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SQL Notes

Here are the key differences between ALTER and UPDATE: - ALTER is a DDL statement used to modify the structure of a table, such as adding or dropping columns. UPDATE is a DML statement used to modify the data within a table. - ALTER changes the definition of the table itself. UPDATE changes the data within existing rows of the table. - ALTER commits automatically. UPDATE does not commit automatically and requires an explicit COMMIT. - DELETE removes rows from a table. TRUNCATE empties the entire table, removing all rows quickly without logging the individual row deletions. It cannot be rolled back. - DROP removes the table definition and all its data permanently. TRUNCATE

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)

2K views

SQL Notes

Uploaded by

krishna chaitanya

Available Formats

Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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1|Page

Contents
BASICS of SQL ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4-May-2018- ORACLE Basics class................................................................................................................................. 6
5-May-2018 - Create table Notes ................................................................................................................................. 7
5-May-2018 -create table Exa ..................................................................................................................................... 12
6-May-2018-Diff bet Char and Varchar2.................................................................................................................... 23
6-May-2018-Diff bet Char and Varchar2(Exam) ........................................................................................................ 29
6-May-2018-Diff bet Null and Implicit Null(Exam) .................................................................................................... 47
24-MAY- 2018 Substr &INSTR ..................................................................................................................................... 50
24-MAY- 2018 Substr &INSTR Example ...................................................................................................................... 58
25-MAY- 2018 LTRIM,RTIM, COALESCE ...................................................................................................................... 89
25-MAY- 2018 - LTRIM,RTIM, COALESCE Examples ................................................................................................... 93
28-MAY-2018 -DECODE,CASE,CHR,ASCII .................................................................................................................. 125
28-MAY-2018 -DECODE,CASE,CHR,ASCII,CASE(Example) ......................................................................................... 129
31-May-2018 - CHARACTER FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................. 161
31-May-2018 - CHARACTER FUNCTIONS-Example ................................................................................................... 167
1-Jun-2018 Date Functions ....................................................................................................................................... 195
1-Jun-2018 Date Functions (Exa) .............................................................................................................................. 201
3-jun-2018-Conversion functions ............................................................................................................................. 224
3-jun-2018-Conversion functions (Example) ............................................................................................................ 226
03-jun-2018 ............................................................................................................................................................... 267
4-Jun-2018 (GROUP FUNCTIONS/AGGR FUNCTIONS/ MULTI ROW FUNCTIONS) .................................................... 340
4-Jun-2018 (GROUP FUNCTIONS/AGGR FUNCTIONS/ MULTI ROW FUNCTIONS)-Exam ......................................... 345
8-jun-2018 Constraints Notes ................................................................................................................................... 378
8-jun-2018 Constraints Examples ............................................................................................................................. 382
9-Jun-2018 -Foreign KEY Example2 ........................................................................................................................... 404
9-Jun-2018 -Example1............................................................................................................................................... 426
10-Jun-2018 Joins.1 Notes ........................................................................................................................................ 448
10-Jun-2018 Joins.1 Examples .................................................................................................................................. 452
11-Jun-2018 Joins.2 Notes ........................................................................................................................................ 546
11-Jun-2018 Joins.2 Examples .................................................................................................................................. 551
16-jun-2018 Subquiry Notes ..................................................................................................................................... 596
16-jun-2018 Subquireies Examples ........................................................................................................................... 607
17-jun-2018 Subquery conti Notes ........................................................................................................................... 670
17-jun-2018 Subquery conti Examples ..................................................................................................................... 673
25-jun-2018 Hierarchial Query Notes ...................................................................................................................... 717
2|Page

22-Jun-2018 ROWNUM Functions ............................................................................................................................ 720

22-Jun-2018 ROWNUM Functions spool .................................................................................................................. 723
25-jun-2018 Hierarchial querie spool ...................................................................................................................... 771

BASICS of SQL

WE ARE HAVING TOTAL 5 DIFFERENCT TYPES OF STATEMENTS IN SQL

1) DDL(DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE) STATEMENTS
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE
2) DML( DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE) STATEMENTS
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
MERGE(INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)
3) DCL ( DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE ) STATEMENTS
GRANT
REVOKE
4) TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE) STATEMETNS
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
5) DRL (DATA RETRIEVAL LANGUAGE) STATEMENTS
SELECT

 To connect to the SQL server = SQL> connect system/sai369baba;

 Clear the screen = SQL> CL SCR
 To see the Orders = SQL> Describe orders;
 To create the table
SQL> CREATE TABLE B26

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME CHAR
5 );

 Add column in the table =

SQL> alter table orders;
2 add gender varchar2(1);
 To RENAME the Column Name .
3|Page

 To update the new row =

insert into orders
values
(
8
,'muthoot'
,'chennai'
,'m'
)
;

 Modify - Change the Data type of the column

 Remove column in the table =

SQL> alter table orders
2 drop column gender;
 to save the file of the commands = commit;
 To delete the particular row =
SQL> delete from orders
2 where id = 1;
 To see the total table = select *from orders ;
 To Update the row =
Update orders
set city = 'rajamundry',
where ID =4 ;

 To Delete the Table = Drop table Orders;

 To update the specific Rows in the full column

4|Page

 Alias =AS
this is changing the header to the different name

 Multiplication in the SQL

Creating the sequences

5|Page

Using of the sequence commands

 WHAT IS DUAL ?
DUAL IS A ORACLE PREDIFINED TABLE
IT CONTAINS ONE ROW AND ONE COLUMN ALWAYS
ROW VALUE WILL BE "X" AND COLUMN NAME WILL BE DUMMY

OWNER OF DUAL TABLE IS SYS USER

WE CAN PERFORM ONLY SELECT ON DUAL TABLE OTHER THAN THAT WE CAN NOT PEROFMRM
ANY OTHER OPERATION(INSERT..UPDATE..DELETE..ETC IS NOT ALLOWED)

WHY WE NEED A DUAL ?

WHNEVER WE WANT TO SELECT SOMETHIGN WHICH IS NOT DEPEND ON ANY

ONE OF BUSINESS TABLE THEN WE WILL GO FOR DUAL TABLE

1 SELECT 'TODAY DATE IS '

2 ||SYSDATE AS C1
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
--------------------------------
TODAY DATE IS 12-MAY-18
6|Page

Example

NULL Propogation Table

4-May-2018- ORACLE Basics class

ORACLE IS A DATA BASE WHICH IS USED TO STORE THE DATA

ORACLE 2 TYPES OF ROLES

ADMINISTRATOR -- INSGTALLING ORACLE SOFTWARE,UPGRADING ORACLE SOFTWARE,DB

BACKUP,RECOVERY DB..ETC
DEVELOPER-- WHO IS WRITTING SOME SQL AND PLSQL SCRIPTS TO FULL FILL THE
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENT
(SQL + PLSQL +UNIX+SHELL SCRIPTING)

IF YOU WANT TO STORE THE DATA WE ARE HAVING LANGUAGE CALLED SQL(STRUCTURED
QUERY LANGUAGE)

WE ARE HAVING TOTAL 5 DIFFERENCT TYPES OF STATEMENTS IN SQL

1) DDL(DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE) STATEMENTS
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
7|Page

TRUNCATE
2) DML( DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE) STATEMENTS
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
MERGE(INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)
3) DCL ( DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE ) STATEMENTS
GRANT
REVOKE
4) TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE) STATEMETNS
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
5) DRL (DATA RETRIEVAL LANGUAGE) STATEMENTS
SELECT

IN ANY DATABASE DATA WILL BE STORED IN TABLE FORMAT

TABLES CONSISTS OF ROWS AND COLUMNS

IF YOU WANT TO DEFINE STRUCTURE OF THE TABLE(I.E WHAT COLUMNS AND DATA TYPE
IT SHOULD CONTAIN) WE HAVE
TO USE CREATE COMMAND.

All DDL AND DCL COMMANDS CHANGES ARE AUTO SAVED(AUTO COMMIT)
ALL DML COMMANDS ARE NOT AUTO SAVED(NOT AUTO COMMIT)

Questions :

DIFF BETWEEN ALTER AND UPDATE

DIFF BETWEEN DELETE AND TRUNCATE
DIFF BETWEEN DROP AND TRUNCATE

5-May-2018 - Create table Notes

RULES TO CHOOSE THE TABLENAME :
-----------------------------------
1) IT SHOULD CONTAIN MAXIMUIM 30 CHARACTERS
2) IT CAN BE A-Z a-z 0-9 _^$#..etc
3) it should start always with alphaebets
Student_1-- right
1student-- wrong
_student -- wrong --error
4) IT IS NOT CASE SENSITIVE
STUDENT =student-- both are same
5) in one user 2 objects names(table names) should not be same
6) IT SHOULD NOT CONTAIN SPACES
STUDENT INFORMATION--NOT ALLOWED
STUDENT_INFORMATION-- ALLOWED
7) DONT USE ORACLE RESEREWED WORDS.

CREATE -- NOTALLOWED
INSERT -- ALLOWED

8) 3 4 6 7 BY DEFAULT NOT ALLOWED

BUT IF YOU KEEP WITH IN " " IT IS ALLOWED
8|Page

1STUDENT --NOT ALLOWED

"1STUDENT"-- ALLOWED
Student-- you can refer however we want STUDENT ,STudent,STudenet
..same
"Student"-- then you should refere alwas "Student"

STUDENT INFORMATION--NOT ALLOWED

"STUDENT INFORMATION"-- ALLOWED

create -- not allowed

"CREATE"--allowed

but 8th point as per realtime coding standars not recomented

9) your table name should be as short as possible.

ALL ABOVE RULES ARE COMMON TO COLUMN NAMES ALSO

BUT HERE IN ONE TABLE WE CAN NOT HAVE 2 COLUMN NAMES SAME IRRESEPCTIVE OF
THE DATATYPE.

EACH COLUMN SHOULD BE SEPARATED BY ,

PLSQL_STUDENT_INFORMATION

CREATE TABLE PLSQL_STD_INFO

(
ID NUMBER
,NAME VARCHAR2(30)
,MOB NUMBER(10)
,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
,GEN CHAR(1)
,DOJ DATE
)

2 TO 4 YEARS--
FAKE-

DATA TYPES
-------------
NUMBER
IT IS USED TO STORE ONLY NUMBER(0-9)
IT IS HAVING WIDTH PROPERTY(HOW MANY DIGITS CAN BE STORED )
NUMBER(10)-- MAXIMUM 10 DIGITS WE CAN STORE
BUT IT IS OPTINAL
NUMBER-- BY DEFAULT WE CAN STORE UPTO 38 DIGITS
NUMBER(P1,P2)
IN TOTAL P1 HOW MANY ARE FOR DECIMALS(P2)

NUMBER(7,2)
IN TOTAL 7 DIGITS 2 FOR DECIMALS
99999.99--ACCEPTED
9999999.99--BIT AKKIED
CHAR
IT IS USED TO STORE ALPHA NUMERICS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
A-Z,0-9-_^&*..ETC
9|Page

WIDTH PROPERTY IS MANDATORY

MAXIMUM WE CAN STORE 2000 CHARACTERS/BYTES
IT IS A FIXED LENGTH MEMORY ALLOCATION

VARCHAR2
IT IS USED TO STORE ALPHA NUMERICS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
A-Z,0-9-_^&*..ETC
WIDTH PROPERTY IS MANDATORY
MAXIMUM WE CAN STORE 4000 CHARACTERS/BYTES
IT IS A VARIABLE LENGTH MEMORY ALLOCATION

DIFF BETWEEN CHAR AND VARCHAR2 ?

LONG
IT IS NOT HAVING ANY WIDTH PROPERTY
IT IS USED TO STORE ALPHA NUMERICS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
A-Z,0-9-_^&*..ETC
MAXIMUM 8000 CHARACTERS/BYTES WE CAN STORE
CLOB
CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT
IT IS NOT HAVING ANY WIDTH PROPERTY
IT IS USED TO STORE ALPHA NUMERICS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
A-Z,0-9-_^&*..ETC
HERE WE CAN STORE -23GB TO +23 GB(THIS IS THE MAXIMUM WE CAN STORE)
BLOB
BINARY LARGE OBJECT
IT IS NOT HAVING ANY WIDTH PROPERTY
IT IS USED TO STORE YOUR IMAGES..PDF FILES..ECT

DATE
IT IS NOT HAVING ANY WIDTH PROPERTY
DEFAULT DATE FORMAT WHICH WILL ACCEPT IS DD-MON-YY
WHENEVER WE WANT TO STORE
DATES(DOJ,DOB,DOP,PA+GI,P_E_d...ECT,ORDER_DATE,P_A_D,P_D_D,T_A_T)

PSI***
10 | P a g e

CREATE TABLE

SERVICE BASED
-------

CUSTOMER(CLIENT)

BUSINESS ANALYST-- CUSTOMER(CLIENT)--

REQUIREMENT DOCUMENT--
DATA ARCHITECT --(TECHNICAL DESIGN DOCUMENT)
TABLES -- DATA TYPES
DEVELOPER(PLSQL DEVELPOER)
WE WILL WRITE A CODE TO POPULATE DATA INTO THOSE TABLES
CODE REVIEW--TEAM LEAD(TEAM COLEAGUES)

UNIT TESTING(UNIT TESTING DOCUMENT)

TECHNICAL DESIGN DOCUMENT _UPDATE

WE WILL BE SEDNING DETAILS TO QA TEAM(TESTING TEAM)-- VERSION CONTROL TOOL

(VSS,SVN...ETC)
QA WILL TEST YOUR CODE
IF IT IS WORKING AS PER REQURIEMENT THEN THEY WILL GIVE SIGN OFF.(TEST
RESULTS)
IT IS IS NOT WORKING FINE THEN THEY WILL RAISE BUG(CASSE..)
YOU HAVE TO FIX THAT BUT AGAIN ASK QA TO TEST

