HITLER'S JEWISH ARMY German Army
HITLER'S JEWISH ARMY German Army
HITLER'S JEWISH ARMY German Army
150 000 Jews in Hitler's Army
This bit of history was hidden
from us
until researcher Bryan Mark Rigg (is a Jew!) recently uncovered
Hitler's Jewish Army
"Not every victim was a Jew but every Jew was a victim." Elie Wiesel
speaking of World War II.
"If there were Jews in (Hitler's) armed forces...who served knowing
what was going on and made no attempt to save (lives), well then that
is unacceptable and dishonorable." Rabbi Marvin Hier, director of the Simon
Wiesenthal Institute.
Thousands of men of Jewish descent and hundreds of what the Nazis
called 'full Jews' served in the German military with Adolf Hitler's
knowledge and approval.
Cambridge University researcher Bryan Rigg has traced the Jewish ancestry of
more than 1,200 of Hitler's soldiers, including
Two field marshals
Fifteen generals
Two full generals,
Eight lieutenant generals,
Five major generals, "commanding up to 100,000 troops."
In approximately 20 cases, Jewish soldiers in the Nazi army were
awarded Germany's highest military honor, the Knight's Cross.
One of these Jewish veterans is today an 82 year old resident of
northern Germany, an observant Jew who served as a captain and
practiced his religion within the Wehrmacht throughout the war.
One of the Jewish field marshals was Erhard Milch, deputy to Luftwaffe
Chief Hermann Goering. Rumors of Milch's Jewish identity circulated
widely in Germany in the 1930s.
In one of the famous anecdotes of the time, Goering falsified Milch's
birth record and when met with protests about having a Jew in the
Nazi high command, Goering replied, ``I decide who is a Jew and who
is an Aryan.''
Rigg's research also shed light on stories surrounding the rescue by
German soldiers of the Lubavitcher grand rabbi of that time, who was
in Warsaw when the war broke out in 1939.
Joseph Isaac Schneerson was spirited to safety after an appeal to
Germany from the United States. Schneerson was assisted by a
German officer Rigg has identified as the highly decorated Maj. Ernst
Bloch, whose father was a Jew.
Jews also served in the Nazi police and security forces as ghetto police
(Ordnungdienst) and concentration camp guards (kapos).
So what happens to the claim that Hitler sought to exterminate all
Jews, when he allowed some of them to join in his struggle against
Bolshevism and International finance capitalism?
"If the Jews were permitted to serve in Hitler's armed forces then
there could not have been a Holocaust."
During World War II thousands of Jews served in the Wehrmacht,
many awarded the Cross for Bravery. Jews serving in the SS. Were
they also in the Gestapo? As 'Gestapo' is an abbreviation of "Geheime
Stadt Polizei", meaning State Secret Police,
Sources:
William D. Montalbano, "The Jews in Hitler's Military," Los Angeles Times, Dec.
24, 1996.
Tom Tugend, "Grad student uncovers Jews who fought for Adolf Hitler," Jewish
Telegraph Agency, Dec. 26, 1996.
Lenni Brenner, Zionism in the Age of the Dictators.
Hitler's Jewish Soldiers
The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws and
Men of Jewish Descent in the German
Military
Bryan Mark Rigg
Military service book of "halfJew" Hermann Aub
Soldiers taking the oath of allegiance to Hitler
"HalfJew" Horst Geitner was This photo of "halfJew"
awarded both the Iron Cross Werner Goldberg, who was
Second Class and the Silver blond and blueeyed, was
Wound Badge. used by a Nazi propaganda
newspaper for its title page.
Its caption: "The Ideal
German Soldier."
"HalfJew" Commander Paul "QuarterJew" Admiral
Ascher, Admiral Lütjens's first Bernhard Rogge wearing the
staff officer on the battleship Ritterkreuz; he received
Bismarck; Ascher received Hitler's
Hitler's Deutschblütigkeitserklärung.
Deutschblütigkeitserklärung. (Military awards: oak leaves
(Military awards: EKI, EKII, to Ritterkreuz, Ritterkreuz,
and War Service Cross samurai sword from the
Second Class.) emperor of Japan, EKI, and
EKII.)
"HalfJew" Johannes
Zukertort (last rank general) "HalfJew" Colonel Walter H.
received Hitler's Hollaender, decorated with
Deutschblütigkeitserklärung. the Ritterkreuz and German
Cross in Gold; he received
Hitler's
Deutschblütigkeitserklärung.
(Military awards: Ritterkreuz,
GermanCross in Gold, EKI,
EKII, and Close Combat
Badge.)
