Filtracion Lubricantes Nuevos

TLT
SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | DECEMBER 2013
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
10 YEARS
of publishing excellence
Fourth Annual
Corporate Member
Profiles Issue
Your guide to the lubricant industry’s
key people, products and services.
Plus:
Are filters removing your additives?
Dinosaur dentition:
The tribology of Jurassic Park
Six global trends
that will impact your business
Readers’ 2013 professional highlights
Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by Evonik Oil Additives at www.stle.org.

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Contents
3 - 201
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3
2
TLT / DECEMBER 2013 / VOLUME 69 / NO. 12
TLT
10 Y
ARY
A
RS
E
R
ANNIVE
18 22 64
FEATURES
8 Letters to the Editor FEATURE ARTICLE
Readers comment on next- 26 Lubricant additives: What

generation auto engine oils, the degree are they removed by
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance filtration systems?
and fire-resistant fluids. Several factors indicate that
additive removal by filters
is nonexistent in properly
STUDENT POSTER ABSTRACT
maintained lubricant systems.
18 The Effect of Nanoparticle
By Dr. Neil Canter
Additives in the
Elastohydrodynamic
Lubrication Regime COVER STORY
By Hamed Ghaednia, Hasan 35 Fourth Annual Corporate
Babaei, Robert L. Jackson, Member Profiles Issue
Michael J. Bozack and Jeyhoon
A guide to companies that are
M. Khodadai
looking to do business with you.
Extended abstracts written by
winners of the Student Poster
Competition held at STLE’s 2013 PEER-REVIEWED PAPER (EDITOR’S CHOICE)
Annual Meeting & Exhibition. 64 A Study of the Colors of
Contamination in Used Oils
COMMENTARY By Akira Sasaki, Hideo Aoyama,
Tomomi Honda, Yoshiro Iwai
22 Dinosaur Dentition: The
and C.K. Young
tribology of Jurassic Park
A 65-million-years-old duck-
billed herbivore reveals how our
science helped life develop. 26
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham
W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY DECEMBER 2013 • 1

Contents
EDITOR
Evan Zabawski
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
PUBLISHER/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Thomas T. Astrene
MANAGING EDITOR
Karl M. Phipps
4 10 CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Dr. Neil Canter
Dr. Robert M. Gresham
Jeanna Van Rensselar
DEPARTMENTS CIRCULATION COORDINATORS

Myrna Scott
Judy Enblom
12 Tech Beat 80 New Products DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Joe Ruck
Increasing water resistance of Mini vacuum oil purifier;
rough surfaces; identification high-pressure magnetic filter; ADVERTISING SALES
Tracy Nicholas VanEe
of a rhodium catalyst intermedi- NSF H-1 registered lubricants; Phone: (630) 922-3459
ate; preparation of lithium-ion water-based industrial cleaner Fax: (630) 904-4563
tnicholas@stle.org
battery anodes using lignin. and machining MWFs.
By Dr. Neil Canter
82 Sounding Board
76 Newsmakers Readers list their greatest TECHNICAL EDITORS
This month’s newsmakers professional achievements
include ExxonMobil Chemical, in 2013. Joe Clayton Mike Mayers
Sea-Land Chemical Analysts, Inc.
Timken, POLARIS Laboratories, Westlake, Ohio Stafford, Texas
Acme-Hardesty and Rhein 89 Advertisers Index
Dr. Martin Greaves Sandra Mazzo-Skalski
Chemie. The Dow Chemical Co. ExxonMobil Research
90 Resources Freeport, Texas and Development,
New Jersey
Keep up to date with the latest
Dr. Patrick Henning
technical literature available in Spectro, Inc. Paul Michael
print and online. Chelmsford, Milwaukee School of
Massachusetts Engineering
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dr. Ramesh Iyer
Evonik Oil Additives USA Dr. Jun Qu
COLUMNS Horsham, Pennsylvania Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Frank Kroto
4 President’s Report 94 Social Media Marketing The Lubrizol Corp.
Wickliffe, Ohio Dan Vargo
Six Global Trends The great battlefield Functional Products
Macedonia, Ohio
6 From the Editor 96 Cutting Edge
All things being equal Tribology influences rheology TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY (USPS
influences tribology… 865740) Vol. 69, Number 12, (ISSN-1545-858), is published
monthly by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication
10 Headquarters Report Engineers, 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376.
Periodicals Postage is Paid at Park Ridge, IL and at
‘It’s good to have educated additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address
changes to Tribology and Lubrication Technology,
customers’ 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376.
2 • DECEMBER 2013 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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PRESIDENT’S REPORT
Robert D. Heverly
Six Global
Trends
STLE attended the 50th UEIL meeting
and led a discussion on factors certain Future workers will be attracted to organizations with less-restrictive work
environments.
to affect your business in 2014.
IN OCTOBER STLE WAS FORTUNATE to participate in the 50th Annual you are—your government will increase its scrutiny of your
Congress of an organization familiar to many of our members—UEIL or business and increase the cost of regulatory compliance. Also,
the Independent Union of the European Lubricants Industry. Well, that’s governments across the globe are desperately in need of rev-
not exactly correct. The organization used the congress to announce enues—businesses are an attractive target.
that it has changed its name and now is the Union of the European 3. Information value chains. We now live in a 24-hour news world
Lubricants Industry. The name change reflects an organization that is with overwhelming amounts of data and information bombard-
growing in importance as a voice of the lubricants industry throughout ing us continuously. This trend is both a threat and an opportu-
the European Union. nity. Today vendors, business partners and even your custom-
The meeting was held in Brussels, and in addition to me STLE was ers can compete against you. However, information technology
represented by Executive Director Ed Salek and Bob Gresham, our di- can lower your cost of doing business.
rector of professional development. ILMA also had a leadership group
4. Finance and investment. Business investment will grow slow-
in attendance. We joined with them and several other European asso-
ly due to cautious consumers and concerns about regulatory
ciations in saluting UEIL on its 50th anniversary. More than 250 people
costs. Economic uncertainty is limiting capital investment and
attended the congress.
job creation. You also can expect lower levels of discretionary
The two-day program included presentations on technical issues
government spending as more monies are allocated to entitle-
that affect everyone in the lubricants business, as well as other pre-
ment programs.
sentations that provided insights into the lubricants marketplace in
Europe and Asia. Ed, Bob and I had numerous one-to-one conversations 5. Workforces and demographics. As the workforce continues to
that introduced STLE to some people and reinforced our mission as a gray, older workers will outnumber their younger counterparts.
technical society with many others who were aware of our organiza- This creates a situation where the number of people required
tion but not familiar with our scope of activities. to replace retiring workers is insufficient.
During the meeting, STLE hosted a roundtable discussion with sev- 6. Workplace culture. Technology is allowing virtual offices and
eral representatives from European lubricant companies. We shared real-time connectivity between people in different locations.
the results of our Global Trends Report, a piece of compelling research Future workers will be attracted to organizations with less-re-
that STLE completed this year, working in conjunction with Association strictive work environments.
Laboratory, a Chicago-based consultancy.
The report explored six trends that show how the world continues The UEIL meeting was another opportunity for STLE to introduce its
to shrink into a global marketplace for lubricants. I would like to take a value to an international community. But please know that whether
moment to briefly review them with you, as these trends will impact your business is in Brussels or Houston, these trends will impact your
your business in 2014 and beyond. business, so be prepared. As they say, forewarned is forearmed.
1. Global business and economics. The barriers to entering the

global marketplace are decreasing. More and more, end-users
are taking an Amazon.com view of the world. If you want it you Representing the Houston area, Rob Heverly is
can get it—no matter where in the world it’s located. a technical sales representative for Vanderbilt
Chemicals, LLC, in Norwalk, Conn. You can reach him at
2. Government influence. One thing you can count on wherever
rheverly@vanderbiltchemicals.com.
4 The average human brain is 80 percent water.

Lubricants with
R.T. Vanderbilt additives give
superior performance.
ANTIOXIDANTS METAL DEACTIVATORS
VANLUBE® AZ - Zinc diamyldithiocarbamate. *CUVAN® 303 - Corrosion inhibitor and metal deactivator.
VANLUBE EZ - Zinc diamyldithiocarbamate and CUVAN 826 - Copper corrosion inhibitor.
diamyl ammonium diamyldithiocarbamate. NACAP® - Aqueous sodium mercaptobenzothiazole.
VANLUBE NA - Alkylated diphenylamine. VANCHEM® NATD - Aqueous disodium dimercaptothiadiazole.
*VANLUBE 81 - Purified dioctyldiphenylamine. VANLUBE 601 - Heterocyclic sulfur-nitrogen compound.
VANLUBE 818DM - Antioxidant/rust inhibitor. VANLUBE 601E - Heterocyclic sulfur-nitrogen compound.
VANLUBE 887 - Ashless antioxidant synergist. VANLUBE 704S - Metal deactivator, rust inhibitor.
VANLUBE 915M - Antioxidant blend.
*VANLUBE 961 - Octylated and butylated diphenylamine. RUST INHIBITORS
*VANLUBE 7723 - Methylene-bis-dibutyldithiocarbamate. *VANLUBE RI-A - Oil-soluble rust inhibitor.
VANLUBE BHC - Phenolic antioxidant. VANLUBE RI-BA - Neutral barium sulfonate rust inhibitor.
FRICTION REDUCERS/EP-ANTIWEAR AGENTS VANLUBE RI-G - Ashless rust inhibitor for greases.
VANLUBE 8912E - Synthetic neutral calcium sulfonate.
MOLYVAN® L - Molybdenum phosphorodithioate.
MOLYVAN 2000 - Sulfurized molybdenum dtc.
NEW PRODUCTS
MOLYVAN 822 - Molybdenum dithiocarbamate.
**MOLYVAN 855 - Molybdenum friction reducer/no sulfur, TUNGSTEN COMPOUNDS - VANLUBE W324
no phosphorus. TPS™ 20 - Antiwear and extreme pressure additive for
*VANLUBE 73 - Antimony dithiocarbamate. metalworking fluids.
VANLUBE 73 Super Plus - Antimony dithiocarbamate and TPS 32 - High active sulfur content for metalworking fluids.
zinc diamyldithiocarbamate. TPS 44 - Polysulfide used in industrial and automotive gear
*VANLUBE 829 - Thiadiazole dimer derivative. oils.
VANLUBE 869 - Synergistic zinc dithiocarbamate/ sulfurized VANLUBE 289 - Borate Ester.
olefin mixture. VANLUBE 996E - Ashless DTC antioxidant.
VANLUBE 871 - Ashless antioxidant/antiwear additive for VANLUBE RI-BSN - Neutral Barium Dinonylnaphthalene
engine oils. Sulfonate Rust Inhibitor.
VANLUBE 972M - Ashless extreme pressure additive for INTRODUCING
greases.
VANLUBE 0902 - Multi functional sulfur and phosphorus
*VANLUBE 7611M - Ashless additive containing sulfur and package for industrial oils and greases.
phosphorus. hemic
ilt C a
rb
VANLUBE 8610 - Synergistic antimony dithiocarbamate/ **
de
ls
,
UL
Van
LLC
sulfurized olefin mixture. * 16)&HUWLÀHG ®
*VANLUBE 9123 - Ashless antiwear/antirust additive. O 6

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008 100
We have over 50 lubricant additives available to meet your specific requirements. Our technical staff can also
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CUVAN Metal Deactivator, MOLYVAN Friction Reducer, NACAP Corrosion Inhibitor, VANCHEM Metal Deactivator, VANLUBE Antioxidant and VANLUBE Lubricant Additive are registered trademarks of
R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company, Inc. and/or its respective wholly owned subsidiaries.
NSF is a registered trademark of NSF International.
UCON is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Corporation.
TPS is a trademark of Arkema, Inc.
Before using any of these products, read and comply with the information contained in the MSDS, label and other product literature.
FROM THE EDITOR
Evan Zabawski
ALL THINGS
BEING EQUAL
Sometimes it isn’t If ISO is not an acronym, (UNSCC, founded in 1944) after delegates
what it looks like. then what is it? from 25 countries met in London. The three
official languages of ISO are English, French
and Russian, but ISO’s name would have dif-
WE LOVE TLAs (THREE-LETTER ACRONYMS). And Ranging) and Sonar (SOund Navigation ferent acronyms in each language.
Now I am not referring to the kind of pseudo- And Ranging) are classic examples. A lesser- Its English name is actually The Interna-
acronyms that predominate in the world of known example would be surfactant (SUR- tional Organization for Standardization, and
texting, like LOL, IDK or IMO; those are initial- Face ACTive agENT). it is often assumed ISO is the acronym for the
isms. To qualify as an acronym, it must be Proper TLAs are formed with initial let- French name, given the proclivity of English
pronounced as a single word, rather than a ters only. They are particularly associated and French names using similar words in al-
series of initials. with computing such as DOS, GUI, RAM or ternate order. Bilingual countries like Canada
Our world is filled with initialisms. Our ROM (Disk Operating System, Graphical User experience this regularly. A popular example
society name is an initialism, and the very Interface, Random Access Memory and Read- would be the name of the national mail deliv-
name of this magazine is too. We have be- Only Memory, respectively). Oddly enough, ery service—Canada Post/Postes Canada.
come accustomed to using initialisms in ev- the term TLA is actually an initialism to de- ISO’s French name is actually Organisation
eryday language, but we often mistakenly scribe an acronymization. I digress. Internationale de Normalisation, so its acro-
call them acronyms. Perhaps the oddest case in the world of nym would be OIN.
Initialisms can become so popular that lubrication is ISO, used predominantly when If ISO is not an acronym, then what is it?
they can be officially adopted as a replace- describing the viscosity grade of industrial ISO chose its short name from the Greek
ment of the long form name such as SAE. The oils (ISO VG 46) or sometimes referring to the word isos, meaning equal. Perhaps this trig-
Society of Automobile Engineers was formed coding level of contamination by solid parti- gers a memory of learning what a triangle
in 1905, then changed to the Society of Auto- cles (ISO 18/16/13). I find most folks pronounce with two equal sides is called—isosceles. For
motive Engineers in 1916, and changed once ISO as “I.S.O.,” rather than “eye-so.” The for- an organization set on creating global stan-
again to SAE International in 2006. SAE was mer suggests it is an initialism, and while the dards to ensure equality from nation to na-
once an initialism and now it is not, but it was latter is correct pronunciation, ISO is not action, the name ISO seems very fitting.
never an acronym. tually an acronym. So if you know anyone who would be en-
Some acronyms become so popular that ISO is known globally as the largest stan- lightened by this article, please feel free to
we almost forget their origin such as Scuba dards developing organization in the world, forward it to them, ASAP.
(Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Appa- and it is the result of a merger between two
ratus) or Laser (Light Amplification by Stimu- organizations in February 1947. The Interna- Evan Zabawski, CLS, is a
lated Emission of Radiation). This can be tional Federation of the National Standardiz- reliability specialist in
compounded when the acronym is not only ing Associations (ISA, founded in 1926) Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
made up of initial letters, but also contains merged with the relatively new United Na- You can reach him at evan.
non-initial letters. Radar (RAdio Detection tions Standards Coordinating Committee zabawski@gmail.com.
6 “Esters,” an STLE University Webinar by Gene Zehler (BASF Corp.), Dec. 4, noon-1 p.m. CST. Register at www.stle.org.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
PCMO: Conventional vs. synthetic Examining the

IN “THE DRIVE FOR NEXT-GENERATION AUTO ENGINE hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
OILS” FEATURE ARTICLE (September TLT), you state,
ON PAGE 37 OF THEIR SEPTEMBER ARTICLE “Emulsifiers 101:
referring to synthetic blends: “The base fluid is a
Who Says Oil And Water Don’t Mix?” writers Jennifer Ine-
mix of synthetic and conventional base oils, which
man and Joe Schultz state: “There is a powerful tool that can
provides better resistance to oxidation and better
be utilized called the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)
low-temperature properties than conventional oil.”
measurement.”
While I thought the article was well done, I dis-
I disagree.
agree with this point. There are a lot of passenger
Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) has no scientific
car motor oil (PCMO) brands that say they are a
basis whatsoever. HLB is a purportedly calculated value. The
synthetic blend, but I don’t believe the synthetic
HLB instrument does not exist. The authors should be ad-
blend in many brands truly make the product bet-
monished for this ridiculous statement.
ter than most conventional. It is done primarily for
I refused to work with HLB when employed with a previ-
marketing purposes and not for quality. Several
ous employer.
manufacturers sell a synthetic blend PCMO prod-
Best wishes and kindest regards.
uct that competes with conventional oils in price
and probably in performance.
Claud E. Sibert
I agree with your statement if a synthetic blend
SibertSoft
impacts performance. However, if it’s just a little
Nederland, Texas
synthetic to make it sound like a better oil because
it says “synthetic blend” then, I disagree with the
statement. A lot of oils marketing as a synthetic
WRITERS JENNIFER INEMAN AND JOE SCHULTZ RESPOND: The let-
blend have no better performance than most con-
ter writer is correct—there is no HLB instrument that exists. There is
ventional oils.
no physical machine that automatically produces or detects the hy-
Finally, there is no official specification for syn-
drophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of an emulsifier presented to it, but
thetic blend PCMOs. The product could contain a
the scientific basis for HLB is well established. There have been nu-
spoonful of synthetic and still call itself a synthetic
merous studies elucidating this concept, published in scientific jour-
blend. This is important for installers and consum-
nals. An example came as early as 1949 in the Journal of the Society
ers to know.
of Cosmetic Chemists. The September 2005 TLT issue includes an ar-
Thanks for an overall great article.
ticle by Neil Canter titled “HLB: A New System for Water-Based Metal-
working Fluids” that discusses the HLB system and why it is important
Steve J. Lansburg
for the field of metalworking. Another reference is the textbook Bio-
Chevron
based Surfactants and Detergents: Synthesis, Properties and Applica-
Lexington, S.C.
tions (editors: Hayes, D.G., Kitamoto, D., Solaiman, D., Ashby, R. [2010]
Urbana, IL: AOCS Publishing); section 14, Design of Vegetable Oil Metal-
working Fluid Microemulsions Using Biobased Surfactants also con-
TLT
SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | SEPTEMBER 2013
tains a detailed explanation of the HLB method.

T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
SPECIAL ADDITIVE REPORT

WEBINARS
Jennifer Ineman & Joe Schultz
WEBINARS: A NEW SERIES FROM TLT
Emulsifiers 101: This article is the sixth in a year-long series based on Webinars originally presented
by STLE University. In some cases, the Webinar presenter(s) will author the article, like
Who says
this one, and in others, the Webinar is adapted by a TLT writer.
Jennifer Ineman is a product manager for The Lubrizol Corp. in Wickliffe, Ohio,
where she is responsible for providing technical support to metalworking technical
consultants and formulators in the field. While at Lubrizol, she has worked in the ar-
oil and water

eas of chemical synthesis and as a formulator in metalworking R&D and has 10 years
of experience as a chemist in the lubricant industry.
Joe Schultz is a technical services chemist for Lubrizol’s industrial metalwork- Jennifer Ineman Joe Schultz
don’t mix?
ing additives group, where he provides formulation, application and troubleshooting
support for customers and end-users and has worked in the lubricant industry for 18 years. Prior to joining Lubrizol, he worked for a
variety of MWF suppliers in roles supporting and formulating specialty metalworking chemistries for producing and finishing steel. You
can reach them both at jine@lubrizol.com and joe.schultz@lubrizol.com.
STLE University has sponsored dozens of Webinars and podcasts on a wide range of technical topics. To see Jennifer Ineman and
The role of friction modifiers Joe Schultz’s Webinar in its entirety, review all STLE University offerings and view the lineup of future events, log on to www.stle.org.
Webinars are $39 to STLE members and $59 for non-members.
and VI improvers. Plus:

COMPARISON OF EXTREMES
Before digging into the world of emulsions, it’s important
to know the background of why they are desired for metal-
working fluid formulation.
Because both oil and water offer unique properties, it
makes sense to combine them into one fluid in order to capi-
talize on the benefits of both.
BASICS
The drive for next-generation Let’s look at a case where a fluid consists entirely of oil
How balancing cooling and lubricity can and oil-based performance additives. What we observe is: Emulsification is the ability to mix two otherwise immis-
auto-engine oils cible fluids. In the case of MWFs, we are combining polar
improve the efficiency of your machinery. • Exceptional lubrication

• Poor cooling at high temperatures
molecules (water) and non-polar molecules (oil) to create a
stable mixture that exploits the beneficial properties of both
The one auto lube • A concern for flash point (heat generation and materials. From grade-school chemistry, you might remem-
possible fire) ber the concept of like-dissolves-like, meaning polar will dis-
you’re probably overlooking • Absorption of tramp oils that dilute the properties solve polar and non-polar will dissolve non-polar, but they
of the various performance components will not dissolve each other. Therefore, when oil and water
are mixed, the oil droplets coalesce and rise to the top of
Q&A with MWF (All figures courtesy of The Lubrizol Corp.) Nevertheless, oil-based technology remains the solution of the water phase in complete separation (since most oils are
choice for certain harsh applications such as gear cutting or
expert Pat Brutto EVER SINCE THE EMERGENCE OF METALWORKING PRACTICES, there has been a broaching where an exceptionally high level of lubrication is
need for fluids that provide both the exceptional lubricating abilities of oils needed. These straight-oil formulations are also used for appli-
along with the cooling capabilities of water. An oil/water mixture would pro- cations where the fluid is utilized not only for machining but
Which genius would vide the best qualities of both, but the challenge is that oil and water do not also to lubricate other moving parts such as in screw machines.
mix on their own. Emulsifiers are molecules that facilitate the combination On the other hand, using a fluid that is entirely water
you most like to meet? of two otherwise immiscible liquids to form an emulsion. Examples of com- with water-based performance additives can yield the follow-
mon emulsions you might have in your home are milk, mayonnaise and ing results:
hair-conditioner products.
Tribology Transactions: Using an emulsified fluid as a lubricating coolant can lead to complicated • Provides the cooling required by the high speeds
chemical and physical interactions between materials, both favorable and generated in today’s equipment (water absorbs at
A journal of your peers unfavorable. This creates a need to choose lubricants, emulsifiers and other five times more heat than air and 2.5 times more
performance additives that fit specific applications and can be combined to than mineral oil).
form a stable concentrate and emulsion. • Is non-flammable.
Emulsifiers 101: When Based on an STLE University Webinar titled “Emulsifiers 101,” this ar- • Rejects tramp oil, so it tends to sustain component Figure 1 | When a surface-active emulsifier is used to combine water
ticle will help familiarize (or refamiliarize) metalworking formulators with performance longer. and oil, the polar head group (shown in the blue circle) is attracted to
oil & water do mix (1.) the basic concepts of what emulsions are, (2.) how they are formed and • Provides relatively poor lubricity. water, while the non-polar tail (wavy black line) is attracted to oil,
(3.) the types of water-based fluids utilized in metalworking applications. • Can contribute to corrosion issues. allowing the water and oil to combine.
32 Nikola Tesla enjoyed billiards and was good friends with Mark Twain, another enthusiast of the game. W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY SEPTEMBER 2013 • 33
Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by Lubrizol at www.stle.org.
8 The brain can stay alive for 4-6 minutes without oxygen.
There are a plethora of performance tests in the industrial fluid
TLT
SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | JULY 2013
sector that unfortunately are not supported by instrumentation. Ex-

amples include cast-iron corrosion testing, emulsion stability testing
and aluminum staining. HLB is a powerful tool in the arsenal of new and
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N FIRE-RESISTANT
FLUIDS
T E C H N O LO G Y
seasoned formulators alike when evaluating which emulsifiers to use

and why. We will continue to utilize the HLB method, and in keeping Will they ever be
good enough?
with good scientific principles we will continue to refine and improve
this method (and others) in order to better understand the formula-
tions we are creating and their impact on the machining industry.
For further information, please don’t hesitate to contact either of Renewable Energy Development
Tribology’s critical role
us at jine@lubrizol.com and joe.schultz@lubrizol.com. Rolling Bearings
Failure-avoidance checklist
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Digital TLT: Sponsored by Münzing at www.stle.org.
Fire-resistant fluids revisited

