Jean Cocteau - The Art of Cinema (Fragment)
Jean Cocteau - The Art of Cinema (Fragment)
Jean Cocteau - The Art of Cinema (Fragment)
He
not only writes on his own screen works, but also expounds on cinematic
subjects ranging from Brigitte Bardot, Laurel and Hardy, and Orson Welles to The
Passion of Joan of Arc, Jules and Jim, and Hollywood. The following piece on
Testament of Orpheus was published for the first time in its completed form in
The Art of Cinema. Prior to that volume’s publication, extensive extracts appeared
in Le Monde, July 25, 1925; La Table Ronde, No. 149, May 1960; and La Saison
cinematographique 1960, among others. Reprinted by permission of Marion
Boyars Publishers, New York, London.
ANY YOUNG AUTHOR NOWADAYS can perform the acrobatic feats that I once
performed with Garros–at a time when only Garros and Pégoud were capable of
them. Any young pianist can cope with the virtuoso passages that were once
within the range of only Liszt and Chopin. The same is true of technical progress
in cinematography. When I made Le Sang d’un poète, thirty years ago, I knew
nothing about the craft and no one in the world could have taught me what I did
not know. I had to invent a technique for my own use and tackle a thousand
problems to discover what was later to become a childishly simple matter. Too
much progress smoothes the way and makes the mind lazy. Nowadays, any
young filmmaker is able to produce a good film, just as any young painter knows
better that just to daub the paint on the canvas. In his speech on being received
into the French Academy, Voltaire already warned of the danger of technical
progress. “A people that is too skilled,” he said, “and too intelligent, ceases to press
forward.” By this he means that the exceptional and the outstanding vanish and
are replaced by a fair average.
This is why I gave up using film, even though it provides us with a genuine
vehicle for poetry, into the sense that it permits one to show unreality with a
realism that forces the spectator to believe in it.
Bit by bit, when I learned that Le Sang d’un poète, a film made for a few
intimate friends, had been showing for thirty years in all the capital cities in the
world, and most remarkably in New York, where it has stayed for the past
seventeen years in the same cinema, establishing a record for the longest-ever
“exclusive” run, I thought that it would be interesting to come full circle and end
my career in films with a piece similar to Le Sang d’un poète, which would force
me to overcome different obstacles from the earlier ones.
A free film, without any commercial conditions attached, intended for the
vast audience of young people educated in cinematheques throughout the
world, which is never offered the kind of films that it thirsts for.
Moreover, I think that one of the main faults in cinematography comes
from the fact that people never consider a variety of ways of launching a film, and
force young people to do old people’s work and take on old habits, or otherwise
their films will stay in a trunk and never manage to get out.
Maybe it was necessary for an old man–that is, one who is feer that the
young to be young–to open a sealed door and take the head of a procession that
is only waiting to start its march.
When I said on television and the radio that my film, Le Testament
d’Orphée, “would have neither head nor tail, but a soul”, I was making a serious
jest. In fact, I am astonished–at a time when painters have sacrificed the subject
to the art of painting and abolished the model or the pretext for their work–that
cineasts, harassed by producers who think that they know the audience and have
never outgrown the childish desire to be told a story, demand a “subject” and an
excuse when the manner of saying and showing things, and furnishing the
screen, are a thousand times more important than the story you tell.
Unfortunately, the audience (and, for films, it is vast) is still at the same level
as the lady who, having an aversion to colonial soldiers, announced that she could
never like Van Gogh’s Zouave; or the gentleman who was allergic to roses and
could not hang a bunch of roses by Fantin-Latour or Renoir no his wall.
But the time has come to destroy these ridiculous taboos and to educate
the cinema audience, just as the public has been educated for art exhibitions.
Otherwise the young, in the field of cinematography, will never be young, but
condemned always to submit to the bad habits of producers, distributors, and
cinema managers.
It is ridiculous to say that the cinema has nothing to do with what is rare.