---------------------------------

TO TYPE/EXECUTE YOUR SQL/PLSQL COMMAND WE HAVE 2 TYPES OF EDITORS

1) COMMAND PROMPT(CLASS ROOM)
2) GUI TOOL( WE WIL BE USING IN REAL TIME)
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
TOAD
SQL DEVELOPER TOOL
PLSQL DEVELPER TOOL
11 | P a g e

ONCE ORACLE SOFTWARE INSTALLED

START -- ALLPOROMGRAMS-- ORACLE SOFTWARE -- RUN SQL COMMAND LINE--RIGHT

CLICK ON RUN SQL COMMANDLINE
CHOOSE RUN AS ADMINISTRATOR

YES/NO--YES
IT WILL OPOEN COMMAND PROMPT

CONNECT SYSTEM/ARJUN
TO SEE WHICH USER YOU CONNECTED
SHOW USER

SPOOL
-----
CREATING A FILE IN SPECIFIC DIRECTORY/FOLDER
WHATEVER WE TYPE ON COMMAND PROMPT ALL COMMANDS/STATEMETNS WILL BE SAVED IN
THAT FILE

SPOOL FOLDERPATH\FILENAME.DOC

SPOOL FILE IS A NOT A DATABSSE

IT IS A ENGLHST NOTES

HOW TO PASTE IN COMMAND PORMPT

---------------------

CTRL + V
RIGHT CLICK
ALT + SPACEBAR + E+ P

CL SCR -- TO CLEAR THE SCREEN

DESC TABLENAME-- TO SEE THE TABLE STRUCTURE

DESCRIBE TABLENAME-- TO SEE THE TABLE STRUCTURE

EDIT
---------
12 | P a g e

IN COMMAND PROMPOT ALWAYS IN BUFFER JUST PREVIOUS EXECUTED COMMAND WILL BE

THERE

IF YOU WANT TO SEE WHAT IS THERE IN BUFFER YOU HAVE TO SAY EDIT AND ENTER
IT WILL OPEN ONE NOTEPAD(BUFFER) AND YOU CAN SEE PREVIOUS SQL COMMAND

CHANGE WHAT EVEREVER YOU WANT AND SAVE AND CLOSE

NOW YOU CAN SEE CHANGED QUERY IN COMMAND PROMPT

NOW IF YOU WANT TO RUN WHAT IS THERE IN BUFFER(SAVED QUERY)

R-- IT WILL WRITE AND EXECUTE
/-- IT WILL JUST EXECUTES

---------------------------------------------------------

5-May-2018 -create table Exa

SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD
2 (
3
SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(50)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD
2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(50)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9 );

Table created.

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKS_STD

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(50)
MOB NUMBER(10)
FEES NUMBER(7,2)
DOJ DATE
GEN CHAR(1)

SQL> NOT NULL(CONSTRAINTS ) 2 TO 2.30

SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "NOT NULL(C..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_1

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMER(10)
6 ,DOJ DTE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8 );
CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00972: identifier is too long

SQL> EDIT
16 | P a g e

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMER(10)
6 ,DOJ DTE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
SQL> R
1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD
2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMER(10)
6 ,DOJ DTE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00972: identifier is too long

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMER(10)
6 ,DOJ DTE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
SQL> /
,NAME VARAR2(10)
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMER(10)
6 ,DOJ DTE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
SQL> /
,MOB NUMER(10)
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf
17 | P a g e

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,DOJ DTE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
SQL> /
,DOJ DTE
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-00902: invalid datatype

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,DOJ DATE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
SQL> /

Table created.

SQL> R
1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26
2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(10)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,DOJ DATE
7 ,FEES NUMBER(7,2)
8* )
CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> USER_TABLES OR DBA_TABLES OR ALL_TABLES

SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "USER_TABLE..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SELECT TABLE_NAME
2 FROM USER_TABLES
3 WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '%B26%';

TABLE_NAME
------------------------------
B26_AKS_STD
B26_AKS_STD_1
B26_AKS_STD_2
B26_AKS_STD_3
B26_AKS_STD_B26_AKS_STD_B26

SQL> EDIT
18 | P a g e

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TABLE_NAME
2 FROM USER_TABLES
3* WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '%B26%'
SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CREATE TABLE 4_B26_AKS_STD

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 );
CREATE TABLE 4_B26_AKS_STD
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00903: invalid table name

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE _B26_AKS_STD

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5* )
SQL> /
CREATE TABLE _B26_AKS_STD
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00911: invalid character

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKS_STD_4

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5* )
SQL> /

Table created.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26 AKS STD

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5* )
SQL> /
CREATE TABLE B26 AKS STD
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00922: missing or invalid option

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
19 | P a g e

1 CREATE TABLE "B26 AKS STD"

2 (
3 ID NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5* )
SQL> /

Table created.

SQL> DESCRIBE B26 AKS STD

Usage: DESCRIBE [schema.]object[@db_link]
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> DESCRIBE "B26 AKS STD"
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 ,SAL + COMM AS TOTINCOME
5 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL COMM TOTINCOME

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600 300 1900
WARD 1250 500 1750
MARTIN 1250 1400 2650
TURNER 1500 0 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300
PUNAM 4200
NULL 2200

16 rows selected.

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,NVL (COMM
4 ,10
5 )
6 ,SAL + COMM AS TOTINCOME
7* FROM EMP
8 /

ENAME SAL NVL(COMM,10) TOTINCOME

---------- ---------- ------------ ----------
KING 5000 10
BLAKE 2850 10
20 | P a g e

CLARK 2450 10
JONES 2975 10
SCOTT 3000 10
FORD 3000 10
SMITH 800 10
ALLEN 1600 300 1900
WARD 1250 500 1750
MARTIN 1250 1400 2650
TURNER 1500 0 1500
ADAMS 1100 10
JAMES 950 10
MILLER 1300 10
PUNAM 4200 10
NULL 2200 10

16 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 ,NVL (COMM
5 ,10
6 )
7 ,SAL + COMM AS TOTINCOME
8* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL COMM NVL(COMM,10) TOTINCOME

---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ----------
KING 5000 10
BLAKE 2850 10
CLARK 2450 10
JONES 2975 10
SCOTT 3000 10
FORD 3000 10
SMITH 800 10
ALLEN 1600 300 300 1900
WARD 1250 500 500 1750
MARTIN 1250 1400 1400 2650
TURNER 1500 0 0 1500
ADAMS 1100 10
JAMES 950 10
MILLER 1300 10
PUNAM 4200 10
NULL 2200 10

16 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 ,NVL (COMM
5 ,10
6 )
7 ,SAL + COMM AS TOTINCOME
8* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL COMM NVL(COMM,10) TOTINCOME

21 | P a g e

INSTR('KALPANA'
,'A'
,1
,1
)

1) FROM P3 IF P4 TIMES P2 VALUE NOT IDENTIED THEN OUTPUT WILL BE "0"

2) ONCE SEARCH IS SUCCESSFUL ALWAYS IT WILL GIVE YOU THAT POSITION

FROM STARTING/BEGINING OF THE STRING
(NOTE : IRRESPECTIVE FROM WHERE YOU ARE SEARCHING/FROM WHICH
SIDE YOU ARE SEARCHING
)

3) IF P3 POSITION NOT ABLE TO IDENTIFY THEN OUTPUT WILL BE "0"

4) P3 AND P4 ARE OPTIONAL

IF YOU ARE NOT PROVIDED BY DEFAULT IT WILL CONSIDERES AS "1"
23 | P a g e

5) IF P3 VALUE IS "0" THEN OUTPUT WILL BE "0"

6) IF P3 VALUE IS -VE IT WILL FIX POSITION FROM RIGHT SIDE

ONCE POSITION IS FIXED WHAT YOU WANT TO SEARCH FOR THAT
IT WILL SEARCH FROM THAT POSITION TO LEFT SIDE

ONCE SEARCH IS SUCCCESSFULL THAT POSITION WILL GIVE YOU

FROM LEFT SIDE STARTING/BEGINING OF THE STRING

7) IF P3 OR P4 VALUE IS NULL OUTPUT WILL BE NULL

8) IF P4<=0 THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU ERROR

ARGMENT OUT OF RANGE ERROR

9) IF P2 VALUE IS A STRING(MORE THAN ONE CHARACTER)

IT WILL SEARCH AS STRING
ONCE SEARCH IS SUCCESFULL IT WILL GIVE YOU POSITION OF THE
FIRST CHARACTER OF A SEARCHED STRING

6-May-2018-Diff bet Char and Varchar2

DB INSTALATION---
HOW TO CONNECT TO THE DATABASE
TOOLS USED TO CONNECT TO THE DATABASE
HOW TO SEE WHICH USER YOU CONNECTED --- SHOW USER
HOW TO CREATE A TABLE
RULES TO CREATE A TABLE
HOW TO SEE TABLE STU-- DESCRIBE
WHAT IS SPOOL
WHAT IS EDIT -- IS USED FOR
R
/

----------------------------------------

TABLE CREATION
-------------------
SYNTAX:

CREATE TABLE <TABLENAME>

(
COLUMNAME1 DATATYPE
,COLUMNAME2 DATATYPE
24 | P a g e

.
.
.
.
COLUMNMAE1000 DATATYPE
);

RULES TO CHOOSE/SPECIFY TABLENAME---

SAME RULES ARE APPLILCABLE TO COLUMNAMEES ALSO .. IN ONE TABLE 2

COLUMN NAME S SHOULD NOT BE AME

DATATYPES
--------------
IT WILL WHAT KIND OF DATA IS ALLOWED FOR THAT COLUMN

NUMBER
IT ACCEPTS ONLY 0-9
WIDTH PROPERTY IS OPTIONAL FOR NUMBER DATA TYPE
NUMBER(10)-- IT ACCEPTS ONLY MAXIMUM 10 DIGITS NUMBERS
WITH IN PARANTHESIS WHATEVER WE ARE KEEPING THAT IS CALLED WIDTH
PROPERTY

IF YOU JUST SAY NUMBER WITH OUT () THEN BY DEFAULT IT ACCEPTS

MAXIMUM 38 DIGIT NUMBER

NUMBER --- MAXIMUM 32 DIGIT LENGHT NUMBER IT ACCEPTS

NUMBER(5)-- IT ACCEPTS MAXIMUM 5 DIGIT LENGTH NUMBER
NUMBER(7,2)-- IT ACCEPTS 2 DECIMALS
AND 5 WHOLE NUMBERS TOTAL WILL BE 7 DIGIT NUMBER----

NUMBER(10,4)--

SAL-NUMBER(
ID -- NUMBER
FEES -- NUMBER
TRANSACTION AMOUNT -- NUMBER
AGE--NUMBER

CHAR
IT ACCEPTS 0-9 ALPHABETS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
FOR CHAR WIDHT PROPERTY IS OPTIONAL
WITH OUT WIDTH PROPERY IF YOU SPECIFY CHAR BY DEFAULT IT ACCEPT
ONLY 1 CHARACTER
MAXIMUM 2000 CHARACTERS IT ACCEPTS
25 | P a g e

** IT IS A FIXED LENGTH MEMORY ALLOCATION

VARCHAR2
IT ACCEPTS 0-9 ALPHABETS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
WIDHT PROPERTY IS MANDATORY
MAXIMUM IT ACCEPTS 4000 CHARACTERS
** IT IS A VARIABLE LENGTH MEMORY ALLOCATION

NAME -- CHAR(10)--- SURESH

NAME -- VARCHAR2(10)--SURESH

DIFF CHAR AND VARCHAR2

LONG
FOR LONG DATA TYPE WIDTH PROPERTY IS NOT THERE
IT ACCEPTS NUMBERS,ALPHABETES AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
MAXIMUM WE CAN STORE 8000 CHARACTERS/BYTES
CLOB
CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT
FOR CLOB DATA TYPE WIDTH PROPERTY IS NOT THERE
IT ACCEPTS NUMBERS,ALPHABETES AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS
WE CAN STORE 46 GB DATA (-23 GB TO +23 GB)

BLOB
BINARY LARGE OBJECT
FOR BLOB DATA TYPE WIDTH PROPERTY IS NOT THERE
IT IS USED TO STORE YOUR IMAGES .JPEG .PDF

DATE

FOR DATE DATA TYPE WIDTH PROPERTY IS NOT THERE

BY DEFAULT DATE FORMAT WHICH WILL ACCEPT AND WHICH WILL GIVE YOU IS
DD-MON-YY FORMAT(I.E 06-MAY-18) DD-MM-YY(06-05-18)

15 HOURS
2 CONSTRAINTS--
6 HOURS(JOINS SUB SET OPERARO )
8 HOURS(SEQUENCTES VIEWWS MVIEWS PIVO AND UNPVIR REGEXP INDEXES
PARTIONS... OLAP ETC)

SQL
26 | P a g e

US
UK
CANADA(ADAR LINKING)

HIPPA

HOSPITAL
------------
CREATE TABLE PATIENTS
(
PID
PNAME
PCITINUMBER
PMOB
PAGE
PGEN
PEDUT

CREATE TABLE ROOMS

(
RNO NUMBER
,ROOM_TYPE VARCHAR2(10)
)

ROOM_CHARGES
(
RNO NMBER
AMT NUMBER
)

DOCTORS_LIST
27 | P a g e

(
DNO
DNAME
DSPEICALA
DEXP_STARTED
)
DOCTORS_FEES
MEDICINET
TREAT_MENT_DETAILS
(
PID
DNO
RNO
MEDIICNE_NO
MEIDICNE_DATE
.
.
.
ETC
);

.
.
.
ETC

INDEXES---(30 HOURS)-- PERFORMAN TUNNING (DATAA ARCHICTE DBA)--

DEVELOPER

AWR
AS,M
SQL TRACE..