I WOULD LIKE TO OFFER A FEW COMMENTS relating to the article
“Are Fire-Resistant Fluids Ever Good Enough?” (July TLT). ids will sustain their own combustion while HFDR fluids
It is indeed very controversial as to the degree of actual fire (phosphate esters) will not. This has enormous implications
protection offered by many of the so-called fire-resistant flu- in industrial settings where fire-suppression equipment is
ids (FRF). Given a high enough temperature, all hydraulic not in place.
fluids can be ignited when coming into contact with an igni- Comments such as “highly toxic and corrosive fumes”
tion source. The real test of fire resistance is whether a fluid being generated during the combustion of phosphate esters
is capable of self-extinguishing. The ability to self-extinguish fail to recognize that the major combustion byproducts of
can make the difference between a momentary flash that HFDU fluids are carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide
causes no harm and a conflagration, which results in injury (CO2). These gases are, by the way, responsible for most fire
to personnel and/or loss of equipment. Only phosphate es- deaths. The Centers for Disease Control lists the IDLH (Im-
ters offer such fire-resistant characteristics. mediately Dangerous to Life or Health) levels for CO and
Your article on FRFs fails to state that there are two sub- CO2 to be 1,200 and 50,000 ppm, respectively. Therefore,
classes of HFD fluids (anhydrous synthetics) within the ISO the self-extinguishing nature of a phosphate ester offers an
classification system, namely HFDR (phosphate esters) and arguably safer environment in that only through combustion
HFDU (synthetic anhydrous fluids other than phosphate es- will any toxic gas products be released into the workplace
ters, including polyol esters and polyalkylene glycols). This environment. Additionally, with respect to the workplace en-
subclassification is necessary in order to distinguish between vironment, modern HFDR phosphate ester fluids feature a
HFDR (phosphate ester) fluids, which do not self sustain biodegradable, sustainable product design that eliminates
combustion and are self-extinguishing while HFDU (polyol the need for any GHS (Global Harmonized System) hazard
esters and polyalkylene glygols) do self sustain their own labels or transport regulations.
combustion and are not self-extinguishing. Do phosphate esters have all of the desirable characteris-
The reasoning behind the subclassification is that while tics that all industries want in their FRF fluids? The answer
all HFD fluids are more difficult to ignite than standard min- is no. However, no amount of R&D will overcome the fact
eral oil, the fire property differences of these two subclasses that HFDU fluids, being solely hydrocarbon-based, will sup-
of fluids are rather dramatic. This has been demonstrated in port their own combustion once ignited. It is the nature of
a recent EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) study in the PO4 “core” which results in the ability of HFDR (phos-
which fire tests such as the Wick Test (ISO 14935), Stabilized phate ester) fluids to self-extinguish.
Flame Heat Release Spray Test (ISO/DIS 15029.2), Hot Man-
ifold Ignition Test (ISO 20823), and the Soaked Cube Fire Dr. Eric Burkhardt
Test (EPRI). These tests reflect the conditions for the most Principal Research Chemist
common fire scenarios encountered with stationary equip- ICL Industrial Products, America
ment. The EPRI results clearly demonstrate that HFDU flu- St. Charles, Ill.
Connect with STLE: Like us on Facebook (www.facebook.com), Follow us on Twitter (@STLE_Tribology), join our LinkedIn group (www.linkedin.com). 9
HEADQUARTERS REPORT
Edward P. Salek, CAE / Executive Director
‘It’s good to have

educated customers’
A prominent engineer challenges suppliers to
help customers understand that lubricants
are a critical operating component.
LUBRICATION ENGINEER BRYAN JOHNSON Sitting in the audience at the ILMA

works at a nuclear power plant in Arizona’s meeting that day, my reaction was twofold.
Sonoran Desert outside Phoenix. This is an One, this is a very good point! And, two, In early 2014, STLE will launch a Web-
impressive and important job under any cir- STLE can be of enormous help to suppliers site intended to provide a more direct
cumstances but especially so when that fa- who want to take the initiative and add val- connection between technical content
cility is the largest nuclear power plant in ue for customers who will benefit from a and the lubricant end-user audience.
the United States. The Palo Verde Nuclear deeper understanding of fundamentals and
Generating Station produces more than 30 sound practices.
million megawatt-hours of electricity annu- STLE’s role in lubricant education dates
ally—making it the largest power station in back to our founding in 1944, so this is not would call a pass-along distribution strate-
the country serving the energy needs of new ground for the organization. But much gy. In early 2014, STLE will launch a Website
more than four million people in the South- as the plant environment is evolving, STLE intended to provide a more direct connec-
west. in the past few years has changed both the tion between technical content and the lu-
Lubricant challenges at this sort of me- nature of available content and ways to ac- bricant end-user audience. The site is di-
ga-facility were the topic when Johnson cess that information. Content is targeted rected at the end-user audience, and its
spoke at a technical session during the re- to segments within our audience, which mission is to create a place where lubricant
cent Independent Lubricant Manufacturers means that end-users will find plenty of lu- users can find useful information, advice,
Association (ILMA) Annual Meeting in San brication fundamentals and best practices insight or resources to help solve their lu-
Antonio, Texas. His presentation empha- advice that they can apply to their everyday brication challenges.
sized the fact that the Palo Verde operation problems. Access to this information is sim- This initiative is part of STLE’s new stra-
regards lubricants as designed parts within ple and inexpensive, thanks to greatly ex- tegic plan, which emphasizes a value propo-
the plant’s operating protocols, not as a panded digital content. sition built on the simple phase: Connect,
secondary consideration or afterthought. For example, did you know that since 2011 Learn, Achieve. Clearly this is a proposition
While a nuclear power plant is not exactly STLE has conducted over 60 technical Webi- that targets the supplier and the end-user
a typical industrial facility, the changed atti- nars, which have been recorded and are now community as well. It’s a strategy to make
tudes at Palo Verde also might be gaining ac- archived on the STLE Website? In addition, sure that the tribology and lubricants com-
ceptance at many other types of operations there are six targeted e-newsletters dealing munity is ready and able to meet the de-
with a growing recognition that lubricants with technical issues in grease, metalworking mands of a changing industrial mindset
are a critical component within expensive fluids, power generation, synthetics and hy- that recognizes the value of an educated
capital equipment, according to Johnson. draulic lubricants and lubricant fundamen- workforce.
This trend, coupled with workforce changes tals. The Lube Fundamentals newsletter is
brought about by the need for plants to re- being introduced in conjunction with a new
place long-tenured operating personnel with best practices reprint series featuring TLT
younger workers, presents lubricant suppli- articles by STLE director of professional de-
ers with a golden opportunity. velopment Dr. Robert Gresham. You can reach Certified
In Johnson’s words, “It’s good to have Distributing content to customers Association Executive Ed Salek
educated customers, right?” through our supplier members is what you at esalek@stle.org.
10 The slowest speed information travels in the brain is 260 mph.

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2013
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TECH BEAT
Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor
Increasing water resistance of

rough surfaces
A one-atom layer thick graphene coating significantly
improves water resistance.
WATER’S ROLE AS A CONTAMINANT in lu- Graphene is a single, two-dimen-

bricant systems is well known. The sional layer of carbon atoms organized
presence of water can lead to such into hexagonal structures. A good deal Rough surfaces present
problems as corrosion and microbial of research is underway to better un- a bigger challenge than
contamination. derstand graphene’s properties. As an
Researchers are continuing to de- example, a previous TLT article dis- smooth surfaces in
velop surfaces that are very effective at cussed the use of graphene as a poten- repelling water.
repelling water. Such surfaces exhibit a tial corrosion inhibitor on copper and
property known as hydrophobicity. nickel.2 Application of graphene
In a previous TLT article, the devel- through the use of chemical vapor de-
opment of a material known as SLIPS position produced metal-coated sur- rough surface and adhere quite strong-
(slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces that demonstrated superior cor- ly to that surface, making removal ex-
faces) was described.1 This porous net- rosion protection compared to bare tremely difficult. Koratkar says,
work of polytetrafluoroethylene fibers metal surfaces in tests such as cyclic “When water initially is placed on a
exhibits the ability to repel both water voltammetry. rough surface, it will literally flow on
and mineral oil and can form omnip- Due to graphene’s hydrophobic na- top of the surface in a low-friction
hobic surfaces. ture, this material has been looked at state known as the Cassie state. But if
to repel water on flat surfaces. But re- water is impacted onto a surface, it
search evaluating the potential for de- will displace air and transition into a
veloping a protective coating for rough sticky, high-friction state known as the
surfaces has not been fully explored. Wenzel state.”
Dr. Nikhil Koratkar, the John A. Graphene has the potential to act as
Clark and Edward T. Crossan Profes- a coating to prevent water droplets from
sor of Engineering at Rensselaer Poly- displacing air pockets and facilitating
technic Institute in Troy, N.Y., says, their removal from rough surfaces. Re-
“There are many applications where search now demonstrates the benefits
improving water repellency of a rough of using graphene in this capacity.
surface can lead to improved perfor-
mance. Window panes on buildings NANODRAPES
and cars are impacted by water that Koratkar and his fellow researchers
can cause staining when combined have demonstrated that a thin layer of
with contaminants that are already graphene can act as a coating to dra-
present. The optical transparency of matically improve the water repellency
graphite may be able to facilitate water of a rough metal surface. He says, “We
removal which will minimize staining.” applied graphene at a thickness of
Rough surfaces present a bigger one-atomic layer to a rough surface
challenge than smooth surfaces in re- prepared from copper nanorods and
pelling water. In particular, water can found a significantly lower level of
displace entrapped air pockets on a friction compared to the baseline cop-
12 Missed any of our monthly STLE Webinars? Recordings are now available for purchase at the STLE Store. Details at www.stle.org.
‘Copper nanorods were chosen because they are hydrophilic in nature and form a
well-defined nanoscale surface roughness profile. However, we expect the results to
be equally valid for other metal surfaces.’
per nanorod surface.”

This coating is less than a nanome-
ter thick and can be described as a
nanodrape that is chemically inert and
protects the properties of the metal
substrate. The copper nanorods were
applied onto a flat silicon wafer.
Koratkar says, “Copper nanorods
were chosen because they are hydro-
philic in nature and form a well-de-
fined nanoscale surface roughness
profile. However, we expect the results Figure 1 | Snapshots show a water droplet traveling at a velocity of approximately
to be equally valid for other metal sur- 60 centimeters per second, striking the surface of graphene-draped copper
faces.” nanorods. The time listed in each picture is the time after the water droplet strikes
Water droplets were then applied the surface. (Courtesy of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
to the grapheme-draped metal surface
and the baseline metal surface at a ve-
locity of 60 centimeters per second.
Images of the interaction of the water Koratkar says, “In our dynamic been shown to repel water, reject pen-
droplet with each surface were record- contact angle study, we found from etration of other contaminants and not
ed and contact angles measured as the our measurements that the graphene- affect the properties of the substrate.
water droplet was advanced and re- draped surface exhibited over an order This means graphene nanodrapes may
tracted along the surface. of magnitude less frictional energy dis- impart lubricity, as well as act as a pro-
The friction between the water sipation as compared to the baseline tective coating on metal surfaces. As a
droplet and the surface was measured metal nanorods surface.” result, this type of self-lubricating
by determining the contact angle hys- The researchers found that increas- coating may find use in a number of
teresis, the difference between the ing the number of graphene layers lubricant applications.
contact angle for an advancing and re- from one to three leads to a further re- Further information can be found
tracting water droplet. Koratkar says, duction in friction. Koratkar says, “We in a recent article3 or by contacting
“We found that the graphene drape believe that the higher friction seen Koratkar at koratn@rpi.edu.
strongly influences the receding con- with one layer is due to defects in the
tact angle. Without a graphene coat- graphene that occur during process-
REFERENCES
ing, the receding contact angle is near- ing. Once a second graphene layer is
1. Canter, N. (2012), “Self-Lubricat-
ly zero degrees, which indicates that applied to the nanodrape, the preced-
ing Omniphobic Surface,” TLT,
the water droplet strongly adheres to ing graphene layers provide a cushion- 68 (1), pp. 10-11.
the surface. In the presence of the gra- ing effect that minimizes damage to
2. Canter, N. (2012), “Graphene:
phene coating, the receding contact the topmost graphene layer.”
Potential Corrosion Inhibitor,”
angle increases to approximately 60 Future work will involve finding
TLT, 68 (7), pp. 12-13.
degrees.” potential applications for graphene
The result is that the contact angle nanodrapes. Koratkar says, “We are 3. Singh, E., Thomas, A., Mukher-
hysteresis or friction holding the water examining how graphene nanodrapes jee, R., Mi, X., Houshmand, F.,
Peles, Y., Shi, Y. and Koratkar, N.
droplet to the surface dramatically de- can be used on windows to improve
(2013), “Graphene Drape
clines in the presence of the graphene their performance through minimiza-
Minimizes the Pinning and
drape. Figure 1 shows this effect as the tion of staining. As part of this effort, Hysteresis of Water Drops on
water droplet’s movement on the gra- we are working with the RPI School of Nanotextured Rough Surfaces,”
phene-draped surface is recorded in Architecture.” ACS Nano, 7 (4), pp. 3512-3521.
real-time. Graphene nanodrapes have now
The human brain is 2 percent of the body’s total weight but uses 20 percent of the body’s energy. 13
TECH BEAT
Identification of a rhodium catalyst

intermediate
New research may help to improve the compatibility between
catalytic converters and automotive lubricants in the future.
THE LUBRICANT INDUSTRY is currently

under pressure to produce engine oils
that meet increasingly stringent regu-
‘The speed of these reactions is very fast, and in most of
lations yet do not adversely affect cata- the systems, detection is prevented because formation of
lytic converter performance. Catalytic
converters containing noble metals
the carbene intermediate is the rate-determining step.’
such as palladium, platinum and rho-
dium remove pollutants, including
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and entirely understood. New fundamen- complex goes through a series of inter-
nitrogen oxides from the automotive tal insights into the nature of catalytic mediates. Isolating these highly reac-
emissions stream. These precious cata- intermediates in rhodium chemistry tive species has been very difficult, ac-
lysts can be poisoned by lubricant ad- can, therefore, be of great importance cording to Berry. He says, “The speed
ditives such as zinc dialkyldithiophos- to the field. of these reactions is very fast, and in
phates via mechanisms that are not John Berry, professor of chemistry most of the systems, detection is pre-
at the University of Wisconsin-Madi- vented because formation of the car-
son in Madison, says, “Rhodium is one bene intermediate is the rate-deter-
of the most important metals used in mining step.”
catalysis. In addition to its use in auto- If an intermediate can be studied,
motive catalytic converters, important then more information can be ob-
reactions that use rhodium-based cata- tained on the effectiveness of dirhodi-
lysts include hydroformylation and um complexes as catalysts. A process
hydrogenation.” has now been developed to detect such
One other process that rhodium an intermediate.
catalyzes is the insertion of a carbene
into a carbon-hydrogen bond. Carbenes RHODIUM-RHODIUM=CARBON
are divalent carbon fragments that are FRAMEWORK
extremely reactive. Berry says, “By it- Berry and a team of interdisciplinary
self, a carbene is highly reactive and researchers have identified a dirhodi-
does not discriminate in its reactivity.” um-based intermediate obtained from
Rhodium interacts with carbenes the reaction of rhodium carboxylate
to form complexes that are much more catalysts with diazo esters. Berry says,
selective. Berry says, “Dirhodium car- “The diazo esters were chosen based
bene complexes are able to insert into on computational studies showing
specific carbon-hydrogen bonds. As an that an intermediate could be stabi-
example, this enables simple hydro- lized and therefore observed. The di-
carbons to be functionalized in a sin- azo esters function as donor-acceptor
gle step.” species where the donor is on one end
In catalyzing these reactions, re- of the molecule and the acceptor is on
searchers believe that the dirhodium the second end of the molecule.”

The researchers faced a major chal-
lenge in characterizing the dirhodium-
based intermediate. For an organome-
tallic species, the typical approach that
would be used is x-ray crystallography.
Berry says, “X-ray crystallography is
typically used to confirm the structure
of a specific substance. Unfortunately,
this dirhodium-based intermediate is
too reactive to be isolated.”
Instead, the researchers turned to
other characterization techniques in-
cluding ultraviolet-visible spectrosco-
py, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectros-
copy and x-ray absorption spectrosco-
py. The first evidence that an interme-
diate is formed is from a change in the
color of the reaction mixture at 0 C. A
green-color that is derived from the
starting materials is converted to a
blue color that fades over time.
Under these conditions, the half- Figure 2 | An image of the dirhodium-based intermediate is shown. The key to the reactivity
life of the dirhodium-based intermedi- of this species is the metal-metal bond (shown as the link between the two blue rhodium at-
ate is approximately 10 seconds. Berry oms). (Courtesy of the University of Wisconsin-Madison)
says, “We determined that the inter-
mediate is based on a rhodium-
says, “The stability of the dirhodium- will react it with a variety of com-
based intermediate is based on the sol- pounds to determine what species are
vent used. Deuterated solvents do not produced. We will also continue to
‘We determined that the readily react with the dirhodium-based look for a dirhodium intermediate that
intermediate is based on a intermediates. For the NMR work, the is stable enough to be characterized by
rhodium intermediate is stable in deu- x-ray crystallography.”
rhodium-rhodium=carbon terated dichloromethane for about 20 This research provides insight into
framework in which there is hours.” rhodium catalysis, which may help in
The rhodium-rhodium=carbon the future to improve the performance
a double bond between the framework is the key to the reactivity of catalytic converters and may also
of the intermediate. Berry says, “Met- help to improve their compatibility
rhodium and the carbon.’ al-metal bond is the key to the effec- with automotive lubricants. Addition-
tiveness of this noble metal as a cata- al information can be found in a recent
lyst because they are much more article1 or by contacting Berry at ber-
rhodium=carbon framework in which reactive than monorhodium species.” ry@chem.wisc.edu.
there is a double bond between the Berry believes that dirhodium in-
rhodium and the carbon. Evidence termediates are probably produced on
supporting this came from the rhodi- the surface of a catalytic converter, but
um-carbon interaction in the vibra- he is not certain about whether the REFERENCES
tional analysis, the presence of a spe- species identified in this study is in- 1. Kornecki, K., Briones, J.,
cific doublet in the 13C NMR spectrum volved. He says, “Some type of rhodi- Boyarskikh, V., Fullilove, F.,
and confirmation of the molecular um-rhodium intermediates are proba- Autschbach, J., Schrote, K.,
Lancaster, K., Davies, H. and
weight for the species from the mass bly formed on the surface of a catalytic
Berry, J. (2013), “Direct Spectro-
spectrum.” converter with carbon, oxygen and
scopic Characterization of a
Figure 2 shows an image of the nitrogen species.”
Transitory Dirhodium Donor-
dirhodium-based intermediate where Future work will involve two ob- Acceptor Carbene Complex,”
the rhodium atoms are in blue and the jectives. Berry says, “Now that we can Science, 342 (6156) pp. 351-354.
carbon atoms are in dark gray. Berry isolate a dirhodium intermediate, we
Book Deals: STLE members can receive special discounts on featured CRC Press books. Details at www.stle.org. 15
TECH BEAT
Preparation of lithium-ion battery anodes

using lignin
The new material is low cost, renewable and can be used without a
binder or current collector.
LIGNIN IS A READILY AVAILABLE, RENEW- this material has been evaluated for
ABLE MATERIAL that is the main struc- use in lubricant applications.
tural component in the wood that In a previous TLT article, the per-
‘Lignin-based carbon
comes from trees. It is a polymeric ma- formance of lignin was assessed as an fibers are disordered
terial that has a range of molecular extreme pressure additive for use in
weights varying from 200 to more than greases.1 Four-ball performance test-
materials that contain
a million. The chemical structure of ing showed that a lignin-based EP ad- nanoscale crystalline
lignin contains aromatic groups com- ditive displayed comparable perfor-
bined with such functionalities as phe- mance to molybdenum disulfide in an
domains in localized
nols, alkoxy and hydroxyl groups. aluminum complex grease. In addi- areas.’
Lignin is produced commercially as tion, the phenolic functionality in lig-
a byproduct in the manufacture of pa- nin contributes antioxidant character-
per through the use of several path- istics that give the lignin derivatives its incompatibility with electrolytes
ways including the Kraft process. Due the potential to provide multifunc- such as propylene carbonate. Rios
to lignin’s availability and low cost, tional characteristics. says, “Propylene carbonate is a very at-
Development of improved perfor- tractive electrolyte because of its good
mance for lithium-ion batteries is on- performance at low temperatures and
going in a number of areas including low melting point. The problem is that
improved battery anodes. Dr. Orlando propylene carbonate will readily de-
Rios, Weinberg Fellow & Group Mem- grade a graphite electrode.”
ber in the Materials Science & Tech- If an alternative material can be de-
nology Division of Oak Ridge National veloped for use in an anode that is low
Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tenn., says, cost, renewable and can be used with-
“There are three important areas where out a binder or a current collector,
anode improvement can be realized. then there is potential for developing a
The biggest one is an improvement in lithium-ion battery with improved
rate performance. Two other charac- performance. Such a material has now
teristics that need to be enhanced are been identified and evaluated.
manufacturing materials and boosting
the capacity of the anode.” NANOSCALE CRYSTALLINE
From the material standpoint, the DOMAINS
active material in the lithium-ion an- Rios and his fellow researchers have
ode is graphite. But there are several determined that lignin is a suitable an-
other components also required in an ode material for use in a lithium-ion
anode. Rios says, “Besides graphite, battery. Through a low-cost, melt-pro-
porosity agents, conductivity addi- cessing technique combined with oxi-
tives, a binder and a current collector dation and carbonization, lignin is
are required. The problem with using converted into a very effective anode
these components is they add mass material known as lignin-based carbon
and cost to the overall battery without fibers (LCFs). Rios says, “LCFs are
improving performance.” disordered materials that contain na-
One concern with using graphite is noscale crystalline domains in local-

‘Besides graphite, porosity agents, conductivity additives, a binder and a current
collector are required. The problem with using these components is they add mass and
cost to the overall battery without improving performance.’
per gram.”
Figure 3 shows the progression of
how the LCF is prepared, starting from
a renewable resource and ending up
with a disordered material containing
local nanocrystalline domains. In the
future, Rios has an objective of devel-
oping higher capacity materials for use
in batteries.
Rios envisions evaluating LCFs as
the sole material in a lithium-ion bat-
tery anode to see how it can perform
versus a conventional graphite-based
anode. He says, “We believe the fused
mat electrode design can provide bet-
ter performance than a slurry-coated
graphite electrode because the LCF
does not contain such materials as a
Figure 3 | Lignin-based carbon fibers, prepared from a readily available, renewable binder, porosity agent and a copper
resource by the process shown, display promising performance as an anode material current collector that do not contrib-
compared to graphite. (Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory) ute to the battery capacity.”
Additional information can be
found in a recent article2 or by contact-
ing Rios at rioso@ornl.gov.
ized areas.” ture formed to relax and stabilize in a
Rios explains how the researchers low energy conformation that allows
decided to work with lignin. He says, the aromatic rings derived from the REFERENCES
“We were working on a project to eval- lignin to easily stack one on top of an- 1. Canter, N. (2010), “Environmen-
uate the possibility of preparing car- other.” tally Friendly Extreme Pressure
bon fiber from lignin. After evaluating Carbonization was then conducted Additive,” TLT, 67 (10), pp.
the microstructure of lignin, we felt at 1000 C, 1500 C and 2000 C. Rios 10-11.
that this material would work well in indicates that as the temperature in- 2. Tenhaeff, W., Rios, O., More, K.
lithium-ion batteries.” creases, the nanoscale crystalline do- and McGuire, M. (2013), “Highly
After a three-dimensional intercon- mains are larger. He says, “This results Robust Lithium Ion Battery
nected LCF network is prepared by in a more stable material but also hin- Anodes from Lignin: An Abun-
melt processing, the resulting lignin ders solid-state diffusion. We expect dant, Renewable, and Low-Cost
fiber mat is oxidized through heating that in the rougher materials, reduc- Material,” Advanced Functional
in air. This step leads to breaking the tions in fiber diameter will enable us to Materials, DOI: 10.1002/
adfm.201301420.
weakest intermolecular bonds and fully access the full capacity.”
crosslinks the lignin molecules. LCFs produced at 1000 C display
As this occurs, the glass transition better performance as an anode mate-
temperature of the LCF starts to in- rial than graphite, which is prepared at Neil Canter heads his own
crease. Rios says, “During the oxida- 2000 C. Rios says, “LCFs generate ap- consulting company, Chemical
tion, we found that it is important to proximately 350 milliampere-hour per Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa.
maintain the temperature of the program of charge, while a commercial Ideas for Tech Beat can be
cess just below the glass transition grade graphite anode produces be- submitted to him at
temperature. This enables the struc- tween 200 and 310 milliampere-hour neilcanter@comcast.net.
More electrical impulses are generated by one human brain in one day than by all the telephones in the world. 17
STUDENT POSTER ABSTRACT
The Effect of Nanoparticle Additives in the

Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Regime
Hamed Ghaednia, Hasan Babaei,
Auburn University, Department of Mechanical Auburn University, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Auburn, Ala. Engineering, Auburn, Ala.
Robert L. Jackson (Advisor), Michael J. Bozack, Jeyhoon M. Khodadadi,

Auburn University, Department of Auburn University, Department of Physics, Auburn University, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Auburn, Ala. Auburn, Ala. Mechanical Engineering, Auburn, Ala.
For a closer look at Hamed Ghaednia’s poster abstract, be sure to check out his short
video presentation in the December digital version of TLT (available at www.stle.org)
tact occurs between the surfaces.