This is to deny it its role as a Muse, and the Muses should be shown in an attitude
of expectation. They are waiting for beauty, which at first is disconcerting and
appears ugly, to make its slow inroads into people’s minds. Unfortunately, the
ridiculous costs of cinema force it to bow before the idol of instant success.
This hideous idol of our age–this detestable dogma–must be overcome. We
shall not succeed overnight. But I shall be proud if my efforts contribute in some
way and if, at some future time, young people are indebted to me for a little of
their power to bring out a film as a poet publishes a book of poems, without
being subject to the American imperatives of the bestseller.
“The Golden Calf is always made of clay”: I acknowledge authorship of this
sort of play on words, without shame and without any fear of reproach. it falls
under the same heading as a pronouncement by the Delphic Oracle. For the time
will come when the reasonable sums that the slightest film requires, which are
immediately recovered if the film has something new to offer and does not
simply dole out what those who despise the people imagine they crave. It is those
so-called “élites” that are blocking our way: the people are sensitive to beauty,
even if it disturbs them. And our films, condemned on the grounds that they are
made by a minority, should break through the barrier and fall into the majority
which judges more and more by instinct and has not yet been made immune to
novelty by the routine of fashion.
My hostility to Descartes is so intense that I might sometimes be the
Descartes of Anti-Cartesianism.
The more I respect Pascal’s half-open circle, which chance can penetrate
by surprise, the more I hate the closed circle of a philosopher who has been
contradicted by the progress of knowledge and who symbolizes the French
people’s frightful mania for understanding everything. Why? This is the leitmotiv
of France: “Explain what were you trying to paint.” We are only a step away from
having to explain what music means: as in the Pastoral Symphony, where the
auditorium is delighted when it can recognise the cuckoo and the seasant
dances.
In fact, everything that can be explained or demonstrated is vulgar. It
really is time that mankind admitted that it is living on an incomprehensible
planet, where people walk heads downwards in relation to the natives of the
Antipodes, and that infinity, eternity, space-time, and other fantasies will always
be incomprehensible to our minute understanding, reduced to its three
dimensions–even if the poor earthling manages, with great difficulty, to break
away from the Earth (to which he remains attached by an umbilical cord) and to
visit the Moon, which is an ancient, dead earth, not much further away from us
than Asnières or Bois-Colombes.
The Moon was an earth, and the Earth will be a moon. The Sun will be an
earth, and so on. This is all that we know of a horrifying mechanical process in
which we have given ourselves the leading role and in which we are nothing–a
few microbes attached to a patch of mold that, because we are so small, we can
see as pleasant landscapes and charming countryside.
Le Testament d’Orphée: the title has no direct connection with my film. It
meant that I was bequeathing this last visual poem to all the young people who
have believed in me, despite the total incomprehension with which I am
surrounded on the part of my contemporaries.
I would emphasize that this film is the contrary of an intellectual, or “art”
film.
I should like to be able to say: “I don’t think, therefore I am.” All thought
paralyzes action. And a film is a succession of acts. Thought weights it down and
embellishes it in an unbearable and pretentious manner. Poetry is the opposite of
“poetic”. As soon as someone aspires to being a poet, that person ceases to be
one and the poetry makes its escape. This is when people recognize its rear view,
and congratulate themselves for being subtle enough to understand it.
In Le Testament d’Orphée, events follow one another as they do in sleep,
when our habits no longer control the forces within us or the logic of the
unconscious, foreign to reason. A dream is strictly mad, strictly absurd, strictly
magnificent, and strictly atrocious. But no part of us ever judges it. We submit to
it, without activating the abominable human tribunal that accords itself the right
to condemn or absolve.
Otherwise, it is probable that the plot of my film is made up of signs and
meanings. However, I know nothing of this and can only accept it in the shape of
a machine for manufacturing meanings. I should add that the signs and
meanings that the audience will discover in it must doubtless have a basis in
which the deeper self that transcends my superficial self comes to the fore.
Let me repeat what I have often said: I am a cabinet-maker, not a
medium. My task is limited to making a fine table–if others put their hands on it
and force it to speak, this does not concern me, although it intrigues me in just
the same way as it does those who call up the spirits of the dead, since our works,
the second after they have been written, become posthumous ones.