"HalfJew" and later Luftwaffe General Helmut Wilberg; Hitler declared
him Aryan in 1935. (Military awards: Hohenzollern's Knight's Cross with
Swords, EKI, EKII.)
"HalfJew" and fieldmarshal Erhard Milch (left) with General Wolfram
von Richthofen. Hitler declared Milch Aryan. He was awarded the
Ritterkreuz for his performance during the campaign in Norway in 1940.
General Gotthard Heinrici, who was married to a "halfJew," meeting
Hitler in 1937.
Contrary to conventional views, Rigg reveals that a startlingly large
number of German military men were classified by the Nazis as Jews or
"partialJews" (Mischlinge), in the wake of racial laws first enacted in the
mid1930s. Rigg demonstrates that the actual number was much higher
than previously thoughtperhaps as many as 150,000 men, including
decorated veterans and highranking officers, even generals and
admirals.
As Rigg fully documents for the first time, a great many of these men did not
even consider themselves Jewish and had embraced the military as a way of
life and as devoted patriots eager to serve a revived German nation. In turn,
they had been embraced by the Wehrmacht, which prior to Hitler had given
little thought to the "race" of these men but which was now forced to look
deeply into the ancestry of its soldiers.
The process of investigation and removal, however, was marred by a highly
inconsistent application of Nazi law. Numerous "exemptions" were made in
order to allow a soldier to stay within the ranks or to spare a soldier's parent,
spouse, or other relative from incarceration or far worse. (Hitler's own
signature can be found on many of these "exemption" orders.) But as the war
dragged on, Nazi politics came to trump military logic, even in the face of the
Wehrmacht's growing manpower needs, closing legal loopholes and making it
virtually impossible for these soldiers to escape the fate of millions of other
victims of the Third Reich.
Based on a deep and wideranging research in archival and secondary sources,
as well as extensive interviews with more than four hundred Mischlinge and
their relatives, Rigg's study breaks truly new ground in a crowded field and
shows from yet another angle the extremely flawed, dishonest, demeaning,
and tragic essence of Hitler's rule.
Side and front photographs of "halfJew" Anton Mayer, similar to those
that often accompanied a Mischling's application for exemption.
As featured on NBCTV's Dateline
(first aired Sunday, June 9, 2002)
WINNER OF THE 2003 COLBY AWARD
William E. Colby Military Writers Symposium
http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/righit.html
As Many As 150,000 Jews
Served In Hitler's Military
(Reuters) As many as 150,000 men of Jewish descent served in the
German military under Adolf Hitler, some with the Nazi leader's explicit
consent, according to a U.S. historian who has interviewed hundreds of
former soldiers.
Bryan Mark Rigg, history professor at the American Military University in
Virginia, told Reuters on Thursday that the issue of soldiers of partial
Jewish descent was long a somewhat taboo subject, overlooked by most
academics as it threw up thorny questions.
"Not everybody who wore a uniform was a Nazi and not every person of
Jewish descent was persecuted," he said. "Where do they belong? They
served in the military but lost mum at Auschwitz."
According to the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, Jews or those of partial
Jewish descent were unfit for military service, but Rigg tracked down
and interviewed more than 400 former soldiers of partial Jewish descent
labelled "Mischlinge" ("halfcaste") by the Nazis.
He estimates there were about 60,000 soldiers with one Jewish parent
and 90,000 with a Jewish grandparent in the Wehrmacht, the regular
army as distinct from the Nazi SS.
"They thought 'if I serve well they're not going to hurt me and not going
to hurt my family'," he said.
However, on returning home from the campaign in Poland at the start of
the war to find persecution of their families worsening, many soldiers
classified as halfJewish started to complain, prompting Hitler to order
their dismissal in 1940.
But many of these socalled halfJewish soldiers continued to serve,
sometimes due to delays in the discharge order reaching the front,
because they concealed their background or because they applied and
won clemency for good service.
Many senior officers with Jewish ancestry won special permission to
serve from Hitler himself.
"History is not so black and white. History about Mischlinge shows how
bankrupt the Nazi racial laws were," said Rigg.
SENSITIVE SUBJECT
While Germany has long been aware of men serving as soldiers who
Nazi race laws should have classified as Jewish, most notably former
Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and Luftwaffe Field Marshal Erhard Milch,
Rigg's large estimate has surprised many.
Die Welt daily called Rigg's book "Hitler's Jewish Soldiers" "one of the
most important Holocaust studies of recent years". The author was in
Berlin to launch the German language version.
"The Mischlinge suffered the same fate in academic life as they did in
real life. There was nobody to speak for them," Rigg said. "People
thought it could be misinterpreted, it would be like saying: 'look they did
it to themselves'."
