UT RAN < !--[if !supportLists]-->7 4. What are the interfaces between each UTRAN com ponent?

Uu: UE
to NodeB Iub: NodeB to RNC Iur : RNC to RNC Iu: RNC to MSC < !--[if !supportLists]-->7 5. Briefly describe
the UE to UT RAN protocol stack (air interface layers). The radio interface is divided into 3 layers: < !--[if
!supportLists]-->1. Phy sical lay er (Lay er 1, L1): used to transmit data over the air, responsible for
channel coding, interleaving, repetition, modulation, power control, macro -diversity combining. < !--[if
!supportLists]-->2. Link lay er (L2): is split into 2 sub-lay ers –Medium Access Control (MAC) and Radio
Link Control (RLC). < !--[if !supportLists]--> MAC: responsible for multiplexing data from multiple
applications onto physical channels in preparation for over -the-air transmition. < !--[if !supportLists]-->
RLC: segments the data streams into frames that are small enough to be transmitted over the radio link.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->3. Upper lay er (L3): vertically partitioned into 2 planes: control plane for
signaling and user plan for bearer traffic. < !--[if !supportLists]--> RRC (Radio Resource Control) is the
control plan protocol: controls the radio resources for the access network. In implementation: < !--[if
!supportLists]-->1. UE has all 3 lay ers. < !--[if !supportLists]-->2. NodeB has Phy sical Layer. < !--[if
!supportLists]-->3. RNC had MAC lay er and RRC lay er. < !--[if !supportLists]-->7 6. Briefly describe UMTS
air interface channel types and their functions. There are 3 ty pes of channels across air interface –phy
sical channel, transport channel and logical channel: < !--[if !supportLists]-->1. Phy sical Channel: carries
data between physical layers of UE and NodeB. < !--[if !supportLists]-->2. Transport Channel: carries data
between physical layer and MAC lay er. < !--[if !supportLists]-->3. Logical Channel: carries data between
MAC lay er and RRC lay er. < !--[if !supportLists]-->77. Give som e examples of Phy sical, T ransport and
Logical channels. < !--[if !supportLists]-->1. Logical Channel: < !--[if !supportLists]--> Control channel:
BCCH, PCCH, CCCH, DCCH. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Traffic channel: DTCH, CTCH. < !--[if !supportLists]--
>2. Transport Channel: < !--[if !supportLists]--> Common control channel: BCH, FACH, PCH, RACH,
CPCH. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Dedicated channel: DCH, DSCH. < !--[if !supportLists]-->3. Phy sical
Channel: < !--[if !supportLists]--> Common control channel: P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, P-SCH, SSCH, CPICH,
AICH, PICH, PDSCH, PRACH, PCPCH, CD/CA-ICH. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Dedicated channel: DPDCH,
DPCCH. < !--[if !supportLists]-->7 8. What are the RRC operation modes? Idle mode and connected
mode. < !--[if !supportLists]-->7 9. What are the RRC states? There are 4 RRC States: Cell_DCH,
Cell_FACH, URA_PCH and Ce ll_PCH. URA = UTRAN Registration Area. < !--[if !supportLists]-->80. What
are transparent m ode, acknowledged mode and unacknowledged mode? < !--[if !supportLists]-->
Transparent mode corresponds to the lowest service of the RLC lay er, no controls and no detection of
missing data. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Unacknowledged mode offers the possibility of segment and
concatenate of data but no error correction or retransmission therefor e no guarantee of delivery. < !--
[if !supportLists]--> Acknowledged mode offers, in addition to UM mode functions, acknowledgement
of transmission, flow control, error correction and retransmission. < !--[if !supportLists]-->81. Which lay
er(s) perform ciphering function? RRC – for acknowledged mode (AM) and unacknowledged mode (UM).
