Fundamentals of Computer

Programming

Lecture 1

Muhammad Qaisar Choudhary

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Agenda

Outline
1. What Is a Computer?
2. Computer Organization
3. Evolution of Operating Systems
4. Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server
Computing
5. Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-level Languages
6. The C Standard Library
7. The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
8. Structured Programming
9. The Basics of a typical C Program Development Environment
10. Hardware Trends
11. History of the Internet

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 What is a Computer?
• Computer
– Device capable of performing computations and
making logical decisions
– Computers process data under the control of sets of
instructions called computer programs
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising a computer
– Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM,
and processing units
• Software
– Programs that run on a computer

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Computer Organization
• Six logical units in every computer:
1. Input unit
• Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
2. Output unit
• Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other
devices)
3. Memory unit
• Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
5. Central processing unit (CPU)
• Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
6. Secondary storage unit
• Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage
• Stores inactive programs
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Evolution of Operating Systems
• Batch processing
– Do only one job or task at a time
• Operating systems
– Manage transitions between jobs
– Increased throughput
• Amount of work computers process
• Multiprogramming
– Computer resources are shared by many jobs or tasks
• Timesharing
– Computer runs a small portion of one user’s job then
moves on to service the next user
• Multi core Systems
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
5
 Personal Computing, Distributed
Computing, and Client/Server
Computing
• Personal computing
– Economical enough for individual
• Distributed computing
– Computing distributed over networks
• Client/server computing
– Sharing of information across computer networks
between file servers and clients (personal
computers)

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Machine Languages, Assembly
Languages, and High1a-level
Languages
Three types of programming languages
1. Machine languages
• Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
• Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
2. Assembly languages
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations (translated via assemblers)
• Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Machine Languages, Assembly
Languages, and High-level Languages
Three types of programming languages
(continued)
3. High-level languages
• Codes similar to everyday English
• Use mathematical notations (translated via compilers)
• Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 The C Standard Library
• C programs consist of pieces/modules called
functions
– A programmer can create his own functions
• Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works
• Disadvantage: time consuming
– Programmers will often use the C library functions
• Use these as building blocks
– Avoid re-inventing the wheel
• If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather
than write your own
• Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 The Key Software Trend: Object
Technology
• Objects
– Reusable software components that model items in
the real world
– Meaningful software units
• Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects,
audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc.
• Any noun can be represented as an object
– Very reusable
– More understandable, better organized, and easier to
maintain than procedural programming
– Favor modularity
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Structured Programming
• Structured programming
– Disciplined approach to writing programs
– Clear, easy to test and debug and easy to modify
• Multitasking
– Specifying that many activities run in parallel

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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 Basics of a Typical C Program
•
Development
Phases of C Programs:
Environment Program is created in
the editor and stored
Editor Dis on disk.
k
Preprocessor program
1. Edit Preprocessor Dis processes the code.
k
Compiler creates
2. Preprocess Compiler Dis object code and stores
k it on disk.
3. Compile Linker Dis Linker links the object
code with the libraries
Primary k
Memory
4. Link Loader
Loader puts program
5. Load Disk ..
in memory.
..
..

6. Execute Primary Memory

CPU takes each
CPU instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
..
values as the program
.. 12
..
executes.
 Hardware Trends
• Every year or two the following approximately
double:
– Amount of memory in which to execute programs
– Amount of secondary storage (such as disk
storage)
• Used to hold programs and data over the longer term
– Processor speeds
• The speeds at which computers execute their programs

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
13
 History of the Internet
• The Internet enables
– Quick and easy communication via e-mail
– International networking of computers
• Packet switching
– The transfer of digital data via small packets
– Allows multiple users to send and receive data simultaneously
• No centralized control
– If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate
• TCP/IP
• Bandwidth
– Information carrying capacity of communications lines

© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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