Python Tutorial

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Contents
1. Python Tutorial................................................................................................................................ 2
2. What is Python? .............................................................................................................................. 2
3. Python History................................................................................................................................. 3
4. Architecture .................................................................................................................................... 3
a. Parser .......................................................................................................................................... 3
b. Compiler ...................................................................................................................................... 4
c. Interpreter ................................................................................................................................... 4
5. Components of Python ................................................................................................................... 4
a. Functions ..................................................................................................................................... 4
b. Classes ......................................................................................................................................... 4
c. Modules ....................................................................................................................................... 4
d. Packages ...................................................................................................................................... 4
6. Features of Python .......................................................................................................................... 4
a. Easy ............................................................................................................................................. 5
b. Interpreted .................................................................................................................................. 5
c. Object-Oriented........................................................................................................................... 5
d. Free and Open Source................................................................................................................. 5
e. Portable ....................................................................................................................................... 5
f. GUI Programming ........................................................................................................................ 5
g. Large Library ................................................................................................................................ 5
7. Frameworks available in Python ..................................................................................................... 5
a. Django ......................................................................................................................................... 6
b. Flask ............................................................................................................................................ 6
c. Pyramid........................................................................................................................................ 6
d. Tornado ....................................................................................................................................... 6
e. Bottle ........................................................................................................................................... 6
f. web2py......................................................................................................................................... 6
g. NumPy ......................................................................................................................................... 7
h. SciPy ............................................................................................................................................ 7
i. Pylons ........................................................................................................................................... 7
8. Flavors of Python ............................................................................................................................ 7
a. CPython ....................................................................................................................................... 7
b. Jython .......................................................................................................................................... 8
c. IronPython ................................................................................................................................... 8
 Python Tutorial

d. Brython ....................................................................................................................................... 8
e. RubyPython ................................................................................................................................. 8
f. PyPy.............................................................................................................................................. 8
g. MicroPython ................................................................................................................................ 8
9. Python File Extensions .................................................................................................................... 8
10. Why should I learn Python? .......................................................................................................... 8
11. How is Python different from Java or C++? .................................................................................. 9
12. Python Constructs ....................................................................................................................... 10
a. List ............................................................................................................................................. 10
b. Tuple ......................................................................................................................................... 10
c. Dictionary .................................................................................................................................. 10
d. Comments and Docstrings- ....................................................................................................... 10

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 Python Tutorial

1. Python Tutorial

In this Python tutorial, we will learn about the introduction to Python

programming, Python features, an overview of Python architecture,
and Python applications in real industry. We will also learn about available
python frameworks like Django, Flask, Pyramid etc.
The transition from consuming games and web apps to being the one behind
them is exciting. Imagine if, with one technology, you could create all that?
The world would be at your fingertips. Well, what if we told you that it’s
possible? 1991 changed a lot of things for the programming industry and
many others. We’re talking about Python programming, a friendly general-
purpose programming language. And in a world of machine learning, Python
is here to stay. So let us start with Python tutorial.

Python Tutorial
Read: Python V/s Java

2. What is Python?

Let us start this python tutorial with ‘What is Python?’

Python is an object-oriented language, which means that it can model real-
world objects. It is also dynamically-typed because it carries out type-
checking at runtime. It does so to make sure that the type of a construct
matches what we expect in that context. The distinctive feature about Python

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 Python Tutorial

is that it is an interpreted language. The Python IDLE (Integrated

DeveLopment Environment) executes instructions a line at a time.
Etymology states that Guido van Rossum named it after the comedy group
Monty Python. That is why the metasyntactic variables used here are ‘spam’
and ‘eggs’ instead of ‘foo’ and ‘bar’. Unlike as expected, it does not refer to
the reptile species. A lot of implementations today run version 2.x, but the
future belongs to Python 3.x. It is also called ‘Python 3000’ or ‘Py3K’.
CPython, written in C, is the most common implementation of Python. It
compiles a Python program into intermediate bytecode.
Apart from the constructs that Python provides, you can use
the PyPI (Python Package Index). It is a repository of third-party modules,
you can install it using a program called pip. Run the following command in
Command Prompt:
pip install library_name
Python or R: To learn the difference between Python and R, please
follow Python vs R. For now let is move ahead with the current python
tutorial.
Read: Comments, Indentations and Statements in Python

3. Python History

Python programming language was conceived in the late 1980s and was
named for the BBC TV show Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Guido van Rossum
started python implementation at CWI in the Netherlands in December 1989.
This was a successor to the ABC (programming language) which was capable
of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system.
On October 16, 2000, python 2.0 release was there and it had many major
new features, that includes cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory
management and support for Unicode.
Next version of Python 3.0 was released on December 3, 2008.
Now we know how Python came to the picture. Now let us jump to the
Python Architecture in this Python Tutorial.
Read: Real World Applications of Python

4. Architecture

This is the architecture of a CPython Compiler/Interpreter.

a. Parser
It uses the source code to generate an abstract syntax tree.