I am 96 and I shall be 70 on July, 5, 1959. I act in almost every scene in the
film, with the help of my adopted son, the painter Edouard Dermit, who has
already done me the service of playing Paul in Les Enfants terribles and Cégeste
in Orphée.
I think that when I was young (at the time of Le Sang d’un poète), it was
better to give my role (ideologically) to Rivero. At that time I might have been
found attractive. Now that I’m old, it takes courage to appear in my own role as
the poet, with none of the advantages of physical appeal. As for Edouard Dermit,
having formerly abandoned him in the famous region which is neither life nor
death in the film Orphée, I make him appear in Le Testament d’Orphée purely so
that he can lead me from one blunder to the next until I am obligated to
disappear with him and leave a world where, as he says, “you know quite well you
have no place.”
At the end of the Testament–and I have just this minute realized that this is
related to the scene with the commissioner in my play Orphée–I accompany two
police motorcyclists, vaguely similar to the celebrated motorcyclists of the
Princess; and after my disappearance and that of my son, a jazzy car sweeps away
my identity papers which the motorcyclist has dropped and which, on contact
with the soil, have become the irrational flower that I try to revive so that I can
offer it to Minerva, goddess of Reason.
In any case, Minerva refuses to accept it, as something dead, and pierces
me with her lance. Then, as in all my myths, my death is fake. it is one of my
deaths, and the gypsies sob over my empty tombstone.
I walk away and pass the Sphinx, and Oedipus led by Antigone. I do not
even notice them. Like Prince André in War and Peace, who dreamed of meeting
Napoleon and does not even glance at him because, lying wounded on the
battlefield, he is gazing at the splendor of the clouds. This is the point at which
the meeting with the motorcyclists and the abduction by Cégeste occur.
You will guess that all these scenes represent nothing symbolic. they came
into my mind in that vague sleepwalking state without which I would never dare
to write.
Poets are only the humble servants of a self which is more ourselves than
we are: it hides in depth of our being and dictates its orders.
We are endlessly compromised by this self, so that it can avoid a beating,
just as Don Giovanni disguises Leporello in his clothes, so that he will be beaten in
his place.
People have said a los about famous actors, lice Yul Brynner and Jean
Marais (among others), who reportedly appear in my work even though their
names are not on the credits. This is true, in the sense that, for friendship’s sake, in
amused them to take small parts in a film that in no way resembles any of theirs.
In the same way, well-known people appeared in Le Sang d’un poète.
I find it hard to say any more. It is not that I am cultivating secrecy, which I
find pretentious and ridiculous, but because I think that a cinematographic work
can no more de described that a painting.
Its “matter” and “manner” are what counts, not the things represented in it.
In any case, I do not expect any of the success with this film that rewards
the splendors of cinematography. A few friends and personalities in cinema have
agreed to make possible an undertaking that, I repeat, responds to none of the
demands of cinematography. It is something else, that “something” which
mysteriously attaches itself to certain stars in sport or the music hall. And when
people protest that the sportsmen I admire are not sportsmen or thar the
pictures I like are not pictures, and I ask them: “Well then, what are they?”, these
people answer: “I don’t know–something else.” Well, I think that, when it comes
down to it, that “something else” is the best definition of poetry.
This time, in my film, I was careful to make the special effects serve the
internal, not the external, development of the film. They should help me to make
this line of development as supple as the thought processes of “un homme qui
gamberge” –to use a splendid term not found in our dictionary.
“Gamberger” means to let the mind follow its own, uncontrolled course;
and, while it is different from dreaming, daydreaming, or reverie, allowing our
most intimate notions (those most tightly imprisoned within us) to escape and
flee unseen past the guards. Everything else is just “thesis” or “flair”: I am repelled
by both.
A thesis forces us to “buckle the wheel,” to twist it so that it will obediently
follow an artificial line, while flair incites us for no valid reason t accelerate, slow
down, or reverse, and although it is very tempting to use these devices, the effect
of surprise only carries weight when they are integrated into the task and remain
unobtrusive.
