Axial Bones: Calcium Carbonate Calcium Phosphate

Human Bones Effect of Fitness on Bone
a. When bones are subjected to regular physical

- Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight activity and habitual loads, they tend to become
denser and more mineralized
Bone Composition
Ex. Right forearm of the right-handed tennis player is
denser than her left one from using it more
The major components of bone are:
frequently
 Calcium carbonate Calcium phosphate b. Inactivity works in the opposite direction, leading to a
- Make up 60-70% of bone weight decrease in weight and strength.
- Provide much of the bone’s stiffness and
Ex. Loss of bone mass has been noted in bed-ridden
resistance to pressing or squeezing forces
patients, inactive senior citizens, and astronauts
 Collagen
- Gives bone its characteristic flexibility and
contributes to its ability to resist pulling and Axial Bones
stretching forces
- With aging, collagen is lost progressively and
bone becomes
 Water
- Bone consists of much smaller proportion of water
than other body parts
Bone Classification: According to Porosity

 Cortical bone (low porosity)
 Spongy or cancellous bone (high porosity) 2 Parts of the Skull
Cancellous Bone Compact Bone  Calvaria (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)

 Face (Lacrimal, Nasal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Mandible)
Low
High
High mineral Calvaria Bones
Porosity Low mineral content
content and low
and high collagen
collagen - May be fractured in blows to the skull (Ex. In
hockey, being checked and hitting the skull on
Honey comb Compact the ice)
Structure
Provides more Stiffer and can

Characteristics flexibility but is not resist greater stress
- Temporal bone:
as stress resistant but less flexible
a. more fragile of the
Withstanding calvaria bones
Shock Absorption
Due to its better
Stress b. overlies one of the major
Function In body areas that
ability to change blood vessels
are subject to higher
shape are important
impact loads c. if fractured and
displaced internally =
Long bones
medical emergency
Location Vertebrae Bones of the arms
and legs
Facial Bones
Vertebral Column Sternum
• Mid-line breast bone
• The clavicles and ribs one to seven articulate with

the sternum.
Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical column

interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs Appendicular Bones
Function:  The pectoral girdle (chest)
 Pelvic girdle (hip)
 Provides a strong and flexible support for the body
 The upper limbs
and the ability to keep the body erect to the point
 The lower limbs
of attachment for the muscles of the back.
 Protect the spinal cord and nerves. Pectoral Gridle
 Absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs

without causing damage to other vertebrae.
Ribs
 Made up of :
a. Bone
b. Cartilage - strengthen the chest cage and
permit it to expand.
 All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve thoracic

vertebrae posteriorly. Consists of:
 Classified into three groups based on anterior  Scapula (shoulder blade)

attachment:  Clavicle (collar bone)
a. True Ribs - attach to both the vertebrae and the
sternum (1-7) – Allows the upper limb great mobility.
b. False Ribs - attach only to the sternum indirectly,
– The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of
through 7th rib (8-10)
c. Floating Ribs - only attach to the vertebral column attachment between the axial skeleton and the
(11-12) pectoral girdle.
Pelvic Girdle  Tibia and Fibula
• Formed by pair of os coxae (hip bones) - leg bones

- From knee to ankle
• Supports the bladder and - Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral
abdominal contents
 Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus
• Attachment:
- Posteriorly – join with the - The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively
sacrum - Commonly referred to as the "ankle bones"
- Anteriorly - join to each - Can be easily palpated
other anteriorly
- Laterally – join to the head of
thigh bone through a cup-shaped acetabulum
Upper Limbs
• Humerus
- The arm bone

- Shoulder to elbow
• Radius and Ulna
- The forearm bones

- Elbow to wrist
- The radius being
located on the thumb
 Tarsals
side of the hand
- ankle bones
- When you pronate
- calcaneus or the heel bone
the forearm, the
- talus
radius is actually
crossing over the ulna
 Metatarsals
- 5 bones of the foot
- unite with the toes
 Phalanges
- toe bones
- three per toe except the big toe - proximal,
middle and distal
Lower Limbs
 Femur
- thigh bone
- from hip to knee
 Patella
- knee cap
- sesamoid bone in the tendon of
the quadriceps muscles
(thigh)

Axial Bones: Calcium Carbonate Calcium Phosphate

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Axial Bones: Calcium Carbonate Calcium Phosphate

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Axial Bones: Calcium Carbonate Calcium Phosphate

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Human Bones Effect of Fitness on Bone

a. When bones are subjected to regular physical

Bone Classification: According to Porosity

Cancellous Bone Compact Bone  Calvaria (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)

Provides more Stiffer and can

Vertebral Column Sternum

• Mid-line breast bone

• The clavicles and ribs one to seven articulate with

Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical column

 Protect the spinal cord and nerves. Pectoral Gridle

 Absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs

 All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve thoracic

 Classified into three groups based on anterior  Scapula (shoulder blade)

• Formed by pair of os coxae (hip bones) - leg bones

- The arm bone

• Radius and Ulna

- The forearm bones

You might also like