ETC
PROFILING
28 | P a g e

DBA
------
INSTALATION UPGRARE MIGRATIONN
RECOVERY AND BACKUP
PERFORMANCE UTNING TIWTH (DEVELOPERS)----
DATA BASE SECURITY
.
.
.
10 --

HOW TO STORE DATA IN TABLE

-----------------------

BY USING INSERT COMMAND WE CAN DO

--------------------------

CHANGE REQUESTST(SCR)

INVESTIGATION
---
---
---
---

--
TEST
TESING SING OFF
PRODUCTION
29 | P a g e

6-May-2018-Diff bet Char and Varchar2(Exam)

SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CONNECT SYSTEM/akshara

ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

SQL> connect system/AKSHARA

Connected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> SHOW USER
USER is "SYSTEM"
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKS_STD

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(50)
MOB NUMBER(10)
FEES NUMBER(7,2)
DOJ DATE
GEN CHAR(1)

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKS_STD_1

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER(10)
GEN CHAR(1)
DOJ DATE
PAN VARCHAR2(10)

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKS_STD_2

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER(10)
GEN CHAR(1)
DOJ DATE
PAN VARCHAR2(10)

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKS_STD_3

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER(10)
GEN CHAR(1)
DOJ DATE
PAN VARCHAR2(10)

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKS_STD_10

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX

2 (
3 FNAME CHAR(10)
4 ,LNAME VARCHAR2(10)
5 );

Table created.

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX

2 VALUES
3 (
4 'SURESH'
5 ,'KUMAR'
6 );

1 row created.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX

2 VALUES
3 (
4 'ARJUN'
5 ,'V'
6* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT * FROM B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX;

FNAME LNAME
---------- ----------
SURESH KUMAR
ARJUN V

SQL> SELECT FNAME

2 ,LENGTH(FNMAE)
3 ,LNAME
4 ,LENGTH(LNAME)
5 FROM B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX;
,LENGTH(FNMAE)
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00904: "FNMAE": invalid identifier

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT FNAME
2 ,LENGTH(FNAME)
3 ,LNAME
4 ,LENGTH(LNAME)
32 | P a g e

5* FROM B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX
SQL> /

FNAME LENGTH(FNAME) LNAME LENGTH(LNAME)

---------- ------------- ---------- -------------
SURESH 10 KUMAR 5
ARJUN 10 V 1

SQL> DESC B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
FNAME CHAR(10)
LNAME VARCHAR2(10)

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> DESC B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
FNAME CHAR(10)
LNAME VARCHAR2(10)

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_CHAR_VARCHAR2_EX

2 VALUES
3 (
4 '123ABC*'
5 ,'456DSFAS_'
6 );

1 row created.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> DESC B26_AKS_STD

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(50)
MOB NUMBER(10)
FEES NUMBER(7,2)
DOJ DATE
GEN CHAR(1)

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CREATE TABBLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9 )
10
SQL> EDIT
33 | P a g e

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABBLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
10 /
CREATE TABBLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00901: invalid CREATE command

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
SQL> R
1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )

Table created.

SQL> R
1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> /
CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
*
34 | P a g e

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00955: name is already used by an existing object

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT_1

2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE(10)
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
SQL> /
,DOJ DATE(10)
*
ERROR at line 7:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT_1

2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(4020)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
SQL> /
,NAME VARCHAR2(4020)
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00910: specified length too long for its datatype

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT_1

35 | P a g e

2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 CREATE TABLE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT_1
2 (
3 SNO NUMBER
4 ,NAME VARCHAR2(20)
5 ,MOB NUMBER(10)
6 ,FEES NUMBER(8,2)
7 ,DOJ DATE
8 ,GEN CHAR(1)
9* )

Table created.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> DESCRIBE B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER(10)
FEES NUMBER(8,2)
DOJ DATE
GEN CHAR(1)

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 101
5 ,ABHISHEK
6 ,12345
7 ,5000
8 '03-MAY-18'
9 ,'M'
10 );
'03-MAY-18'
*
ERROR at line 8:
ORA-00917: missing comma

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 101
5 ,ABHISHEK
6 ,12345
7 ,5000
8 ,'03-MAY-18'
36 | P a g e

9 ,'M'
10* )
SQL> R
1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
2 VALUES
3 (
4 101
5 ,ABHISHEK
6 ,12345
7 ,5000
8 ,'03-MAY-18'
9 ,'M'
10* )
,ABHISHEK
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-00984: column not allowed here

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 101
5 ,'ABHISHEK'
6 ,12345
7 ,5000
8 ,'MAY-18-03'
9 ,'M'
10* )
SQL> /
,'MAY-18-03'
*
ERROR at line 8:
ORA-01858: a non-numeric character was found where a numeric was expected

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 101
5 ,'ABHISHEK'
6 ,12345
7 ,5000
8 ,'03-MAY-18'
9 ,'M'
10* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 102
5 ,"SURESH"
37 | P a g e

6 ,12346
7 ,6000
8 , SYSDATE - 3
9 ,'M'
10* )
SQL> /
,"SURESH"
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-00984: column not allowed here

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 102
5 ,'SURESH KUMAR SINGH SURES'
6 ,123461234789
7 ,6000
8 , SYSDATE - 3
9 ,'B'
10* )
SQL> /
,'SURESH KUMAR SINGH SURES'
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-12899: value too large for column "SYSTEM"."B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT"."NAME"
(actual: 24, maximum: 20)

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 102
5 ,'SURESH KUMAR SINGH SR'
6 ,123461234789
7 ,6000
8 , SYSDATE - 3
9 ,'B'
10* )
SQL> /
,'SURESH KUMAR SINGH SR'
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-12899: value too large for column "SYSTEM"."B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT"."NAME"
(actual: 21, maximum: 20)

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 102
5 ,'SURESH KUMAR SINGH S'
6 ,123461234789
7 ,6000
38 | P a g e

8 , SYSDATE - 3
9 ,'B'
10* )
SQL> /
,123461234789
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-01438: value larger than specified precision allowed for this column

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 102
5 ,'SURESH KUMAR SINGH S'
6 ,1234612347
7 ,6000
8 , SYSDATE - 3
9 ,'B'
10* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 103
5 ,'KRISHNA'
6 ,6500
7 , SYSDATE
8 ,'M'
9* )
SQL> /
INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00947: not enough values

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 103
5 ,'KRISHNA'
6 ,98765
7 ,6500
8 , SYSDATE
9 ,'M'
10 ,'CRICKET'
11* )
SQL> /
INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
*
ERROR at line 1:
39 | P a g e

ORA-00913: too many values

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 103
5 ,'KRISHNA'
6 ,6500
7 , SYSDATE
8 ,'M'
9* )
SQL> /
INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00947: not enough values

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 103
5 ,'KRISHNA'
6 ,NULL
7 ,''
8 , SYSDATE
9 ,'M'
10* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 104
5 , ' HIMANSHU'
6 ,NULL
7 ,NULL
8 ,SYSDATE
9 ,'M'
10*)
SQL> /
, ' HIMANSHU'
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-12899: value too large for column "SYSTEM"."B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT"."NAME"
(actual: 22, maximum: 20)

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

40 | P a g e

2 VALUES
3 (
4 104
5 , 'ARJUN'
6 ,NULL
7 ,NULL
8 ,SYSDATE
9 ,'M'
10* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 'M'
5 ,4000
6 ,105
7 ,SYSDATE - 10
8 ,'HIMANSHU'
9 ,98765
10* )
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> DESC B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER(10)
FEES NUMBER(8,2)
DOJ DATE
GEN CHAR(1)

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3 (
4 'M'
5 ,4000
6 ,105
7 ,SYSDATE - 10
8 ,'HIMANSHU'
9 ,98765
10* )
SQL> /
,SYSDATE - 10
*
ERROR at line 7:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

41 | P a g e

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER(10)
FEES NUMBER(8,2)
DOJ DATE
GEN CHAR(1)

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 VALUES
3
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
2 (
3 SNO
4 ,SNAME
5 )
6 VALUES
7 (
8 108
9 ,'AKSHARA'
10 );
,SNAME
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-00904: "SNAME": invalid identifier

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO
4 ,NAME
5 )
6 VALUES
7 (
8 108
9 ,'AKSHARA'
10* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT;

44 | P a g e

SNO NAME MOB FEES DOJ G

8 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1* SELECT * FROM B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

SNO NAME MOB FEES DOJ G

8 rows selected.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> L SCR
SP2-0224: invalid starting line number
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_NULL_SPACE_EXS

2
SQL> CREATE TABLE B26_NULL_SPACE_EX
2 (
3 FNAME VARCHAR2(10)
4 ,LNAME VARCHAR2(10)
5 );

Table created.

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_NULL_SPACE_EX

2 VALUES
3 (
4 NULL
5 ,' '
6 );

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM B26_NULL_SPACE_EX;

FNAME LNAME
---------- ----------
45 | P a g e

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_NULL_SPACE_EX

2 VALUES
3 (
4 'ARJUN'
5 ,'REDDY'
6 );

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM B26_NULL_SPACE_EX;

FNAME LNAME
---------- ----------

ARJUN REDDY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT FNAME
2 ,LENGTH(FNAME)
3 ,LNAME
4 ,LENGTH(LNAME)
5* FROM B26_NULL_SPACE_EX
SQL> /

FNAME LENGTH(FNAME) LNAME LENGTH(LNAME)

---------- ------------- ---------- -------------
7
ARJUN 5 REDDY 5

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT FNAME
2 ,LENGTH(FNAME)
3 ,LNAME
4 ,LENGTH(LNAME)
5* FROM B26_NULL_SPACE_EX

FNAME LENGTH(FNAME) LNAME LENGTH(LNAME)

---------- ------------- ---------- -------------
7
ARJUN 5 REDDY 5

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNON
4
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT
2 (
3 SNON
4
SQL>
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO
4 ,NAME
46 | P a g e

5 ,MOB
6 )
7 VALUES
8 (
9 'NULL'
10 ,'NULL'
11 ,'NULL'
12* );
SQL> /
);
*
ERROR at line 12:
ORA-00911: invalid character

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO
4 ,NAME
5 ,MOB
6 )
7 VALUES
8 (
9 'NULL'
10 ,'NULL'
11 ,'NULL'
12* )
SQL> /
'NULL'
*
ERROR at line 9:
ORA-01722: invalid number

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
3 SNO
4 ,NAME
5 ,MOB
6 )
7 VALUES
8 (
9 NULL
10 ,'NULL'
11 ,'NULL'
12* )
SQL> /
,'NULL'
*
ERROR at line 11:
ORA-01722: invalid number

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 INSERT INTO B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT

2 (
47 | P a g e

3 SNO
4 ,NAME
5 ,MOB
6 )
7 VALUES
8 (
9 NULL
10 ,'NULL'
11 ,NULL
12* )
SQL> /

1 row created.

SQL> SELECT * FROM B26_AKSHARA_STUDENT;

SNO NAME MOB FEES DOJ G

9 rows selected.

SQL> SPOOL OFF

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6-May-2018-Diff bet Null and Implicit Null(Exam)

HOW TO INSTALL
HOW TO CONNECT
CONNECT UAERNAME/PASSOWRD
HOW TO RESET THE PASSWORD
WHAT IS SPOOL
EDIT
R
/
SPOOL
CREATE
DATA TYPES
DESC TABLENAME

CREATE
-----------

INSERT
---------
48 | P a g e

INSERT IS A DML COMMAND

IT IS USED TO ADD ROWS TO THE TABLES

INSERT SYNTAX 1:

IF YOU ARE PROVIDING ALL COLUMNS VALUES IN SAME ORDER HOW THE TABLE
IS CREATED

INSERT INTO <TABLENAME>

VALUES
(
COL1VALUE
,COL2VALUE
,COL3VALUE
.
.
.
.
,LASTCOLUMNVALUE
);

1) EACH COLUMN VALUE SHOULD BE SEPARATED BY ,

2) EXCEPT FOR NUMBER DATA TYPE FOR OTHER DATA TYPES COLUMNS
DATA SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH IN ''(SINGLE QUOTES)
''
3) DD-MON-YY IS DEFAULT DATE FORMAT IN ORACLE

4) FOR ANY COLUMN IF YOU DONT HAVE A DATA THEN WE CALL IT AS

ABSENCE OF VALUE
THAT YOU CAN TELL BY USING NULL

NULL IS NOTHIGN BUT ABSENCE OF VALUE

NULL WE CAN GIVE IN 2 WAYS
NULL
''--- NO SPACES INBETWEEN

NULL--MOSTLY I WILL BE USING

-- 2 TO 3 HOURS

CONSTRAINTS--2 HOURS
49 | P a g e

CONVERSION FUNCTIONS
TO_CHAR
TO_NUMBER
TO_DATE--2 HOURS

N/A-NOT AVAILALBE

SYSDATE IS A FUNCTION IT WILL GIVE YOU CURRENT SYSTEM DATE

INSERT SYNTAX 2:

IF YOU ARE PROVIDING ALL COLUMNS VALUE IN YOUR OWN ORDER(NOT

FOLLOWING TABLE CREATED ORDER)

INSERT INTO <TABLENAME>

(
COL6
,COL3
,COL1
,COL4
,COL5
,COL2
)
VALUES
(
COL6VALUE
,COL3VALUE
,COL1VALUE
,COL4VALUE
,COL5VALUE
,COL12VALUE
);

NULL WE CAN INSERT IN 2 WAYS

1) EXPLILCIT
NULL
''
2) IMPLICIT

WHILE INSERTIG IF YOU SPECIF DATA FOR ONLY SOME COLUMNS

AND IF THAT COLUMNS LIST IT IS THERE IN INSERT STATEMENT THEN
FOR REMAINGIN COLUMSN
ORACLE AUTOMATICALLY KEEP NULL VALUE.
50 | P a g e

DIFF BETWEEN NULL AND SPACE ?