Hamed Ghaednia received bachelor’s of science This work focuses on the perfor-
degrees in mechanical and chemical engineering mance of nanoparticle additives
from Tehran Polytechnic, along with a master’s on thin film elastohydrodynamic
of science in mechanical engineering from lubrication (EHL) in which no
Tehran Polytechnic in 2010 while working as a contact occurs between the lu-
graduate assistant in the Vibration and Noise bricated surfaces. EHL3 and thin-
Control Laboratory. He is currently pursuing his film lubrication4 have been the
doctorate in mechanical engineering (in the field topic of extensive studies in the
of tribology) at Auburn University, working in the past 60 years. The hypothesis of
Multiscale Tribology Laboratory under the the current work is that nano-
guidance of professor Robert L. Jackson. sized particles can infiltrate into
You can reach him at ghaednia@auburn.edu. the small gaps between surfaces
in the EHL regime and when the
size of the gap is comparable to
the particle’s size and the film
pressure is high, particles may af-
ABSTRACT fect the friction properties of the contact pairs.
Careful friction tests for a nanolubricant in the elastohydro-
dynamic lubrication regime showed that the presence of FRICTION TESTS
nanoparticles reduces friction. By using surface analyses and The nanolubricant used in the experiments contains silver
molecular dynamics simulation, the effectiveness of different nanoparticles with an average size of 7 nm suspended in
interactions between the system components was explored. polyethylene glycol (PEG 600), and polyvinylpyrollidone
Based on the results, a novel friction reduction mechanism (PVP) is used as the coating agent to stabilize the suspen-
was deduced in which the nanoparticles can induce an ob- sion. The nanolubricant has 3 mM silver and 1.5 mM of PVP
structed flow in the thin film between lubricated surfaces. in PEG 600 and the control lubricant consists of 1.5 mM of
PVP in PEG 600. Friction tests were performed with a sub-
INTRODUCTION merged pin-on-disk friction test setup and an electrical con-
It has been recently reported that nanoparticle additives can tact resistant sensor (ECR) was used to detect contact be-
improve the lubricity of lubricants.1,2 However, most of the tween conductive surfaces. Upon completion of the tests,
studies were aimed at the performance of the nanoparticles the profiles of the pins and the disks were measured in order
in the boundary lubrication regime in which substantial con- to accurately estimate the contact pressure (using the general

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the surface (see Figure 2 (b)), drilling re-
moves the Ag nanoparticles, which is the
phenomenon observed in our tests. There-
fore, the surface analyses suggest that Ag
resides strictly on the surface in the form of
individual nanoparticles loosely adhered to
the surface. Hence particles don’t change
the roughness of the surface by forming
No direct contact between surfaces Direct contact
(surfaces are separated by a film of lubricant) between surfaces nanostructures.
Next, molecular dynamics (MD) simula-
tions were utilized to study the system. Sim-
ulations were performed on a smaller sys-
tem containing a nanoparticle with a
Figure 1 | Coefficient of friction versus contact pressure obtained from experiments.
diameter (D) of either ~24 or 37 Å suspend-
ed within the gap (G) of 54 Å filled with
Hertzian contact solution). The results plotted in Figure 1 lubricant molecules confined between two
show the contact pressure increases. The coefficient of fric- rigid walls. The geometries in the MD simulations were cho-
tion (COF) first decreases and then increases, which is a sen to have the similar ratio of particle size over gap size as
typical behavior of lubricating pairs in the EHL regime. The the experiments. Control lubricant (without nanoparticle)
results indicate that the nanoparticle additives reduce fric- or nanolubricant systems were initially equilibrated under
tion in the EHL regime. isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensembles at T=300 K and atmo-
spheric pressure without the walls. These systems were
SURFACE ANALYSIS AND brought into contact with the two walls and subjected to
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS compression. The walls were sheared in opposite directions
The contact system consists of three components: particles, until the system reached the steady-state condition. Figure 4
surfaces and the lubricant. Therefore, surface analysis and exhibits the calculated COF versus pressure for the control
molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to and nanolubricant cases. The general trend of the friction
investigate the possible interaction of the components in results from the MD simulations, and the experiments are
search of the dominant mechanism responsible for reducing similar. By monitoring the motion of lubricant molecules, we
friction. found that the presence of a nanoparticle forces the medial
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelec- layers of the lubricant’s molecules to move along with the
tron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were recorded, both inside nanoparticle, promoting an obstructed flow (plug flow).
and outside the contact groove. Results indicated that there This would result in sliding of layers of the lubricant’s mol-
is slightly more Ag inside the wear groove than outside the ecules over one another adjacent to the walls. In other words,
groove. Figure 2 shows the possible scenarios of the nanopar- shearing occurs over only a few layers of lubricant adjacent
ticles/surface interaction, which are (1.) the nanoparticles to the walls. This effect is similar to the thin-film lubrication
deposit on the surface which includes (i) particles de-
posit in the valleys, (ii) particles coalesce to form nano-
structures or (iii) particles bond to the surface (Figure
2(a)) or as illustrated in Figure 2(b), (2.) particles
loosely adhere to the surface. The next step was to
study the configuration of the silver particles on the (iii) particles bond
(i) particles deposit to the surface
surface and detect possible chemical bonding between in the valleys
the nanoparticles and the surfaces. Ar sputter etching (ii) particles form
nanostructures
was used to drill ~12.5 nm into the surface (slightly
over the average size of a particle) for this purpose. AES
results before and after the drilling show that the Ag
signal completely vanished after drilling (see Figure 3).
Figure 2 schematically shows the effect of drilling on
particles on the surface (see dashed blue line). In the
first scenario (see Figure 2 (a)), it is assumed that the
nanoparticle deposit on the surface and inside the val-
leys. In this scenario, drilling does not remove all of the Figure 2 | Schematic of possible particle/surface interaction: (a) particles
nanoparticles. In contrast, in the second scenario in deposit on the surface and inside the valleys; (b) scattered loosely adhered
which individual nanoparticles are loosely adhered to particles on the surface.
20 After age 30, the human brain shrinks about .25 percent in mass every year.
(a) (b)
Figure 3 | AES analysis on the surfaces before (a) and after (b) drilling with Ar sputter cleaning.
REFERENCES
1. Martin, J.M., and Ohmae,
N. (2008), Nanolubricants,
Tribology Series, John Wiley
& Sons Ltd., England.
2. Ghaednia, H., Jackson, R.L.,

and Khodadadi, J.M. (2013),
“Experimental Analysis of
Stable Cuo Nanoparticle
Enhanced Lubricants,” Journal
of Experimental Nanoscience,
pp. 1-18.
Figure 4 | Coefficient of friction versus pressure for control lubricant (without nanoparticle)
and two nanolubricant systems obtained from simulations. 3. Greenwood, J. (1988),
“Film Thicknesses in
Circular Elastohydrodynamic
where surface forces and high pressure performance in the EHL regime, which Contacts,” Proceedings of
promote layering of the molecules and is the addition of nano-sized particles the Institution of Mechanical
sliding of layers over one another, to infiltrate into the gaps and enhance Engineers, Part C: Journal of
which, in turn, leads to a reduction in local lubricity. Mechanical Engineering
the COF. Science, 202(1), pp. 11-17.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONCLUSION 4. Gao, J., Luedtke, W.,
This material is based upon work sup-
and Lman, U. (1995),
In summary, a new friction reduction ported by the U.S. Department of En-
“Nano-Elastohydrodynamics:
mechanism was proposed for nanolu- ergy under Award Number DE-
Structure, Dynamics, and
bricants in the thin-film EHL regime. SC0002470. Appreciation is expressed
Flow in Nonuniform
Through careful friction tests, it was to Dr. German Mills and Mr. Sharif
Lubricated Junctions,”
demonstrated that nanoparticles re- Hossain of Auburn University’s chem-
Science, 270(5236),
duce the COF in the thin-film EHL re- istry department; Alabama Supercom-
pp. 605-608.
gime. The proposed mechanism sug- puter Center and Alabama EPSCoR
gests a new method to enhance friction Program.

COMMENTARY
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor
A 65-million-years-old
duck-billed herbivore
reveals how our science
helped life develop.
Dinosaur
Photo Credit: e_monk
Dentition:
The tribology of Jurassic Park
22 “Solvents & Cleaners in Industrial Applications,” an STLE University Webinar by Russ

While at the fifth World Tribology Congress in September in Turin, Italy, I heard a paper titled “Dino-
saur Dentition: Tribology 65 million Years Ago,” by Dr. Brandon Krick, (now at Lehigh University) with
Dr. Greg Sawyer from the University of Florida. This was a fascinating presentation that explained
phenomena that I have observed but didn’t understand. Further, it is another fine example of how the
world of tribology enables and impacts so many of life’s different processes. In this case, a process
dating all the way back to the time of dinosaurs remains very relevant today.
As some of you might not know, I have owned a horse or Conventional wisdom held that dinosaur teeth are basi-
two for many years. I have also had to pay veterinarians to cally dentine and enamel like ours. Part of this conclusion
treat the horses’ teeth from time to time. Thus, I have had comes from the fact that most reptilian teeth are like that,
many opportunities to observe horse teeth and some of the but then most modern reptiles don’t use their teeth for such
problems they occasionally have. While horses basically grinding. Instead, the researchers found that the dinosaur’s
have incisors and molars like we do, their teeth look very teeth were much more complicated than one might expect.
different than human teeth. Indeed, they function in both a They found six different materials making up the hadrosaur’s
similar but also in a very different manner, since humans are teeth. Interestingly, mammalian grinders—horses, bison, el-
more omnivorous and horses are strictly herbivores. Thanks ephants and the like—independently but well after the had-
to Drs. Krick and Sawyer, now I know how and why. rosaurs evolved to a similar kind of structure with four major
Of course, a little bit of knowledge is always a dangerous tissues.
thing, so for those requiring greater rigor than I can provide, By scratching the different tissues with a very fine dia-
get it straight from the horse’s mouth, so to speak—the origi- mond-tipped stylus and measuring the abrasion, Krick found
nal paper in the journal Science, Oct. 5, 2012, by Krick and that the different tissues had differing resistances to abrasion.
Sawyer.
They studied the teeth of a hadrosaur (“bulky lizard” in
Greek), a dinosaur that lived between 65 and 140 million
years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Hadrosaurs were the
family of duck-billed, herbivorous dinosaurs ranging from
10 to 40 feet (3-12 meters). They had horny, toothless beaks
and hundreds of cheek teeth in the sides of their jaws. The
duck-billed version had the most teeth—nearly a thousand.
Hadrosaurs had no teeth in their bills but hundreds of cheek teeth in

the sides of the jaws.
Hadrosaurs were particularly adept at eating large coarse

forms of vegetation like tree bark and the like. Greg Erick-
son, a paleobiologist from Florida State University and col-
laborator on the study, examined the animal’s behavior and
physiology and characterized the hadrosaur as “a walking
pulp mill.” So how was the hadrosaur able to accomplish
this feat?
Chambers (Quadra Chemicals), Dec. 19, noon-1 p.m. CST. Register at www.stle.org. 23
Thus, as the tooth underwent wear, edge. More important, this example
the softer parts wore preferentially. serves to illustrate the diverse im-
This resulted in the surrounding pact of the field of tribology on the
harder areas acting like six levels world around us—including the
of a recently sharpened tool. In world that existed long before us.
effect, the tooth surface was, over By the way, even though hadro-
time, in a dynamic state of change saurs lived during the Cretaceous
resulting in constant resurfacing of Period, the era that succeeded the
the tooth as it wore. This process Jurassic, the title of this article
kept the surface of the tooth rough isn’t bad paleontology. A group of
in texture with degrees of high hard hadrosaurs are famously depicted
places and some with hard sharp stampeding in the movie “Jurassic
edges—all good for grinding. You can see how the different wear patterns of the Park.” If you’ll recall from the Mi-
It is this differential wearing four structures tends to cause sharp grinding teeth. chael Crichton book, the fictional
that I have noticed in my horses’ paleontologists extracted dinosaur
teeth. Indeed, often the outer edge bates the problem. The accompanying DNA from fossilized mosquitoes,
of the tooth, over time, becomes very photo shows an older horse’s molars and so were able to mix dinosaurs
hard and sharp and can even cause ul- with a lot of roughness and some mis- from different geologic periods in their
ceration on the walls of the horses’ in- alignment. Regardless, you can see theme park.
ner cheek. So the vet grinds these hard how the different wear patterns of the
sharp edges to prevent this and also four structures tends to cause sharp
levels the teeth so that there is bet- grinding teeth. Bob Gresham is STLE’s director
ter contact along the line of grinding Needless to say, I can’t wait for my of professional development.
teeth. Like people, horses’ teeth don’t next vet visit so I can astound him You can reach him at
always align perfectly, which exacer- with my little bit of dangerous knowl- rgresham@stle.org.
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FEATURE ARTICLE
Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor
Lubricant additives:
What degree are they removed
by filtration systems?
Several factors indicate that additive

removal by filters is nonexistent in
properly maintained lubricant systems.
LUBRICANT MANUFACTURERS FACE EXTENSIVE CHALLENGES in formulating prod-
ucts for their end-user customers. Several articles have been published in TLT
discussing many techniques for helping lubricant companies and end-users
achieve superior performance for their lubricants and production machines.
One issue that has not received much attention is concern about whether
filters are involved in removing additives from lubricants. There is no ques-
tion that the role of filtration equipment in maintaining lubricant systems is
crucial. In the November TLT, an article based on a Webinar presentation
sponsored by STLE University reviewed the fundamentals of filtration.1 (avail-
able digitally at www.stle.org.)
Filters serve the purpose of removing contaminants from lubricant sys-
tems that, if left, can significantly reduce operating life and affect the perfor-
mance of production machines. The particles trapped from filters can range in
size from 40 microns down to the 6-10 micron range. This latter range is the
focus for most filters.
Concern has been raised in the lubricant industry on an anecdotal basis
that filters might also remove additives from lubricants as they remove con-
taminants. Such a scenario could reduce the effectiveness of the lubricant and

adversely impact its application. The purpose of this article gory is most vulnerable to filter removal. The additive sup-
is to gain insight from key industry experts representing the plier says, “We speculate that polar additives are more sus-
additive supplier, basestock supplier, lubricant supplier and ceptible but do not know if having an ashless or
filter-supplier market segments on this issue. metal-containing component makes a difference. Polar mol-
None of the six respondents interviewed wished to be ecules are incorporated largely for surface-active functional-
identified, so they will be referred to as: ity and will seek any surface. This includes the filter (which
may have a large surface area). However, it is difficult to
1. Additive Supplier speculate if this changes as the lubricant system ages. We do
2. Basestock Supplier not know if a specific polar additive may be “filtered out” any
3. Filter Supplier No. 1 more or less readily after the first pass through a filter.”
4. Filter Supplier No. 2 One additive class that appears to be vulnerable is de-
5. Filter Supplier No. 3 foamers. A past reference states that defoamer additives are
6. Lubricant Supplier. semisolid suspensions in the 5-10 micron range that can be
removed by filtration.2 This same reference also notes that
ADDITIVE VULNERABILITY sulfur and phosphorus EP additives that are not dissolved as
The initial topic that needs to be covered is the solubility of well as suspended antiscuff additives can potentially be re-
additives in the main types of basestocks that are used in the moved by efficient 1-micron filters.
lubricant industry. This covers the four types of mineral oils Other factors that were considered include the physical
(Group I, II and III) and naphthenic oil, polyalphaolefins dimensions of an additive and whether it is acidic, neutral or
(PAOs-Group IV) and the synthetic basestocks grouped into basic. The additive supplier says, “We do not know whether
Group V (dibasic and polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols physical dimensions is an issue but are sure that solubility is a
(PAGs), phosphate esters and alkylated aromatics). must. Acidic and basic additives may be more susceptible to
The additive supplier representative says, “Virtually all removal by filtration if they react with another component pres-
types of additives follow the same trend as we move from ent in the lubricant to possibly form a new insoluble species.”
Group I to Group IV—the solvency of the oil decreases such One other additive type that will change over the course of
that some additives that appear to be fine in Group I and a lubricant’s operating life is the dispersant. The additive sup-
Group II may drop out in Group III and IV. To compensate plier says, “Dispersants surround a particle produced as a re-
for products prepared with Group III or Group IV oils, lubri- sult of an antioxidant doing its job, wear debris or dust incur-
cant companies either do not use these additives or else for- sion and transport it to the filter for removal. This, of course,
mulate with a co-stock (such as an ester or an alkylated aro- means the dispersant is also removed at the same time.”
matic) to improve base oil solubility.” Among the additive types most vulnerable to removal by
The additive supplier stresses that no additives are rec- filtration, the additive supplier representative believes most
ommended for a specific lubricant application if they will are in the surface-active category. Besides detergents/disper-
precipitate out under stressed conditions. The individual sants, this covers antiwear additives, corrosion inhibitors
says, “We do not recommend any insoluble additives for use and extreme pressure agents.
in a well-formulated lubricant.” Although some additive types might be more likely to be
All additives recommended for a basestock are evaluated removed and thus shorten some aspect of the life of the lu-
in aging studies in that specific basestock at elevated tem- bricant, the additive supplier representative feels formulators
peratures and under cold temperature storage. The additive should be taking this factor into consideration by selecting
supplier says, “Solvency has become a significant consider- the proper type and amount of an additive needed to perform
ation as oil refining has evolved over the past 20 years. We the desired function over the desired life of the lubricant.
define an additive as soluble in a particular basestock if no Additive removal by filters should not be inherent in a well-
haze is seen under the various conditions the lubricant is formulated lubricant.
expected to encounter as it is used.” A representative from a basestock supplier agrees that a
This view means that solubility is probably not the source co-basestock may be required to ensure the solubility of spe-
of any problems encountered with additive removal by fil- cific additives in a lubricant. This individual says, “Optimum
ters. But the additive supplier representative makes clear that performance of the formulation is sometimes difficult due to
an additive may be removed from one type of basestock and the multifunctionality of the additives and can be challeng-
not from a second basestock. The individual says, “We do ing for those polar additives that race for occupancy on the
not know whether an additive that is soluble in both Groups surface. This problem becomes severe when antiwear/ex-
I and III based on our testing might be extracted from the treme pressure/corrosion inhibitor/friction modifier film-
Group III oil but not from the Group I basestock.” forming additives are used in polar base fluids such as esters
In looking at the wide variety of additives, the question and PAGs.”
was asked if additives are organized into nonpolar, ashless The basestock supplier indicates that finding a balance
polar and metal-containing polar categories and which cate- between the right types of basestocks and additives is impor-
The brain does not experience pain, which is why neurosurgeons can probe parts of it while the patient is awake. 27
tant to ensure that the latter do not precipitate out from the When asked about the most common filter size and pa-
lubricant. This individual says, “Any imbalance will not pro- rameters used to select filters, all three suppliers indicate that
vide the required additive properties in a lubricant and may the filter chosen is dependent upon the application. Filter
lead to additive removal during filtration and under potential supplier No. 1 says, “Filter selection is highly dependent on
severe operating conditions of the application.” the clearance size of the most critical component. Hence, for
One parameter used to measure basestock solvency is systems equipped with servo-valve applications, we would
aniline point. A comparison of the aniline point for eight usually employ 3-micron (Beta (3) > 200) filtration efficien-
basestocks, as measured by ASTM D611-01, is shown in Fig- cies, whereas for journal bearing applications in gas turbine
ure 1. Additive compatibility with basestocks can be im- lubricant systems, we could go as ‘high’ as 20 microns.”
proved if the basestock polarity is changed. The basestock Filter supplier No. 2 says, “Filter size can range from up
supplier says, “We have seen improvement in solvency to 40-feet long for applications such as paper machines that
through the use of oil-soluble PAGs, which combine the per- require large filter assemblies and are often used in multiple,
formance of conventional PAGs with improved additive parallel housings. Smaller lubricant systems (such as on
compatibility.” board automobiles) require smaller filter assemblies. The fil-
ter size is selected after evaluating various parameters, in-
cluding operating conditions (flow rate, fluid viscosity) and
service life considerations.”
Filter supplier No. 3 says, “For hydraulic fluid systems,
the size of the OEM filter is dictated by the equipment manu-
facturer but should be based upon the amount of fluid pres-
ent.”
Before discussing whether filters can remove additives
from lubricants, each of the filter suppliers was asked about
the process used by filters to remove contaminants. Filter
supplier No. 1 says, “The predominant mechanism is direct
capture or basically a sieving action where particles larger
than the pores get trapped at fiber intersections. To a much
lesser extent, contaminants can be removed by electrostatic
(adhesive) attraction, inertial interception or possibly diffu-
Figure 1 | Aniline point is a measure of the solvency of additives in sional interception.”
basestocks. Solvency increases as the aniline point of a basestock Filter supplier No. 1 noted that the last two mechanisms
declines. (Courtesy of the Basestock Supplier) are mostly operative only in gases.
Filter supplier No. 2 says, “Pleated filter elements with
The result, as shown in Figure 2, is that the solvency
power of a basestock blend can be boosted through using oil-
soluble PAGs. The basestock supplier says, “Lubricant com-
panies can utilize this approach to adjust polarity so that
proper film-forming polar additives are compatible and min-
imize the possibility of additive removal by filtration.”
FILTRATION SUPPLIER’S
PERSPECTIVE
The three filter supplier representatives interviewed indicate
that the main type of filter used in lubrication systems is pre-
pared from a resin-based glass fiber. Filter supplier No. 1
says, “Suitable support layers from either polyester or poly-
amide are employed with filter efficiencies, as defined by the
filter element beta ratio selected for the application.”
Filter supplier No. 2 adds, “The filter efficiency can range
from 3 microns to 12 microns where the beta ratio is 1,000.”
According to filter supplier No. 3, most lubricant systems
are supplied from the manufacturer with inline spin on fil-
ters that typically have a 10-micron rating. This individual Figure 2 | Oil-soluble PAGs can be used as a co-basestock to improve
says, “These are particulate-only removal and do not remove the solvency of basestocks such as PAOs and naphthenic oils. (Cour-
water.” tesy of the Basestock Supplier)
28 Who you gonna call? A complete list of STLE HQ staffers is available at www.stle.org.
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resin-bonded, glass-fiber filtration media remove contami- 10-micron filters and finally one 20-micron filter. The lubri-
nants by interception and physical adsorption over a wide cants were filtered at temperatures ranging from -10 C to 25 C.
range of particle sizes. Filtration efficiency changes as a func- Data generated from evaluating these lubricants is shown
tion of particle size. It is higher for larger particles, lower for in Tables 1 through 3.
smaller particles.” Table 1 shows the results from an ICP-AE analysis of ap-
Filter supplier No. 3 says, “Filters remove water and propriate elements from the four lubricant formulations. Fil-
moisture contamination through two methods. An absorbent ter supplier No. 1 says, “As noted in our data, there was no
filter removes contamination by mechanical design. An ad- change in the concentration of metals such as zinc, phospho-
sorbent filter removes soluble and insoluble contaminants rus and sulfur.”
on its surface by molecular adhesion.” Acid number values for the four lubricants (before and
All three filter suppliers have seen no evidence that addi- after filtration) also do not change, as shown in Table 2. Vis-
tives are removed by filters. Filter supplier No. 1 was ada- cosity values measured (before and after filtration) for the
mant about this issue but noted that silicone defoamers may four lubricants are shown in Table 3. Filter supplier No. 1
be the only exception. This individual says, “The answer to says, “The individual viscosity values obtained (before and
the question about additive removal by filters is a most em- after filtration) do not differ, and the entire VI behavior of
phatic no! The reason is due to the size difference between these lubricants remain unaffected.”
filter pores and additives. The primary removal mechanism Values from the three tests do differ slightly, but fluid sup-
is pore blockage. The pores (even the finest ones) are typi- plier No. 1 indicates that the slight differences are within the
cally on the order of micron sized (10-6 meter), whereas the bounds of experimental error.
dissolved additive molecules are typically on the order of FT-IR spectra were prepared for all four lubricants and
normal molecular size, hence nanometers (10-9 meter) and showed little, if any, change in the composition of the lubri-
are at least three orders of magnitude smaller than the small- cants. Figure 3 shows FT-IR spectra for fresh and used lubri-
est pore.” cant oil No. 1. The FT-IR profiles are virtually identical, indi-
Filter supplier No. 1 continues, “The only exception cating little, if any, change in the composition of the lubricant
might be the silicone antifoamant because (1.) this additive basestocks.
is dispersed in the form of fine droplets, hence not dissolved,
and (2.) the difference between surface energies of the glass CONTAMINANTS
fiber (very high) and silicone (considerably lower, say around Filter supplier No. 2 indicates that contamination can be a
half of glass fiber) makes the droplets accumulate on the fi- factor causing filters to remove additives. This individual
ber surface and through this adsorptive effect, some of the says, “If there is a system upset (such as ingression of water
silicone antifoamant can indeed get removed. However, once or cross-contamination with another fluid), the carefully
the glass fiber surface is saturated with accumulated drop- blended additive package may become disrupted, and addi-
lets, the rest of them go through unabated.” tives may precipitate and agglomerate. These agglomerated,
Filter supplier No. 2 says, “Filter elements do not remove precipitated additives may be large enough to be removed by
fluid additives under normal operating conditions. The only the filter elements, resulting in unusually short filter element
case where additives may be removed is due to contamina- service life and requiring a premature filter element change-
tion of a lubricant system.” out. Thus, the filter element is simply performing as intend-
Filter supplier No. 3 says, “After extensive oil analysis ed, and is, in fact, acting as an indicator, alerting the operator
testing over many years, our depth filter has never removed of a system upset.”
additives or additive packages from any type of lubricating Filter supplier No. 2 believes that particulate contami-
oil. With our filter, there are no factors or sizing that effects nants usually do not create problems with the additive pack-
additive removal. In fact, if water and particulate contamina- age formulated into a lubricant. Rather, water contamination
tion is kept extremely low, testing shows that additive pack- and incompatibilities with other lubricants are most likely
ages can be extended beyond their normal operating life.” the cause.
Filter supplier No. 1 provides data from studies done Figure 4 shows a photomicrograph of precipitated addi-
evaluating the following four lubricants: tives that are produced through this type of contamination.
Filter supplier No. 3 claims that both water and particu-
1. Mineral oil-based products. lates are involved in accelerating the decomposition of the
2. Mineral oil formulated with a poly methylmethacry- lubricant and the potential removal of additives. This indi-
late viscosity index (VI) improver. vidual says, “Additive packages are manufactured into lubri-
3. PAO mixed with a polyol ester co-basestock. cating oils to attempt to extend the oil’s life by combating
4. Straight polyol ester-based fluid. contaminants. The catalyst to contamination is water and
particulates that are the precursors to the formation of oxida-
All four lubricants were filtered at least several hundred tion in oil. By maintaining the oil in an extremely clean con-
times through two different sets of 5-micron filters, then two dition (free of water and particulates), the oxidation process
30 There are about 100 billion neurons in the human brain, about the same number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
ICPͲAEAnalysisof sŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇsĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞ&ŽƵƌ>ƵďƌŝĐĂŶƚ
FourLubricantFormulationsinppm
bi l i i &ŽƌŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐŝŶĐ^ƚ
ů ŝ ŝ
Additive Oil#1 Oil#1 Oil #2 Oil#2 Oil#3 Oil#3 Oil#4 Oil#4 dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ Kŝůηϭ Kŝůηϭ Kŝů ηϮ KŝůηϮ Kŝůηϯ Kŝůηϯ Kŝůηϰ Kŝůηϰ
Ž &ƌĞƐŚ hƐĞĚ &ƌĞƐŚ hƐĞĚ &ƌĞƐŚ hƐĞĚ &ƌĞƐŚ hƐĞĚ
Fresh Used Fresh Used Fresh Used Fresh Used
Calcium 50 59 38 45 2 1 1 2 ͲϭϬ ϭϭϯϮ͘ϲ ϭϮϯϵ͘ϭ ϭϬϬϰ͘ϱ ϭϬϬϬ͘ϯ ϲϴϰ͘Ϭ ϲϳϵ͘ϴ ϴϭϴ͘ϳ ϳϵϯ͘ϵ
Magnesium 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Ͳϱ ϴϬϱ͘ϳ ϳϴϭ͘ϰ ϲϲϬ͘Ϯ ϲϱϭ͘ϴ ϰϳϴ͘ϰ ϰϳϳ͘Ϭ ϱϱϭ͘ϱ ϱϯϲ͘ϭ
Boron 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 Ϭ ϱϮϱ͘ϭ ϱϭϰ͘ϭ ϰϰϴ͘Ϯ ϰϰϮ͘Ϭ ϯϰϰ͘ϯ ϯϰϮ͘ϲ ϯϳϭ͘ϯ ϯϳϴ͘ϲ
Zinc 424 435 451 461 4 3 1 2 ϱ ϯϱϯ͘ϯ ϯϬϳ͘ϴ Ϯϲϵ͘ϴ ϯϬϳ͘ϲ ϮϱϮ͘ϵ ϮϱϮ͘ϰ Ϯϱϳ͘Ϯ Ϯϲϵ͘Ϭ
Phosphorus
p 322 336 320 358 805 745 345 364 ϭϬ Ϯϰϰ͘ϯ ϮϮϬ͘ϳ ϭϵϮ͘ϵ ϮϮϬ͘ϭ ϭϵϬ͘ϵ ϭϴϵ͘ϴ ϭϴϳ͘Ϭ ϭϵϱ͘ϴ
Barium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ϮϬ ϭϮϲ͘ϲ ϭϮϭ͘ϴ ϭϬϱ͘ϵ ϭϮϭ͘ϯ ϭϭϱ͘Ϭ ϭϭϰ͘ϱ ϭϬϰ͘ϵ ϭϭϬ͘ϳ
Sulfur 723 717 696 816 1690 1698 753 804 ϯϬ ϳϭ͘ϳ ϳϯ͘Ϯ ϲϯ͘ϭ ϳϮ͘ϳ ϳϰ͘Ϯ ϳϰ͘Ϭ ϲϯ͘ϯ ϲϳ͘ϯ
ϰϬ ϰϯ ϵ
ϰϯ͘ϵ ϰϰ Ϭ
ϰϰ͘Ϭ ϰϳ Ϯ
ϰϳ͘Ϯ ϰϲ ϳ
ϰϲ͘ϳ ϱϬ ϴ
ϱϬ͘ϴ ϱϬ ϲ
ϱϬ͘ϲ ϰϰ ϰ
ϰϰ͘ϰ ϰϯ ϲ
ϰϯ͘ϲ
ϭϬϬ ϲ͘ϲ ϲ͘ϲ ϴ͘ϱ ϴ͘ϯ ϭϭ͘ϭ ϭϭ͘ϭ ϳ͘ϵ ϳ͘ϴ
Table 1 | ICP-AE analysis of six elements from fresh and filtered sam-
sŝƐĐŽƐŝƚǇ ϭϬϯ ϭϬϯ ϭϱϳ ϭϱϱ Ϯϭϲ Ϯϭϵ ϭϱϲ ϭϰϵ
ples of the four lubricants shows no difference in concentration after /ŶĚĞǆ
filtration. (Courtesy of Filter Supplier No. 1)
Table 3 | The viscosity values for fresh and filtered samples of the
four lubricants at nine temperatures and the viscosity index do not
AcidNumberValuesfor change after filtration. (Courtesy of Filter Supplier No. 1)
Four Lubricant Formulations in Milligrams
FourLubricantFormulationsinMilligrams
ofPotassiumHydroxide
is slowed and the integrity of the lubricant maintained over
Per Gram of Sample
PerGramofSample a longer operating period.”
Oil#1 Oil#1 Oil #2 Oil#2 Oil#3 Oil#3 Oil#4 Oil#4 The surface nature of some contaminants may expedite the
Fresh Used Fresh Used Fresh Used Fresh Used
removal of additives from lubricants, according to filter sup-
0.51 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.45 0.43 0.17 0.13
plier No. 1. This individual says, “The active surfaces of some
contaminants can lead to adsorption, agglomeration or some
Table 2 | Acid number values for fresh and filtered samples of the
four lubricants do not change after filtration. (Courtesy of Filter Sup- other interaction with additives, resulting in their removal
plier No. 1) from the lubricant. However, this ONLY happens when the
Performance and service that are
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Esterex, SpectraSyn, SpectraSyn Ultra and Synesstic are trademarks of Exxon Mobil Corporation. Ultra-S is a trademark of S-Oil Corp. and Pure Performance and ConoPure are registered by Phillips 66 Company.

