Chapter 1 Disertation

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND THE RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
"In this changing world, math and science is paramount."

(U.S. Department of Education, 2006. Undoubtedly, we live in a
competitive world. The importance of Science and technology is
overwhelming and that, its applications have transformed the
society through dramatic advances in almost fields including
medicine, engineering, electronics, research and development,
and in more recent times, dramatic leaps in computer technology
to modern digital e-learning technology.
The role of science and technology has become a key

component of modern technology. As it was cited by Cuyegkeng and
Dayrit (in their research retrieved 2012) no modern state can
achieve or maintain prosperity without science and technology.
It also determines part of socio-economic progress of the
country. In the draft orientation paper of the Physics Research
People (retrieved last April, 2012), the national progress is
highly correlated to the capacity of a country to produce local
industrial goods for domestic needs and that industrialization
is very much dependent on the capacity of a country to use
science and technology to process locally found raw materials
into high-tech products and life must gear itself to keep
abreast to the challenges brought by global competitiveness by
harnessing their scientific capabilities and skills through
education. this is aim was also stated in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, Article XIV section 10. to wit:
Science and technology is very essential for national

development and progress. Hence, the state shall give priority
to research and development, invention, innovation, and the
utilization and to science and technology education and other
trainings or services related to science and technology. It
shall support indigenous, appropriate and self-reliant
scientific and technological capabilities and their application
to the country's productive systems and national life.
In the Philippines, the development of science curriculum

has been largely influenced by developments in foreign countries
like United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Japan (lbe and
Ogena, 1998). New ways for teaching such as discovery and
inquiry approaches came about in the late '70s. As years passed,
the science education curriculum has been reformed towards
providing greater opportunities for students to realize that
principles studied in class are relevant to daily life, the
present curriculum which include the BEC, 2010 SEC, and K-12
program integrate local and relevant technologies and their
environmental impact with science concept. Value formation in
the context of scientific and technological activities is
included whenever possible (Tan, 2007). The different curriculum
can be summarized as learner-centered, multidisciplinary,
interdisciplinary, and issue/project/problem/process-based.
these different approaches are based on sound learning theories
principles.
According to the human capital theory, the economic

development of a nation is a function of the quality of its
education. In other words: the greater and better educated the
people will mean a greater the chance of economic development.
There was a time when Filipinos were the best educated in Asia,
the nation's primary, secondary and tertiary educational
institutions were widely respected. However, official data shows
that Philippine's quality of education has been declining for
decades (Gale, 2011). The results of National Achievement Test
(NAT) conducted among elementary and high school students as
well as in the NCAE and board exams for college students were
below the target mean score. Further, the Third International
Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS)was administered to our
students in 4th and 8th grade levels on 1999 and 2003. The TIMMs
was participated by over 50 countries. the result of the 2003
TIMMS revealed that Philippine TIMMS Second year students scored
378 in math and 377 in science which falls under the low
benchmarks of 400 established by TIMMS. The Philippines Second
year students ranked 41st in Math and 42nd in science among 45
countries.
In the 2012-2011 Global competitiveness report of the world

economic forum, the Philippines raked 69th in educational
system, 112th in science and math and 76th in internet access.
What are the factors to consider in getting low achievement

of our students in science? The quality of education acquired by
the students depends largely on the teachers: their
qualifications and competencies in delivering quality
educational services; the school curriculum and instructional
materials and the teaching-learning process. These factors have
been cited as causes of the current state of science education
(lbe and Ogena, 1998) These factors are foci of this paper.

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE RELATED LITERATURE

"In this changing world, math and science is paramount."

The role of science and technology has become a key

Science and technology is very essential for national

In the Philippines, the development of science curriculum

According to the human capital theory, the economic

In the 2012-2011 Global competitiveness report of the world

What are the factors to consider in getting low achievement

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