NULL IS NOHTING BUT YOU DONT KNOW WHAT IS THERE

SPACE IS ONE CHARACTER YOU CAN SAY ONE..OR SOME SPACES ARE THERE C

SESSION AND TRANSACTION

-------------------------------

EACH TIME WHEN YOU CONNECT TO THE DATABASE IT WILL OPEN ONE NEW
SESSION
EACH SESSION WILL HAVE ONE UNIQUE IDENTIFIER CALLED SID

WHATEVER CHANGES WE ARE DOING IN ONE SESSION WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO

SEE FROM
OTHER SESSION UNTIL IT IS SAVED(COMMIT)

IF YOU DO SOME CHANGES IN ONE SESSION AND BY MISTAKENLY IF YOU

CLOSE THAT SESSION EDITOR
THOSE CHANGES WILL BE ROLLBACK AUTOMATICALLY*******

IF YOU ARE PROVIDING DATA FOR ONLY SOME COLUMNS ONLY THAT COLUMNS
YOU CAN KEEP
IN INSERT STATEMENT

INSERT INTO TABLENAEM(COL10,COL1,COL12)

VALUES
(
COL10VALUE,COL1VALEU,COL12VALUE
);

THEN BY DEFAUTL ORACLE WILL KEEP NULL VALUES FOR OTHER COLUMNS
WHICH ARE THERE IN TABLE

24-MAY- 2018 Substr &INSTR

SUBSTR
(
P1-- COLUMN / LITERAL
,P2 -- FROM WHICH POSITION/FROM WHERE WE WANT IN P1
,P3 -- FROM P2 HOW MANY POSITIONS/CHARACTERS WE WANT
51 | P a g e

OUTPUT : IT WILL GIVE YOU PART OF GIVEIN STRING(P1)

SUBSTR(
'KRISHNA'
,1
,3
) AS C1

1) IN P1 FROM P2 POSITION IF P3 NUMBER OF CHARACTERS ARE NOT FOUND

THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU HOW MANY ARE AVAIABLE.

2) P3 PARAMETER IS OPTIONAL
IF P3 NOT PROVIDED FROM P2 TILL END IT WILL GIVE YOU

3) IF P2 POSITION NOT ABLE TO IDENTIFY THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU

NULL
4) P1 AND P2 PARAMETERS AND MANDATORY

5) IF P2 PARAMENTER VLAUE IS "0" IS NOTHING BUT 1

6) IF P2 VALUE IS -VE THEN
IT WILL FIX POSITION FROM RIGHT SIDE
ONCE POSITIONS IS FIXED HOW MANY(P3) CHARACTERS YOU WANT IT WILL
YOU FROM THAT POSTIONS TO RIGHT SIDE

7) IF P2 OR P3 PARAMETTER VLAUE IS NULL THEN OUTPUT WILL BE NULL

8) IF P3 <= 0 THEN OUTPUT WILL BE NULL

LENGTH
-------

LENGTH(
P1-- COLUMN/CHARACTERS
)

-- TOTAL NUMBER OF POSTIONS

--INCLUDING SPACES

IF P1 VALUE IS NULL THEN OUTPUT WILL BE NULL

INSTR
------
52 | P a g e

INSTR(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2--SEARCHED STRING
,P3-- FROM WHICH POSITION WE WANT TO SEARCH
,P4-- FROM P3 HOW MANY TIMES WE WANT TO SEARCH
)

OUTPUT: IT WILLGIVE YOU POSITION OF THE SEARCHED STRING

INSTR('KALPANA'
,'A'
,1
,1
)

1) FROM P3 IF P4 TIMES P2 VALUE NOT IDENTIED THEN OUTPUT WILL BE

"0"

2) ONCE SEARCH IS SUCCESSFUL ALWAYS IT WILL GIVE YOU THAT POSITION

FROM STARTING/BEGINING OF THE STRING
(NOTE : IRRESPECTIVE FROM WHERE YOU ARE SEARCHING/FROM WHICH
SIDE YOU ARE SEARCHING
)

3) IF P3 POSITION NOT ABLE TO IDENTIFY THEN OUTPUT WILL BE "0"

4) P3 AND P4 ARE OPTIONAL

IF YOU ARE NOT PROVIDED BY DEFAULT IT WILL CONSIDERES AS "1"

5) IF P3 VALUE IS "0" THEN OUTPUT WILL BE "0"

6) IF P3 VALUE IS -VE IT WILL FIX POSITION FROM RIGHT SIDE

ONCE POSITION IS FIXED WHAT YOU WANT TO SEARCH FOR THAT
IT WILL SEARCH FROM THAT POSITION TO LEFT SIDE

ONCE SEARCH IS SUCCCESSFULL THAT POSITION WILL GIVE YOU

FROM LEFT SIDE STARTING/BEGINING OF THE STRING

7) IF P3 OR P4 VALUE IS NULL OUTPUT WILL BE NULL

8) IF P4<=0 THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU ERROR

ARGMENT OUT OF RANGE ERROR

53 | P a g e

9) IF P2 VALUE IS A STRING(MORE THAN ONE CHARACTER)

IT WILL SEARCH AS STRING
ONCE SEARCH IS SUCCESFULL IT WILL GIVE YOU POSITION OF THE
FIRST CHARACTER OF A SEARCHED STRING

UPPER LOWER INITCAP SUBSTR INSTR LENGTH

----------------------------------------------------------

1) WHATEVER STRING YOU GIVE FROM THAT STRING FIRST 2 CHARACTERS

SHOULD BE SHOWN IN LOWER CASE
LAST 2 CHRACTERS SHOULD BE SHOW IN initcao CASE

hiHu

ENAME ENAME1
----------
KING kiNg
BLAKE blKe
CLARK clRk

2) first half in ename should be in lower case and second half

should
be in inticap case

EMP
---
ENAME ENAME1
----------
KING kiNg
BLAKE blaKe SUBSTR(ENAME ,1,LENGTH(ENAME)/2)
,SUBSTR(ENAME,LENGTH(EMNAME)/2+1
CLARK claRk
MARTIN marTin

ROUND
TRUNC

SUBSTR || UPPPER LOWER INITCAP LENGTH (LOGICAL THINKING)

3) SYSDATE -- DD-MON-YY -- 20-MAY-18

54 | P a g e

OUTPUT : YY-20-MAY

OUTPUT : YY-MON-DD

DD-MON-YY

YY
DD-MON

4)
NAME
------------------------------
ABHI SHEK KUMAR -- between 1st space and 2nd space what is there
that middlename
SURESH KUMAR NAIDU-- between 1st space and 2nd space what is there
that middlename
A B C-- between 1st space and 2nd space what is there that
middlename
ARJUN 12 34-- between 1st space and 2nd space what is there that
middlename

how to get 1st sspace position ? INSTR

how to get 2nd space position ? INSTR

how to get inbetween 1st and snd ?

OUTPUT:

FNAME MNAME LNAME

ABHI SHEK KUMAR
SURESH KUMAR NAIDU
A B C
ARJUN 12 34

MAILD
------------------------------
ABHISHEK@CAPGEMINI.COM
SURESH@CTS.COM
ARJUN@GMAIL.COM
KRISHNA@GMAIL.CO.IN

NAME PROVIDER DOMAIN

ABHISHEK CAPGEMINI COM

SURESH CTS COM
55 | P a g e

ARJUN GMAIL COM

KRISHNA XYZ CO.IN

6) emp
ename
-------
KING
ARJUN
BLAKE
HIMANSHU
TEJASREE
SURESH

FIRST 2 CHARACTERS IN LOWERCASE AND LAST 2 CHARACTERS IN INITCACP

CASE
AND INBETWEEN CHARACTERS SHOULD BE SHOWN AS IT IS

kiNg
arJUN
hiMANSHu

16 DIGIT
FIRST 4 ASIT
LAST 4 AS IT IS
INBETWEEN *

SUBSTR INSTR LENGTH(LGOICAL THINKGING)

FUNCTIONS CAN BE NESTED

-----------------------------
T1
--
TIME
-
56 | P a g e

15:45:30

15 HOURS 45 MINUTS 30 SECNONDS

SUBSTR(TIME
,1
,INSTR(TIME,':',1,1) -1
)||' HOURS ' AS HOURS

REPLACE
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2 -- SEARCHED STRING
,P3 -- REPLACED STRING
)

1) P2 STRING WILL BE REPLACED WITH P3 STRING IN P1 IF IT IS FOUND

2) P3 IS OPTIONAL IF P3 NOT PROVIDED P2 VALUE WILL BE REMOED FROM
P1 IF IT IS FOUND
3) IT WILL DO STRING BY STRING
4) P1 AND P2 PARAMETERS ARE MANDATORY
5) IF P2 VALUE NOT FOUND IN P1 THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU WHATEVER IT IS
THERE IN P1 WITH OOUT ANY CHANGES

NOTE:

IF YOU WANT HIGHLIGHT SOMETHING IN COMMAND PROMPT

ALT + SPACEBAR+EDIT+MARK

THEN TRY TO HIGHLIGH WHICH YOU WANT

IF YOU WANT TO KEEP WHICH IS HIGHLITED PRES ENTER

TRANSLATE
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2-- SEARCHED CHARACTER SET
,P3-- REPLACED CHARACTER SET
)

1) IT WILL DO CHARACTER BY CHARACTER .

57 | P a g e

2) IF LENGTH(P2) > LENGTH(P3) THEN THE EXTRA CHARACTERS WHAT IS

THERE IN P2
WILL BE REMOVED FROM P1 IF IT IS FOUND
3) IF LENGTH(P3) > LENGTH(P2) NO ISSUES YOU ARE KEEPING
UNNECEESARY EXTRAC CHARACTERS IN P3
4) ALL 3 PARAMETERS ARE MANDATORY

DIFF REPLACE AND TRANSLATE ?

(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2-- HOW MANY NUMBER OF CHARACTERS WE ARE EXPECTING IN P1
,P3 -- IF LENGTH(P1 ) < P2 THEN WHAT CHARACTERS WE WANT TO KEEP
LEFT SIDE OF P1 TO MAKE
LENGTH(P1) = P2
)

1) P3 IS OPTIONAL IF P3 NOT PROVIDED THEN IT WILL ADD SPACES

2) IF P2 < LENGTH(P1) THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU FIRST P2 CHARACTERS
FROM P1

LPAD(
'SURESH'
,10
,'*'
)

****SURESH

RPAD
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2-- HOW MANY NUMBER OF CHARACTERS WE ARE EXPECTING IN P1
58 | P a g e

,P3 -- IF LENGTH(P1 ) < P2 THEN WHAT CHARACTERS WE WANT TO KEEP

RIGHT SIDE OF P1 TO MAKE
LENGTH(P1) = P2
)

1) P3 IS OPTIONAL IF P3 NOT PROVIDED THEN IT WILL ADD SPACES

2) IF P2 < LENGTH(P1) THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU FIRST P2 CHARACTERS
FROM P1

LTRIM
RTRIM
TRIM
NVL
NVL2
NULLIF
COALESECE
CONCAT
CHR
GREATEST
LEAST
DECODE
CASE

24-MAY- 2018 Substr &INSTR Spool

SQL> connect system/AKSHARA

Connected.

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE

2 FROM DUAL;

SYSDATE
---------
24-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
24-MAY-18

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
59 | P a g e

C1
---------
24-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 ) AS YY
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 YY
--------- --------
24-MAY-18 18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 ) AS YY
5 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,2
8 ) AS DD
9* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 YY DD
--------- -------- --------
24-MAY-18 18 24

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 ) AS YY
5 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,2
8 ) AS DD
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,4
11 ,3
12 ) AS MON
13* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 YY DD MON
--------- -------- -------- ------------
24-MAY-18 18 24 MAY

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
60 | P a g e

4 ) AS YY
5 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,2
8 ) AS DD
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,4
11 ,3
12 ) AS MON
13* FROM DUAL

C1 YY DD MON
--------- -------- -------- ------------
24-MAY-18 18 24 MAY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 )
5 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,2
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,4
11 ,3
12 ) AS REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
13* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /

C1 REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
--------- ------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 )
5 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,2
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,4
11 ,3
12 ) AS REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
13* FROM DUAL

C1 REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
--------- ------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
61 | P a g e

3 ,-2
4 )
5 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,6
8 )
9 AS REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
--------- ---------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 )
5 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,6
8 )
9 AS REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
10* FROM DUAL

C1 REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
--------- ---------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 )
5 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,6
8 )
9 AS REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
--------- ---------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 )
5 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
6 ,1
7 ,6
8 )
9 AS REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
10* FROM DUAL
62 | P a g e

C1 REQUIRED_DATEFORMAT
--------- ---------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE

2 FROM DUAL;

SYSDATE
---------
24-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
24-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT INSTR( SYSDATE

2 ,'-'
3 ,-1
4 ,1
5 )
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',-1,1)
-----------------------
7

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
YY
------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18
18

SQL> COLUMN CL SCR

SP2-0158: unknown COLUMN option "SCR"
63 | P a g e

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> COLUMN YY FORMAT A10

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9* FROM DUAL

C1 YY
--------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSATE
10 ,1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE
12 ,'-'
13 ,1
14 ,2
15 ) -1
16 ) AS MM
17* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,SUBSTR(SYSATE
*
ERROR at line 9:
ORA-00904: "SYSATE": invalid identifier

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE
12 ,'-'
13 ,1
14 ,2
15 ) -1
16 ) AS MM
64 | P a g e

17* FROM DUAL

SQL> /

C1 YY
--------- ----------
MM
------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18
24-MAY