MAC – for transparent mode (TM). < !--[if !supportLists]-->82. What is OVSF? Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor. < !--[if !supportLists]-->83. How m any OVSF code spaces are available? < !--[if
!supportLists]--> Total OVSF codes = 256. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Reserved: 1 SF64 for S-CCPCH, 1
SF256 for CPICH, P-CCPCH, PICH and AICH each. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Total available code space =
256 –4 (1 SF64) – 4 (4 SF256) = 248. < !--[if !supportLists]-->84. Can code space lim it the cell capacity? Y
es, cell capacity can be hard-limited by code space. Take CS-12.2k for example: < !--[if !supportLists]-->
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128
–2 (1 SF64) – 2 (4 SF256) = 124. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8: 124 / 1.8
= 68 uers/cell. < !--[if !supportLists]-->85. Can a user have OVSF code as “1111”? No, because “1111…”
(256 times) is used by CPICH. < !--[if !supportLists]-->86. What are the sy m bol rates (bits per sy mbol)
for BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM? < !--[if !supportLists]--> BPSK: 1. < !--[if !supportLists]--> QPSK: 2. <
!--[if !supportLists]--> 8PSK: 3. < !--[if !supportLists]--> 16QAM: 4. < !--[if !supportLists]-->87 . Briefly
describe UMTS fram e structure. < !--[if !supportLists]--> UMTS frame duration = 10ms. < !--[if
!supportLists]--> Each frame is divided into 15 timeslots. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Each timeslot is
divided into 2560 chips. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Therefore 2560 chips/TS* 15 TS/frame *
(1000ms/10ms) frame/sec = 3,840,000 chip/sec. < !--[if !supportLists]-->88. What is cell selection
criterion? Cell selection is based on: < !--[if !supportLists]--> Qmean: the average SIR of the target cell.
< !--[if !supportLists]--> Qmi n: minimum required SIR. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Pcompensation: a
correction value for difference UE classes. S = Qmean -Qmi n -Pcompensation < !--[if !supportLists]--> If
S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate. < !--[if !supportLists]--> A UE will camp on the cell with the
highest S. < !--[if !supportLists]-->89. Briefly describe Capacity Management and its functions: Capacity
Management is responsible for the control of the load in the cell. It consists of 3 main functions: < !--[if
!supportLists]--> Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling: tracks utilization of critical resources of the
sy stem. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Admission Control: accepts/refuses admission requests based on the
current load on the dedicated monitored resour ces and the characteristics of the request < !--[if
!supportLists]--> Congestion Control: detects/resolves overload situations Planning < !--[if
!supportLists]-->90. What are the m ajor 4 KPIs in propagation m odel tuning and ty pical acceptable
values? The 4 KPIs are standard deviation error, root mean square error, mean error and correlation
coefficient. The ty pical acceptable values are: < !--[if !supportLists]--> Standard deviation error: the
smaller the better, usually 7 to 9dB. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Mean error: the smaller the better, usually
2 to3. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Root mean square error: the smaller the better, usually < !--[if
!supportLists]--> Correlation coefficient: the larger the better, usually 70% to 90%. < !--[if
!supportLists]-->91. What is the m inimum number of bins required for a certain propagation m odel?
The more bins the more likely to come up with a good model. Usually a minimum of 2,000 bines is
considered acceptable, but sometimes as low as 500 bins may be accepted. < !--[if !supportLists]-->92.
