER For
Various Fading Channel In DWT Based MIMO-OFDM System presented DWT based
MIMO-OFDM systemr. Compare to the FFT based MIMO-OFDM it has lot advantages. There
is no need for cyclic prefix, flexibility and optimal resolution. Ripple(Wavelet) concept has
developed as a fresh scientific implement with the aim of preserve be functional in several
applications such as processing of image, biomedical manufacturing, radar, physics, organize
systems also message systems. The essential region of purpose of ripples in communication
system: numerous accesses. A fresh modulation/multiplexing scheme consuming ripple
transform remained planned for (3rd production organization project) 3GPP systems. This fresh
modulation system implemented in (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) OFDM scheme
in addition to conventional based(FFT) transform blocks is replaced by wavelet transform
blocks. There are many multiplicity of ripple transforms are offered, out of which four were
chosen. They are Haar, Daubechies, Bi-orthogonal and reverse Bi-orthogonal transforms. Haar
wavelet is best one of among all types of wavelet. The performance of DWT based MIMO-
OFDM is calculated by bit error rate (BER) in various channel that is AWGN channel and
Rayleigh channel. Using MATLAB-Simulation which channel is best for the DWT based
MIMO-OFDM.

In 2011 Veena&Swamy in their research paper titled Performance analysis of DWT

based OFDM over FFT based OFDM and implementing on FPGApropose a DWT-IDWT
based OFDM transmitter and receiver that achieve better performance in terms SNR and BER
for AWGN channel. It proves all the wavelet families better over the IFFT-FFT implementation.
The OFDM model is developed using Simulink, various test cases have been considered to
verify its performance. The DWT-OFDM using Lifting Scheme architecture is
implemented on FPGA optimizing hardware, speed & cost. The wavelet filter used for
this is Daubechies (9, 7) with N=2. The RTL code is written in Verilog-HDL and
simulated in Modelsim. The design is then synthesized in Xilinx and implemented on
Virtex5 FPGA board and the results were validated using ChipScope.
 In 2010 Abbas in his research paper titled A Novel Radon-Wavelet Based OFDM
System Design and Performance Under Different Channel Conditions both Finite Radon
Transform and Discrete Wavelet Transform are implemented in a new design for orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing. The new structure was tested and compared with conventional
Fast Fourier Transform -based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Radon-based
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, and discrete wavelet transform -based orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing for additive white Gaussian noise channel, flat fading channel,
and multi-path selective fading channel. Simulation tests were generated for different channels
parameters values. The obtained results showed that proposed system has increased spectral
efficiency, reduced inter symbol interference and inter carrier interference, and improved bit
error rate performance compared with other systems.

In 2006 Li-Ping and others in their research paper titled Interleave-Division Multiple-
Access provides a comprehensive study of interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) systems.
The IDMA receiver principles for different modulation and channel conditions are outlined. A
semi analytical technique is developed based on the density evolution technique to estimate the
bit - error- rate (BER) of the system. It provides a fast and relatively accurate method to predict
the performance of IDMA scheme.

IV. ANALYSIS OF ABOVE WORKS AND PROBLEM FORMULATION

Following problems were identified based on the above literature review:-

1) The analysis of the systems discussed in the literature consists primarily of a single type
of channel. Their research development was concentrated on a single channel.

2) There is wide number of research work on wavelet based OFDM , OFDM IDMA , but
little interest has been given on the development of Radon Transform technique described
by Abbas as shown in literature review.

3) Several models and research work on OFDM focused on the individual analysis of
systems that includes BER, SNR, but a comparative analysis needs to be done in order to
get a holistic picture of the complete process.

IV.a Proposed Work

1) It has been proposed to use Radon Transform for implementing OFDM-IDMA.

2) Channels on which the system is to be simulated will be AWGN and Rayleigh Fading
Channel.

3) To perform a comparative analysis of the wavelet transform based OFDM –IDMA , FFT
based OFDM –IDMA and Radon based OFDM-IDMA
V. CONCLUSION

In this review paper a comprehensive study about OFDM systems is undertaken. Special
emphasis has been given on the prospects of OFDM-IDMA as opposed to OFDM-CDMA. Thus
this paper summarizes various implementation techniques by which OFDM-IDMA has been
implemented in the pat. Also a future research work has been proposed which could help the
research scholars to undertake the problem in a more holistic approach.

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