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 Python Tutorial

b. Compiler
It turns the abstract syntax tree into Python byte code.
c. Interpreter
It executes the code line by line.
In the below topic of python tutorial, we will cover the components of python
programming language.
Read: Pros and Cons of Python

5. Components of Python

a. Functions
A function is a collection of statements named into one. You can use it when
you want to execute all those statements at a time. You can call it wherever
you want in a program. A function may return a value.
b. Classes
As we discussed, Python is an object-oriented language. It supports classes
and objects. A class is an abstract data type. In other words, it is a blueprint
for an object of a certain kind. It holds no values.
c. Modules
A Python module is a collection of related classes and functions. We have
modules for mathematical calculations, string manipulations, web
programming, and many more.
d. Packages
A package is a collection of related modules. You can either import a package
or create your own.
Now let us learn about the features of Python in this python tutorial. Based
on these features you will be able to choose a programming language for
your new project.
Read: Python Career Opportunities

6. Features of Python

Python is one of the richest language, in this python tutorial we will discuss
several features of python:

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Python Tutorial – Features of Python

a. Easy
Python is very easy to learn and understand, using this python tutorial any
beginner can understand basics of python.
b. Interpreted
It is interpreted(executed) line by line. This makes it easy to test and debug.
c. Object-Oriented
It supports classes and objects.
d. Free and Open Source
The language and its source code are available to the public for free, no need
to buy a costly license.
e. Portable
You can run Python on Windows, Mac, Linux or any other platform.
f. GUI Programming
You can use it to develop a Graphical User Interface.
g. Large Library
Python provides you with a large standard library. You can use it to
implement a variety of functions.
Read more about the features of Python in Detail in another of out Python
tutorial on features of Python.
Now in This Python Tutorial let us see the Frameworks available in Python.
Read: Python Oprators

7. Frameworks available in Python

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Python Tutorial – Python Frameworks

a. Django
This is a free and open-source framework that was written in Python and is
the most common framework for Python. It allows you to create database-
driven websites. It follows the DRY Principle (Don’t Repeat Yourself). Popular
websites like Instagram, Mozilla, and Disqus make use of it.
b. Flask
Like Django, Flask is a web framework written in Python. It is a micro
framework because it does not need certain libraries and tools. It also does
not have form validation or a database abstraction layer. However, you can
make use of extensions to add extra features.
c. Pyramid
Pyramid is another web framework. It is neither a mega-framework that
would make decisions for you nor a micro-framework that wouldn’t force
decisions. It gives you optimal liberty on your project.
d. Tornado
Another open-source web framework, it was written in Python. It is noted for
its excellent performance and scalability.
e. Bottle
Like Flask, it is a micro-framework for Python. It is used for web
development. Bottle is known for its speed, simplicity, and light-weight. A
single file can run both Python 2.5+ and 3.x
f. web2py
Written in Python, web2py is another open source web framework. It
emphasizes on rapid development, and follows an MVC architecture. MVC
stands for Model View Controller.

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g. NumPy
NumPy is an open-source framework for Python. It is used for scientific
computing. It supports large multidimensional arrays and matrices, and
functions to operate on them.
h. SciPy
SciPy is a Python library that you can use for scientific computing. It has
modules for linear algebra, interpolation, fast Fourier transform, image
processing, and many more. It uses a multidimensional array from the
NumPy module.
i. Pylons
This is a deprecated framework, which means it is no longer recommended.
It is a web framework, and is open source as well. It makes extensive use of
third-party tools.
Next chapter in the Python tutorial is the different Flavors of Python.
Read: Python Variables and Data Types

8. Flavors of Python

Python Tutorial – Python Flavors types

a. CPython
This is the most widely accepted implementation of Python. It is written in
the language C, and is an interpreter.