How m any scrambling codes are there? There are 512 scrambling codes in the downlink and 16,777,216
codes in the uplink. < !--[if !supportLists]-->93. How m any scrambling code groups are there for
downlink? There are 64 code groups, each group has 8 scrambling codes. < !--[if !supportLists]-->94. Can
we assign sam e scrambling codes to sister sectors (sectors on same site)? No, because scrambling code
on the downlink is used for cell identity. As a requirement, scrambling codes have to maintain a safe
separation to avoid interference. < !--[if !supportLists]-->95. Are scram bling codes orthogonal? No,
scrambling codes are not orthogonal since they are not synchronized at each receiver. They are pseudo
random sequences of codes. < !--[if !supportLists]-->96. Can we assign scram bling codes 1, 2 and 3 to
sister sectors? Y es. < !--[if !supportLists]-->97 . In IS-95 we have a PN reuse factor (PN step size) and
therefore cannot use all 512 PN codes, why isn’t it necessary for UMT S scram bling codes? Because IS-
95 is a sy nchronized network, different PN codes have the same code sequence with a time shift,
therefore we need to maintain a certain PN step size to avoid multi-path problem. For example, if two
sectors in the neighborhood have a small PN separation then signal arriving from cell A may run into the
time domain of cell B, causing interference. UMTS, on the other hand, is not a sy nchronized network
and all scrambling codes are mutually orthogonal so no need to maintain a step size. < !--[if
!supportLists]-->98. What are coverage thresholds in y our UMTS design and why ? The coverage
thresholds are based on UE sensitivity, fading and penetration loss. Assuming UE sensitivity of -110dBm,
fade margin of 5dB: < !--[if !supportLists]--> Outdoor: -110dBm sensitivity + 5dB fade margin = -
105dBm. < !--[if !supportLists]--> In-vehicle: -110dBm + 5dB + 8dB in-vehicle penetration loss = - 97
dBm. < !--[if !supportLists]--> In-building: -110dBm + 5dB + 15dB in-building penetration loss = -90dBm.
< !--[if !supportLists]-->99. What is the Ec/Io target in y our design? The Ec/Io target typically is between
-12 to -14dB. However, if a network is designed for data then the Ec/Io target could go higher to around
-10dB because server dominance is more critical for a data network – since there isn’t software in the
downlink. < !--[if !supportLists]-->100. What is“Monte Carlo sim ulation”? Since UMTS coverage is
dependent on the loading, static coverage and quality analysis (RSCP and Ec/Io) represents the network
performance in no-load condition. Monte Carlo simulation is therefore used to illustrate network
performance under simulated loading consition. < !--[if !supportLists]-->101. What is the key difference
between a static analy sis and a Monte Carlo simulation? Static analy sis can only show RSCP and Ec/Io in
no -load condition. Monte Carlo simulation not only can show RSCP and Ec/Io in simulated loading
condition but also can show many more others: mean served, cell loading, uplink and downlink capacity
limits reached, etc. < !--[if !supportLists]-->102. What should be run first (what information should be
ready and loaded) before running a Monte Carlo simulation? Before running Monte Carlo simulation,
the following should be completed or in place. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Run prediction. < !--[if
!supportLists]--> Spread the traffic. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Define terminal ty pes. < !--[if
!supportLists]-->103. How m any snap shots and iteration do y ou usually have when running Monte
Carlo simulation? (Depend on software tool recommendations). < !--[if !supportLists]-->104. What are
the design KPI’s? (RSCP, Ec/Io, mean served, soft handover ratio…) < !--[if !supportLists]-->105. What
plots do y ou usually check after running Monte Carlo for trouble spots? (RSCP, Ec/Io, service probability,
reasons for failure…) < !--[if !supportLists]-->106. What are the ty pical reasons of failure in Monte Carlo
sim ulation? < !--[if !supportLists]--> Downlink Eb/No failure (Capacity). < !--[if !supportLists]-->
Downlink Eb/No failure (Range). < !--[if !supportLists]--> Uplink Eb/No failure. < !--[if !supportLists]-->
Low pilot SIR. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Noise rise limit reached. < !--[if !supportLists]--> Etc. < !--[if
!supportLists]-->107 . What does“traffic spread” m ean? “Traffic spread” means spreading traffic
(number of terminals) in a cell coverage area. < !--[if !supportLists]-->108. Do y ou use live traffic or
even-load traffic in y our design? (Depends). Optim ization < !--[if !supportLists]-->109. What are the
optimization tools y o