“You know more than you think you know, just as you know less than you want

to know”
(Oscar Wilde)

MODAL VERBS

1. CAN
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the present (substitute
I can speak English.
form: to be able to)
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute
Can I go to the cinema?
form: to be allowed to)
request Can you wait a moment, please?
offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
2. COULD

Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to
I could speak English.
be able to)
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute
I could go to the cinema.
form: to be allowed to)
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.

* no past forms - future forms

3. BE ABLE TO

Use Examples
when can cannot be used (e.g., future) She will be able to pass the exam.
They have been able to complete the
when can cannot be used (e.g. perfect tenses)
crossword.
specific example (not general ability)
Despite his handicap, he is able to drive a car.
involving certain difficulty

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 4. MAY
Use Examples
possibility It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute
May I go to the cinema?
form: to be allowed to)
polite suggestion May I help you?
5. MIGHT

Use Examples
possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * Might I help you?
6. MUST

Use Examples
I must go to the supermarket today, the fridge is
force, necessity
empty.
She got a 9 in Maths. She must be very happy.
deductions
(She can’t be sad)
obligation (speaker’s point of view) You must go to the dentist.
- Guests may not use the pool after 11pm.
may / be allowed to when must sounds “too
- Women aren’t allowed to drive in some Arab
strong”.
countries.
7. MUSTN’T

Use Examples
prohibition You mustn't work on dad's computer.

8. HAVE TO (semi-modal)

Use Examples
Obligation (when it comes “from the outside”) Everybody has to wear the safety belt.
You don’t have to help tomorrow. My mother
Don’t / doesn’t have to = it is not obligatory
is coming to help me.

9. NEEDN’T

Use Examples

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 modal verb: I needn't go to the supermarket,
we're going to the restaurant tonight.
not necessary
ordinary verb: I don’t need to go to the
supermarket, we’re going to the restaurant
tonight.
10. SHOULD

Use Examples
Advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.
You shouldn’t visit María now. She has just
Opinions
come from hospital.

11. OUGHT TO

 Not used in Negative and Interrogative sentences

Use Examples
Advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.

12. WILL

Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than
Will you please shut the door?
would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
Promise I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without
Habits
talking.

13. SHALL
Use Examples
Suggestion (instead of will in 1st person) Shall I carry your bag?
14. WOULD

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Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

PERFECT MODALS: (Modal + Present Perfect)

 COULD HAVE + part. : saying that something could have happened but didn’t
happen.

“Peter was lucky. He could have hurt himself when he fell but he is ok now”.

 COULDN’T/CAN’T HAVE + part. : being certain that something was not

“We had a really good holiday. It couldn’t have been better”.

 MUST HAVE + part. : being certain that something has happened.

“I have lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere”.

 MAY/MIGHT HAVE + part. : possibility in the past

“You may/might have left the bag in the shop”.

 NEEDN’T HAVE + part. : You did something that was not necessary.

“You needn’t have brought anything to my party”.

 OUGHT TO/SHOULD HAVE + part. : when you should have done

“You missed a great party last night. You should/ought to have come”.

 WOULD HAVE + part. : imaginary situations in the past.

“I would have phoned Marta, but I didn’t have her number”.

1. Rewrite the sentences using the appropriate modal verb:

1. It’s possible that Jane will visit Switzerland next year.

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__They_______________________________________________________________________
4. James definitely isn’t eighteen yet!
_James________________________________________________________________
5. It’s possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow.
_The
weather______________________________________________________________________
6. I’m sure that Mrs Smith didn’t leave home.
__Mrs
Smith________________________________________________________________________
7. Perhaps she’s gone to stay with her mother.
__She________________________________________________________________________
8. It’s possible that Mr Smith committed a crime.
_Mr.
Smith________________________________________________________________________
9. I’m certain that he buried something in the garden.
_He_________________________________________________________________________
10. Perhaps he won the lottery.
_He_________________________________________________________________________
11. I’m sure he bought a new car.
_He_________________________________________________________________________
12.Perhaps Mr Smith murdered his wife.
_Mr
Smith________________________________________________________________________
13.I'm sure she's at home.
_She_________________________________________________________________________
14.I know that isn't Janet-She's in America.
_I know that___________________________________________________________________
15.I'm sure she thinks I'm stupid.
_She thinks___________________________________________________________________
16.I bet I look silly in this coat.
_I___________________________________________________________________________
17.They're always buying new cars. I'm certain they have a lot of money.
_They’re always_______________________________________________________________
18.I'm sure he's not a teacher. He's too well dressed.
_He_________________________________________________________________________
19.You're an architect? I'm sure that's an interesting job.
_You’re an architect? __________________________________________________________
20.I'm sure you're not serious. I know you're joking.
_I’m sure____________________________________________________________________
21.I'm sure he's got another woman. He keeps coming home late.
_He_________________________________________________________________________
22.This water is possibly dangerous.
_This
water________________________________________________________________________
23.Politics is sometimes really boring.
_Politics_____________________________________________________________________

2. Rewrite the sentences using a modal verb:

1. It isn’t necessary for you to take a jacket.

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3. You aren’t allowed to talk during the exam.
 You
4. It’s forbidden to park here.
 You
5. I advise you to study harder.
 You
6. He is obliged to go to the police station twice a week.
 He
7. Tom knows how to speak Spanish.
 Tom
8. He had permission to go to the party.
 He
9. It isn’t possible that that is our plane.
 That
10. It isn’t necessary to take a thick coat.
 You
11. I wish I had paid for half of the meal, but I didn’t.
I
12.It was wrong of Mary to tell Steve about us.
Mary
13.Perhaps Anita didn’t get the text message.
Anita
14.It’s possible that they went to the cinema.
 They
15.It wasn’t a good idea to ask the other couple to come with us.
You
16.I am certain you haven’t seen John because he is on a trip.
You
17. It is possible that Jake is in his room.
 Jake
18. Perhaps we will not see them at the weekend.
 We
19. I don’t know if I will go to the concert.
I
20. It is unnecessary for you to come.
 You
21. I advise him to give up smoking.
 He
22. Eating chewing-gum in the class in prohibited.
 Students
23. There was an obligation to turn off the mobile phone.
 We
24. I didn’t have the ability to cook when I was younger.
I