Filters serve the purpose of removing contaminants from
lubricant systems that can significantly reduce operating
life and affect the performance of production machines.
additive molecules themselves break

KŝůEŽ͘ϭ͞hƐĞĚ͞ down in some way (and hence are no
longer functional) and their fragments
are looking for something to adhere to
or react with in some fashion.”
When asked about the types of
contaminants most likely to facilitate
additive removal, both filter suppliers
No. 1 and No. 3 indicate that dirt,
sludge, varnish and particulates can all
possibly be involved. Filter supplier
No. 3 says, “The formation of sludge is
primarily a result of more particulate
contamination with some water pres-

ent and takes time to form. Varnish is
KŝůEŽ͘ϭ͞&ƌĞƐŚ͞ the end result of water and particulate
contamination that oxidizes the oil
and forms varnish or what is common-
ly known as a thin layer of lacquer
over the internal components of the
hydraulic system. Oxidation is respon-
sible for viscosity increase, base oil
breakdown, increased acidity and ad-
ditive depletion.”
Filter supplier No. 1 says, “One
must keep in mind that some varnish
or sludge already IS or CAN BE com-
posed of partially degraded additive
components and/or oil oxidation by-
products. Once the base oil hydrocar-
Figure 3 | FT-IR spectra taken on used and new oil No. 1 are no different, indicating little, if any, bon molecules are oxidized (typically
change in the composition of the lubricant after filtration. (Courtesy of Filter Supplier No. 1) to carboxylic acids or something simi-
32 Basics of MWFs: Register for Metalworking Fluid Management Certificate Course,

lar) and the additives break down or are oxidized in some tolerances in some areas on the order of one-half to 1 mi-
way, they can form all kinds of adducts, agglomerates or cron.”3
other structures that are then harmful to the fluid, and, con- The basestock used in a specific lubricant also can lead to
sequently, it is beneficial for them to be removed. All of these additive removal problems, so care must be taken to ensure
processes proceed via free radical (and therefore highly un- that the additives used are soluble in whatever choice is made.
controlled) polymerization processes, so it is very hard to The lubricant supplier says, “We have found that additives for-
define the source of the varnish or sludge.” mulated into PAO-based lubricants can potentially be removed
because of the lack of solvency from the basestock. This factor
LUBRICANT SUPPLIER’S is also possible in Group II-based lubricants.”
PERSPECTIVE The temperature of a lubricant system is also a factor be-
A representative from a lubricant supplier was contacted to cause it affects additive solubility in the basestock. The lubri-
provide insight on whether additive removal by filtration has cant supplier says, “A rise in temperature always helps to
been detected in lubricant applications. This individual says, improve solvency and make various chemical species soluble
“We have determined that a demulsifier used in a hydraulic in oil. Additive solubility in a basestock is worse at low tem-
fluid was removed by a 1-micron filter. This filtration oc- peratures.”
curred at the operating temperature of the system.” One application where the lubricant is subjected to low
The lubricant supplier said that additive suppliers indi- temperatures is the wind turbine gear oil. The lubricant sup-
cate using filters down to a 3-micron size in hydraulic fluid plier says, “A major challenge is trying to filter a highly vis-
and wind turbine gear oil applications should remove par- cous lubricant (ISO VG 220 or 320) under cold temperature
ticulates without leading to additive removal. But use of fil- conditions. Fine filtration is not recommended because of the
ters below 3 microns can cause problems. The lubricant sup- pressure drop the filters can cause. One other problem is that
plier says, “We often hear that defoamers may be the first any filter finer than 3 microns will remove the defoamer.”
additive to be removed from a lubricant if filters that are less Can additive removal lead to a reduction in lubricant per-
than 3 microns are used in a specific system.” formance? The lubricant supplier representative feels that
But this individual also cautions, “It is also published that this is possible but depends upon the specific additive and
servo-valves found in high accuracy hydraulic systems have application. This individual says, “We found in the case of
March 11-13, 2014, Atlanta. Details at www.stle.org or contact ksniegowski@stle.org. 33

foam generation.
The possibility of spent additive removal increases with
the onset of contamination of the lubricant system. Water, in
particular, can cause additives to precipitate and agglomer-
ate, leading to their removal by filters. This is not in itself a
filtration problem but, rather, should send a message to the
maintenance group that lubricant performance is in the pro-
cess of being compromised. When a system becomes con-
taminated in this fashion, the filters are just trying to per-
form their role to eliminate any undesirable components.
Water contamination must be dealt with specifically. Fil-
ters do not have the ability to remove water. The lubricant
supplier says, “A special removal technique such as using a
vacuum dehydrator will help. The fact is fine filters still
could not be used in a system where water contamination is
Figure 4 | A photomicrograph of precipitated additives that are pro- unstoppable, even if the system has the fanciest water re-
duced due to contamination and removed by filtration is shown. moval technique hooked up to it.”
(Courtesy of Filter Supplier No. 2) The basestock supplier believes that water contamination
is an underappreciated problem in the lubricant industry.
the demulsifier used in the hydraulic fluid, additive removal This individual says, “With traditional hydrocarbon-based
is not a problem unless the lubricant is subjected to water lubricants, water ingress can lead to the breakdown of the
contamination.” protective hydrodynamic lubricant film and lowers the
For the hydraulic fluid application, the lubricant supplier change-out interval as oxidation and hydrolysis will increase.
conducted a study using the ISO 13357 filterability test to The industry has found success in using lubricant basestocks
determine why additive removal was seen in this particular such as PAGs that can tolerate and compatibilize much high-
hydraulic fluid and not in the previous lubricant. The lubri- er concentrations of water contaminants. In addition, the
cant supplier says, “The ISO 13357 test involves heating the industry is finding the benefits of oil-soluble PAGs, which
lubricant at 70 C for 24 hours and then cooling at room tem- can act as a molecular sponge and protect traditional formu-
perature for 24 hours. Lubricants are tested dry and also lations from oxidation and hydrolysis.”
when contaminated with 0.2 percent water. They are filtered Excessive build-up of particulates and agglomerated ma-
through two dry stages and two wet stages. The lubricant terials on filters should be an indication that the lubricant
that suffered no additive removal did well in all four stages. system is not properly maintained. Steps then need to be
In contrast, the lubricant that lost demulsifier failed during taken to find the root cause of the contamination. In essence,
the wet stages of the ISO 13357 procedure, which uses 0.8 filters are performing an important service in the continuing
micron filters. But this particular lubricant passed the Deni- efforts to provide more effective maintenance as a means to
son filterability test that utilizes 1.2-micron filters.” extend optimum fluid performance over a longer operating
The conclusion reached here is that water contamination period.
played an important role in additive removal. The lubricant
supplier adds, “It appears that water is a type of contaminant
that helps with additive removal. Knowing the chemistry of REFERENCES
dispersants, we suspect that filters, as fine as 1 micron, may 1. Fernatt, J. (2013), “Fundamentals of Filters and Filtra-
remove additives from hydraulic oils formulated with deter- tion,” TLT, 69 (11), pp. 16-19.
gent/dispersants when water contaminates the lubricant.” 2. “Can Oil Filters Remove Additives,” Noria Corp., http://
www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28711/filters-remove-
SUMMARY additives.
The evidence presented strongly indicates that filters do not 3. Park, R.W. (1997), “Contamination Control – A Hydraulic
remove additives from lubricants in properly maintained sys- OEM Perspective,” http://www.moog.com/literature/ICD/
tems. Clear evidence from ICP-AE, acid number, viscosity and Technical_Papers/contaminationtechnicalarticle.pdf.
FT-IR analysis of various new and filtered fluids shows no
change in the properties of these lubricants after filtration.
This means that if the proper fluid is used in a particular
application and the recommended maintenance is conduct-
ed, additive removal from the lubricant is virtually nonexis- Neil Canter heads his own consulting company, Chemical
tent except for the case of defoamers, which are dispersed in Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa. You can reach him at
most lubricants rather than dissolved in order to minimize neilcanter@comcast.net.
34 Looking for work? Check out STLE’s Career Center to find a job that’s right for you. Details at www.stle.org.
Fourth Annual
Corporate Member
Profiles Issue
Your guide to the lubricant industry’s
key people, products and services.
CORPORATE MEMBER SPOTLIGHTS
Acme-Hardesty Co. 37
Afton Chemical 38
BVA Inc. 39
Dow Corning Corp. 40
DuPont™ Krytox® Lubricants 41
Evonik Oil Additives 42
Infineum USA LP 43
Inolex 44
LANXESS Corp. 45
Lubrizol 46
Münzing 47
Nexeo Solutions, LLC 50
Palmer Holland, Inc. 51
Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. 52
Pilot Chemical 53
Rhein Chemie Corp. 54
Savant Labs 55
Sea-Land Chemical Co. 56
Sentient Science 57
Soltex 58
Taminco 59
Tianhe Chemicals 60
Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC 61
Plus a full listing of all 182 STLE Corporate Members!

FROM THE PRESIDENT
Robert D. Heverly
STLE Corporate Membership:

Service plus savings
WELCOME TO THIS SPECIAL SECTION of TLT dedicated to STLE Corporate Members.
Nearly 200 companies currently hold STLE Corporate Membership. The number keeps growing, and it’s not
hard to see why. Corporate Membership is a way for an organization to distribute STLE services to more of its
employees while saving thousands of dollars in the process. Indeed, the program was designed to reward the
companies that use STLE benefits and services the most—and the more you delve into this treasure chest, the
more you save.
STLE has two Corporate Membership plans, each a different mix of Annual Meeting benefits, member ser-
vices, educational offerings and technical training.
Among the benefits of STLE Corporate Membership:
• Individual membership in STLE.

• Registrations to the STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition.
• Savings on booth space at our annual trade show.
• Savings on the Commercial Marketing Forum, a great place to promote your newest products and services.
• Annual meeting education courses, each one taught by world-class experts and covering a specific
technical area.
• STLE University online technical training courses.
• Company-wide subscription to the digital edition of TLT, STLE’s No. 1-rated member service.
• Choice of an STLE technical-reference book to add to your library.
• Live and prerecorded Webinars.
• Tickets to the Presidents Luncheon at the annual meeting.
• Corporate lapel pin that lets others know your company supports STLE and the lubricants industry.
If your company interacts with STLE in any of these areas, then Corporate Membership is something you
should seriously consider. The traditional Corporate Membership program offers great savings, and the pre-
mium plan, initiated about two years ago, further enhances the benefits. Savings range in the thousands of
dollars.
Perhaps the biggest Corporate Membership benefit is that it raises a company’s profile and keeps it at the
forefront of the prestigious STLE community. When people need a product or service, corporate membership
helps keep your company’s name front and center.
As always, STLE is here to help. For more details on the two plans and help on deciding which is best for
your company, please contact STLE national sales manager Tracy VanEe at tnicholas@stle.org or (630) 922-
3459. She’ll help you create a tailored plan that maximizes benefits and savings.
The following pages begin with short but informative spotlights on more than two dozen organizations and
ends with a list of all STLE Corporate Members. These companies rank among the lubricant industry’s finest
and specialize in solving problems. So please give these pages a review. You just might find the answer to that Representing the Houston
vexing technical issue or business challenge. area, Rob Heverly is
Finally, on behalf of all of STLE I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to our STLE Corporate a technical sales
Members. You truly are the backbone of our organization. You are the companies that sponsor events at the representative for
annual meeting, display at our trade show, provide volunteers for our committees and advertise in publica- Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC,
tions like TLT and the Annual Meeting Program Guide. And that really is just the beginning of the list. in Norwalk, Conn.
We couldn’t do it without you. You can reach him at
rheverly@vander-
biltchemicals.com.
36 The average human brain weighs about 3 pounds. However, Albert Einstein’s brain weighs only 2.7 pounds.
Acme-Hardesty Co.
Address: 450 Sentry Parkway East, Blue Bell, PA 19422
Main Phone: 866-226-3834
Website: www.acme-hardesty.com
Number of years serving lubrication industry: 72
Number of years as STLE Corporate Member: 4
Key Executives:
Bryan A. Huston,VP Sales & Marketing, bhuston@acme-hardesty.com
John R. Hamilton, Business Development Manager, jhamilton@acme-hardesty.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Acme-Hardesty provides oleochemicals and castor oil derivatives to
the Lubricant, Grease and Metal Working industries. Our products are green, naturally derived, renewable and
sustainable.
Tell TLT readers what your company is doing to remain a cutting-edge industry
organization. Acme-Hardesty continues to work with our global partners to source green
renewable and sustainable products to meet our customers’ needs in the Lubricant, Grease and
Metal Working industries.
SPOTLIGHT TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY DECEMBER 2013 37

Afton Chemical
Address: 500 Spring Street, Richmond,VA 23219
Main Phone: 804-788-5800
Website: www.aftonchemical.com
Contact:
Lauren Ereio, Marketing Communications Manager
lauren.ereio@aftonchemical.com Afton Chemical Headquarters in Richmond,VA
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Afton Chemical provides differentiated solutions with proven results
for our customer’s customer in the form of: Antiwear and EP Protection, Corrosion Resistance, Foam Inhibition,
Friction Stability and Control, Multifunctional, Oxidation Control, Power Density, Regulatory Support, Stick-slip
Prevention, System & Fluid Cleanliness,Viscosity Maintenance, Water Separation or Emulsification.
organization. Afton Chemical’s industrial lubricant additives help customers maximize the
efficiency of their products while offering opportunities for differentiation in the markets they
serve.
Afton Chemical
Industrial Additives:
Differentiated Solutions,
Proven Results.
© 2010 Afton Chemical Corporation is a wholly-owned subsidiary of NewMarket Corporation (NYSE:NEU). www.aftonchemical.com
38 DECEMBER 2013 TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY SPOTLIGHT

BVA Inc.
Address: P.O. Box 930301, Wixom, MI 48393-0301
Main Phone: 248-348-4920
Website: bvadvanced.com, bvaoils.com
Key Executives:
Glenn Short, President, BVAdvanced Products, gds@bvaoils.com; James Kolasinski, Director of Operations,
jlk@bvaoils.com; David Vincent, President & CEO BVA Inc., djv@bvaoils.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Synthetic and premium industrial lubricants, food grade lubricants,
refrigeration oils, process and hydrocarbon gas compressor lubricants, heat transfer fluids, solvents, agricultural
spray oils.
organization. BVA constantly works with new additive and base fluid technology to develop
leading-edge proprietary technology, dedicated to creating value for our customers on a global
basis.
Energy Efficient Formulas

Up To 20% Energy Savings
XESL™ and EXTREME Energy Saving Lubricants™ are synthetic, energy-

savings, compressor, gear and hydraulic lubricants for OEM fill products and private
brand labeling. By reducing the energy used and running cleaner, Extra Energy
Savings Lubricant (XESL™) and EXTREME Energy Savings Lubricant™ offer
savings of 3% - 20%. Long life and reduced maintenance offer additional savings.
• Ideally suited to the process and gas industries, as industrial lubricants, and
Food Grade NSF H-1 applications.
• 8000 hour food grade air compressor lubricants.
• Custom formulations can be blended to fit specific needs.
• Celebrating 30 years of expertise in specialty oils.
Advanced
A Division of BVA, Inc.
BVAdvanced Products Division of BVA, Inc.
29222 Trident Industrial. Blvd. | New Hudson, MI 48165 USA
P: +1 248.676.9500 | info@bvadvanced.com | www.bvadvanced.com | Since 1983

Dow Corning Corporation
Address: 2200 W. Salzburg Road, P.O. Box 994, Midland, MI 48686-0994,
United States of America
Main Phone: +1-800-662-0661
Website: www.molykote.com or www.dowcorning.com
Key Executives:
Geert deBacker, Global Market Manager, geert.debacker@dowcorning.com
Jamie Rhynard, Global Energy Production Equipment Manager, jamie.rhynard@dowcorning.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Specialty high performance anti-seize pastes, anti-friction coatings,
greases, solid lubricants, silicone compounds, oils and dispersions for equipment assembly and maintenance
lubrication in all major industries.
organization. We’re developing new products and deploying our technical specialists to help
design and maintenance engineers choose the right kind of lubrication to extend equipment life.
Specialty synthetics:
Smart choices for reliability
Extend equipment life, improve energy efficiency and increase your
maintenance intervals with Molykote® brand Smart Lubrication™
solutions – proven, effective problem-solvers for challenging
conditions that may cause less-capable lubricants to fail.
Fortified with lubricating solids and high-performance additives to
reduce friction and wear, Molykote® specialty lubricants are helping
equipment designers and maintenance engineers worldwide
improve reliability under varying loads; in harsh environments; at
temperature extremes; and with static, sliding and rolling motion.
Application-driven and performance-matched, our smart choices
for lubrication reliability include anti-seize pastes, anti-friction
coatings, silicone compounds, specialty greases, oils and dispersions.
When it has to work, you can rely on Molykote® brand.
For more information about Molykote® specialty lubricants, visit
dowcorning.com/iam or molykote.com.
Smart lubrication.™
Molykote is a registered trademark of Dow Corning Corporation. Smart Lubrication is a trademark of Dow Corning Corporation. ©2013 Dow Corning Corporation.
All rights reserved. Images: AV18698, AV14935, AV11270, AV19071, AV01056

DuPont™ Krytox® Lubricants
Address: CRP702-2202D, 974 Centre Rd., Wilmington, DE 19805
Main Phone: 1-800-424-7502
Website: www.krytox.com
Number of years serving lubrication industry: 50+
Key Contacts:
Carl Walther,Technical Service Senior Consultant,
h-carl.walther@dupont.com
Tom Blunt,Technical Service Consultant, thomas.j.blunt@dupont.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: High performance oils, greases

and fluids for aerospace, aviation, national defense, automotive, CPI, corrugated boxboard manufacturing,
electronics/semi-conductor, energy, food processing, and other industrial textile applications.
organization. DuPont™ Krytox® PFPE lubricants offer proven oil, grease, and additive solutions,
supported by worldwide tech service, for your extreme conditions and challenging environments.