SQL> COLUMN CL SCR

SP2-0158: unknown COLUMN option "SCR"
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> COLUMN MM FORMAT A10

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE
12 ,'-'
13 ,1
14 ,2
15 ) -1
16 ) AS MM
17* FROM DUAL

C1 YY MM
--------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 24-MAY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE
12 ,'-'
13 ,1
14 ,2
15 ) -1
16 ) AS MM
17* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 MM
--------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY
65 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE
12 ,'-'
13 ,1
14 ,2
15 ) -1
16 ) AS MM
17* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 MM
--------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE
12 ,'-'
13 ,1
14 ,2
15 ) -1
16 ) AS MM
17* FROM DUAL

C1 MM
--------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18-24-MAY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ,
66 | P a g e

10* FROM DUAL

SQL> /
FROM DUAL
*
ERROR at line 10:
ORA-00936: missing expression

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ,
10* FROM DUAL
FROM DUAL
*
ERROR at line 10:
ORA-00936: missing expression

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9* FROM DUAL
10 /

C1
---------
SUBSTR(SYSDATE,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',-1,1)+1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18
18

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9* FROM DUAL

C1
---------
67 | P a g e

SUBSTR(SYSDATE,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',-1,1)+1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18
18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 YY
--------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9* FROM DUAL

C1 YY
--------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 , INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1)
10 , INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2)
11* FROM DUAL
12 /

C1 YY INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2)
--------- ---------- ---------------------- ----------------------
24-MAY-18 18 3 7

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
68 | P a g e

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 , INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1)
10 , INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2)
11* FROM DUAL

C1 YY INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2)
--------- ---------- ---------------------- ----------------------
24-MAY-18 18 3 7

SQL> D
SP2-0042: unknown command "D" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) + 1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2) - INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 YY MM
--------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

C1 YY MM
--------- ---------- ----------
69 | P a g e

DD
------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY
24

SQL> COLUMN DD FORMAT A109

SQL> cl scr

SQL> r
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) + 1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2) - INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL

C1 YY MM
--------- ---------- ----------
DD
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY
24

SQL> column dd format a10

C1 YY MM DD
--------- ---------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY 24

SQL> cl scr

SQL> r
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
70 | P a g e

2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) + 1
11 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,2) - INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL

C1 YY MM DD
--------- ---------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY 24

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,-'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17 FROM DUAL
18 /
19* dd-mon-yy
20 /
/
*
ERROR at line 18:
ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,instr(sysdate,-'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
*
ERROR at line 11:
ORA-01722: invalid number

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> E
SP2-0042: unknown command "E" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,-'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /
,instr(sysdate,-'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
*
ERROR at line 11:
ORA-01722: invalid number

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
72 | P a g e

17* FROM DUAL

SQL> /

C1 YY MM DD
--------- ---------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY 24

SQL> CL S CR
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "S"
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "CR"
SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL

C1 YY MM DD
--------- ---------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY 24

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 ) AS YY
9 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ,SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL

C1 YY MM DD
--------- ---------- ---------- ----------
24-MAY-18 18 MAY 24

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
73 | P a g e

4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 ) AS MM
13 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS DD
17* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
*
ERROR at line 13:
ORA-00923: FROM keyword not found where expected

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE C1
2 ,SUBSTR( SYSDATE
3 ,INSTR( SYSDATE
4 ,'-'
5 ,-1
6 ,1
7 ) + 1
8 )
9 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
10 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) +1
11 ,instr(sysdate,'-',1,2) - instr(sysdate,'-',1,1) -1
12 )
13 ||'-'||SUBSTR(SYSDATE
14 ,1
15 ,INSTR(SYSDATE,'-',1,1) -1
16 ) AS REQ_DDATE_FORMAT
17* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
REQ_DDATE_FORMAT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24-MAY-18
18-MAY-24

SQL> CL SCR

10* FROM DUAL

-------------------------------
08 HOURS 39 MINUTES 50 SECONDS

SQL> R
1 SELECT TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
2 ,'HH24'
3 )||' HOURS '
4 ||TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
5 ,'MI'
6 )||' MINUTES '
7 ||TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
8 ,'SS'
9 )||' SECONDS ' AS HOURS_MIN_SEC
10* FROM DUAL

HOURS_MIN_SEC
-------------------------------
08 HOURS 39 MINUTES 51 SECONDS

SQL> R
1 SELECT TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
2 ,'HH24'
3 )||' HOURS '
4 ||TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
5 ,'MI'
6 )||' MINUTES '
7 ||TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
8 ,'SS'
9 )||' SECONDS ' AS HOURS_MIN_SEC
10* FROM DUAL

HOURS_MIN_SEC
-------------------------------
08 HOURS 39 MINUTES 51 SECONDS

SQL> R
1 SELECT TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
2 ,'HH24'
3 )||' HOURS '
4 ||TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
5 ,'MI'
6 )||' MINUTES '
7 ||TO_CHAR( SYSDATE
8 ,'SS'
9 )||' SECONDS ' AS HOURS_MIN_SEC
10* FROM DUAL

HOURS_MIN_SEC
-------------------------------
08 HOURS 39 MINUTES 54 SECONDS

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT REPLACE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'GOOD'
3 ,'BAD'
4 ) AS C1
5 FROM DUAL;

C1
-------------------
SURESH IS A BAD BOY

SQL> EDIT
81 | P a g e

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT REPLACE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'GOOD'
3 ,'VERY VERY BAD'
4 ) AS C1
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

WARD 1250 SALESMAN

MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN
ADAMS 1100 CLERK
JAMES 950 CLERK
MILLER 1300 CLERK
SHAIK 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,REPLACE(JOB
5 ,'MAN'
6 ,'DAM'
7 ) AS JOB1
8* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB JOB1

---------- ---------- --------- ---------------------------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT PRESIDENT
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER DAMAGER
CLARK 2450 MANAGER DAMAGER
JONES 2975 MANAGER DAMAGER
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST ANALYST
FORD 3000 ANALYST ANALYST
SMITH 800 CLERK CLERK
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN SALESDAM
WARD 1250 SALESMAN SALESDAM
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN SALESDAM
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN SALESDAM
ADAMS 1100 CLERK CLERK
JAMES 950 CLERK CLERK
MILLER 1300 CLERK CLERK
SHAIK 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT REPLACE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'BOY'
3 ,'123'
4 ) AS C1
5 ,TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
6 ,'BOY'
7 ,'123'
8 ) AS C2
9 FROM DUAL;

C1 C2
-------------------- --------------------
SURESH IS A GOOD 123 SURESH IS A G22D 123

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT REPLACE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'BOYS'
85 | P a g e

3 ,'1234'
4 ) AS C1
5 ,TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
6 ,'BOYS'
7 ,'1234'
8 ) AS C2
9* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
-------------------- --------------------
SURESH IS A GOOD BOY 4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> R
1 SELECT REPLACE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
2 ,'BOYS'
3 ,'1234'
4 ) AS C1
5 ,TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
6 ,'BOYS'
7 ,'1234'
8 ) AS C2
9* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
-------------------- --------------------
SURESH IS A GOOD BOY 4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT REPLACE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
2 ,'BOYS'
3 ,'1234'
4 ) AS C1
5 ,TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
6 ,'BOYS'
7 ,'1234'
8 ) AS C2
9* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
-------------------- --------------------
SURESH IS A GOOD BOY 4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'BOYS'
3 ,'1234'
4 ) AS C2
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
--------------------
4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
2 ,'BOYS'
86 | P a g e

3 ,'1234'
4 ) AS C2
5* FROM DUAL

C2
--------------------
4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'BOYS'
3 ,'123'
4 ) AS C2
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
-----------------
UREH I A G22D 123

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'BOYS'
3 ,'12345678'
4 ) AS C2
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
--------------------
4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
2 ,'BOYS'
3 ,'12345678'
4 ) AS C2
5* FROM DUAL

C2
--------------------
4URE4H I4 A G22D 123

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'

2 ,'BOYS'
3 ) AS C2
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT TRANSLATE('SURESH IS A GOOD BOY'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00909: invalid number of arguments

SQL> CL SCR
87 | P a g e

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT LPAD(

2 'SURESH'
3 ,10
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6 FROM MDUAL;
FROM MDUAL
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,10
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
****SURESH

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,20
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
**************SURESH

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,10
4 ) AS C1
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
SURESH

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LPAD(
2 'KSURESH'
88 | P a g e

3 ,10
4 ,'*^'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
7 /

C1
----------
*^*KSURESH

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,3
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---
SUR

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT RPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,10
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
SURESH****

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT RPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,20
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
SURESH**************

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT RPAD(
2 'KSURESH'
3 ,10
4 ,'*^'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
89 | P a g e

SQL> /

C1
----------
KSURESH*^*

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT RPAD(
2 'KSURESH'
3 ,10
4 ) AS C1
5* FROM DUAL
6 /

C1
----------
KSURESH

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT RPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,3
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---
SUR

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT RPAD(
2 'SURESH'
3 ,3
4 ,'*'
5 ) AS C1
6* FROM DUAL

C1
---
SUR

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-MAY- 2018 LTRIM,RTIM, COALESCE

-------------------
UPPER
LOWER
INITCAP
SUBSTR
INSTR
LPAD
RPAD
REPLACE
TRANSLATE
90 | P a g e

------------------------
GREATEST
(
P1
,P2
,P3
,P4
.
.
.
PN
)
IT WILL GIVE YOU GREATEST VALUE WHAT IS THERE IN A ROW

GREATEST(10,20,30,40,50,60,90,15,115,25)

IF 999 > 15000 THEN

15000 IS YOUR PROCE

ELSE
999 IS HYOU RPROCESSIN GES

END IF;

999 1% WHICHE IS EVER HIGHER

GREATE3ST(999,15000) -- 15000

LEAST(10,20,30,40,50,60,90,15,115,25)

T1
-----
C1 C2 C3
10 25 40
100 5 125
120 135 110
90 76 55

GREATEST(C1,C2,C3) -- 40

MAX(40
125
135
90
)

135

1) IN T1 TABLE WHAT IS THE HIGHEST VALUE ?-- GREATEST + MAX

2) IN C1,C2,C3 COLUMNS WHAT IS THE HIGHEST VALUE-- MAX

3) IN EACH ROW IN C1,C2,C3 COLUMNS WHICH COLUMN IS HAVINNG HIGHEST DATA?-- GREATEST
91 | P a g e

LTRIM
(
P1-- COLUMN /LITERAL
,P2-- TRIMMED CHARACTER SET(it can be combniation of alphabets,numbers,speical
characters
)

LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
,'y'
)

1) it will take one by one character from p1 and it will check is that character is
available in p2
2) if it is available it will remove that character from p1 and take next character
and it will repeat step1
3) if it is not avialable it will stop removing from that character whatever is
pending/remaining in p1 that will give you
as output.

NOTE:
IF ALL CHARACTERS ARE TRIMMED(REMOVED) THEN OUTPUT WILL BE NULL
P2 PARAMETER IS OPTIONAL IF P2 VALUE NOT PROVIDED BY DEFAULT IT WILL REMOVE ALL
LEFT SIDE SPACES WHICH ARE THERE IN P1
(I.E IT WILL CONSIDER P2 VALUE AS SPACE(' '))

RTRIM
NOTE :RTRIM ALSO SAME AS LTRIM BUT IT WILL TRIM FROM RIGHT SIDE

TRIM
IF YOU WANT TO TRIM BOTH SIDES THEN WE WILL GO FOR TRIM

SYNTAX:

TRIM ( trimCHARACTER FROM COLUMN/LITERALS)

by using trim we can trim both sides but only one character we can trim
(i.e trimed character should be only one character)

ORA-30001: trim set should have only one character

NVL
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2-- COLUMN/LITERAL
)

IF P1 VALUE IS NULL THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU P2 VALUE

IF P1 VALUE IS NOT NULL THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU P1 ONLY

P1 AND P2 DATA TYPE SHOULD BE SAME

P1 AND P2 BOTH PARAMETERS ARE MANDATORY
92 | P a g e

NVL2
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P3-- COLUMN/LITERAL
)

IF P1 VALUE IS NULL THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU P3 VALUE

IF P1 VALUE IS NOT NULL THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU P2 VALUE
P1 ,P2,P3 DATA TYPE CAN BE ANY DATA TYPE

NOTE :

WHENEVER YOU GET A REQUIREMENT OF IF P1 VALUE IS NULL DO SOME THING ELSE DO SOME
THIHHG IN THAT SCENARIO WE CAN
USE NVL2

DIFF BETWEEN NVL AND NVL2 ?

NULLIF
---------------
NULLIF
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
,P2--COLUMN/LITERAL
)

IF P1 = P2 THEN OUTPUT WILL BE NULL

IF P1 <> P2 THEN OUTPUT WILL BE P1 VALUE
P1 AND P2 DATA TYPE SHOULD BE SAME

COALESCE
---------

COALESCE
(
P1
,P2
,P3
.
.
PN
)

IT WILL GIVE YOU FIRST NOT NULL PARAMETER VALUE.