Rigg, who has served in the U.S. Marines and as a volunteer in the
Israeli army, was moved to research the subject after he discovered his
own Jewish ancestry while probing his family tree and after a chance
meeting with a Jewish Wehrmacht veteran.
Many of his subjects were telling their story for the first time and in
some cases their families knew nothing of their Jewish heritage. "They
would talk their hearts out, telling me all about this schizophrenic story
they went through," he said.
He is convinced that most of the soldiers of Jewish decent were not
aware of the Nazis' systematic murder of Jews, noting that most half
Jews reported to deportation stations in 1944.
"Most say they do not feel guilty about serving in the military, they feel
guilty about what they didn't do to save their relatives," he said.
PETER EPHROSS
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
In the summer of 1992, Bryan Mark
Rigg, then a student at Yale, was in
Germany researching his family
history when he attended a screening
of "Europa, Europa."
Since his German wasn't so good, he
asked an elderly man sitting next to
him to translate the film, which tells
the story of Shlomo Perel, a Jew who
survived the Holocaust by falsifying "HalfJew" and fieldmarshal Erhard Milch, left,
his identity and who served in the stands with Gen. Wolfam von Richthofen. Hitler
declared Milch an Aryan.
German army for part of World War Photo courtesy of University of Kansas
II.
After the movie, the man told Rigg that his story was similar to Perel's.
Over a drink, the man told Rigg about his experiences as a "quarter
Jew" who had served for Germany on the Russian front.
The conversation fascinated Rigg and spurred him to investigate
whether there were more soldiers of Jewish descent in the Nazi army.
He began checking and sure enough, there were.
What's more, little scholarly work had been done on these mischlinge,
as the Nazis called Germans with Jewish roots.
"They suffered the same fate in academic life that they did in the Third
Reich. Nobody wanted them. Nobody claimed them. So nobody knows
about them," Rigg, 31, told JTA recently.
The encounter launched a 10year odyssey for Rigg that culminated in
"Hitler's Jewish Soldiers," which is making waves in both the media and
academia.
The Chronicle of Higher Education printed a lengthy article on Rigg and
his book, and he appeared on a segment on NBC's "Dateline" last
month, titled "Hiding in Plain Sight."
In the book, Rigg tells the strangebuttrue story of these wartime
German soldiers with Jewish roots.
Based on interviews with more than 400 of these former soldiers, along
with some statistical extrapolation, Rigg concluded that more than
100,000 such soldiers who were considered Jewish, according to Nazi
racial laws served in the German military.
Many researchers consider this number an exaggeration and dismiss
Rigg, who teaches at the online American Military University, as
publicityhungry.
"This is not a bombshell," Raul Hilberg, one of the deans of Holocaust
scholarship, recently told The Chronicle of Higher Education. "We have
known that there were thousands" of men with Jewish roots "in the
German army."
Some also have taken aim at the book's title. After all, Rigg himself says
that only 60 percent of the "halfJews" and only 30 percent of the
"quarterJews" who served as soldiers were Jewish according to Jewish
law.
Many didn't even know they were Jewish because their families had
assimilated.
But many scholars support Rigg in his contention that his book, based
on his doctoral dissertation at Cambridge University in England, casts
new light on Nazi policy and the Holocaust.
Rigg's "diligent" and "sustained" research calls into question some
previous assumptions about Nazi policy during the Holocaust, Holocaust
scholar Michael Berenbaum told JTA. Rigg's book "shows that there was
a greater degree of flexibility in the antiJewish policy than previously
realized," says Berenbaum, author of "The World Must Know: The
History of the Holocaust."
Berenbaum highlights the importance of Rigg's evidence showing that,
as late as 1943, Hitler was spending his time pondering the fate of
individual soldiers with Jewish roots.
While the German war machine was focused on battling allied forces,
Hitler was "deciding whether this guy's face is Jewish. It's unbelievable,"
Berenbaum says.
Rigg admits that it's a bit unbelievable that he became a Holocaust
scholar.
"Ten years ago, if you had asked me that this was going to happen, that
we'd be sitting here talking about this, I'd be like, 'No way.' "
Tall, fit and squarejawed and prone to use the words "honored" and
"gentlemanly" in conversation Rigg looks more like a former football
player and Marine from Texas which, in fact, he is.
As a teenager, Rigg attended the Fort Worth Christian Academy and
spent time on Protestant missions.
While researching his family history that summer in 1992, Rigg found
some records indicating that many of his mother's ancestors were
Jewish.