If the frivolous and thoughtless people who judge our films knew the
discipline involved in montage, they would regar us with some trepidation and
denounce us to the ecclesiastic court to alchemists.
It is true that we manufacture gold. But this gold has no currency
except for a few rare and attentive souls. I once happened to mention the
wonderful film Lady Lou (Mae West) to a man of the world who was far superior
to most of his kind and fanatical about a film that he had seen five times. When I
reminded him of certain episodes (including the one where Mae West hides the
dead woman by pretending to comb her hair), he admitted that he could not
remember them and was astonished that I could. In short, he had seen nothing,
merely felt a vague sense of enjoyment of the whole, without being struck by any
of those details that cost us so much effort to create.
And, I repeat, this man of the world was far more intelligent than those of
his class.
But if all these details had not existed, the whole of the film would not have
impressed him or left any trace in his memory.
Undeniably, most spectators of my film will say that it is a folly and
incomprehensible. They will not be entirely wrong, since there are times when I
do not understand it myself and when I am on the point of admitting defeat and
making my excuses to those who believed in me. But experience has taught me
that one must on no account give up things that had a meaning when they
appear to lose it, so I make the effort to overcome my weakness and force myself
to feel the same confidence in myself that I feel with regard to others when I
admire and respect them. In short, I put confidence in that other, that stranger
whom we become a few minutes after creating some work.
Does life “mean something”? I wonder; and art often consists in trying to
construct an artificial meaning for it and deprive it of that mysterious charm, of
“God’s portion” as Gide calls it, and which, in his work, might frequently be called
“the devil’s portion.”
The first question that journalists ask me is the familiar one in France:
“What is the story?” If I rely candidly: “there is none,” they look at me with the
dread that people feel when confronted by a madman. But it is true. There is
none. I exploit the realism of settings, people, gestures, words, and music to
obtain a mold for abstraction of thought–or, I might put it, to construct a castle,
without which it is difficult to imagine a ghost. If the castle was itself ghostly, the
ghost would lose its power to appear and terrify.
So, I insist, an abstract film is not a film similar to so-called abstract
painting, content to imitate naïvely a painter’s blobs of color and balancing
effects. An abstract film should not give form to a thought but to thought itself,
that unknown force which rules by no other virtue that that of being a force more
forceful than the rest and faster than speed–force and speed itself.
This is the force I try to obey and not to hold back with that much-admired
intelligence which transcends nothing except stupidity. My two major bugbears
are the poetic and the intellectual. Unfortunately, they rule the world and drive
out the winged world that the poet occasionally succeeds in ensnaring. When I
was young I used to sign my drawings and writings “Jean l’Oiseleur”–Jean the
Bird-Catcher.
It was Jean l’Oiseleur who made Le Testament d’Orphée in the hope of
touching a few fraternal souls in this sad world. Goethe said: “It is when we hug
ourselves that we may encounter our soul-brothers.” This is a dangerous slogan in
an age when people are governed by depersonalization, which tries to abolish the
differences and contrasts which used to give the universe a human face and
succeeded in crushing monotony and automatism.
Here is my wish and my oracle: “In the long term, depersonalization will fill
people’s souls with such gloom that there will be a new victory of the singular
over the plural, that the majority will cease to consider itself the supreme
authority, that the sheep will no longer take the place of the shepherd and that
minorities, abandoning their dream of becoming the majority, will once more
become like the priests who guarded the secrets of the temple; in short, the
creative spirit, the highest form of the spirit of contradiction, will obliterate the
modern ‘do-as-you-wish’–the false freedom of action that is taught to American
children, which deprives children, young people, heroes, and artists of their
essential motivation: d isobedience.”
Two screenplays: The Blood of a Poet and The Testament of Orpheus by jean
Cocteau, translated by Carol Martin-Sperry, London: Marion Boyars Publishers
Ltd., 1985; and The Art of Cinema by jean Cocteau, translated by Robin Buss,
London: Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd., 1992.