Evonik Oil Additives
Address: 723 Electronic Drive, Horsham, PA 19044-4050
Main Phone: +1-215-706-5800
Website: evonik.com/oil-additives
Number of years as STLE Corporate Member: 20+
Key Executives:
Richard Van Sleet,Vice President, Global Customer Relations Director, richard.vansleet@evonik.com
Douglas Placek, Customer Relations Manager – Americas, doug.placek@evonik.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Evonik Oil Additives is a leading global supplier of high-performance
additive technologies for the lubricant, fuel and refinery markets.
organization. Evonik Oil Additives creates Resource Efficiency from wellhead to wheel. Its
additive technologies improve performance and productivity and enable formulators to reduce
fuel consumption and wear.
Evonik Oil Additives drives

for Resource Efficiency
Resource Efficiency is the destination. Technologies and products from Evonik Oil
Additives focus on Resource Efficiency to bring value to forward-thinking product
formulators and OEMs. Evonik Oil Additives’ technologies and products extend fuel
efficiency, enhance performance, enable new technologies and help grow a more
sustainable planet. Learn more at evonik.com/oil-additives.

Infineum USA LP
Address: 1900 East Linden Avenue, Linden, NJ 07036
Main Phone: 1-800-654-1233
Website: www.infineum.com

Key Executive:
Paul D’Ambrosio, paul.d’ambrosio@infineum.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Crankcase

lubricant additives (passenger car motor oils, heavy
duty diesel oils, viscosity modifiers and pour point
depressants); speciality lubricant additives including
industrial products; fuel additives.
organization. We are focused on delivering Performance you can rely on. Developing,
manufacturing and delivering advanced chemical solutions that meet exacting customer and
industry standards.
Performance you can rely on.
Your business can rely on Infineum to strengthen your

competitive advantage. With a focus on technology
excellence, reliability and collaboration, we work closely
with our customers to develop and deploy advanced
additive technology solutions that meet the exacting
standards and requirements from across the world.
infineum.com/insightonline
INFINEUM,
INFINEUM, PARATAC,
PARATAC, S
SYNACTO,
YNACTO, VIVISTONE
STONE and the interlocking ripple device are TTrade
rade Marks of Infineum International Limited.
© INFINEUM
INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL
INTERNAATIONAL
T LI
LIMITED
MITED 2013. All rights reserved.

Inolex
Address: 2101 South Swanson Street, Philadelphia PA 19148
Main Phone: 215-271-0800
Website: www.inolex.com
Key Executives:
Tyler Housel,Vice President, Lexolube Division,
thousel@inolex.com
Dan Winn, Chief Strategy Officer, dwinn@inolex.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Inolex, a global leader in the industry, provides food grade and non-food
grade synthetic esters for high temperature chain lubricants, metalworking, hydraulics, and associated applications.
organization. Providing high performance esters and technical expertise, Inolex caters to
needs of customers as dictated by the ever changing regulatory environment.
Synthetic Esters:
Mother Nature’s
Second Choice
™
• Outstanding environmental profile

• Worker friendly
• Superior performance
“If a vegetable oil doesn’t meet
your performance requirements,
synthetic esters are Mother
Nature’s Second Choice.”
Download our white paper to

learn more about synthetic esters.
Inolex.com/EstersWhitePaper.pdf
For inquiries call:
+1-800-521-9891 or +1-215-271-0800
email: lubeinfo@inolex.com
www.inolex.com

LANXESS Corporation
Address: 111 RIDC Park West Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275
Main Phone: 412-809-1000
Website: www.lanxess.us
Key Executives:
Wilson Nova, Head of Sales North America – BL BIO,
Wilson.nova@lanxess.com
Cecilia McGough,Technical Marketing Manager – BL BIO, Cecilia.mcgough@lanxess.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: LANXESS MPP utilizes a comprehensive line of preservative products
as well as our customized technical support services to optimizes your protection against microbial growth.
organization. As the market moves toward more sustainable raw materials, LANXESS MPP
focuses on eco-friendly solutions that meet our customer's performance preservation needs.
LANXESS Material Protection Products

Registered Biocides for Lubricants and Metalworking Fluids – Effective and Economical Fluid Control
Biocides for lubricant applications

Preventol® CMK Preservative and Preventol® CMK 40 are approved by the FDA and EPA for use
as antimicrobial preservatives for lubricants with incidental food contact. The approved use is
up to 1% active ingredient (p-chloro-rn-cresol). Additionally, Preventol® CMK Preservative has
been approved by the NSF for use in industrial lubricants with incidental food contact (HX-1) for
use in and around food processing areas.
Biocides for metalworking fluids
LANXESS Material Protection offers safe and registered biocides based on PCMC, OPP, DGH,
CMIT/MIT, BIT, and Bronopol.
Biocides based on:

PCMC • BIT • OPP • Bronopol • DGH • CMIT/MIT
We offer product in many forms – solutions, dispersions, pellets, flakes – to meet all your needs.
PREVENTOL is a registered trademark of

LANXESS Deutschland GmbH.
BIOCHEK AND VERIGUARD are registered trademarks of LANXESS Corporation.

Lubrizol
Address: 29400 Lakeland Boulevard, Wickliffe OH 44092
Main Phone: 440-943-4200
Website: www.lubrizol.com/successtogether
Key Executive:
Mike Roecker, Global Marketing Manager,
Industrial Additives, Michael.Roecker@lubrizol.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Hydraulic, industrial gear, turbine

oil, grease, metalworking protection / processing, engine oil, transmission
fluid and gear oil additives, and performance polymers and emulsifiers.
Global research, development, testing and manufacturing facilities.
organization. Lubrizol researches, develops, tests and manufactures a wide range of industrial,
engine oil and driveline lubricant additives designed to deliver excellent performance, operating
efficiency and economy. Our industry expertise, global supply and extensive testing capabilities are
focused on helping our customers be more successful.
Working together,
achieving great things
When your company and ours combine energies,
great things can happen.
You bring ideas, challenges and opportunities.
We’ll bring powerful additive and market
expertise, unmatched testing capabilities,
integrated global supply and an
independent approach to help you
differentiate and succeed. SUCCESS
TOGETHER
Visit Lubrizol.com/successtogether
to experience Success Together.
© 2013 The Lubrizol Corporation.

All rights reserved. 130004

Munzing
Address: 1455 Broad St., Bloomfield, NJ 07003
Main Phone: 973-279-1306
Website: www.munzing.com
Key Executives:
Russell Wescott, rwescott@munzing.us
Dave Swanson, dswanson@munzing.us
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT:

Antifoams/Metalworking, Industrial Fluids, Lubricants
Munzing US Headquarters
and Metal Finishing Cleaners.
organization. Munzing is a global specialty additive supplier providing unlimited technical
service to all customers. We specialize in providing antifoams that offer the optimum,
cost-effective solution for your specific application.
With Experience Defoamers

Comes Solutions
FOAM BAN®
Metalworking Fluids
At Munzing, we start with 180 years of Non-Aqueous Lubricants
experience and add in unmatched Industrial Cleaners
Surface Treatment
technical expertise. We then craft the
perfect defoamer for each customer’s
industrial needs – from metalworking
ƦTHCR@MCHMCTRSQH@KBKD@MDQRSN@MSHEQDDYD
coolants and industrial lubricants.
Call us today for your foam control

solution.
To try our FOAM BAN® defoamers and take advantage

of our unlimited technical service, call 973-279-1306.
www.munzing.com I info@munzing.us

THERE’S PARTNERING…
AND THEN THERE’S
AFTON PARTNERING.
Developing partnerships is what we do. It’s in our DNA.
It’s ingrained in our culture to be more open, more flexible and more collaborative,
and we believe this makes us good partners. Where others connect, we embrace.
Where others are interested, we are passionate. Where others innovate, we break molds.
Our teams help you turn chemistry into solutions and collaboration into value.
If we don’t make you more successful than you were before...that isn’t partnering.
www.aftonchemical.com
© 2013. Afton Chemical Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary
of NewMarket Corporation (NYSE:NEU) www.aftonchemical.com
Ordinary Partnering Afton Partnering
Interested Passionate
Sharing Giving
Cooperative Flexible
Considerate Caring
Understanding Collaborative
Working together Embedded
Connected Embracing
Innovative Mold breaking
Answers Solutions
Rob Shama
President, Afton Chemical Corporation
Nexeo Solutions, LLC
Address: 3 Waterway Square Place, Suite 1000
The Woodlands,TX 77380
Main Phone: 1-800-531-7106
Website: www.nexeosolutions.com
Key Executive:
Matt Mannette, Industrial Market Manager
mmannette@nexeosolutions.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Servicing the Lubricants and

Metalworking Fluids industry with fully formulated additive packages
and specialized components including amines, surfactants, emulsifiers,
corrosion inhibitors, and lubricity improvers from industry leading suppliers.
organization. We provide solutions beyond logistics. Our dedicated sales and technical teams,
combined with our centralized distribution model allow us to reduce our customer’s production
costs, stay ahead of emerging technologies and maintain regulatory compliance.
A global leader in distribution, Nexeo Solutions is more than great products; we are your
true partner. We deliver unique, practical solutions that take your lubricants to the next
level. Whether you need components or a fully formulated package, our connection to
the industry’s top producers along with our expansive coverage gives you a single source
of distribution for your business.
Interested in our products and services?

Scan here and register to request product literature,
or visit nexeosolutions.com/STLE

Palmer Holland, Inc.
Address: 25000 Country Club Blvd., Suite 444, North
Olmsted, OH 44070
Main Phone: 440-686-2300
Website: www.palmerholland.com
Key Executives:
W. Bryn Irvine, President
Ronald Zmich,Vice President, Marketing
marketing@palmerholland.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: We are a supplier of lubricant raw materials, representing a world-class
manufacturing base in base stocks, additives and additive packages.
organization. We continually monitor market trending and work in conjunction with our
manufacturers to provide our customers with a consultative selling approach to better serve their
lubricant component needs.
PROVIDING
SPECIALTY CHEMICALS
TO INDUSTRIES
LIKE YOURS SINCE 1925
Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê
Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê
Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê

Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc.
Address: 2310 Lakeshore Rd. W. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Main Phone: 1-866-335-3369
Website: lubricants.petro-canada.ca
Key Executives:
Howard McIntyre,Vice-President – Lubricants
Lucie Dionne, General Manager – Sales
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Petro-Canada supplies over

350 premium quality lubricants, specialty fluids and greases to the
following segments:Transportation, Mining, Construction, Gas Plants,
Power Generation, Pipelines, General Manufacturing, and Food & Beverage.
organization. Petro-Canada lubricant products are performing beyond today’s standards
for many of the world’s leading companies – in virtually every industry around the globe.
To place an order, please call a Customer Order

Management Representative at:
Canada (English) .............. Phone 1-800-268-5850
(French) ............... Phone 1-800-576-1686
United States ................... Phone 1-877-730-2369
Latin America ................... Phone +1-416-730-2369
Europe ............................. Phone +1-416-730-2389
Asia ................................. Phone +1-416-730-2372
China ............................... Phone +86 (21) 6362-0066
You can also e-mail us at lubecsr@suncor.com
To learn more about how Petro-Canada lubricants, specialty
fluids, oils and greases can help maximize your equipment
performance, savings and productivity, please contact us at:
North America .................. Phone 1-866-335-3369
Europe ............................. Phone +44 (0) 121-781-7264
Germany........................... Phone +49 (0) 201-726-2913
Latin America ................... Phone +1-416-730-2369
Asia ................................. Phone +1-416-730-2372
China ............................... Phone +86 (21) 6362-0066
E-mail............................... sales@suncor.com
Visit us on the web at lubricants.petro-canada.ca
Start Pure. Finish Strong.
Petro-Canada starts with a pure advantage in quality and
performance. We combine our crystal-clear base oils with
our formulation expertise to create a wide range of high-
performance lubricants, specialty fluids and greases that
deliver maximum performance.

Pilot Chemical
Address: 2744 East Kemper Road, Cincinnati, OH 45241
Main Phone: 1-800-70-PILOT
Website: www.pilotchemical.com
Key Executives:
William Rohrer, Product Manager, info@pilotchemical.com
Kenny Potter, Market Research & Communications Manager
info@pilotchemical.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Aristonate® sulfonates, Aristonic® Pilot Chemical’s high performance surfactants
sulfonic acids, and Masurf® Fluorosurfactants for lubrication, metal working, are a perfect match for many lubrication
mining, emulsification, corrosion inhibition, and oilfield applications. and metalworking formulations.
organization. Pilot Chemical Company focuses on specialty chemical production and works
with our customers to produce products that fit their needs, allowing for collaborative
innovation.
We’re going further

with High Performance
Surfactants
Pilot’’s line
Pilot’s ine of Aristonate
Aristonate sulfonates
su
sulffonates
o and
and
Masurf
Ma surff Fluorosurfactants
F uor
Fluorosurfa ctants
s offer
of unsurpassed
corrosion inhibition
nh bit and
d emulsification
emuuls properties
compared
compa red to other products in your
yo lubrication
lubrication,,
metall treatment,
meta treatment, metal working, mi mining and
oilfield applications. We’
We’re
re dedicatedd too helping
helpin
you go further in yourour product development
el
efforts, supporting you even when n naturals
are no-shows.

Rhein Chemie Corporation
Address: 145 Parker Court, Chardon, OH 44024
Main Phone: 800-BUY-CHEM
Website: www.rheinchemie.com

Key Executives:
Michael Assaf, Director, Lubricant Oil Additives – North America
michael.assaf@rheinchemie.com
Chris Mitchell, President, chris.mitchell@rheinchemie.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Lubricant additives: extreme

pressure, anti-wear, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, water miscible,
grease additives, additive packages.
organization. Our Pittsburgh lab and continued investment in testing equipment furthers
our commitment to the lubricant industry and allows us to provide customers with next
generation solutions.
FOCUSING ON PERFORMANCE.
FOR A WORLD IN MOTION.
From the rigs that produce oil necessary to move our society both literally and figuratively, to the indus-
trial machines that harvest our crops and make way for new buildings to the airplanes that transport us
around the globe, Rhein Chemie plays an integral role in supplying these industries with environmentally
safe additives that continue to promote both mobility and harmony with our environment.
Solutions for the rubber, lubricant and plastics industries.
Whatever requirements move your world: We will move them with you. www.rheinchemie.com

Savant Labs
Address: 4800 James Savage Road, Midland, MI 48642
Main Phone: 989-496-2301
Website: www.savantlab.com
Key Executives:
Norm Kanar, Marketing & Sales Manager,
nkanar@savantgroup.com
Virginia O’Neil, Operations Manager, voneil@savantgroup.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Savant Labs performs a wide range of analytical testing on many types
of fluids and lubricants. Savant Labs provides unequivocal testing at competitive pricing with a choice of
turn-around times.
organization. Savant Labs is collaborating with our customers to develop lubrication
understanding, new test configurations, and solve industry problems. This experience leads to
enhanced lubricant formulations for customers and positions Savant as leaders in lubricant testing
and guidance.
Discover a Deeper
Level of Knowledge dive deeper
and Understanding
Savant Laboratory’s knowledge of lubricant
specification testing runs deep. We are a
world-class independent testing laboratory
and research center with more than four
decades of experience in lubricants testing.
Our in-depth approach to understanding
lubricant applications has led to the solution
of critical industry challenges, and to the
development of new approaches to measuring
the physical and chemical properties
of lubricants.
Explore what Savant Labs can do for you.
For more information visit our website.
S A V A N T L A B S
S A V A N T L A B . C O M
A W O R L D O F L U B R I C A T I O N U N D E R S T A N D I N G

Sea-Land Chemical Co.
Address: 821 Westpoint Parkway, Westlake, OH 44145
Main Phone: 440-871-7887
Website: www.sealandchem.com
Key Executives:
Joseph Clayton, President
Joseph.Clayton@sealandchem.com
Sakura Olah,Team Leader – Operations
Sakura.Olah@sealandchem.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Sea-Land Chemical Co. is a specialty chemical distributor that provides
quality additives, products, and services to the automotive and industrial lubricant markets.
organization. Sea-Land Chemical Co. provides high quality chemistry solutions to customers
by working with industry leaders to promote new technologies.
Sea-Land Chemical Company

represents some of the most
trusted brands and companies in
the industry to provide you with the
quality you demand. We stock
hundreds of products, providing
you the right chemicals, right away.
It’s one-stop shopping to meet your
needs quickly and simply.
And, with our expanded North
American and International Sales
Teams we’re here to meet your
requirements for local and global
formulations.
More than a supplier, we are

a resource for your success.
Make Sea-Land Chemical
Company your first call.
Availability | Dependability | Knowledge | Selection | Speed

CHEMICAL COMPANY
821 Westpoint Parkway | Westlake, OH 44145 USA

440-871-7887 | www.SeaLandChem.com

Sentient Science
Address: 672 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N.Y. 14209
Main Phone: 888-522-8560
Website: www.sentientscience.com
Key Executives:
Ward Thomas, President, wthomas@sentientscience.com
Nathan Bolander, Chief Scientist and Technology Officer, nbolander@sentientscience.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Sentient Science provides services and software to predict tribological
interaction and multibody dynamics to extend product life and performance using computational testing and
prognostic health management.
organization.
We Determine Crack Initiation in Mechanical Components and Systems • Perform Multi-physics
Modeling and Simulation • Solve Rolling Surface Fatigue • Quantify Surface Treatment
Tradeoff Studies • Offer Tribology and Material Science Learning Classes

Soltex
Address: 3707 FM 1960 West, Suite 560, Houston,TX 77068
Main Phone: +1-281-587-0900
Website: www.soltexinc.com
Key Executives:
Osvaldo Desvard,Vice President Commercial
odesvard@soltexinc.com
Susan Kovacs,Vice President Sales, skovacs@soltexinc.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Soltex provides a wide range of

high-quality base components and chemical additives, plus custom blending, packaging, technical support,
formulation assistance and other special services.
organization. Quality improvement is our priority. We continually measure product
characteristics, review service metrics and examine customer feedback for ways to increase
value to our customers.
If market changes

have you searching
For over 20 years, we’ve been
a stable, reliable source for

for a stable supply,
call Soltex.
quality polybutenes.
Ready Availability. Fast shipping from

large inventories of popular grades
Logistics Solutions. Established global
network with a full range of supply
chain services and support, including
blending, steaming, transloading,
packaging, warehousing and private
labeling
Technical Exper tise. The answers
you need plus laboratory services
and assistance in grade selection
Dependable Quality. Consistent, high
quality with lot-to-lot traceability
Adding value to your formulations Call today to see what a supplier

with a 20-year commitment to
+1 281 587 0900 +1 800 275 8580 www.soltexinc.com the industry can do for you.
See our full line of performance chemicals: SULFONATES • DETERGENTS • GREASE ADDITIVES • VI IMPROVERS
SYNTHETICS • POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS • BRIGHT STOCK REPLACEMENT • RUST & CORROSION INHIBITORS • AND MORE

Taminco
Address: Two Windsor Plaza, Suite 411, 7540 Windsor Drive,
Allentown PA 18195
Main Phone: 610-366-6730
Website: synergexamine.com, taminco.com

Key Executives:
Kurt Buyse, Global Business Director for Performance
Products, Kurt.Buyse@taminco.com
Bill Rouse, Account Manager, North America
william.rouse@taminco.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Taminco’s Synergex® line of amine additives significantly boosts
performance while extending the life of your metalworking fluids.
organization. A global specialist producer of alkylamines integrated into production of a
broad range of alkylamine derivatives, Taminco provides innovative solutions to customers
in metalworking fluids.
STAYING POWER
Taminco’s Synergex® and Synergex® T
!# *!& !
$%!!&"!$+"
&""!$!!Synergex®"!
!# !&$!!!+"
"!" $! $#&"

& !!"#!'!Synergex® $)! !#
!#&! !!&Synergex® and Synergex® T
%! !&!&"!$+"
&*! Synergex® "!

( !&$! "
( "! ! !!
(
$$#!!&+ !
( %! *
( " !!&
( "! !"! synergexamine.com

Tianhe Chemicals
Address: 2200 Founders Bridge Rd., Midlothian,VA 23113
Main Phone: 804-794-2624
Website: www.tianhechem.com
Key Executives:
G.S. Ravi-CEO, ravi@tianhechem.com and Sanjay Srinivasan,Vice-President, sanjay@tianhechem.com
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT: Segments: Specialty fluorochemicals & Lubricant Additives. In the lubricant
additives segment Tianhe manufactures and markets a wide range of components and packages including:
antioxidants (aminic, hindered phenolics), anti-wear (ashless and ZDDP), corrosion inhibitor (alkyl thiadiazoles),
detergents (phenates, sulfonates, salicylates), dispersants (PIBSI & PIBSI derivatives), extreme pressure
(SIB, polysulfides), polymeric esters, pour point depressants, engine oil additives, gear oil additives, industrial
additives, 4-stroke packages, wind mill packages, and metal working fluid packages.
organization. Tianhe is driven by innovation and voice of the customer (VOC). To that extent
Tianhe has been investing and implementing best practices in R&D, HSE, supply chain and
manufacturing, sales & marketing, and customer technical support. Tianhe works closely with all
customers to develop, customize, and solve their lubricating applications problems.

Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC.
Address: 30 Winfield Street, Norwalk, CT 06855
Main Phone: 203-853-1400
Website: www.vanderbiltchemicals.com
Key Executives:
Steven Donnelly,Vice President, sdonnelly@vanderbiltchemicals.com
Glenn Mazzamaro, Global Business Manager, gmazzamaro@vanderbiltchemicals.com
Kevin Delaney, Sales Manager Americas, kdelaney@vanderbiltchemicals.com
Plant expansion in Murray, KY.
MAIN PRODUCT/SERVICE SEGMENT:With years of experience and extensive
testing capability,Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC provides specialized additive components, and multifunctional
packages designed for lubricants and greases used in automotive, industrial and commercial applications.
organization. Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC comprises operations of the company’s manufactured
and resale chemicals, supplying many additives to enhance the performance of lubricating oils
and greases.
Vanderbilt Chemicals LLC – wholly owned subsidiary of R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Co., Inc.
No phosphorus. No sulfur. No metals.

NO PROBLEM.
Bridge the gap with
VANLUBE 289 is a boron-
containing antiwear additive
that does not contain
phosphorus, sulfur, or metallic
elements, which can be
incompatible with modern
engine exhaust systems.
It is an effective antiwear rb
ilt C
hemic
a
additive, by itself or in
de
ls
,
UL
Van
LLC
combination with other EP/ O 46

1
IS
90 02
01:2
008 100
AW additives. VANLUBE 289 Lubricant Additive is a registered trademark of R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company, Inc. or its respective
wholly owned subsidiaries.