"I have some ancestors who were running around in skirts in Northern
Scotland hacking up each other. That's part of my tradition as well. I
also have some tradition going to the Temple Mount," he says.
But it wasn't just his Christian upbringing that made him an unlikely
candidate for research into the Holocaust. Throughout his research, he
spoke to many scholars who dissuaded him from his work.
He was told that the subject matter was either too tangential or would
cause problems for Jews, Rigg recalls, but he turned the criticism into a
challenge.
It wasn't his first academic obstacle: As a young child, he failed first
grade twice. Only when he was placed into a universityaffiliated school
did he begin to flourish.
After high school, he was rejected from the Ivy League schools he had
dreamed of attending. So he spent a fifth year of high school studying
and playing football at an East Coast private school, and then was
accepted at Yale.
Even today, Rigg appears to be motivated by the discouragement he
says he received from some scholars.
At a lecture last month at the Leo Baeck Institute in New York, Rigg
says some scholars "exuded an air of academic arrogance that irritated
me." In an interview with JTA, he discussed his time spent in "the
bowels of the academic establishment."
Armed with this motivation, as well as some encouragement from his
family and from scholars such as Jonathan Steinberg, his doctoral
adviser at Cambridge, Rigg persevered.
After spending time with some of the soldiers, Rigg felt he owed
something to them and to what he calls truth, which he uses without
an ounce of irony.
Rigg himself contributed to "personal truth" "outing" some of these
soldiers' Jewish roots to their own families.
Some of the soldiers Rigg learned about became interested in their
Judaism after the war, but others died without telling anyone and Rigg
was the one to inform their families.
Even if many of his subjects didn't consider themselves Jewish, their
experiences during the war highlight a gray spot in the world of the
Holocaust, Rigg says.
"Are they perpetrators or are they victims? Do they share the guilt or do
they share the victimhood?" he asks. "They're between two stools all the
time."
So is Rigg, in many ways. Raised a fundamentalist Protestant, he
studied at the Ohr Sameach Yeshiva in Jerusalem while conducting his
research, and says he now professes that he believes in no specific
religion beyond general "tolerance."
His time at a yeshiva was just one of the turns Rigg's life has taken
during the last decade. He also spent time in a program the Israeli Army
runs for volunteers from abroad, and even did a stint in the U.S. Marine
Corps from 1999 to 2001.
But, he says, he made a commitment to his subjects to tell their story.
He has done that both through his book and through an archive in the
German city of Freiburg that he has filled with the fruits of his research.
"Now I've honored that commitment and I can walk away after all this is
done, and be happy,'' he says.
http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/020705/army.shtml
Hitler's Jewish Soldiers Perhaps
150,000 Jews Fought Valiantly
The Untold Story of Nazi Racial Laws
and Men of Jewish Descent in the German Military
By Bryan Mark Rigg
21702
May 2002 496 pages,
95 photographs,
6 x 9 Modern War Studies Cloth ISBN 0700611789, $29.95
To be featured on NBCTV's Dateline in June 2002
On the murderous road to "racial purity" Hitler encountered unexpected
detours, largely due to his own crazed views and inconsistent policies
regarding Jewish identity. After centuries of Jewish assimilation and
intermarriage in German society, he discovered that eliminating Jews from
the rest of the population was more difficult than he'd anticipated. As Bryan
Mark Rigg shows in this provocative new study, nowhere was that heinous
process more fraught with contradiction and confusion than in the German
military. Contrary to conventional views, Rigg reveals that a startlingly large
number of German military men were classified by the Nazis as Jews or
"partialJews" (Mischlinge), in the wake of racial laws first enacted in the
mid1930s. Rigg demonstrates that the actual number was much higher
than previously thoughtperhaps as many as 150,000 men, including
decorated veterans and highranking officers, even generals and admirals.
As Rigg fully documents for the first time, a great many of these men did not
even consider themselves Jewish and had embraced the military as a way of
life and as devoted patriots eager to serve a revived German nation. In turn,
they had been embraced by the Wehrmacht, which prior to Hitler had given
little thought to the "race" of these men but which was now forced to look
deeply into the ancestry of its soldiers. The process of investigation and
removal, however, was marred by a highly inconsistent application of Nazi
law. Numerous "exemptions" were made in order to allow a soldier to stay
within the ranks or to spare a soldier's parent, spouse, or other relative from
incarceration or far worse. (Hitler's own signature can be found on many of
these "exemption" orders.) But as the war dragged on, Nazi politics came to
trump military logic, even in the face of the Wehrmacht's growing manpower
needs, closing legal loopholes and making it virtually impossible for these
soldiers to escape the fate of millions of other victims of the Third Reich.