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b. Jython
Jython is a Python implementation written in Java. A Jython program can
import any Java class. It compiles to Java bytecode.
c. IronPython
IronPython is implemented in C#. It can function as an extensibility layer to
application frameworks written in a .NET language.
d. Brython
Brython stands for Browser Python. It is an implementation of Python that
runs in the browser.
e. RubyPython
It acts as a bridge between the Python and Ruby interpreters. It marshals
data between Python and Ruby virtual machines.
f. PyPy
It is interesting to know that PyPy is Python implemented in Python. This
makes it faster and easier to experiment with. However, the standard
implementation is CPython.
g. MicroPython
This is an implementation of Python meant to run on a microcontroller. It
uses a MicroPython board that runs MicroPython on bare metal.
Lets also see some Python File Extensions in this Python Tutorial
Read: Best Python Books

9. Python File Extensions

 py -The normal extension for a Python source file

 pyc- The compiled bytecode
 pyd- A Windows DLL file
 pyo- A file created with optimizations
 pyw- Python script for Windows
 pyz- Python script archive

In this python tutorial we will also try to answer some of your questions
regarding python, one of which is: Why should I learn Python.

10. Why should I learn Python?

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Python is easy to pick-up, even if you come from a non-programming

background. You can look at the code and tell what’s going on. With it, you
can:

 Build a website
 Develop a game
 Perform Computer Vision (Facilities like face-detection and color-
detection)
 Do Machine Learning (Giving a computer the ability to learn)
 Enable Robotics
 Perform Web Scraping (Harvesting data from websites)
 Perform Data Analysis
 Automate a web browser
 Perform Scripting
 Perform Scientific Computing
 Build Artificial Intelligence

Install Python Now to start playing with the python programming language
Python isn’t limited to these applications. If you’ve ever used services from
brands like YouTube, Dropbox, and Netflix, then you’ve used Python. The
search-engine Google also made great use of the language in its initial
stages.
When writing code in Python, you need fewer lines of code. This high-level
language is also open-source and free. It is among the major programming
languages with the fastest growth. So if you plan to make a career out of it,
you’re lucky to be born in the 21st century.
To make you more clear about the python programming language we have
covered how Python is different from other programming languages like Java
or C++. Lets see how python is different from Java and C in this Python
Tutorial.

11. How is Python different from Java or C++?

Python uses whitespace indentation to delimit code, so you don’t need to use
curly braces for that. Also, semicolons are optional. Both
following syntax are correct:
a=7
print(a)
a = 7;
print(a)

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While Java and C++ are statically-typed, Python is dynamically-typed. You

also don’t need to declare the type of a variable; you assign it:
life=42
Java is faster by a few seconds, but the difference does not invalidate
Python’s advantages over it. Since you can interpret Python, code is easier to
test and debug. Next topic in this Python Tutorial is Python Constructs.

12. Python Constructs

a. List
You can think of a list as a collection of values. Declare in the CSV (Comma-
Separated Values) format. and delimit by square brackets:
life = [‘love’, ‘wisdom’, ‘anxiety’];
arity = [1,2,3];
Notice that we do not declare the type for the list either. A list may also
contain elements of different types, and the indexing begins at 0:
person = [‘firstname’, 21];
print(person[1])
This prints 21 to the screen.
You can also slice lists; slicing is a way of retrieving values from it. We will
learn more about it in further lessons.
b. Tuple
A tuple is like a list, but it is immutable (you cannot change its values).
pizza = (‘base’, ‘sauce’, ‘cheese’, ‘mushroom’);
pizza[3] = ‘jalapeno’
This raises a TypeError.
c. Dictionary
A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs. Declare it using curly braces,
and commas to separate key-value pairs. Also, separate values from keys
using a colon (:).
student = {‘Name’: ‘Abc’, ‘Age’: 21}
print(student[‘Age’])
This prints 21 to the screen.
d. Comments and Docstrings-
Declare comments using an octothorpe (#). However, Python does not
support multiline comments. Also, docstrings are documentation strings that
help explain code.
#This is a comment

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“””
This is a docstring
“””
A lot of other constructs are also available. These include control structures,
functions, exceptions, etc. which will be discussed in further tutorials
This is all about the python tutorial. Lets come to the conclusion.
Read: Python Syntax and Semantics for Beginners
This covers the Big Picture, but this is not end. It’s the beginning of Learning Python. Here are the
next steps that you need to start the actual journey with Python. You get the links in these articles to
keep on learning Python.

1. Python Tools
2. Python for Data Science
3. Python Syntax
4. Python Number Types
5. Python Variables and Data Types

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