Thank You to our STLE
Corporate Members!
STLE would like to take a moment to thank the 182 companies that have generously
donated their time and effort in supporting many of the society’s products and ser-
vices. Without your contribution, the society wouldn’t be able to serve the needs of
some 13,000 lubricant professionals.
STLE recently has upgraded its Corporate Member program, with a premium plan to
bring participating companies even more value for their dues. To learn more, contact
Tracy Nicholas VanEe, national sales manager, at (630) 922-3469, tnicholas@stle.org.
Corporate Member
Premium
*CM Premium members
AJM Additives Inc. Center for Physical Sciences & Technology ExxonMobil Chemical Co.
AC2T Research GmbH CGF, Inc. ExxonMobil Fuels, Lubricants & Specialties
Acme-Hardesty Co. Chem-Ecol Ltd. Marketing Co.
Additives International (A Lockhart Chemetall Falcon Industrial, Inc.
Chemical Co.) Chemtura Corp. Falex Corp.
Advanced Chemical Concepts Inc. Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LP FanChu Technology Co., Ltd.
Aerospace Lubricants, Inc. Chrysan Industries, Inc. FedChem
*Afton Chemical Corp. Cimcool Fluid Technologies Flowserve Corp.
AGAT Laboratories Coolant Control, Inc. Fluid Life
Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC CPI Engineering Services, Inc. Ford Motor Co.
ALS Tribology *Croda Inc. Forsythe Lubrication Associates Ltd.
American Chemie-Pharma, Inc. Cross Oil Refining and Marketing Fuchs Lubricants Co.
American Refining Group, Inc. Cytec Industries Functional Products Inc.
Amsoil Inc. D.A. Lubricants Fundacion Tekniker
Amtecol, Inc. Deere & Co. GasTOPS Inc.
Analysts, Inc. Donaldson Co., Inc. Geo Pfau’s Sons Co. Inc.
Arizona Chemical Dorf Ketal Chemicals, LLC Gulf Oil International
Avatar Corp. Dover Chemical Corp. H.L. Blachfod Ltd.
BASF Corp. Dow Corning Corp. Hangzhou Sungate Trading Co., Ltd.
BG Products, Inc. DuPont Engineering Technology Huels Oil Co.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Eastern Oil Co. Huntsman LLC
Biosan Laboratories EDRICH Products, Inc. Hydac Technology Corp.
Blaser Swisslube, Inc. *Elco Corp. Hydrotex Inc.
*Boeing Elektrion I.S.E.L., Inc.
Boss Lubricants Emery Oleochemicals ICL-IP America Inc.
Buckman Laboratories, Inc. Engineered Lubricants Co. Ideas Inc.
Bunge North America EPT Industrial Oils Unlimited
BVA Inc. Etna Products, Inc. Infineum USA LP
Calumet Speciality Product Partners, L.P. Everlube Products Inolex Chemical Co.
Cargill Inc. Evonik Goldschmidt Corp. Institute of Materials
Castrol Industrial North America, Inc. *Evonik Oil Additives USA, Inc. Integrilube
62 Reserve a booth: STLE is now accepting applications for exhibit booth space for
Interlub, S.A. De C.V. Novvi LLC Soltex, Inc.
INVISTA S.A.R.L. Nyco America Solvay
J.A.M. Distributing Co. *Nye Lubricants Inc. Sonneborn, Inc.
Jax – Behnike Lubricants Oil Center Research, LLC Southwest Research Institute
Jet-Lube, Inc. Ontario Power Generation Southwestern Petroleum Corp.
John Crane Inc. Palmer Holland Inc. Sunnen Products Co.
Kawamura Research Labs Inc. *Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. (A Suncor *Taminco
KH Neochem Americas, Inc. Energy Business) Tannas Co.
Kimbro Oil Co. Petroleum Chemicals Taylor Hobson
King Industries Inc. Phibro Chem TESLA Corp.
King Refrigeration Pilot Chemical Co. TH Hilson Co.
Kittiwake Developments Ltd. PMC Crystal The Dow Chemical Co.
Kluber Lubrication North America Polaris Laboratories LLC *The Lubrizol Corp.
Koehler Instrument Co. Powertrib Limited The Timken Co.
Krytox Performance Lubricants Quaker Chemical Corp. Tianhe Chemical Group
Lambent Technologies Corp. Qualice Total Lubricants USA, Inc.
LANXESS Corp. Quimica Lipsoluble, S.A. De C.V. TribSys LLC
Lonza Microbial Control REM Chemicals, Inc. Trinidad & Tobago National Petroleum
Lozier Oil Co. RheinChemie Corp. Marketing Co. Limited
LPS Laboratories Inc. RIPP of Sinopec Tritech Mexico SA De CV
Lubrication Engineers Inc. Rock Valley Oil & Chemical Troy Corp.
Lubriplate Lubricants Co. Rolls Royce Corp. TSI Supercool
Lucas Oil Products Inc. *Royal Purple LLC Univar USA Inc.
Magnus Chemicals Limited Santolubes LLC Valicor
Monroe Fluid Technology Savant Labs Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
Monson Companies *Sea-Land Chemical Co. VT Aepco
MRI – Machining Research, Inc. Sentient Science Corp. Waukesha Bearings Corp.
Münzing SGS Herguth Laboratories Inc. WearCheck Lubrication Services, LLC
Nabtesco Corp. Shamrock Technologies, Inc. Whitmore Manufacturing Co.
Nanotech Industrial Solutions Shanghai NACO Lubrication Co., Ltd. Wincom, Inc.
Nexeo Solutions SKF Engineering & Research Centre B.V. Xaerus Performance Fluids International Inc.
its 2014 annual meeting in Lake Buena, Vista, Florida. Details at www.stle.org. 63
PEER-REVIEWED
A Study of the Colors of Contamination

in Used Oils
Akira Sasaki,1 Hideo Aoyama,2 Tomomi Honda,2 Yoshiro Iwai,2 and C.K. Yong3
1
Maintek Consultant, Yokohama, Japan
2
University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
3
Focus Machinery Pte. Ltd., Singapore
Manuscript received Aug. 5, 2011 KEY WORDS

Manuscript accepted April 3, 2013 Lubricant Decomposition; Gas Turbine Oils; Oil Oxidation Products; Colorimet-
Review led by Jack Poley ric Analysis; Molecular Weight; Gel Permeation Chromatography; Maintenance
©Akira Sasaki, Hideo Aoyama,
Tomomi Honda, Yoshiro Iwai
ABSTRACT
and C. K. Yong
The color of contaminants in used oils has not been investigated until recently. There
are several good color standards. The CIExy coordinate, which is used in color engi-
neering, is a popular color standard to locate a color of a product. The CIExy coor-
dinate can be used for the colors of contaminants in used oil, but it is difficult to un-
derstand how the color is located in that position in the coordinate. The authors have
developed a colorimetric patch analyzer (CPA) with the red–green–blue (RGB) color
Editor’s Note: Detecting varnish system to study the color of contaminants in used oils that were collected by mem-
precursors in oil has been a hot brane patches. The first CPA model examined the color of contaminants trapped on the
topic for some years now, especially surface of the membrane patches by reflected light similar to the currently available
after the advent of membrane patch colorimetric analyzers. Some contaminants are soluble in working gas turbine oils at
colorimetry. Without a standard- temperatures of 65°C or higher but become insoluble in oils when the oils are cooled
ized, or even publicly agreed upon to room temperature for 24 h. Therefore, the colors of contaminants differ according to
method, the results from analyzing oil temperature at the time of filtering through membrane filters. When the membrane
the color of membrane patches patches through which hot turbine oils were filtered were examined with the light
were not terribly reproducible. After from the back, they showed light brown colors, although the color of the surfaces were
the creation of an ASTM standard white. This suggests that the membrane patch traps contaminants in the oil passages
for this test, the results improved of the membrane patches when oil flows through the patches. The molecular weight of
between laboratories, however contaminants that are soluble in oil at high temperatures but not at room temperature
there still remained many issues was examined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The University of Fukui
that suggested the test was not developed a state-of-the-art CPA that can examine the contaminants on the surface of
entirely conclusive. This month’s membrane patches by reflected light and contaminants in the membrane patches by
Editor’s Choice paper investigates transmitted light.
some potential improvements
in methodology to both improve INTRODUCTION
reproducibility between labs and Contamination in oil is harmful to lubrication, but contamination is not usu-
increase the accuracy of the detec- ally paid much attention. When we check oil contamination, particle count is
tion of varnish. used because oil cleanliness standards such as NAS 16381, ISO 44062, and SAE
AS40593 are based on particle count. Sometimes, contaminated oil is filtered
Evan Zabawski, CLS through a membrane filter disc to measure the weight of contamination, which
Editor is known as gravimetric analysis, consistent with oil cleanliness standards such
as ASTM D48984. When contaminated oils are filtered through a membrane fil-
64 Call for papers: STLE is now accepting student poster abstracts for its 2014 annual
ter, the membrane patches will be colored, but if a state-of- BEHAVIOR OF OIL OXIDATION PRODUCTS
the-art oil cleaner like an electrostatic oil cleaner (Sasaki Oil Oxidation Products and Varnish
and Uchiyama5), which can remove almost all oil-insoluble
contaminants, is used to control the oil contamination, the From the perspective of energy efficiency, a combined cycle
color of the membrane patches will be almost white. There- power generation system with gas turbines and a steam tur-
fore, color will be first noticed when we see a membrane bine has become popular. The fuel efficiency of gas turbines
patch, but we usually do not pay attention to the colors, be- also improves with higher inlet gas temperature. Therefore,
cause there are no standards to judge contamination of the the operating oil temperature of gas turbines has become
oil by color. Robert Humphrey of Whirlpool was probably higher and varnish problems have become serious (Kaly-
the first person who used a colorimetric method for analy- anaraman9; Day10; Sasaki, et al.11). Sludge (ASTM D437812),
sis of hydraulic oil contamination, because the company which is an oil oxidation product, is called varnish when it
had used the colorimetric technology for quality control of coats metal surfaces. Therefore, this article will call the prod-
plastic products. He developed a 10-point color scale stan- ucts formed by thermal decomposition of oils sludge and the
dard and implemented it for oil maintenance. As a result, deposits of the sludge or oil oxidation products on machine
twice-yearly oil changes were eliminated and downtime parts varnish; see Figure 1.
of injection molding machines was substantially reduced
(Ogando6). Doug Robertson of Kleentek (USA) introduced
the technology and improved it for application to other hy-
draulic oils with cooperation of one of the authors. The
technology was used as one of the tools for oil maintenance
at the Saturn plastic plant under the supervision of Mickey
Jackson of Henkel. However, application of the technology
was still limited to hydraulic oils. Therefore, one of the au-
thors brought the technology to the University of Fukui in
1998 to apply it to lubricating oils. The results of the devel-
opment were published in the Society of Tribologists and
Lubrication Engineers’ journal Lubrication Engineering (Ya-
maguchi, et al.7). The colorimetric method is suitable for
examining the contaminants collected on membrane patch-
es, but it is limited. When we see an object, we recognize
its shape and color by reflected light. Therefore, commer-
cially available colorimetric analyzers examine the color of
membrane patches by reflected light. The first model of a
colorimetric patch analyzer (CPA), which was developed at
the University of Fukui before 2009, recognized the color
of membrane patches by reflecting light only. Therefore, it
was suitable for examining the color of contaminants col-
lected on the surface of membrane patches.
In the case of modern gas turbine oils, the working oil
temperature is high and oil oxidation products with relative-
ly low molecular weights (MWs) are soluble in the working Figure 1 | Varnish on a valve piston. (Courtesy of Fortum UK.)
oil. When this oil was filtered immediately after it was taken
from the oil tank, the membrane patch was almost white,
but when the same oil was filtered after it was kept at room Short Review of Previous Studies on the Molecular Weight
temperature for a few days, the membrane patch was brown. of Oil Oxidation Products
This phenomenon was confirmed at other power plants (Sa-
saki and Galli8). The oil user’s concern is to know whether The mechanisms of oil oxidation have been studied by
the oil is (1) safe to use, (2) needs to be topped up, or (3) many scientists and researchers. During the period from the
needs to be changed. Therefore, the University of Fukui is 1970s to the 1980s, many papers, which measured molecu-
reexamining the behavior of contaminants and the filter- lar weight of oil oxidation products, were published. Ali, et
ing mechanism of membrane filters in order to develop a al.13 and Cho and Klaus14 showed that oxidation products are
colorimetric analysis technology. This article discusses the polymerized via intermediate oxidation products such as di-
behavior of the oil contaminants in gas turbines, the filter- mer, trimer, tetramer, although the MW of the majority of the
ing mechanism of membrane filters, and the mechanism and base oil molecules remains unchanged. Ali, et al.13 reported
performance of a state-of-the-art CPA. that polymerized oxidation products are molecules with an
meeting in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Deadline: March 1. Details at www.stle.org. 65

MW of 3,000–50,000 and that intermediate oxidation prod-
ucts are molecules with an MW of 580–860, although they
did not provide a definition of intermediate oil oxidation
products. Gunsel, et al.15 demonstrated that base stocks of
mineral oil, ester, and poly-alpha-olefin followed similar oxi-
dation processes. A group II base oil with a viscosity of 32
mm2/s, which is popular as a base oil for turbine oils, was
oxidized at 150°C by a rotating bomb oxidation test (RBOT;
now called a rotary pressure vessel oxidation test) apparatus
without water and without catalysts for 1, 3, and 5 h. The
oxidized oils were filtered through a 0.8-μm membrane filter
after cooling to room temperature. Because the liquid part
of the oils contains oil-soluble oxidation products, the oil-
soluble oil oxidation products were extracted from the liquid
part by silica gel chromatography. The MW of the new base
oil, the remaining base oil after 5 h RBOT, and the extracted
oil-soluble oxidation products (at 1, 3, and 5 h RBOT) were
measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The
Figure 3 | Differential MW distribution of oil-insoluble fraction of 3 h

RBOT base oil.
procedure for GPC analysis was the same as that described in

a previous paper (Sasaki, et al.16). The results are collectively
shown in Figure 2. A refractive index (RI) detector showed a
peak at a MW of 400 for the base oil. An ultraviolet detector
showed peaks at MWs of 450 and 900 for the extracted oil-
soluble oxidation products. The MWs of 450 and 900 may
indicate monomer and dimer. This corresponds to the stud-
ies of Ali, et al.13 and Cho and Klaus14. The MW of the oil-
insoluble fraction collected on membrane patches was also
measured by GPC. The MW of the oil-insoluble fraction at 3
h RBOT is shown in Figure 3; the membrane patches of the
oils at 1 and 3 h RBOT were white but that of the oil at 5 h
RBOT was light brown when it was filtered while hot. This
suggests that the chromatograph has three peaks at MWs of
400–450, 900–1,200, and 3,000. Ali, et al.13 reported that
the oxidized oils had four groups of MW at 1,900–3,000,
580–860, unreacted part of the base oil (about 400), and less
than 220. Therefore, our GPC measurement corresponds to
the data of Ali, et al.13.
Examination of Used Gas Turbine Oil

A 25-mL oil sample was filtered through a 0.8-μm mem-
brane filter with a 25 mm diameter immediately after being
taken from GE FR9FA gas turbine oil tank in operation. The
membrane patch is shown in Figure 4(a). The working oil
temperature was about 65°C. The oil temperature was 51°C
Figure 2 | Example of MW of group II base oil and oil-soluble oxida- at the time of filtration. The same oil was kept at room tem-
tion products before and after RBOT tests. perature for 24 h and filtered using the same procedure. The
66 Are you an under-30 tribologist? Access a wealth of STLE services at our Young Tribologists
Table 1 | Cooling Time of the Heated Oil and Filtering Temperature
Sample ID
A B C D E F G
Cooling time (min) 0 10 20 40 60 90 120

Filtering temperature (◦ C) 65.0 56.7 50.0 41.7 34.8 31.3 28.3
Molecular Weight of Contaminants by GPC

For GPC analysis, each membrane patch was washed with
tetrahydrofuran (THF) in ultrasonic bath. The MW of the
Figure 4 | Membrane patches of FR9FA gas turbine oil: (a) filtered
contaminants collected by the membrane patches was mea-
immediately after sampling (at 51°C) and (b) filtered 24 h after sam-
sured by GPC. The columns used were Sim-pack GPC-801,
pling (room temperature).
802, and 803. Each 50-μL sample was injected into the col-
umn, and THF was delivered as the mobile phase at a flow
rate of 1.0 mL/min. The MW was detected by an RI detector.
membrane patch is shown in Figure 4(b). The oil was al- An MW calibration curve based on elution time (minutes)
ready cooled to room temperature at the time of filtration. of polystyrene standard and an example of an elution curve
The remaining oil samples were sent to us by courier ser- of a sample oil are shown in Figure 6. The elution peak time
vice for further investigation. Four hundred milliliters of and average MW of each sample (A–G) are shown in Tables
gas turbine oil, which was cooled to room temperature, was 2–8. Because there is some possibility that THF may dissolve
reheated in a glass beaker on a hot plate to raise the oil tem- cellulose acetate membrane filters, a blank membrane filter
perature to 65°C and then it was held at that temperature was also washed with THF and the MW of the solvent was
for 30 min. Thereafter, the oil was naturally cooled down to measured. The result is shown in Table 9.
room temperature. The first 25 mL of sample oil (sample A) All of the data are collectively shown in Table 10. The
was filtered when the oil temperature was 65°C. Thereafter, MWs of all of the samples were almost similar at all elution
25 mL of samples B–G were filtered at 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, and time peaks. For easy comparison, the average MW of all of
120 min after the first sample oil was filtered while the oil the membrane patches (A–G) at each elution time peak is
was naturally cooled. The cooling times and the filtered oil shown as “Average” in the table. Both the MWs of all the
temperatures are shown in Table 1. membrane patches (A–G) and the average MW at peaks 1–7
Twenty-five-millimeter-diameter, 0.8-μm membrane fil- were similar to those of the blank patch, which contained
ters were used to filter samples A–G. The scanned pictures no oil oxidation products. This suggests that the MWs of
of the top surface and the bottom surfaces of the membrane the membrane filter materials were similar to those of oil-
filters and the oil temperatures at the time of filtration are insoluble oxidation products.
shown in Figure 5. The colors of the surfaces of all mem- Because the same procedure was used on all membrane
brane patches were brown but the bottoms were white. This patches for MW measurement, the heights at the elution
suggests that almost all of the contaminants were caught on time peak were examined for all membrane patches. The re-
the surface of the patches or in the oil passage. sults of the examination are shown in Table 11. The heights
of all of the used mem-
brane patches (A–G) were
apparently greater at all
of the peaks than those of
the blank membrane fil-
ter. The facts indicate that
there was a greater number
of molecules for all used
membrane patches (A–G)
at each MW range or at
each peak (1–7) than for
the blank membrane patch.
Because the highest
peak was found at peak
Figure 5 | Membrane patches filtered after heating oil sample. no. 5, the highest MW was
LinkedIn group and Facebook pages: www.linkedin.com and www.facebook.com. 67

Table 2 | Molecular Weight of Sample A found in used gas turbine oil, which when cooled to room
temperature was about 1,800–1,900. When the oil in ques-
Peak No. tion was taken from an oil tank of a working gas turbine, the
oil was clean, as shown in Figure 4(a). This means that the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
oxidation products of 1,800–1,900 in MW were soluble in oil
Peak time (min) 22.024 22.667 23.176 23.776 24.866 25.291 25.833 at the working oil temperature (reported to be about 65°C)
Average MW 1,857 1,164 817 553 299 187 113
but that they became insoluble in oil at room temperature.
This is why the membrane patch of the same oil that was fil-
tered after cooling was brown. As shown in Figure 4(b), when
the oil was heated up to 65°C for 30 min and filtered, the
Table 3 | Molecular Weight of Sample B
color of the membrane patch was still brown. This suggests
that 30 min heating was not enough to dissolve the molecules
Peak No. with an MW of 1,800–1,900. Because the oil from the gas
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 turbine was cleaned by an electrostatic oil cleaner, which can
Peak time (min) 22.059 22.658 23.191 23.800 24.886 25.317 25.800
remove oil-insoluble contaminants, the oil was clean and the
Average MW 1,849 1,097 785 543 294 186 122 membrane patch is almost white when it is filtered through a
membrane filter immediately after sampling. This means that
molecules with an MW greater than 1,800–1,900 are insolu-
ble at 80°C but molecules that are equivalent to or have an
about 300, which was within the range of base oil molecules, MW lower than 1,800–1,900 are soluble in oil at 80°C.
but they were trapped in the membrane patches. As Ali, et In order to verify this hypothesis, six different turbine
al.13 reported, it is possible to have oil oxidation products oils, which were kept at room temperature for 3 months,
that have a lower MW than the mean MW of the base oil. were heated to 80°C. The hot oils were filtered by membrane
The membrane filter was made of cellulose acetate. Based patches after 1 and 8 h of heating. The results of the tests are
on the construction of molecules, there is a possibility that shown in Figure 7. Although almost all membrane patches
polar group molecules were trapped in the membrane filter after 1 h of heating showed a light brown color or a yellow
material. After filtration, the membrane patches were rinsed brown color, after 8 h of heating all of them were almost
with petroleum ether, which is nonpolar. Because polar and white. This suggests that intermediate oil oxidation products
nonpolar molecules are not compatible, polar molecules will that were agglomerated and insoluble in the cooled oils be-
not be carried away by the nonpolar solvent. came soluble in oil by heating at 80°C for 8 h, and that 1 h
The highest MW of oil-insoluble oxidation products was of heating was not enough to dissolve the oxidation products
completely, even though the oil was heated at 80°C. There-
fore, it may be understood that oxidation products are in-
soluble in oil when the molecules of oxidation products are
agglomerated and that they are soluble when the agglomer-
ated molecules of oxidation products are disassembled from
the agglomerated condition and dispersed in oil as individual
molecules.
When the same membrane patches were seen with a
backlight, a slightly brown color was seen on all of the mem-
brane patches in the area where oil passed through the patch,
as shown in Figure 8. This suggests that the sizes of indi-
vidual oil oxidation products with MWs of 1,800–1,900 or
lower are smaller than 0.8 μm when they are soluble but are
captured when passing through the membrane filter by elec-
trostatic force, which is generated when oil passes through
the membrane filter, as shown in Figure 9. It is reported that
the molecules of intermediate oil oxidation products, which
are soluble in oil at working oil temperature but become in-
soluble in oil when cooled to room temperature for more
than 5 h, do not cause varnish problems (Sasaki and Galli8).
However, it is important to know that they will soon become
polymers. Therefore, from the perspective of preventive and
Figure 6 | Example of elution curve of sample A and MW calibration proactive oil management, it is imperative to detect mole-
curve based on the elution time of standard polystyrenes. cules of intermediate oil oxidation products.
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Colors of Contamination in Used Oils
Table
T ABLE4 4—M
| Molecular
OLECULARWeight of Sample
WEIGHT C C
OF SAMPLE
Peak No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peak time (min) 22.133 22.630 23.168 23.783 24.883 25.318 25.767
Average MW 1,889 1,157 813 540 301 193 116
T ABLE 5—MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF SAMPLE D

Table 5 | Molecular Weight of Sample D
Peak No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peak time (min) 22.050 22.459 23.175 23.793 24.889 25.323 25.800
Average MW 1,987 1,130 794 547 302 193 97
T ABLE6 6—M
Table | Molecular
OLECULAR WEIGHT
Weight OF SAMPLE
of Sample E E
Peak No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peak time (min) 22.030 22.601 23.148 23.772 24.863 25.290 25.733
Average MW 1,887 1,136 806 556 303 192 99
T ABLE7 7—M
Table | Molecular
OLECULAR WEIGHT
Weight OF SAMPLE
of Sample F F
Peak No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peak time (min) 22.053 22.471 23.139 23.768 24.861 25.292 25.733
Average MW 1,905 1,148 815 553 303 193 121
T ABLE8 8—M
Table | Molecular
OLECULAR WEIGHT
Weight OF SAMPLE
of Sample G G
Peak No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peak time (min) 22.123 22.526 23.118 23.768 24.860 25.286 25.733
Average MW 1,874 1,147 816 548 303 193 112
T ABLE9 9—M
Table | Molecular
OLECULAR WEIGHT
Weight of the THE DISSOLVED
OFDissolved Blank BMembrane
LANK MEMBRANE
Patch inPTHF
ATCH IN THF
Peak No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peak time (min) 22.078 22.500 23.190 23.792 24.889 25.327 25.931
Average MW 1,799 1,131 798 545 290 190 122
T ABLE1010—S
Table | Summary
UMMARYofOFthe MEASURED
Measured
THE MOLECULAR
Molecular WEIGHT
Weight
Peak No.
Sample ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A 1,857 1,164 817 553 299 187 113

B 1,849 1,097 785 543 294 186 122
C 1,889 1,157 813 540 301 193 116
D 1,987 1,130 794 547 302 193 97
E 1,887 1,136 806 556 303 192 99
F 1,905 1,148 815 553 303 193 121
G 1,874 1,147 816 548 303 193 112
Average MW 1,893 1,140 806 549 301 191 111
Patch 1,799 1,131 798 545 290 190 122
70 The human brain thinks more at night than during the day.
Table 11 | Comparison of the Heights at Elution Time Peaks
Sample ID
A B C D E F G Blank
Peak 1 157 170 138 333 143 206 182 92

Peak 2 192 193 157 351 162 230 203 93
Peak 3 297 286 220 438 234 302 268 137
Peak 4 392 381 293 614 329 422 370 177
Peak 5 1,185 1,304 643 1,698 1,162 1,232 1,100 652
Peak 6 484 519 381 1,058 512 562 483 256
Peak 7 98 83 84 158 133 102 99 36
MECHANISM OF A PATCH ANALYZER es using both reflected light and transmitted light (Honda,
DEVELOPED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF FUKUI et al.17). A schematic construction of the CPA is shown in
The University of Fukui has developed a CPA, which is Figure 11. The measuring compartment was completely en-
shown in Figure 10, that can determine the existence of in- closed to shut off outside light. To measure the color on a
termediate oil oxidation products, even when the color of membrane patch, a membrane patch is framed. The frame
the membrane patches is white. It is different from a conven- has openings at both the top and the bottom, as shown in
tional colorimetric analyzer that uses reflected light only. The Figure 12. The framed membrane patch is placed in the mea-
Fukui University CPA examines colors of membrane patch- suring compartment. For measurement, white light is cast on
Figure 7 | Comparison of solubility of oxidation products in oil by Figure 8 | Membrane patches seen with backlight.
heating at 80°C for 1 and 8 h.