Based on a deep and wideranging research in archival and secondary
sources, as well as extensive interviews with more than four hundred
Mischlinge and their relatives, Rigg's study breaks truly new ground in a
crowded field and shows from yet another angle the extremely flawed,
dishonest, demeaning, and tragic essence of Hitler's rule.
Side and front photographs of "halfJew" Anton Mayer, similar to those that
often accompanied a Mischling's application for exemption. To see more
photographs from the book, click here "Through videotaped interviews,
painstaking attention to personnel files, and banal documents not normally
consulted by historians, and spurred by a keen sense of personal mission,
Rigg has turned up an unexplored and confounding chapter in the history of
the Holocaust.
The extent of his findings has surprised scholars."Warren Hoge, New York
Times "The revelation that Germans of Jewish blood, knowing the Nazi
regime for what it was, served Hitler as uniformed members of his armed
forces must come as a profound shock. It will surprise even professional
historians of the Nazi years." John Keegan, author of The Face of Battle
and The Second World War "Startling and unexpected, Rigg's study
conclusively demonstrates the degree of flexibility in German policy toward
the Mischlinge, the extent of Hitler's involvement, and, most importantly,
that not all who served in the armed forces were antiSemitic, even as their
service aided the killing process."Michael Berenbaum, author of The World
Must Know: The History of the Holocaust "Rigg's extensive knowledge and
the preliminary conclusions drawn from his research impressed me greatly. I
firmly believe that his indepth treatment of the subject of German soldiers
of Jewish descent in the Wehrmacht will lead to new perspectives on this
portion of 20th century German military history."Helmut Schmidt, Former
Chancellor of Germany "An impressively researched work with important
implications for hotly debated questions. Rigg tells some exquisitely poignant
stories of individual human experiences that complicate our picture of state
and society in the Third Reich."Nathan A. Stoltzfus, Florida State
University, author of Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the
Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany "An impressive work filled with
interesting stories. . . .
By helping us better understand Nazi racial policy at the marginsi.e., its
impact on certain members of the German militaryRigg's study clarifies the
central problems of Nazi Jewish policies overall."Norman Naimark, Stanford
University, author of Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in TwentiethCentury
Europe "An illuminating and provocative study that merits a wide readership
and is sure to be much discussed."Dennis E. Showalter, Colorado College,
author of Tannenberg: Clash of Empires "An outstanding job of research and
analysis. Rigg's book will add a great deal to our understanding of the
German military, of the place of Jews and people of Jewish descent in the
Nazi state, and of the Holocaust. It forces us to deal with the full, complex
range of possible actions and reactions by individuals caught up in the Nazi
system."Geoffrey P. Megargee, author of Inside Hitler's High Command
"With the skill of a master detective, Bryan Rigg reveals the surprising and
largely unknown story of Germans of Jewish origins in the Nazi military. His
work contributes to our understanding of the complexity of faith and identity
in the Third Reich."Paula E. Hyman, Yale University, author of Gender and
Assimilation in Modern Jewish History and The Jews of Modern France "A
major piece of scholarship which traces the peculiar twists and turns of Nazi
racial policy toward men in the Wehrmacht, often in the highest ranks, who
had partly Jewish backgrounds. Rigg has uncovered personal stories and
private archives which literally nobody knew existed.
His book will be an important contribution to German history."Jonathan
Steinberg, University of Pennsylvania, author of All or Nothing: The Axis and
the Holocaust 19411943 "An original, groundbreaking, and significant
contribution to the history of the Wehrmacht and Nazi Germany."James S.
Corum, School of Advanced Air Power Studies, author of The Roots of
Blitzkrieg and The Luftwaffe "Rigg's work has discovered new academic
territory."Manfred Messerschmidt, Freiburg University, author of Die
Wehrmacht im NSStaat (The Wehrmacht in the Nazi State) BRYAN MARK
RIGG received his B.A. with honors in history from Yale University in 1996.
Yale awarded him the Henry Fellowship for graduate study at Cambridge
University, where he received his M.A. in 1997 and Ph.D. in 2002. Currently
Professor of History at American Military University, he has served as a
volunteer in the Israeli Army and as an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps. His
research for this book has been featured in the New York Times, Los Angeles
Times, and London Daily Telegraph. The thousands of pages of documents
and oral testimonies (8mm and VHS video) the author collected for this
study have been purchased by the National Military Archive of Germany. The
Bryan Mark Rigg Collection is housed in the BundesarchivMilitrarchiv in
Freiburg, Germany. Click here to learn more about the author and his
research experiences.
http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/righit.html
Labels: 150 000 Jews in Hitler's Army
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