IF P1 IS A NUMBER DATA TYPE ALL OTHER PARAMETERS VALUES SHOULD BE NUMBER

(I.E ALL PARAMETERS DATA TYPE SHOULD BE SAME)

FIRST NAME MIDDLNAME LAST NAME

'MR '||COALESLCE(FIRNATM,MNAME,LANME)

ARJUN_FUC

-----------------------
93 | P a g e

CONCAT
(
P1
,P2
)

IT WILL COMBINE P1 AND P2 VALUE

CHR

EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
--------------------------------------------
King SALARY IS 5000 AND WORKING AS PRESIDENT
Blake SALARY IS 2850 AND WORKING AS MANAGER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-MAY- 2018 - LTRIM,RTIM, COALESCE Examples

1 SELECT GREATEST(10,20,30,40,50,60,90,15,115,25) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
115

1 SELECT GREATEST(10,20,30,40,50,60,90,15,115,25,160) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
160

SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A10

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP;

no rows selected

SQL> @C:\PROJECT\PROJECT\Personal\Inst\EMP_DATA.SQL

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP;
94 | P a g e

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600 300
WARD 1250 500
MARTIN 1250 1400
TURNER 1500 0
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT GREATEST(100,200) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
200

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT GREATEST('SURESH','KRISHNA') AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
------
SURESH

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT GREATEST('SURESH','KRISHNA','Z') AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C
-
Z

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT GREATEST(SYSDATE , SYSDATE +10, SYSDATE - 10 ) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
04-JUN-18
95 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LEAST(SYSDATE , SYSDATE +10, SYSDATE - 10 ) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
15-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LEAST ('SURESH','KRISHNA','ARJUN') AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
-----
ARJUN

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LEAST (10,20,5,125,145,110,67) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
5

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT LEAST (10,20,5,125,145,110,67) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
5

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> select LTRIM(/

2 ,'y'
3 ) as c1
4 from dual;

C1
---------
xyzXYZzyx

SQL> edit
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'x'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
5 /

C1
96 | P a g e

--------
yzXYZzyx

SQL> edit
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'yx'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
-------
zXYZzyx

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'*yx'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
-------
zXYZzyx

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'z*yx'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
------
XYZzyx

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'z*yxZ'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
------
XYZzyx

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'Yz*yxZ'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /
97 | P a g e

C1
------
XYZzyx

SQL> cl scr

SQL> r
1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'Yz*yxZ'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual

C1
------
XYZzyx

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'Yz*yxZX'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C
-

SQL> COLUMN C1 FORMAT A10

SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 select LTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'Yz*yxZX'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual

C1
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('9xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'Yz*yxZX'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
----------
9xyzXYZzyx

SQL> cl scr

SQL> R
1 select LTRIM('9xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'Yz*yxZX'
3 ) as c1
98 | P a g e

1 select LTRIM(' xyzXYZzyx'

2 ) as c1
3* from dual
4 /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZzyx

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM('7 xyzXYZzyx'

2 ,' '
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
7 xyzXYZzyx

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select LTRIM(' xyzXYZzyx'

2 ,'X'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZzyx

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 select LTRIM(' xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'X'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZzyx

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'x'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
100 | P a g e

SQL> /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZzy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'xX'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZzy

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'YxX'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZzy

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'YxXy'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZz

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'zYxXy'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
xyzXYZ

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'zYxXyZ'
3 ) as c1
101 | P a g e

4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'zYxXyZARJUN'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'zYxXyZARJUN45347053475323SDFDSFASFSDSASFSDAFADSF'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'zYxXyZARJUN45347053475323SDFDSFASFSDSASFSDAFADSF'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual
SQL>
SQL> /

C1
--------------------

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 select RTRIM('xyzXYZzyx'
2 ,'zYxXyZARJUN45347053475323SDFDSFASFSDSASFSDAFADSF'
3 ) as c1
4* from dual

C1
--------------------

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf
102 | P a g e

1 select TRIM('x'
2 FROM
3 'xyzXYZzyx'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
yzXYZzy

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select TRIM('x'
2 FROM
3 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyzXYZzyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual
SQL> '/
SP2-0042: unknown command "'/" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
yzXYZzy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select TRIM('x'
2 FROM
3 '7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyzXYZzyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual
SQL> /

C1
--------------------
7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xyzXYZzy

SQL> column c1 format a30

SQL> r
1 select TRIM('x'
2 FROM
3 '7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyzXYZzyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual

C1
------------------------------
7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyzXYZzy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select TRIM('x'
2 FROM
3 '7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyzXYZzy'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual
SQL> /
103 | P a g e

C1
------------------------------
7xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyzXYZzy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select TRIM('yx'
2 FROM
3
'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyzXYZzyyyyyyyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual
SQL> /
select TRIM('yx'
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-30001: trim set should have only one character

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select TRIM('x'
2 FROM
3
'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyzXYZzyyyyyyyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
4 ) as c1
5* from dual
SQL> /

C1
------------------------------
yyyyyyyyyzXYZzyyyyyyy

SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 select TRIM ('y'

2 FROM
3 TRIM('x'
4 FROM
5
'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyzXYZzyyyyyyyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
6 )
7 ) as c1
8* from dual
SQL> /

C1
------------------------------
zXYZz

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 select TRIM ('y'
2 FROM
3 TRIM('x'
4 FROM
5
'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyzXYZzyyyyyyyxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
6 )
104 | P a g e

7 ) as c1
8* from dual

C1
------------------------------
zXYZz

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT NVL(NULL

2 ,10
3 ) AS C1
4 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
##########

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NVL(NULL
2 ,10
3 ) AS C2
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
10

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NVL(5
2 ,10
3 ) AS C2
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
5

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NVL(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ) AS C2
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C
-

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL
105 | P a g e

---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> COLUMN SAL FORMAT A10

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING ##########
BLAKE ##########
CLARK ##########
JONES ##########
SCOTT ##########
FORD ##########
SMITH ##########
ALLEN ##########
WARD ##########
MARTIN ##########
TURNER ##########
ADAMS ##########
JAMES ##########
MILLER ##########

14 rows selected.

SQL> COLUMN SAL FORMAT 99999

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL
---------- ------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
106 | P a g e

MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL
---------- ------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT NVL2(NULL

2 ,10
3 ,20
4 ) AS C2
5 FROM DUAL;

C2
----------
20

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NVL2(5
2 ,10
3 ,20
4 ) AS C2
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
10

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL COMM

107 | P a g e

---------- ------ ----------

KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600 300
WARD 1250 500
MARTIN 1250 1400
TURNER 1500 0
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 , NVL2( COMM
5 ,1000
6 ,2000
7 )
8* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL COMM NVL2(COMM,1000,2000)

---------- ------ ---------- --------------------
KING 5000 2000
BLAKE 2850 2000
CLARK 2450 2000
JONES 2975 2000
SCOTT 3000 2000
FORD 3000 2000
SMITH 800 2000
ALLEN 1600 300 1000
WARD 1250 500 1000
MARTIN 1250 1400 1000
TURNER 1500 0 1000
ADAMS 1100 2000
JAMES 950 2000
MILLER 1300 2000

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 , NVL2( COMM
5 ,1000
6 ,2000
7 )
8* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL COMM NVL2(COMM,1000,2000)

---------- ------ ---------- --------------------
108 | P a g e

KING 5000 2000

BLAKE 2850 2000
CLARK 2450 2000
JONES 2975 2000
SCOTT 3000 2000
FORD 3000 2000
SMITH 800 2000
ALLEN 1600 300 1000
WARD 1250 500 1000
MARTIN 1250 1400 1000
TURNER 1500 0 1000
ADAMS 1100 2000
JAMES 950 2000
MILLER 1300 2000

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 , NVL2( COMM
5 ,1000
6 ,2000
7 )
8 SAL + NVL2( COMM
9 ,1000
10 ,2000
11 ) AS NSAL
12* FROM EMP
SQL> /
SAL + NVL2( COMM
*
ERROR at line 8:
ORA-00923: FROM keyword not found where expected

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 , NVL2( COMM
5 ,1000
6 ,2000
7 )
8 SAL + NVL2( COMM
9 ,1000
10 ,2000
11 ) AS NSAL
12* FROM EMP
SAL + NVL2( COMM
*
ERROR at line 8:
ORA-00923: FROM keyword not found where expected

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
109 | P a g e

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 , NVL2( COMM
5 ,1000
6 ,2000
7 )
8 ,SAL + NVL2( COMM
9 ,1000
10 ,2000
11 ) AS NSAL
12* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL COMM NVL2(COMM,1000,2000) NSAL

---------- ------ ---------- -------------------- ----------
KING 5000 2000 7000
BLAKE 2850 2000 4850
CLARK 2450 2000 4450
JONES 2975 2000 4975
SCOTT 3000 2000 5000
FORD 3000 2000 5000
SMITH 800 2000 2800
ALLEN 1600 300 1000 2600
WARD 1250 500 1000 2250
MARTIN 1250 1400 1000 2250
TURNER 1500 0 1000 2500
ADAMS 1100 2000 3100
JAMES 950 2000 2950
MILLER 1300 2000 3300

SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT NULLIF(10,20) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
##########

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NULLIF(10,20) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
10

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NULLIF(10,10) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT NULLIF(10,'ARJUN') AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT NULLIF(10,'ARJUN') AS C2
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got CHAR

SQL> CL S CR
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "S"
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "CR"
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT COALESCE(10,20,30,40,50,60,80,100,5,110) AS C2

2 FROM DUAL;

C2
----------
10

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(10
112 | P a g e

2 ,200
3 ,30
4 ,40
5 ,50
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,100
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
10

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,200
3 ,30
4 ,40
5 ,50
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,100
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
200

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,30
4 ,40
5 ,50
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,100
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
30

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
113 | P a g e

3 ,NULL
4 ,40
5 ,50
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,100
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
40

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
4 ,NULL
5 ,50
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,100
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
50

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
4 ,NULL
5 ,NULL
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,100
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
60

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
114 | P a g e

4 ,NULL
5 ,NULL
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,NULL
9 ,5
10 ,110
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
60

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
4 ,NULL
5 ,NULL
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,NULL
9 ,5
10 ,NULL
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
60

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
4 ,NULL
5 ,NULL
6 ,60
7 ,80
8 ,NULL
9 ,NULL
10 ,NULL
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
60

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
4 ,NULL
115 | P a g e

5 ,NULL
6 ,60
7 ,NULL
8 ,NULL
9 ,NULL
10 ,NULL
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
60

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(NULL
2 ,NULL
3 ,NULL
4 ,NULL
5 ,NULL
6 ,NULL
7 ,NULL
8 ,NULL
9 ,NULL
10 ,NULL
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C
-

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT COALESCE(10
2 ,'ARJUN'
3 ,SYSDATE
4 ,NULL
5 ,NULL
6 ,NULL
7 ,NULL
8 ,NULL
9 ,NULL
10 ,NULL
11 ) AS C2
12* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,'ARJUN'
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got CHAR

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAEM

2
SQL>
SQL> SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
116 | P a g e

3 ,JOB
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL JOB

---------- ------ ---------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER
CLARK 2450 MANAGER
JONES 2975 MANAGER
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST
FORD 3000 ANALYST
SMITH 800 CLERK
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN
WARD 1250 SALESMAN
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN
ADAMS 1100 CLERK
JAMES 950 CLERK
MILLER 1300 CLERK

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL JOB

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,' SALARY IS '
3 ,SAL
4 ,' AND WORKING AS '
5 ,JOB
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME 'SALARYIS' SAL 'ANDWORKINGAS' JOB

---------- ----------- ------ ---------------- ---------
KING SALARY IS 5000 AND WORKING AS PRESIDENT
BLAKE SALARY IS 2850 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
117 | P a g e

CLARK SALARY IS 2450 AND WORKING AS MANAGER

JONES SALARY IS 2975 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
SCOTT SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST
FORD SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST
SMITH SALARY IS 800 AND WORKING AS CLERK
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
WARD SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
TURNER SALARY IS 1500 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100 AND WORKING AS CLERK
JAMES SALARY IS 950 AND WORKING AS CLERK
MILLER SALARY IS 1300 AND WORKING AS CLERK

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ||' SALARY IS '
3 ||SAL
4 ||' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||JOB AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
KING SALARY IS 5000 AND WORKING AS PRESIDENT
BLAKE SALARY IS 2850 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
CLARK SALARY IS 2450 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
JONES SALARY IS 2975 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
SCOTT SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST
FORD SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST
SMITH SALARY IS 800 AND WORKING AS CLERK
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
WARD SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
TURNER SALARY IS 1500 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100 AND WORKING AS CLERK
JAMES SALARY IS 950 AND WORKING AS CLERK
MILLER SALARY IS 1300 AND WORKING AS CLERK

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ||' SALARY IS '
3 ||SAL
4 ||' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||JOB AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
6* FROM EMP

FORD SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST

SMITH SALARY IS 800 AND WORKING AS CLERK
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
WARD SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
TURNER SALARY IS 1500 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100 AND WORKING AS CLERK
JAMES SALARY IS 950 AND WORKING AS CLERK
MILLER SALARY IS 1300 AND WORKING AS CLERK

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT 'HI TODAY DATE IS '||SYSDATE AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
------------------------------
HI TODAY DATE IS 25-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT( 'HI TODAY DATE IS '

2 ,SYSDATE
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
------------------------------
HI TODAY DATE IS 25-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB

14 rows selected.

SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
119 | P a g e

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL JOB

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL S CR
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "S"
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "CR"
SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL JOB

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL JOB

---------- ------ ---------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT
120 | P a g e

BLAKE 2850 MANAGER

CLARK 2450 MANAGER
JONES 2975 MANAGER
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST
FORD 3000 ANALYST
SMITH 800 CLERK
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN
WARD 1250 SALESMAN
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN
ADAMS 1100 CLERK
JAMES 950 CLERK
MILLER 1300 CLERK

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT( ENAME

2 ,' SALARY IS '
3 )
4* FROM EMP
SQL> /

CONCAT(ENAME,'SALARYIS')
-----------------------------------------
KING SALARY IS
BLAKE SALARY IS
CLARK SALARY IS
JONES SALARY IS
SCOTT SALARY IS
FORD SALARY IS
SMITH SALARY IS
ALLEN SALARY IS
WARD SALARY IS
MARTIN SALARY IS
TURNER SALARY IS
ADAMS SALARY IS
JAMES SALARY IS
MILLER SALARY IS

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT( ENAME

2 ,' SALARY IS '
3 ,SAL
4 )
5* FROM EMP
SQL> /
SELECT CONCAT( ENAME
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00909: invalid number of arguments

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT( ENAME

2 ,' SALARY IS '
121 | P a g e

3 )
4* FROM EMP
SQL> /

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT CONCAT( ENAME
2 ,' SALARY IS '
3 )
4* FROM EMP

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT(
2 CONCAT( ENAME
3 ,' SALARY IS '
4 )
5 ,SAL
6 )
7* FROM EMP
SQL> /

CONCAT(CONCAT(ENAME,'SALARYIS'),SAL)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
122 | P a g e

KING SALARY IS 5000

BLAKE SALARY IS 2850
CLARK SALARY IS 2450
JONES SALARY IS 2975
SCOTT SALARY IS 3000
FORD SALARY IS 3000
SMITH SALARY IS 800
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600
WARD SALARY IS 1250
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250
TURNER SALARY IS 1500
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100
JAMES SALARY IS 950
MILLER SALARY IS 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT(
2 CONCAT(
3 CONCAT( ENAME
4 ,' SALARY IS '
5 )
6 ,SAL
7 )
8 ,' AND WORKING AS '
9 )
10* FROM EMP
SQL> /

CONCAT(CONCAT(CONCAT(ENAME,'SALARYIS'),SAL),'ANDWORKINGAS')
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------
KING SALARY IS 5000 AND WORKING AS
BLAKE SALARY IS 2850 AND WORKING AS
CLARK SALARY IS 2450 AND WORKING AS
JONES SALARY IS 2975 AND WORKING AS
SCOTT SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS
FORD SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS
SMITH SALARY IS 800 AND WORKING AS
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600 AND WORKING AS
WARD SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS
TURNER SALARY IS 1500 AND WORKING AS
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100 AND WORKING AS
JAMES SALARY IS 950 AND WORKING AS
MILLER SALARY IS 1300 AND WORKING AS

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT(
2 CONCAT(
3 CONCAT(
4 CONCAT( ENAME
5 ,' SALARY IS '
6 )
7 ,SAL
8 )
9 ,' AND WORKING AS '
123 | P a g e

10 )
11 ,JOB
12 ) AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
13* FROM EMP
SQL> /

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT CONCAT(
2 CONCAT(
3 CONCAT(
4 CONCAT( ENAME
5 ,' SALARY IS '
6 )
7 ,SAL
8 )
9 ,' AND WORKING AS '
10 )
11 ,JOB
12 ) AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
13* FROM EMP

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
124 | P a g e

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CONCAT(
2 CONCAT(
3 CONCAT(
4 CONCAT( initcap( ENAME)
5 ,' SALARY IS '
6 )
7 ,SAL
8 )
9 ,' AND WORKING AS '
10 )
11 ,lower(JOB)
12 ) AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
13* FROM EMP
SQL> /

EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
King SALARY IS 5000 AND WORKING AS president
Blake SALARY IS 2850 AND WORKING AS manager
Clark SALARY IS 2450 AND WORKING AS manager
Jones SALARY IS 2975 AND WORKING AS manager
Scott SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS analyst
Ford SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS analyst
Smith SALARY IS 800 AND WORKING AS clerk
Allen SALARY IS 1600 AND WORKING AS salesman
Ward SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS salesman
Martin SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS salesman
Turner SALARY IS 1500 AND WORKING AS salesman
Adams SALARY IS 1100 AND WORKING AS clerk
James SALARY IS 950 AND WORKING AS clerk
Miller SALARY IS 1300 AND WORKING AS clerk

14 rows selected.

SQL> cl scr

SQL> SELECT INITCAP(enaem)

2 |
3
SQL>
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT INITCAP(ename)
2 ||' salary is '
3 ||SAL
4 ||' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||LOWER(JOB) AS E_I
6* FROM EMP/
SQL> /
FROM EMP/
*
ERROR at line 6:
ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT INITCAP(ename)
2 ||' salary is '
125 | P a g e

3 ||SAL
4 ||' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||LOWER(JOB) AS E_I
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

E_I
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------
King salary is 5000 AND WORKING AS president
Blake salary is 2850 AND WORKING AS manager
Clark salary is 2450 AND WORKING AS manager
Jones salary is 2975 AND WORKING AS manager
Scott salary is 3000 AND WORKING AS analyst
Ford salary is 3000 AND WORKING AS analyst
Smith salary is 800 AND WORKING AS clerk
Allen salary is 1600 AND WORKING AS salesman
Ward salary is 1250 AND WORKING AS salesman
Martin salary is 1250 AND WORKING AS salesman
Turner salary is 1500 AND WORKING AS salesman
Adams salary is 1100 AND WORKING AS clerk
James salary is 950 AND WORKING AS clerk
Miller salary is 1300 AND WORKING AS clerk

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT INITCAP(ename)
2 ||' salary is '
3 ||SAL
4 ||' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||LOWER(JOB) AS E_I
6* FROM EMP

14 rows selected.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

28-MAY-2018 -DECODE,CASE,CHR,ASCII

DIFF DECODE AND CASE ?

DECODE
126 | P a g e

(
P1
,P2
,P3
,P4
.
.
PN
)

DECODE IS SINGLE ROW FUNCTION

WE CAN NOT USED DIRECTLY IN PLSQL
WE CAN CHECK ONLY ONE CONDTION THAT CONDITION SHOULD BE BASED ON EQUALITY
DECODE WE CAN USE WHERE AND ORDER BY

1) IT ACCEPTS N PARAMETERS
2) DECODE WILL WORK ON EQUALITY

TO UNDERSTAND HOW DECODE IS WORKINNG?

------------------------------------------

1) AFTER 1ST PARAMETER KEEP ALL REMAINING PARAMETERS AS A PAIR IN SEPARATE LINES
IF YOU HAVE ANY PARAMETER WHICH DOESNOT HAVE A PAIR THAT WILL CONSIDER AS ELSE
VALUE

2) IT WILL TAKE FIRST PARAMETER VALUE AND IT WILL CHECK WITH EACH PAIR 1ST
PARAMETER VALUE
FROMM STARTING.IF IT IS MATCHING FROM THAT PAIR IT WILL GIVE YOU 2ND
PARAMENTER VALUE
IF IT IS NOT MATCHINNG IT WILL CONTINUES WITH 2ND PAIR.
IF IT IS MATCHING IT WILL STOP AND GIVES YOU THE 2ND PARAMENTER VALUE

IF IT IS NOT MATCHING ANY ONE OF THE PAID THEN OUTPUT WILL BE

NULL OR IT WILL GIVE YOU ELSE PARAMETER VALUE.
( IF ELSE PARAMETER VALUE IS THERE IT WILL GIVE YOU THAT ELSE OUTPUT WILL BE
NULL)

NOTE :

ALL FIRST PARAMENTERS IN PAIR DATA TYPE SHOULD BE SAME AS 1ST PARAMETER.

ALL 2ND PARAMERTS IN A PAIR DATA TYPE SHOULD BE SAME.

DECODE WE CAN USE IN ORDER BY CLAUSE

FOR DEPTNO 10 EMPLOYEES 1000

FOR DEPTNO 20 EMPLOYEES 2000
FOR DEPTNO 30 EMPLOYEES 3000

DECODE AND CASE

CASE
------

CASE IS EXPRESSIONN
WE CAN USE DIRECTLY IN PLSQL
127 | P a g e

WE CAN CHECK N NUMBER OF CONDITIONS BASED ON OUR REQUIREMENT

CASE WE CAN USE WHERE AND ORDER BY

SYNTAX:

CASE
WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
ELSE WHEN CONDITITONS THEN WHATYOUWANTTODO
END

FOR DEPTNO 10 MANAGER EMPLOYEES 1000

FOR DEPTNO 10 NOT MANAGER EMPLOYEES 1500
FOR DEPTNO 20 MANAGER EMPLOYEES 2000
FOR DEPTNO 20 NOT MANAGER EMPLOYEES 2500
FOR DEPTNO 30 MANAGE3R EMPLOYEES 3000
FOR DEPTNO 30 NOT MANAGE3R EMPLOYEES 3500

CHAR-- DATA TYPE

CHR-- FUNCTION
(
P1-- COLUMN/LITERAL
)
IT ACCEPTS NUMBER AS INPUT PARAMENTER
FOR THAT NUMBER EQUIVALNET CHARACTER IT WILL GIVE YOU AS OUTPUT.

ASCII NUMBER TO CHARACTER

ASCII
----
CHARACTER TO ASCII NUMBER

QUESTIONS
------
NUMBER FUNCTIONS
--------------------

EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
-----------------------

KING SALARY IS 5000

AND WORKING AS PRESIDNET

BLAKE SALARY IS 2850

AND WORKING AS MANAGER

CLARK SALRY IS 2450

AND WORKING AS MANAGER
128 | P a g e

SMTP SER VER

UTL_MAIL
.ADDRECIENT
.ADD
.

HI TEAM||CHR(10)||CHR(10)||TODAY LOADS ARE

STARTRED.||CHR(10)||REGARDS||CHR(10)SUPPORT TEAM.

Q1) WRITE A SELECT STATEMETN TO GET IN EACH NAME HOW MANY A'S ARE THERE

ENAME NUMBERA
----------
KING 0
BLAKE 1
CLARK 1
JONES
SCOTT
FORD
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER
KRISHNA 1

2)
ENAME OUTPUT
---------- ------------------
KING ******KING******
BLAKE *****BLAKE*****
CLARK
JONES
SCOTT
FORD
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER
KRISHNA ***KRISHNA***

3)
129 | P a g e

ENAME ENAME1
----------
KING K**G
BLAKE B***E
CLARK C***E
JONES
SCOTT
FORD
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER
KRISHNA K*****A

4)
ENAME ENAME1
----------
KING ****
BLAKE *****
CLARK *****
JONES *****
SCOTT
FORD
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER
KRISHNA *******

28-MAY-2018 -DECODE,CASE,CHR,ASCII,CASE Spool File

SQL> SELECT CHR(65)

2 FRON DUAL;
FRON DUAL
*

1 SELECT CHR(65) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C
-
A

SQL> COLUMN C1 FORMAT A10

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT CHR(65) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
130 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CHR(66) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
B

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CHR(67) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
C

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CHR(1) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CHR(2) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CHR(5) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------

SQL> SET PAGESIZE 200

SQL> SET LINESIZE 200

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
131 | P a g e

3 ,JOB
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL JOB

------------------------------ ---------- ---------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER
CLARK 2450 MANAGER
JONES 2975 MANAGER
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST
FORD 3000 ANALYST
SMITH 800 CLERK
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN
WARD 1250 SALESMAN
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN
ADAMS 1100 CLERK
JAMES 950 CLERK
MILLER 1300 CLERK
KRISHNA 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A10

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL JOB

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ||' SALARY IS '
3 ||SAL
4 ||' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||JOB AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
132 | P a g e

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
KING SALARY IS 5000 AND WORKING AS PRESIDENT
BLAKE SALARY IS 2850 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
CLARK SALARY IS 2450 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
JONES SALARY IS 2975 AND WORKING AS MANAGER
SCOTT SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST
FORD SALARY IS 3000 AND WORKING AS ANALYST
SMITH SALARY IS 800 AND WORKING AS CLERK
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
WARD SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
TURNER SALARY IS 1500 AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100 AND WORKING AS CLERK
JAMES SALARY IS 950 AND WORKING AS CLERK
MILLER SALARY IS 1300 AND WORKING AS CLERK
KRISHNA SALARY IS 2000 AND WORKING AS

15 rows selected.

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ||' SALARY IS '
3 ||SAL
4 ,' AND WORKING AS '
5 ||JOB AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME||'SALARYIS'||SAL
EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
------------------------
KING SALARY IS 5000
AND WORKING AS PRESIDENT
BLAKE SALARY IS 2850
AND WORKING AS MANAGER
CLARK SALARY IS 2450
AND WORKING AS MANAGER
JONES SALARY IS 2975
AND WORKING AS MANAGER
SCOTT SALARY IS 3000
AND WORKING AS ANALYST
FORD SALARY IS 3000
AND WORKING AS ANALYST
SMITH SALARY IS 800
AND WORKING AS CLERK
ALLEN SALARY IS 1600
AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
WARD SALARY IS 1250
AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
MARTIN SALARY IS 1250
AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
TURNER SALARY IS 1500
AND WORKING AS SALESMAN
ADAMS SALARY IS 1100
AND WORKING AS CLERK
JAMES SALARY IS 950
AND WORKING AS CLERK
MILLER SALARY IS 1300
AND WORKING AS CLERK
KRISHNA SALARY IS 2000
AND WORKING AS
133 | P a g e

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME||' SALARY IS '||SAL

2 ||' AND WORKING AS '||JOB AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
3* FROM EMP
SQL> /

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME||' SALARY IS '||SAL

2 ||CHR(10)||' AND WORKING AS '||JOB AS EMPLOYEE_INFORMATION
3* FROM EMP
SQL> /

134 | P a g e

AND WORKING AS CLERK

SQL> SELECT CHR(65) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
A

SQL> SELECT ASCII('A') AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
##########

1 SELECT ASCII('A') AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
65

SQL> SELECT DECODE(10,20,30,40,50,60,10,80,70,10,95,115,120) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
---------- ed
##########

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
135 | P a g e

1 SELECT DECODE(10,20,30,40,50,60,10,80,70,10,95,115,120) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
95

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,60,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,10,95
7 ,115,120
8 ) AS C2
9* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
95

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,60,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ) AS C2
9* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,60,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> '/
SP2-0042: unknown command "'/" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> /

C2
----------
136 | P a g e

125

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,60,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> R
1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,60,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL

C2
----------
125

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10,20,30,40,50,60,10,80,70,11,95,115,120,125) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
125