are trapped in the membrane patch by electrostatic force, and
the transmitted light with the color of the contaminants is
detected by color sensor B, even when the underside of the
membrane patch is white. When the surface contains con-
taminants, the reflected light examines the color of contami-
nants on the surface, and the color of contaminants trapped
in the oil passage will be measured with the transmitting
light by the RGB method. The results of the measurement of
the membrane patches (no. 9) shown in Figures 7 and 8 are
shown in Figure 13. The three patches in the row “With Re-
flecting Light” are a photo extracted from membrane patches
Figure 9 | Schematic picture of a cross section of a membrane filter.
no. 9 in Figure 7. The red–green–blue (RGB) readings of the
patches as measured by the CPA were (240, 195, 139), (249,
the membrane patch from the direction of the surface. The 231, 199), and (255, 246, 237). The RGB colors correspond-
light that is reflected from the surface is received by color ing to the RGB readings measured by CPA were copied from
sensor A, which is placed at the top, and the light that passes the standard RGB colors and shown in the third line of the
through the membrane patch is received by color sensor B, table in Figure 13 for comparison. The colors of the patches
which is placed at the bottom of the framed patch. were similar to those of the standard RGB colors. The photo
When used contaminated oil is filtered through a mem- of three patches in the row “With Transmitting Light” was
brane filter, contaminants that are larger than the pores of the extracted from the photo of membrane patch no. 9 shown in
membrane filter are caught on the surface of the membrane Figure 8. The RGB readings of the patches measured by the
patch, but small contaminants pass through the membrane CPA were (209, 132, 031), (215, 156, 072), and (219, 173,
patch. However, static electricity is generated on the surface 096). For measurement by transmitted light, the light passed
of the oil passages of the membrane filter when oil passes through a membrane patch; therefore, the photos were gen-
through the membrane filter. Therefore, small contaminants erally dark but the color of the contaminants can be seen
are trapped in the oil passage by the drawing force of static in the center of each membrane patch. The CPA can mea-
electricity. Figure 9 shows schematically how contaminants sure the color of contaminants in the closed chamber with
are trapped in the oil passages of a membrane filter. The strong light-emitting diode white light, although the light is
surface color of the membrane patch is detected by color weakened when it passes through a patch. The RGB colors
sensor A as the reflected color. Parts of the white light pass corresponding to the RGB readings measured by CPA were
through the membrane patch and are detected by color sen- copied from the standard RGB colors and shown in the third
sor B as the transmitted color because some contaminants line of the table in Figure 13 for comparison. The color of
Fi 11 S h i f i f CPA
Figure 10 | Photo of a prototype CPA. Figure 11 | Schematic arrangement of sensing parts of CPA.
72 Next month: “Interpreting Oil Analysis Reports,” a feature by TLT contributing editor Jeanna Van Rensselar.
the patch that filtered 25 mL used oil after heating at 80°C
for 8 h was almost white as observed by the naked eye when
seen by reflected light, but the CPA could distinguish it from
standard white. When the patch that filtered 25 mL of used
oil after heating at 80°C for 8 h was checked with backlight,
a yellow-brown color was observed. It was similar to the
standard RGB color related to the RGB readings by CPA. It
is known that molecules of oil oxidation products will be-
come polymers following the processes of forming dimers,
trimers, tetramers, pentamers, etc. (Gunsel, et al.15). When
oil oxidation products are in the early stage of intermediate
oxidation products, they cannot be captured by the surface
of a membrane patch but are caught inside the oil passage
Figure 12 | Example of a framed membrane patch. instead. When they become polymers, they are captured by
Figure 13 | Patch no. 9 of Figures 7 and 8 was extracted and shown with RGB values by CPA.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. 73
the surface of a membrane patch; therefore, the CPA is suit- REFERENCES
able for examining the color of the surface by reflected light
1. Aerospace Industries of America, Inc. (1964), “National
when the surface contains contaminants and is also suitable Aerospace Standard (NAS) 1638,” Cleanliness Require-
for examining the color of contaminants inside the oil pas- ments of Parts Used in Hydraulic Systems.
sage by transmitted light when the surface and the bottom
2. International Standard. (1999), “ISO 4406,” Hydraulic
are white. This means that the CPA can detect the formation fluid power-Fluidsmethod for coding the level of contamina-
of oil oxidation products at an early stage because the CPA tion by solid particles, 2nd edition.
detects intermediate oil oxidation products that are formed
3. The Engineering Society for Advancing Mobility Land
before polymerization. Sea Air and Space, International. (1990), “SAE AS4059,”
There are several methods to define colors, including Aerospace-Cleanliness classification for hydraulic fluids.
Munsell, Oswald, RGB, HLS, CIE, and L*a*b* methods. 4. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
These methods were not originally developed to define the (1995), “ASTM D4898,” Standard Test Method for Insoluble
color of contamination of oils. When several methods coex- Contamination of Hydraulic Fluids by Gravimetric Analysis.
ist, it is inconvenient to translate the readings of one method 5. Sasaki, A. and Uchiyama, S. (2002), “A New Technology
to another; therefore, an advantage of the CPA is that it can for Oil Management,” Paper No. NCFP I02-12/SAE OH
measure readings of (1) RGB with reflected light, (2) RGB 2002-01-1352.
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7. Yamaguchi, T., Kawaura, S., Honda, T., Ueda, M., Iwai, Y.,
ings of RGB, HLS, and L*a*b* measured by CPA is shown in and Sasaki, A. (2002), “Investigation of Oil Contamina-
Table 12. tion by Colorimetric Method,” Lubrication Engineering,
58(1), pp 12–17.
Table 12 | Example of the Readings of RGB, HLS, and L*a*b* by the 8. Sasaki, A. and Galli, C. (2011), “A Field Investigation of
CPA. the Behavior of Gas Turbine Oil Oxidation Products,” Pa-
per presented at the STLE Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA,
May 18, 2011.
Color Mode Readings
9. Kalyanaraman, K. (2006), “Let’s Talk about Vanish,” Tur-
RGB with reflected light 240, 195, 139
bomachinery International 5, pp 11–14.
HLS with reflected light 33◦ , 42%, 94%
L∗ a∗ b∗ with reflected light 82, 11, 35 10. Day, L. (2008), “Solving Varnish Problems in Gas Turbine
RGB with transmitted light 209, 132, 31 Lubricants,” Tribology and Lubrication Technology, 64(1),
HLS with transmitted light 34◦ , 85%, 82% pp 32–38.
L∗ a∗ b∗ with transmitted light 62, 25, 62
11. Sasaki, A., Uchiyama, S., and Kawasaki, M. (2008), “Var-
nish Formation in Gas Turbine Oil Systems,” Journal of
ASTM International, 5(2), pp. 1–12.
12. ASTM D4378. “Standard Practice for In Service Monitor-
CONCLUSION ing of Mineral Turbine Oils for Steam and Gas Turbines.”
1. The color of the membrane patch through which gas 13. Ali, A., Lockwood, F., Klaus, E. E., Duda, J. L., and Tewks-
turbine oil was filtered immediately after sampling was bury, E. J. (1979), “The Chemical Degradation of Ester
almost white, whereas the color of the membrane patch Lubricants,” ASLE Transactions, 22(3), pp 267–276.
through which gas turbine oil was filtered after cooling at 14. Cho, L. and Klaus, E. E. (1981), “Oxidative Degradation
room temperature for 24 h was brown. The contaminants of Phosphate Esters,” ASLE Transactions, 24(1),
were soluble in the working oil at a temperature of ap- pp 119–124.
proximately 65°C, and they were insoluble when the oil 15. Gunsel, S., Klaus, E. E., and Duda, J. L. (1988), “High
was cooled to room temperature for 24 h. Temperature Deposition Characteristics of Mineral Oil
2. The MWs of the contaminants were examined by GPC and Synthetic Lubricant Basestocks,” Lubrication Engi-
neering, 44(8), pp 703–708.
and were lower than about 2,000. It was confirmed that
they were similar to the intermediate oil oxidation prod- 16. Sasaki, A., Tobisu, T., Uchiyama, S., and Kawasaki, M.
ucts that were previously studied (Ali, et al.13; Cho and (1991), “GPC Analysis of Oil Insoluble Oxidation Prod-
ucts of Mineral Oil” Lubrication Engineering, 47(7),
Klaus14; Gunsel, et al.15).
pp 525–527.
3. The CPA, newly developed by the University of Fukui,
17. Honda, Tomomi, Iwai, Yoshiro, and Sasaki, Akira. Oil
could detect contaminants on the surface of the mem- State Monitoring Method and Oil State Monitoring De-
brane patch by reflected light as well as those trapped in vice. Japanese Patent 5190660, issued February 8, 2013.
the membrane patch via transmitted light, even if the sur- US Patent 8,390,796 B2, issued March 5, 2013.
face of the patch was white by reflected light.

NEWSMAKERS
PROMOTIONS & TRANSITIONS Green joined ExxonMobil in 1991
and has held a variety of positions in
RHEIN CHEMIE APPOINTS the company’s fuels and lubricants,
NEW PRESIDENT AND GM refining and supply, investor relations
Rhein Chemie Corp. has named Christopher Mitchell as the com- and corporate planning organizations
pany’s president and general manager. at locations including Brussels, Bel-
Mitchell is responsible for the strategic direction and prof- gium, and Shanghai, People’s Republic
itable growth of the company’s North and South American op- of China. Most recently, he served as
erations and administration offices. general manager for an ExxonMobil
Russ Green
Mitchell has 40 years of industry ex- China affiliate.
perience in management roles. Most re-
cently, he served as the group business ACME-HARDESTY HIRES
manager for Rhein Chemie’s rubber ad- THREE NEW EMPLOYEES
ditives NAFTA business. He has built Blue Bell, Pa.-based Acme-Hardesty Co., has named Kristie Ham-
an extensive sales and technical back- montree, Luis Idrobo and Samantha Brooks to the positions of
ground during his career as a technical Southeastern regional sales manager, Gulf States regional sales
sales representative for the company. manager and marketing manager, respectively.
Mitchell holds a bachelor’s of arts Hammontree is based in Atlanta and earned a bachelor’s
Christopher Mitchell
degree in business management from of science degree in industrial engineering technology from
the University of Akron. Southern Polytechnic University. She has experience in tech-
nical sales, quality assurance and business development.
EXXONMOBIL PROMOTES GREEN TO VP POSITION Idrobo is based in Houston and is responsible for serving
ExxonMobil Chemical has named Russ Green as vice president the company’s oilfield and shale gas customers. He earned a
of the company’s global synthetic fluids business. He replaces bachelor’s of science degree in chemical engineering from the
Chris Birdsall, who became manager of planning and business University of Houston and has experience in sales and oilfield
for the company. business development.
76 The energy used by the brain is enough to light a 25-watt light bulb.
Can a single additive really
SUPERCHARGE YOUR LUBRICANT?
®¬ k
Introducing nGlide®
The only “Super Additive” that leverages patented nanotechnology to propel your company
way ahead of the competition by virtually elminating friction and wear between your moving parts.
k
Industry Redefining Wear Reduction*

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M arrket Leading
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Lubriicant Results
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Imagine what this “super additive” can mean to your profitability:

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To find out how it can improve your business forever, call 1-855-368-2497.
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®
Distributor inquiries welcome: 1-479-879-1560 Making atoms work harder and smarter.™
NEWSMAKERS
Brooks is based in Blue Bell, Pa., and serves both Acme- Simmonds has 14 years of industrial
Hardesty and its parent company, Jacob Stern & Sons, Inc. She’s fluid analysis experience and will be
responsible for developing and executing marketing strate- able to help customers with all of their
gies, maintaining both companies’ websites to provide a posi- fluid analysis needs.
tive experience for customers, suppliers and service providers Before joining POLARIS Laborato-
and the development of marketing materials in support of the ries, he served the oil and fuel segments
field sales organization. of the European market at Alcontrol
UK Ltd. During his tenure at Alcontrol,
he learned many aspects of the industry
Gwyn Simmonds
while serving as a lab technician, lab
supervisor, key account manager and
diagnostician. His most recent role was sales and administra-
tion manager, where he managed 20 employees, developed
sales and managed major accounts.
TIMKEN NAMES GM
OF GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
Kristie Hammontree Luis Idrobo Samantha Brooks
Canton, Ohio-based The Timken Co. has named Louise Dalton
general manager of global distribution.
POLARIS LABS EXPANDS Dalton is responsible for strengthening key commercial
SALES TEAM INTO EUROPE processes that support efficient, consistent business relation-
Indianapolis-based POLARIS Laboratories has hired Gwyn Sim- ships with Timken distributors worldwide.
monds as the company’s first territory sales manager in Europe. Dalton joined Timken in 2008 as a manufacturing engi-
Based in Conwy, United Kingdom, Simmonds will support neer manager at the company’s aerospace division in Leba-
businesses in all of Europe. non, N.H. She has served as demand manager in the supply
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78 Did you know? Two-thirds of STLE members are lubricant manufacturers, additive
Send us your news releases and photos for publication in Newsmakers to TLT Magazine, Attn: Karl Phipps, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, kphipps@stle.org.
chain organization and, most recently,

as global supply chain manager for the Want to be recognized in TLT?
company’s aerospace segment. TLT is interested in hearing from our readers. Let us know what’s happening in your
A native of Glasgow, Scotland, Dal- company. If you have news about a new employee or if someone in your company has
ton earned a bachelor’s degree in man- been recognized with an award or any other interesting items, let us know. Please send
ufacturing engineering from Brunel us your news releases and photos for publication in Newsmakers to TLT Magazine, Attn:
University in Middlesex, England and a Karl Phipps, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, kphipps@stle.org.
master’s degree in business administra-
tion from Boston University.
STLE HQ ANNOUNCES
HOLIDAY BREAK SCHEDULE
Viscometry at its Best
In observance of the holiday sea-
son, the society’s headquarters Viscosity Index calculation
office in Park Ridge, Ill., will Up to 30 Samples per hour
be closed starting Tuesday, Dec.
Viscosity & Density measurements
24. The office reopens during in 1 test run
normal business hours (8 a.m.
Up to 4 times faster than Test
to 4:30 p.m. Central Time) on
Method D445
Monday, Jan. 6, 2014. On behalf
of the STLE board of directors Temp Range : -56 to 105°C with
Anton Paar® USA
and headquarters staff, we wish temperature control .005°C Tel: +1 (804) 550-1051
all members and their families a Practically equivalent to results info.us@anton-paar.com

www.anton-paar.com
safe and happy holiday season. from Test Method D445 @WhatsAPNews
manufacturers/suppliers or end-users of lubricants and lubricant-related products. 79

NEW PRODUCTS
NSF H1-REGISTERED LUBRICANTS

Klüber Lubrication introduces the company’s latest NSF H1-regis- • Klüberfood NK1 Z 8-001 Spray is a cleaner and degreasing
tered lubricants for the packing and processing industry. spray for the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
Formulated to aid in the rapid and through removal of oils, greas-
• The ALLPLEX FMG Series of greases are multipurpose, NSF es, waxes and resin residues. Klüberfood NK1 Z 8-001 Spray is an
H1-registered products for the food processing, beverage and organic solvent cleaning agent that is registered NSF K1 and K3,
pharmaceutical industries. ALLPLEX is specifically designed for which helps promote safety in non-food processing areas.
use in applications where incidental food contact is possible.
The special additive package provides for excellent antiwear Klüber Lubrication North America L.P.
and extreme pressure protection from corrosion. Equipment in Londonderry, N.H.
wash-down environments benefits from the aluminum complex (800) 447-2238
thickener system, which provides excellent water resistance in www.klubersolutions.com
addition to a broad temperature range. ALLPLEX is available in
multiple standard packaging options from drums to cartridges
and can be used as a single-point lubricator.
• Klüberfood NH1 CH 2-220 is the premier oil for lubricating high-

temperature chains in both baking and beverage can manufac-
turing applications. This fully synthetic, ester-based lubricant
can operate at extreme temperatures for longer periods of time
and without residue build-up, all while protecting chain compo-
nents from increased wear. Users benefit from dramatically re-
duced consumption, cleaner operations, reduced noise and no
smoking when applying oil.
HIGH-PRESSURE MAGNETIC FILTER MINI VACUUM OIL PURIFIER

Universal Separators, Inc. introduces the new Smarts- Stauff Corp. introduces the STAUFF Mini Water Vac, which purifies
kim Micromag HP50 in-line high-pressure magnetic filter, hydraulic system oil, eliminating water, gas and particulate matter.
specifically developed for high-pressure through spindle- The purified oil satisfies the most stringent quality requirements.
coolant applications, where the smallest of particles can The STAUFF Mini Water Vac dehydrates and cleans most types of oils
damage seals, spindles and even reduce the efficiency of such as lubricating, hydraulic, transformer and switch oils, while it
the cutting tool. Micromag HP50 can be installed anywhere neither removes nor alters oil additives. The water removal process
in the fluid delivery system and ensures that even submi- is based on pure vacuum evaporation inside a vacuum chamber at
cron magnetic and para-magnetic particles are removed a maximum temperature of +65 C/+149 F. Solid particle removal is
before they can cause achieved through a field-proven STAUFF Systems Micro Filter. The oil
any expensive dam- temperature can be set using the integrated heater thermostat. The
age. Using the supplied dehydration and filtering process is fully automatic and is controlled
cleaning tool, a fully via the PLC. Contaminated oil great-
contaminated core can ly increases maintenance costs and
be cleaned in under 30 contributes to catastrophic ma-
seconds. Only metallic chine breakdowns. The STAUFF Mini
particles are removed Water Vac offers protection against
from the filter, which can malfunctions, breakdowns and total
be easily disposed and system failures. It also protects the
has no dirty cartridges. environment by reducing oil con-
sumption and oil disposal.
Universal Separators,
Inc. Stauff Corp.
Verona, Wis. Waldwick, N.J.
(800) 663-2167 (201) 444-7800
www.smartskim.com www.stauffusa.com
80 An average person’s short-term memory can only hold seven digits at a time. Reportedly, that is why phone numbers have seven digits.
Send us your new product news with color photos to: TLT Magazine, Attn: Karl Phipps, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, kphipps@stle.org
INDUSTRIAL CLEANER OFFERS METALWORKING FLUIDS FORMULATED

LIQUID SOLUTION FOR FAST, FOR MACHINING APPLICATIONS
EFFECTIVE CLEANUP OF DIRT, Blaser Swisslube Inc. introduces Blasocut® BC935SW, which is formulated with the latest
GREASE & GRIME in state-of-the-art metalworking fluid components. Blasocut® emulsions provide excellent
Lubrication Engineers, Inc. introduces bio-chemical stability and long sump life because of the unique bio-concept of Blasocut
Greentastic™ Industrial Cleaner for emulsions without the use of bactericides, while maintaining a high level of environmen-
industrial companies looking for a solu- tal health and safety. Chlorine-free, yet provides
tion for touch cleanup jobs. This powerful high-cutting performance and long tool life in
liquid concentrate cleaner is water-based cast iron, steel, aluminum and exotic alloys, Bla-
and contains nine carefully selected and socut BC935SW is formulated for use in machin-
blended active-cleaning ingredients—al- ing applications over a wide range of materials.
most twice as many as conventional It has excellent washing action and low misting
multipurpose industrial cleaning prod- properties, thus providing a high level of machine
ucts. These ingredients work together and shop cleanliness. Exhibits excellent bio and
to provide a robust industrial cleaning chemical stability and is formulated for use in
solution perfect for many different uses, water with a maximum hardness of 140 ppm. Also
including oil and grease. It’s highly effec- provides excellent foam control in moderate to
tive in a broad range of heavy-duty appli- high-coolant pressure applications.
cations and is gentle enough to be used
as a general-purpose cleaner. It works Blaser Swisslube Inc.
for cleaning concrete surfaces, degreas- Goshen, N.Y.
ing parts, washing trucks and tractors, (845) 294-3200
cleaning food manufacturing equipment www.blaser.com
and a variety of other industrial cleaning
applications. Safe and environmentally
friendly, Greentastic is phosphate- and
phosphorous-free, as well as noncaustic,
nonacidic, nonflammable and contains no
abrasives. It mixes easily with water or
Herguth Laboratories, Inc….
solvents, taking just one gallon of concen- People and Data You Can Count On!
trate to make 32 to 64 gallons of cleaning
solution for most applications. It is easy
to apply with a power sprayer, floor scrub-
ber, mops, cloths or brushes. Also meets Herguth Laboratories, Inc., a leader in oil analysis,
the criteria of a USDA A1 general cleaner has over 25 years of client dedication and service with
and is suitable and effective for cleaning firsts to prove it.
food processing equipment, as long as
standard operating procedures are fol-
lowed. First independant oil analysis lab to:
Achieve 10CFR50 Appendix B Certified
Lubrication Engineers, Inc. Achieve Radiological Certification
Publish Limits on Reports
Wichita, Kan. Introduce Micro Grease Analysis
(800) 537-7683 Analyze Refrigerants
www.lelubricants.com Own an SEM for Failure Analysis
Develop the One Spot Oil Test
CALL US FIRST…
For all of your oil analysis and testing solutions!
800-OIL-LABS (645-5227)
or visit our website www.herguth.com

SOUNDING BOARD
What was your

professional highlight of 2013?
By far the No. 1 answer submitted by TLT readers was achieving the Certified Lubrication Specialist™ (CLS)
designation, a fitting result since that signature STLE service celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2013. Also
mentioned several times was attaining STLE’s Oil Monitoring Analyst™ (OMA) certification. On the industrial side
of STLE’s membership, many readers said they introduced new products and established relationships with major
OEMs. Others said they increased sales in a still-challenging economy, which others noted they were to cut costs
and thereby stay profitable during periods of declining sales. On the research side, many readers said they
published papers, presented at technical conferences (many of them international) and authored books.
I focused on new product development Generated new business (volume and Secured the lubricant business at a
instead of daily fire fighting (dealing revenue) that contributed significant- brand new power plant.
with the problem of the moment). ly to the gross margin contribution of
our business unit. Improved reliability awareness in diesel
Took trips to the U.S. and Canada. engines.
Market share increase.
Achieved more new consulting oppor- Here in Argentina, we made a CrN
tunities. Served as the metalworking fluids coating multilayer for aerospace use.
paper solicitation chair for the 2013 We also studied the same coating in
Completed roll out and implementation Annual Meeting in Detroit. erosion-corrosion. We have planned
of a new product range. to buy next year a more complex
equipment for PVD coatings. We
Presented a paper at a professional founded the Argentine Association of
conference. Tribology.
Added international sales to my duties. Production improvement via procedural

alteration.
Achieved rapid business growth, add
new hires, doubled revenues and Gained more than $150,000 of new
maintained net profit rate. lubricant business.
Obtained my CLS from STLE. Published new papers, new scientific

discoveries, and delivered successful
Led a project to organize my client’s presentations at conferences.
lube slate and inventory into a I’m CLS certified and manage our
manageable program. lubrication department at a limestone My professional highlight in 2013 was
mine and also serve as a member of the development of rolling bearing
Being instrumental in securing a large our RCM team. My biggest accom- technologies for an aircraft prop fan
piece of business that we have been plishment for this year has been engine demonstrator with reduced
working on for many years. working directly with a major base oil fuel consumption, CO2 and NOx emis-
supplier on an efficiency study. Still sions.
Secured several OEM approvals for my working on getting the results
company’s lubricants. published. Introduced several new products into
our lineup. Process included naming,
Developed a new water-based lubricant Signed a significant amount of new data sheets, labeling and pricing. I
to replace oil. business. wear many hats!
82 The human brain is more than three times as big as the brain of other mammals of similar body size.
Advanced our company’s R&D and QC Delivered quality service to our Published a paper.
ability. Received ISO 9000 for two customers.
company locations. Increased lubricants sales volume by
Continued to use and expand predictive 10 percent.
Served as a member of a scientific maintenance at our wastewater
committee for an international treatment plant. Graduated with my doctorate and
conference. obtained an industry job.
I retired July 1.
Provided expert opinion in legal Was promoted to a higher position in my
matters. Found a new job. company.
Got the message through that regula-

tory compliance must be thought of
as a critical piece of the business and
not just a burden.
Participated in a multimedia ad
campaign. Seeing renewed interest in
sustainability and an environmentally
adapted product. Generated new
business.
Grease plant expansion.
Reduced loss of containment incidents.

I’m a rotating equipment specialist.
Contributed to the launch of a new

product.
Sales increase.
Participated in excellent lubrication

seminars.
Selecting an additive Hearing that my consulting clients are
shouldn’t be a gamble! happy with my work.
More than half of Elco’s products are custom formulated I work as a manufacturer’s representa-
to client specifications for superior performance and cost tive. Our small company lost key
effectiveness. accounts during the recession. Within
Why gamble? You can rely on Elco’s product experts in the past year, we have been contracted
choosing the ideal additive for your industrial application. by several excellent new companies
Our formulary includes: metalworking, hydraulic, gear, and have more than replaced the
grease and slideway packages as well as components. business lost.
Or, we’ll build one for you!
Created a new technology.
Developed a new product for my

company.
The specialty additive company!
15 percent increase in sales.
The Elco Corporation | 216-749-2605 | sales@elcocorp.com or www.elcocorp.com
Modeled a mechanism for chemical
attack of diamond-like carbon films.

