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Linux and Kernel Component

This document discusses key concepts about Linux including: - Linux is a multiuser, multiprocessor operating system that supports running multiple processes concurrently on different CPUs. It allows separate user accounts with different access levels. - Linux is multiplatform, originally developed for Intel PCs but now runs on over 10 architectures. It is efficient for networking and has advanced support for IPv6. - The Linux kernel structure consists of the user space, kernel space, and hardware. The kernel manages processes, memory, filesystems, device drivers, and networking. - System calls allow user processes to securely access kernel functionality. Hardware interrupts notify the OS of device events while software interrupts schedule deferred kernel work.

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sindhu4sind
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131 views

Linux and Kernel Component

This document discusses key concepts about Linux including: - Linux is a multiuser, multiprocessor operating system that supports running multiple processes concurrently on different CPUs. It allows separate user accounts with different access levels. - Linux is multiplatform, originally developed for Intel PCs but now runs on over 10 architectures. It is efficient for networking and has advanced support for IPv6. - The Linux kernel structure consists of the user space, kernel space, and hardware. The kernel manages processes, memory, filesystems, device drivers, and networking. - System calls allow user processes to securely access kernel functionality. Hardware interrupts notify the OS of device events while software interrupts schedule deferred kernel work.

Uploaded by

sindhu4sind
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presented by:

Raheel Ahmed Memon

engr_raheel2k2@yahoo.com
What is Linux

Multiprocessor:
Multiprocessor means that Several processes can be handled
concurrently by different CPUs.
One of the few operating systems supporting multiprocessor.

Multiuser:
Support separate user accounts with different levels of access
privilege
Each user can work concurrently in one system
Giving each user the experience of being connected to a
standalone computer

Properties of Linux
Multiplatform:
Linux was Originally developed only for the personal
computer (Intel 80386)
But it runs on more than ten processor architectures today
Supported platforms extends from small digital personal
assistants over the standard personal computer
Multitasking:
Multitasking is an operating-system technique for sharing
a single processor among multiple threads of execution.

Properties of linux
Efficient Network Implementation:
The Linux kernel makes available a well structured implementation of the network
functionality.
Open Source:
The source code is available to anyone who wants it, and can be freely modified,
developed, and so forth.
Linux is Free:
− free of charge
− freedom to use Linux
− free Software applications, programming
Advance in Technology:
Linux kernel provides a stable and relatively complete implementation of the new
Internet Protocol IPv6.

Properties of Linux
Linux Kernel Structure

User Space

Linux Kernel

Hardware

User Space
Linux Kernel
Hardware

Linux Conceptual Architecture



Structure of Linux Kernel
− Process management
− Memory management
− File System
− Device Drivers
− Network

Kernel Architecture

Process Management:
Responsible for creating and terminating processes

Memory Management:
Responsible for allowing each process its own memory section

File System:
Responsible for handling over the file system interface

Device Drivers:
This is abstract from underlying hardware, it allow you to access
this hardware

Network:
All network operations have to be managed by the operating
system

Components

Linux OS is based on monolithic kernel


Windows NT is microkernel architecture

Monolithic Architecture and


Microkernels
Monolithic:
Is a kernel architecture where the entire operating
system is working in the kernel space and alone
as supervisor mode.
Monolithic kernel examples
− Unix kernels
− Linux
− Mac OS kernel, up to Mac OS 8.6
− DOS

Key Concept
Microkernel:
Only parts which really require to be in a privileged
mode are in kernel space. the remaining functionality
of the OS is moved to independent processes or
threads, running outside the OS kernel. They use a
defined interface to communicate with the
microkernel, generally via system calls
Examples:
− Windows NT
− Chorus
− MLinux

Key Concept
The system call interface layer contains entry point in the
kernel code user process must not be given open access to
the kernel code for security reasons.
However when a process want to access or use a
functionality of of the OS kernel, it has to use a system call
to do this. The system call use the process to change the
system mode

User
System Call
Kernel

Hardware

System Calls
This sequence of
events takes place
when a process
invokes a system call

System Call Execution


Peripherals use hardware interrupts (often
abbreviated as HW IRQs) to inform an operating
system about important events
Example:
That the mouse has been moved, a key has been
pressed

− Registered at runtime by using the function request_irq( )


− To release the handling routine of an interrupt free_irq( )

Hardware Interrupts
Software interrupts (or soft IRQs for short) are
actually a form of activity that can be scheduled
for later execution rather than real interrupts.

Software and hardware interrupts differ mainly in


that; a software interrupt is scheduled for
execution by an activity of the kernel and has to
wait until it is called by the scheduler.
− started by the function do_softirq()

Software Interrupts
..Thanks..

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