Being on the cover of a magazine. Built a stronger team that equated to Research and development of food
gaining more business and a better grade lubricants in the bottling
Winning new contracts that further the working environment. industry.
company’s objectives.
Attending ILMA’s fall meeting work- Improved the maintenance group’s
Increases in sales, profits and market shops. performance percentage from low 60s
share. We manufacture lubricants for to high 80s.
metal forming. Prepared for retirement by leaving a
solid foundation for my replacement. Accomplished marketing and business
Helping a customer solve a long-term, goals for the year. I’m a global senior
oil-related problem that will save Attained STLE’s CLS and Oil Monitor- marketing consultant.
them a great deal of money. ing Analyst™ (OMA) I certifications.
Applying a tribological process to a
600-cc superbike to achieve 3-hp
increased output.
www.nceed.com 1-888-726-3114
Achieved the CLS.
Developed and qualified new products.
5HOD[ Educated potential clients on the

benefits of top-tier lubricants.
:H
YHJRWLWFRYHUHG Improved our No. 1 product quality
and manufacturing capability.
Completed my 40th year of service with
my company. Shared my knowledge
with coworkers and customers.
Continued to expand my knowledge
of lubricants, fuels and coolants in
relationship to improving my ability
to provide better maintenance
procedures and recommendations to
customers. Made it to 30 years as an
STLE member. Completed my 13th
year as an STLE section chairman.
Successfully protected a customer in a

legal proceeding with depositions that
led to an out-of-court settlement.
The ending of a successful project to

develop a new fuel-efficient, heavy-
duty diesel engine oil that met
1&HHGLVDIXOOVHUYLFHFKHPLFDOVXSSOLHU durability and oil drain goals.
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1&HHGVDYHV\RXWKHKDVVOHRIPDQDJLQJORJLVWLFVDQGRIIHUV\RXMXVWLQWLPH Solved a couple of machine problems
GHOLYHU\WRDGGWR\RXUERWWRPOLQH:LWKRXUFXVWRPEOHQGLQJDQGUHSDFNDJLQJ using oil analysis.
DELOLWLHVZHZLOOHQVXUH\RXJHWH[DFWO\WKHSURGXFW\RXDUHORRNLQJIRUH[DFWO\KRZ
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Being in control enough to take a
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one-month vacation.
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Successfully manufactured, tested and
proved an entirely new bearing material.
84 The skull (cranium) that protects the brain is composed of 22 different parts.
Evonik Oil Additives
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Discovered a simple solution to what I work in sales. Professional highlight
was potentially a complex and of 2013 was gaining increased sales in
work-intensive problem. difficult trading conditions in Europe.
We gained in market share, as well as
Presented gear technology engineering organic growth.
seminars to younger engineers.
Training my elder children in the right
Started working in the areas of smart choices for their own life by demon-
machines and components. strating it in my own actions for
success. My hope is that they will
Received a promotion. pass this knowledge on to their
children.
Validated a season-long field trial of a
new lubricant. Helping to make the STEM Camp at the
Successfully lowered raw material costs STLE Annual Meeting a success!
Still have a job! through global sourcing.
I moved from being a lubrication
Successfully obtained high-volume Completed the conversion of plant specialist in South Africa to a high-
business with two accounts. refrigerating and A/C equipment to performance lubrication consultant
non-ODS refrigerants. for Europe and Asia.
Added a very large customer account
after showing them a 27 percent cost Passed the CLS exam. Gained additional synthetic lubricant
saving just by changing to our business via new formulations for
metalworking fluid. I was able to reduce raw material costs very specific and delicate applications.
and still increase performance of I’m a lubricants marketer.
Achieved CLS certification. multiple products. I’m a lubricant
formulator. Developed a patent surrounding boron
Attained professional certifications and polymer composite compounds.
from STLE and SMRP. Learning more about transmission As a consultant, my life is varied so I
fluids. did not have a lubrication moment
Filed for another patent. this year.
Development of my LCM program.
As co-owner of an industrial equip- Educated myself on high-performance
ment and lubrication distributor with Getting published. lubricants and metalworking fluids,
a reliability-focused mission, we strive my primary areas of focus.
to educate our customers in methods Diversifying supply.
and technologies that will improve Got a better job with a much bigger
their bottom line performance. 2013 Led a project team in developing an company. I am a lubricant sales
saw expansion of this training to engine health management program. executive.
several new key customers.
Our corporate headquarters took on an Reached a great quantity of people in
Gained OEM recognition and approvals additional line of lubricants, allowing training. Traveled all around Mexico
of our products. us to add two more sales engineers for to give recommendations and advice
the industrial side of our business. In at professional conferences, much
Continued to maintain profitability and our secondary location, we acquired more so than in 2012.
cut costs when sales slowed down. an additional major line of automo-
tive and industrial lubricants. We also Expanded the size of my team and the
Launched a new computer system. opened an additional satellite location customers we serve. Approximately
and added six more employees. doubling our revenue.
Built a MS Access database to track
equipment repairs at the workshop. The Higher additive sales. Landed a huge compressor OEM for their
process covers 15 platforms and includes international fill and service require-
both static and dynamic equipment. Making a specific type of emulsion ments. I am the owner/vice president
clear and stable, well beyond the of sales, directly related to all aspects
Attained ICML MLA II certification. boiling point of the product. of the selling cycle.
86 The brain is suspended in Cerebrospinal fluid, effectively floating in liquid that acts as both a cushion to physical impact and a barrier to infections.
Was able to implement procedures and Increased sales revenue and gross Trained a young engineer/technician in
products to save a customer more than profits in excess of 10 percent. Not lube systems.
$1 million a year. I work in industrial bad for a 91-year-old company with
lubricant and metalworking products. 2012 sales of $45 million. I’m vice Being named chairwoman of the College
president-operations for a chemical of Fellows, Engineering Society of
Identified a cost-effective technology to and lube distributor. Detroit.
utilize the newly available LNG
(liquid natural gas). I have retired but Achieved successful completion of a I work for a small lubricants packaging
stayed on with the same company to multimillion-dollar project on time, company, which recently bought out
work as a consultant on special safely and on budget that produced one of our customers. The former
projects. the anticipated results. customer had supplied us with all the
blends, but once we bought the
Submitted my first tribological patent I, along with two of my employees, joined company I had to learn how to
application. STLE and also passed the CLS exam. formulate blends. That is my profes-
sional highlight so far this year.
Retired at the appropriate time, leaving

my replacement with several success-
ful projects to finish on a positive note.
Assisted in improving metal surface

quality at an aluminum sheet pro-
ducer as its technical consultant.
I became CLS certified.
Increased global business market

You need it. We make it. share and the expansion of innovative
technology.
I am in technical sales and my profes-

PIBSA sional highlight for 2013 was the high
level of participation by my customers
at the STLE, NLGI and ILMA meet-
ings this year.
Focus Chemical now manufactures polyisobutylene succinic Killing huge sales goal—my way! Plus
anhydride (PIBSA) derivatives and we’re ready to meet your received my CLS recertification.
formulating needs! For example, our Focus Disperse PIBSA
Introduced a line of corrosion inhibi-
products can serve as both an emulsifier/dispersant in tors with no MEA and biostatic
metalworking fluid applications and a dispersant in automotive properties.
products. We can also modify our existing PIBSA product line
Wrote another book.
to meet your unique specifications.
Have an application with specific requirements? Call Jack Kimes

at 864.990.2982 or visit our web site at www.focuschemical.com Editor’s Note: Sounding Board is based on an
e-mail survey of 13,000 TLT readers. Views ex-
to see our product line. We’ll meet your specifications quickly pressed are those of the respondents and do
and efficiently, with the quality products you can expect only from not reflect the opinions of the Society of Tri-
bologists and Lubrication Engineers. STLE does
Focus Chemical. not vouch for the technical accuracy of opin-
ions expressed in Sounding Board, nor does in-
clusion of a comment represent an endorse-
ment of the technology by STLE.

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TLT ADVERTISERS INDEX DECEMBER 2013 • VOL. 69, NO. 12
Company Page Contact Phone E-mail Web
Acme-Hardesty Co. 23, 37 Bryan Huston (215) 591-3610 bhuston@acme-hardesty.com www.acme-hardesty.com
Afton Chemical Co. IFC, Lauren Ereio (804) 788-6081 lauren.ereio@aftonchemical.com www.aftonchemical.com
38, 48
Anton Paar 79 Kristen Hangey (804) 550-1051 kristen.hangey@anton-paar.com www.anton-paar.com
BVA Inc. 39 Glenn Short (248) 676-9500 gds@bvaoils.com www.bvaoils.com
Cannon Instrument Co. 24 Patricia Argiro (814) 353-8000 ext. 267 pargiro@cannoninstrument.com www.cannoninstrument.com
Chevron Oronite Co., LLC IBC Robert Connel (925) 842-0213 rconnel@chevron.com www.chevron.com
Croda, Inc. 29 Jillian Beyer (302) 429-5443 jillian.beyer@croda.com www.croda.com
Dover Corp. 75 Lou Bona lou.bona@doverchem.com www.doverchem.com
Dow Corning 40 Karen Heenan-Davies (800) 662-0661 karen.heenan_davies@dowcorning.com www.dowcorning.com
DuPont ‘Krytox’ Performance 41 Christine Lashbrook (302) 999-5505 christine.a.lashbrook@usa.dupont.com www.dupont.com
Lubricants
Evonik Oil Additives 42, 85 Richard Williams (215) 706-5821 dick.williams@evonik.com www.rohmax.com
Focus Chemical 87 Chris Steedman (440) 385-2767 csteedman@palmerholland.com www.palmerholland.com
Hangzhou Sungate 7 Eric Chen +86-571-87040747 cdecheng@hotmail.com www.sungatechem.com
Herugth Laboratories Inc. 81 Linda Perry (707) 554-4611 lperry@sgs.com www.herguth.com
Huntsman Petrochemical Corp. 25 Sam Branco (281) 719-4704 sam_branco@huntsman.com www.huntsman.com
Infineum USA L.P. 43 Karen Woon +65-68956887 karen.woon@infineum.com www.infineum.com
Inolex Chemical Co. 44, 92 Sarah Plimpton (215) 271-0800 sarah@inolex.com www.inolex.com
Liebowitz
J.A.M. Distributing Co. 31 John Filak (713) 844-7730 jfilak@jamdistributing.com www.jamdistributing.com
LANXESS Corp. 45 Karen Leipold (412) 809-1558 karen.leipold@lanxess.com www.lanxess.com
Mitsui Chemicals 93 Gregory T. Bushman (914) 251-4202 lucant@mitsuichem.com www.mitsuichem.com
Monson Companies 33 Doug Hiple (609) 773-0031 dhiple@monsonco.com www.monsonco.com
Münzing 3, 47 Alicia Colacci (973) 279-1306 acolacci@munzing.us www.munzing.com
MWF Management Certificate 88 Kara Sniegowski (847) 825-5536 ksniegowski@stle.org www.stle.org
Program
NanoMech 77 Jim Phillips (479) 695-8100 info@nanomech.biz www.nanomech.biz
NCeed Enterprises Inc. 84 Rolly Enderes (888) 726-3114 rolly@chemceed.com www.nceed.com
Nexeo Solutions 50 Darren Brantley Moore (281) 297-5204 brantley.moore@nexeosolutions.com www.nexeosolutions.com
Palmer Holland, Inc. 51 Kristin Anderson (440) 686-2300 kanderson@palmerholland.com www.palmerholland.com
PCC-Chemax, Inc. 69 Melissa Aiken (864) 422-6679 mcarson@pcc-chemax.com www.pcc-chemax.com
Petro-Canada Lubricants Inc. 52 Molly Hutchison (905) 804-3638 mhutchison@suncor.com www.lubricants.petro-canada.ca
Petroleum Chemicals 76 Sally Pavlica (916) 487-1660 sally@petchemgroup.com www.petchemgroup.com
Pilot Chemical 78 Kenny Potter (513) 326-0649 krpotter@pilotchemical.com www.pilotchemical.com
RheinChemie 19 Julie Bradler (440) 285-3547 julie.bradler@rheinchemie.com www.rheinchemie.com
Savant Labs 55 Norm Kanar (989) 496-2301 nkanar@savantgroup.com www.savantlab.com
Sea-Land Chemical Co. 56, 90 Joseph Clayton (440) 871-7887 joseph.clayton@sealandchem.com www.sealandchem.com
Sentient Science 57 Natalie Hils (716) 807-8655 Nhils@sentientscience.com www.sentientscience.com
Soltex, Inc. 58 Susan Kovacs (281) 587-0900 skovacs@soltexinc.com www.soltexinc.com
STLE 2014 Annual Meeting 95 Merle Hedland (630) 428-3400 mhedland@stle.org www.stle.org
The Dow Chemical Co. 11 Rachel Acker (989) 638-8694 rlacker@dow.com www.dow.com
The Elco Corp. 83 David Millin (216) 749-2605 dmillin@elcocorp.com www.elcocorp.com
The Lubrizol Corp. 46, Renee Stuart (404) 347-6966 renee.stuart@lubrizol.com www.lubrizol.com
OBC
Taminco 59 Bill Rouse (216) 529-9393 william.rouse@taminco.com www.taminco.com
Tianhe Chemical 60 Sanjay Srinivasan +86-416-5160601 sanjay@tianhechem.com www.tianchechem.com
United Color Manufacturing Co. 91 Tom Nowakowski, Jr. (215) 860-2165 ten2@unitedcolor.com www.unitedcolor.com
Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC 5, 61 Glenn Foster (203) 853-1400 ext. 485 gfoster@rtvanderbilt.com www.vanderbiltchemicals.com
2013
N | DECEMBER
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RESOURCES
TECHNICAL BOOKS cally organized and features well- • Special Fluids
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92 Most strokes result from a blood clot in the brain that blocks the local blood supply. This
STLE LOCAL SECTION MEETING
CALENDAR
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STLE Toronto Section: “ISO/Quality Sys-

tems” (Presenter: Kevan Slater), Jan. 14,
5 p.m.-7:30 p.m., The Old Mill – Mill
Room, 21 The Old Mill, Toronto, On-
tario, Canada.
STLE Detroit Section: “Lube Additives &

Elastomerics” (Presenter: Michael Ashton Place, 341 75th Street, Willow- STLE Hamilton Section: “Proper Oil Sam-
Glasgow, Afton Chemical), Jan. 15, 4:30 brook, Ill. pling Techniques” (Presenter: Bill Ques-
p.m.-7 p.m., Glass Green Building-Li- nel, Wear Check Canada, Inc.), Jan. 21,
vonia (Lower Level Conference STLE Philadelphia Section: “Fuel Ethanol/ 5:15 p.m.-8:15 p.m., The Scottish Rite
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Livonia, Mich. U.S. Patent Law” (Presenters: Phil Koro- Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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date on Biocides” (Presenters: Richard 11:30 a.m.-1 p.m., Sandy Run Country Presenter (TBA), Jan. 29, noon-2:30
Rotherham & Adrian Krygsman, Troy Club, 200 Valley Green Road, Oreland, p.m., Spenger’s Fresh Fish Grotto,
Corp.), Jan. 16, 5:15 p.m.-8:15 p.m., Pa. 1919 Fourth St., Berkeley, Calif.
causes the damage or destruction of nearby brain tissue and a wide range of stroke symptoms. 93
SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
Jerry L. Kennedy
7KHJUHDWEDWWOHÀHOG
The Internet is the perfect place
to start a war—make sure you Getting angry and
escalating from complaint to
keep your sword sheathed. all-out war is absolutely the
wrong course of action.
IF THERE’S ONE THING you should know when product or service? Take a lesson here:
you start focusing on digital marketing and Never ignore customer complaints, espe-
building an online presence for your busi- cially public ones. Acknowledge them im-
ness, it’s that the Internet is the natural mediately and do your best to remedy the lete, hide or block negative feedback. This
habitat of complainers, whiners, malcon- situation as quickly as possible. seems like common sense, but I can’t tell
tents—and genuinely dissatisfied customers. you how many times clients have asked me
Once you join the online world, you expose GETTING ANGRY how to remove or block negative reviews on
yourself and your business to the ire of folks It’s only natural to feel the urge to get de- Yelp (or Google, Facebook or Twitter). My
who, it would seem, have nothing better to do fensive when we perceive that we’re being response is always the same: don’t you dare.
than disabuse the good name of your com- attacked; the anonymity and lack of tonality This takes the “ignore it and it will go
pany. Truth be told, they’re probably doing it that comes with online complaints can ex- away” approach one step further down the
even if you’re not online, which is all the acerbate such feelings. Add an owner with a path of bad customer service. Why would
more reason for you to be there, paying close volatile personality and a tendency to re- you go to such pains to hide complaints?
attention and responding appropriately. criminate, and you’ve got a powder keg that Why wouldn’t you instead address the issue
The different methods that companies could bring a business to its knees. and remedy the complaint, thus providing
employ to respond to such online criticisms This should go without saying, but get- the formerly dissatisfied client an opportu-
hold lessons for how to approach what can ting angry and escalating from complaint to nity to amend their review and tell the story
be either an opportunity to shine in cus- all-out warfare is absolutely the wrong of how you made things right?
tomer service or an occasion to wipe egg course of action. Yet I’m continually sur- Bad reviews and complaints are part of
off your face. Let’s have a look at a few of prised by how many business owners re- every business. In the online world, as in the
the most common types of response to on- spond to public negative feedback with an- offline world, the real issue isn’t in the com-
line criticism. ger and abusive language. Google the plaint but in your response to the complaint.
phrase “Amy’s Bakery Facebook meltdown” Rise to the occasion by responding quickly
IT NEVER HAPPENED to see what I mean; it’s a perfect example and effectively, and the positive reviews for
You’ve probably had the experience of be- of what not to do. your business will bury any negative com-
ing ignored by a brand online. You’ve If you need a better reason to avoid get- ments in a sea of delighted customers.
emailed, Tweeted, Facebooked and Yelped, ting angry other than it makes you look
all to no avail. You see new posts being gen- foolish, try this one: the Internet, especial-
erated by the company in question, yet no ly for complainers, thrives on negativity.
one is responding to your complaint. What’s This kind of incident will go viral faster than
happening? You’re getting a dose of the old any cute cat video, and the response will be
“maybe if we ignore them, they’ll go away” more and more mockery and ridicule. As the
approach to customer service. owners of Amy’s Bakery discovered, what Jerry Kennedy earned his stripes as an operations
It’s a ridiculous response. After all, happens online never goes away. and sales manager in the lubricants industry. He is
think of all the potential clients who are currently the co-founder of CDK Creative, a digital
seeing the exchange and basing their deci- DELETING, HIDING AND BLOCKING marketing agency that brings his real-world sales
sion to do business with that company on Here’s another no-no: unless you’re abso- and operations experience to the world of online
this very public interaction. Do they really lutely certain that a complaint comes from a marketing. Learn more or request a consultation at
think that not responding is going to make troll (or an ex-employee with an axe to http://cdkcreative.com. Email him at jerry@
new prospects feel comfortable using their grind) never, under any circumstances, de- jerrykennedy.com.

69th STLE
Annual Meeting & Exhibition
May 18-22, 2014
Disney’s Contemporary Resort
Lake Buena Vista, Florida (USA)
Technical and professional development you can’t get anywhere else!
When it comes to advancing

your career and upgrading your
technical knowledge, STLE’s
Annual Meeting & Exhibition is
a unique event in the lubricants
industry. 1,200 of your peers in the
lubricants community are expected
to participate in STLE’s 69th Annual
Meeting & Exhibition. Please join
us in Lake Buena Vista for a unique
experience that blends the best
of industry education, technical
training, professional certification
and new technologies.
• 400 Technical Presentations

• 12 Industry-specific Education
Courses
• 70-exhibitor Trade Show
• Commercial Marketing Forum
• Networking
• New Products
• Professional Certification
• Peer Recognition
• Emerging Technologies
• Student Posters
• Business Planning
Visit www.stle.org for regular

program updates and to register.
Follow us on
#STLE2014
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers

Phone: 847-825-5536 • Fax: 847-825-1456 • info@stle.org • www.stle.org
CUTTING EDGE
Drs. Wilfred T. Tysoe & Nicholas D. Spencer
Tribology influences rheology

influences tribology…
A new tribological model to understanding paste rheology fits the
experimental facts and points the way to better-flowing cement slurries.
THE FACT THAT THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES of lubricants have a This theory was put to the test both experimentally and with a nu-
significant impact on tribological behavior is well known. Tribology in- merical model. Both showed that lowering the friction coefficient be-
fluencing rheology is not so obvious, but a just-published paper lies at tween particles in a slurry allowed flow to occur with higher solids
the heart of a new theory of flow in dense particle suspensions. The loadings without the dreaded DST occurring. This has important practi-
research group involved cal consequences, since
the ETH Zurich, Switzer- it means that the ce-
land, the Ecole Centrale ment manufacturer can
de Lyon, France, and the add small quantities of
French cement manufac- surface-adsorbing poly-
turer, Lafarge. mers to form a so-called
Paste rheology is im- polymer brush on the
portant in many pro- surface of the particles.
cesses, but it is critical These layers significant-
in the construction in- ly reduce particle-parti-
dustry where dense ce- In a dense surry, the grains are so closely spaced that they scrape over each cle friction, minimize the
ment slurries often need other. Polymer brushes can improve the flow by lubricating the contact regions. likelihood of DST and
to be pumped long dis- therefore allow denser
tances into inaccessible cement pastes to be
places or to significant heights (e.g., to the top of the recently com- transported through pipes at higher speeds and over longer distances.
pleted Burj Khalifa in Dubai, 829.8 meters). Above a certain particle It appears that tribological research not only contributes to im-
density, pastes under flow show an increase in viscosity with increas- proving the efficiency of automobile engines and machines, it also has
ing shear rate. This is known as shear thickening and, at high pumping applications in the construction industry.
rates, leads to a much higher energy consumption than would be ex-
pected for a simple fluid.
As if this were not bad enough, under certain circumstances the
FOR FURTHER READING
viscosity can increase to infinity. This phenomenon is called discontin-
Fernandez, N., Mani, R., Rinaldi, D., Kadau, D., Mosquet, M., Lombois-Burg-
uous shear thickening (DST) and can be thought of as a jamming pro-
er, H., Cayer-Barrioz, J., Herrmann, H.J., Spencer, N.D., and Isa, L. (2013),
cess that completely prevents the paste from flowing. This quickly “Microscopic Mechanism for the Shear-Thickening of Non-Brownian
leads to equipment failure, frustrated builders, hysterical architects Suspensions,” Physical Review Letters, 111 (10), 108301.
and angry investors.
To get to the bottom of this behavior and to try to find a solution to
the problem, the Swiss and French researchers looked at flowing cement
slurries from a tribological standpoint. The rheological behavior of dense Eddy Tysoe (left) is a Distinguished
suspensions in a pipe is dominated by interactions between the solid Professor of Physical Chemistry at the
particles in the slurry, which either glide around or scrape over each University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
other, the latter being more likely to happen at higher shear rates. If the
particle concentration and shear rate are sufficiently high, this ultimate- Nic Spencer is professor of surface science
ly leads to DST. Thinking in terms of the Stribeck curve, the low-shear- You can reach them at and technology at the ETH Zurich,
rate behavior can be regarded as hydrodynamic lubrication, while the wtt@uwm.edu and Switzerland. Both serve as editors-in-chief
high-shear-rate behavior is more reminiscent of the boundary regime. spencer@mat.ethz.ch. of STLE-affiliated Tribology Letters journal.
96 Diseases of the brain include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
For a commitment to safe
and reliable operations
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TLT

Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by Evonik Oil Additives at www.stle.org.

Readers comment on next- 26 Lubricant additives: What

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY DECEMBER 2013 • 1

DEPARTMENTS CIRCULATION COORDINATORS

2 • DECEMBER 2013 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

To try our FOAM BAN® defoamers and take advantage

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4 The average human brain is 80 percent water.

sulfurized oleﬁn mixture. * 16)&HUWLÀHG ®

*VANLUBE 9123 - Ashless antiwear/antirust additive. O 6

PCMO: Conventional vs. synthetic Examining the

tains a detailed explanation of the HLB method.

SPECIAL ADDITIVE REPORT

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Detroit Annual Meeting

Digital TLT: Sponsored by Münzing at www.stle.org.

Fire-resistant ﬂuids revisited

‘It’s good to have

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10 The slowest speed information travels in the brain is 260 mph.

COUNT ON DOW INNOVATION TO

DOW LUBRICANTS & FUEL ADDITIVES | www.dow.com/ucon

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WATER’S ROLE AS A CONTAMINANT in lu- Graphene is a single, two-dimen-

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THE LUBRICANT INDUSTRY is currently

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Preparation of lithium-ion battery anodes

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The Effect of Nanoparticle Additives in the

Robert L. Jackson (Advisor), Michael J. Bozack, Jeyhoon M. Khodadadi,

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Solutions for the rubber, lubricant and plastics industries.

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W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY DECEMBER 2013 • 21

22 “Solvents & Cleaners in Industrial Applications,” an STLE University Webinar by Russ

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26 • DECEMBER 2013 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

performance lubrication for stamping and drawing fluids. Replaces chlorinated

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W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY DECEMBER 2013 • 31

additive molecules themselves break

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sulfurized oleﬁn mixture. * 16)&HUWLÀHG ®