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10,(20,30),(40,50),60,10,80,70,11,95,115,120,125) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT DECODE(10,(20,30),(40,50),60,10,80,70,11,95,115,120,125) AS C2
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10,20,30,40,50,60,10,80,70,11,95,115,120,125) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
125
137 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,60,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
11 /

C2
----------
125

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,10
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
10

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,'MATCHING'
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,10,'MATCHING'
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-01722: invalid number

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,'NM'
138 | P a g e

3 ,40,'NM'
4 ,10,'MATCHING'
5 ) AS C2
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
--------
MATCHING

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,'NM'
3 ,40,'NM'
4 ,10,'MATCHING'
5 ) AS C2
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> C
SP2-0025: Invalid change string.
SQL> /

C2
--------
MATCHING

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,'MATCHING'
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,10,'MATCHING'
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-01722: invalid number

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,'MATCHING'
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
,10,'MATCHING'
*
ERROR at line 4:
ORA-01722: invalid number
139 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,15
5 ,80,70
6 ,11,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
15

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,15
5 ,80,70
6 ,10,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL
SQL> //

C2
----------
15

SQL> CL SCCR
SP2-0158: unknown CLEAR option "SCCR"
SQL> R
1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
4 ,10,15
5 ,80,70
6 ,10,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL

C2
----------
15

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,20,30
3 ,40,50
140 | P a g e

4 ,10,15
5 ,80,70
6 ,10,95
7 ,115,120
8 ,125
9 ) AS C2
10* FROM DUAL

C2
----------
15

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A1

SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A10
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10
BLAKE 2850 30
CLARK 2450 10
JONES 2975 20
SCOTT 3000 20
FORD 3000 20
SMITH 800 20
ALLEN 1600 30
WARD 1250 30
MARTIN 1250 30
TURNER 1500 30
ADAMS 1100 20
JAMES 950 30
MILLER 1300 10
KRISHNA 2000

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + 2000 AS NSAL
5 FROM EMP
6* WHERE DEPTNO =20
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
JONES 2975 20 4975
SCOTT 3000 20 5000
FORD 3000 20 5000
SMITH 800 20 2800
ADAMS 1100 20 3100

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + 3000 AS NSAL
5 FROM EMP
6* WHERE DEPTNO =30
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
WARD 1250 30 4250
MARTIN 1250 30 4250
TURNER 1500 30 4500
JAMES 950 30 3950

6 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + 1000 AS NSAL
5 FROM EMP
6 WHERE DEPTNO =10
7 UNION ALL
8 SELECT ENAME
9 ,SAL
10 ,DEPTNO
11 ,SAL + 2000 AS NSAL
12 FROM EMP
13 WHERE DEPTNO =10
143 | P a g e

14 UNION ALL
15 SELECT ENAME
16 ,SAL
17 ,DEPTNO
18 ,SAL + 3000 AS NSAL
19 FROM EMP
20* WHERE DEPTNO =30
21 /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10 6000
CLARK 2450 10 3450
MILLER 1300 10 2300
KING 5000 10 7000
CLARK 2450 10 4450
MILLER 1300 10 3300
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
WARD 1250 30 4250
MARTIN 1250 30 4250
TURNER 1500 30 4500
JAMES 950 30 3950

12 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + 1000 AS NSAL
5 FROM EMP
6 WHERE DEPTNO =10
7 UNION ALL
8 SELECT ENAME
9 ,SAL
10 ,DEPTNO
11 ,SAL + 2000 AS NSAL
12 FROM EMP
13 WHERE DEPTNO =20
14 UNION ALL
15 SELECT ENAME
16 ,SAL
17 ,DEPTNO
18 ,SAL + 3000 AS NSAL
19 FROM EMP
20* WHERE DEPTNO =30
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10 6000
CLARK 2450 10 3450
MILLER 1300 10 2300
JONES 2975 20 4975
SCOTT 3000 20 5000
FORD 3000 20 5000
SMITH 800 20 2800
ADAMS 1100 20 3100
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
WARD 1250 30 4250
144 | P a g e

MARTIN 1250 30 4250

TURNER 1500 30 4500
JAMES 950 30 3950

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + 1000 AS NSAL
5 FROM EMP
6 WHERE DEPTNO =10
7 UNION ALL
8 SELECT ENAME
9 ,SAL
10 ,DEPTNO
11 ,SAL + 2000 AS NSAL
12 FROM EMP
13 WHERE DEPTNO =20
14 UNION ALL
15 SELECT ENAME
16 ,SAL
17 ,DEPTNO
18 ,SAL + 3000 AS NSAL
19 FROM EMP
20* WHERE DEPTNO =30

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + 1000 AS NSAL
5* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10 6000
BLAKE 2850 30 3850
CLARK 2450 10 3450
145 | P a g e

JONES 2975 20 3975

SCOTT 3000 20 4000
FORD 3000 20 4000
SMITH 800 20 1800
ALLEN 1600 30 2600
WARD 1250 30 2250
MARTIN 1250 30 2250
TURNER 1500 30 2500
ADAMS 1100 20 2100
JAMES 950 30 1950
MILLER 1300 10 2300
KRISHNA 2000 3000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +DECODE(DEPTNO
5 ,10,1000
6 ,20,2000
7 ,30,3000
8 ,500
9 )AS NSAL
10* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10 6000
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
CLARK 2450 10 3450
JONES 2975 20 4975
SCOTT 3000 20 5000
FORD 3000 20 5000
SMITH 800 20 2800
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
WARD 1250 30 4250
MARTIN 1250 30 4250
TURNER 1500 30 4500
ADAMS 1100 20 3100
JAMES 950 30 3950
MILLER 1300 10 2300
KRISHNA 2000 2500

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +DECODE(DEPTNO
5 ,10,1000
6 ,20,2000
7 ,30,3000
8 ,10,10000
9 ,500
10 )AS NSAL
11* FROM EMP
146 | P a g e

SQL> /

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 800 20 2800
JAMES 950 30 3950
ADAMS 1100 20 3100
148 | P a g e

MARTIN 1250 30 4250

WARD 1250 30 4250
MILLER 1300 10 2300
TURNER 1500 30 4500
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
KRISHNA 2000 2500
CLARK 2450 10 3450
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
JONES 2975 20 4975
FORD 3000 20 5000
SCOTT 3000 20 5000
KING 5000 10 6000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +DECODE(DEPTNO
5 ,10,1000
6 ,20,2000
7 ,30,3000
8 ,10,10000
9 ,500
10 )AS NSAL
11 FROM EMP
12 ORDER BY SAL
13 , DECODE(DEPTNO
14 ,10,1000
15 ,20,2000
16 ,30,3000
17 ,10,10000
18 ,500
19* )
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 800 20 2800
JAMES 950 30 3950
ADAMS 1100 20 3100
MARTIN 1250 30 4250
WARD 1250 30 4250
MILLER 1300 10 2300
TURNER 1500 30 4500
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
KRISHNA 2000 2500
CLARK 2450 10 3450
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
JONES 2975 20 4975
FORD 3000 20 5000
SCOTT 3000 20 5000
KING 5000 10 6000

15 rows selected.

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
149 | P a g e

3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +DECODE(10
5 ,10,1000
6 ,20,2000
7 ,30,3000
8 ,10,10000
9 ,500
10 )AS NSAL
11* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 DECODE(10
2 ,10,1000
3 ,20,2000
4 ,30,3000
5 ,10,10000
6 ,500
7 )AS NSAL
8* FROM EMP
SQL> /
DECODE(10
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00900: invalid SQL statement

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(10
2 ,10,1000
3 ,20,2000
4 ,30,3000
5 ,10,10000
6 ,500
7 )AS NSAL
8* FROM EMP
SQL> /

NSAL
----------
150 | P a g e

1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT DECODE(DEPTNO
2 ,10,1000
3 ,20,2000
4 ,30,3000
5 ,10,10000
6 ,500
7 )AS NSAL
8* FROM EMP
SQL> /

NSAL
----------
1000
3000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
3000
3000
3000
2000
3000
1000
500

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + DECODE(DEPTNO
5 ,10,1000
6 ,20,2000
7 ,30,3000
8 ,10,10000
9 ,500
10 )AS NSAL
151 | P a g e

11* FROM EMP

SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL + DECODE(DEPTNO
5 ,10,1000
6 ,20,2000
7 ,30,3000
8 ,10,10000
9 ,500
10 )AS NSAL
11* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

15 rows selected.

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
152 | P a g e

4 ,SAL +CASE
5 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 1000
6 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 THEN 2000
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 TEHN 3000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 10000
9 ELSE 500
10 END AS NSAL
11* FROM EMP
SQL> /
WHEN DEPTNO = 30 TEHN 3000
*
ERROR at line 7:
ORA-00905: missing keyword

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +CASE
5 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 1000
6 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 THEN 2000
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 THEN 3000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 10000
9 ELSE 500
10 END AS NSAL
11* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +CASE
5 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 1000
6 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 THEN 2000
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 THEN 3000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 10000
9 ELSE 500
10 END AS NSAL
153 | P a g e

11 FROM EMP
12 ORDER BY
13 CASE
14 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 1000
15 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 THEN 2000
16 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 THEN 3000
17 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 10000
18 ELSE 500
19* END
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,SAL +CASE
5 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 1000
6 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 THEN 2000
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 THEN 3000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 10000
9 ELSE 500
10 END AS NSAL
11 FROM EMP
12 ORDER BY
13 DEPTNO
14 ,CASE
15 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 1000
16 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 THEN 2000
17 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 THEN 3000
18 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 THEN 10000
19 ELSE 500
20* END
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
CLARK 2450 10 3450
MILLER 1300 10 2300
KING 5000 10 6000
SCOTT 3000 20 5000
ADAMS 1100 20 3100
JONES 2975 20 4975
154 | P a g e

FORD 3000 20 5000

SMITH 800 20 2800
JAMES 950 30 3950
TURNER 1500 30 4500
MARTIN 1250 30 4250
WARD 1250 30 4250
ALLEN 1600 30 4600
BLAKE 2850 30 5850
KRISHNA 2000 2500

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,JOB
5* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER
CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST
SMITH 800 20 CLERK
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK
JAMES 950 30 CLERK
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK
KRISHNA 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL

155 | P a g e

---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------

KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER 3450
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KRISHNA 2000 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,JOB
5 ,SAL +
6 CASE
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 1000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 1500
9 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 2000
10 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB <>'MANAGER' THEN 2500
11 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 3000
12 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 3500
13 ELSE
14 0
15 END AS NSAL
16 FROM EMP
17* ORDER BY DEPTNO
SQL> /
/
ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL
---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------
CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER 3450
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
KRISHNA 2000 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
156 | P a g e

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,JOB
5 ,SAL +
6 CASE
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB ='MANAGER' AND LENGTH(ENAME) > 4 AND
ENAME LIKE '%A%' THEN 1000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 1500
9 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 2000
10 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB <>'MANAGER' THEN 2500
11 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 3000
12 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 3500
13 ELSE
14 0
15 END AS NSAL
16 FROM EMP
17* ORDER BY DEPTNO
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------
CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER 3450
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
KRISHNA 2000 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,JOB
5 ,SAL +
6 CASE
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB ='MANAGER' AND LENGTH(ENAME) > 4 AND
ENAME LIKE '%S%' THEN 1000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 1500
9 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 2000
10 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB <>'MANAGER' THEN 2500
11 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 3000
12 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 3500
13 ELSE
14 0
15 END AS NSAL
16 FROM EMP
17* ORDER BY DEPTNO
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL

157 | P a g e

---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------

CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER 2450
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
KRISHNA 2000 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 ,JOB
5 ,SAL +
6 CASE
7 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB ='MANAGER' AND LENGTH(ENAME) > 4 AND
ENAME LIKE '%S%' THEN 1000
8 WHEN DEPTNO = 10 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 1500
9 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 2000
10 WHEN DEPTNO = 20 AND JOB <>'MANAGER' THEN 2500
11 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB ='MANAGER' THEN 3000
12 WHEN DEPTNO = 30 AND JOB <> 'MANAGER' THEN 3500
13 ELSE
14 10
15 END AS NSAL
16 FROM EMP
17* ORDER BY DEPTNO
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------
CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER 2460
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
KRISHNA 2000 2010

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
158 | P a g e

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------
CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER
MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
KRISHNA 2000

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB NSAL

---------- ---------- ---------- --------- ----------
159 | P a g e

CLARK 2450 10 MANAGER 2450

MILLER 1300 10 CLERK 2800
KING 5000 10 PRESIDENT 6500
SCOTT 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
ADAMS 1100 20 CLERK 3600
JONES 2975 20 MANAGER 4975
FORD 3000 20 ANALYST 5500
SMITH 800 20 CLERK 3300
JAMES 950 30 CLERK 4450
TURNER 1500 30 SALESMAN 5000
MARTIN 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
WARD 1250 30 SALESMAN 4750
ALLEN 1600 30 SALESMAN 5100
BLAKE 2850 30 MANAGER 5850
KRISHNA 2000 2000

---------- ---------- ----------
BLAKE 2850 30
CLARK 2450 10
JONES 2975 20

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,DEPTNO
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE DECODE(DEPTNO
6 ,10,3000
7 ,500
8* ) + 1000 > 3000
SQL> /

ENAME SAL DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000 10
CLARK 2450 10
MILLER 1300 10

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 FROM EMP;

ENAME
----------
KING
BLAKE
CLARK
JONES
SCOTT
FORD
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
MILLER
KRISHNA

15 rows selected.
161 | P a g e

SQL> SELECT SAL

2 FROM EMP;

SAL
----------
5000
2850
2450
2975
3000
3000
800
1600
1250
1250
1500
1100
950
1300
2000

15 rows selected.

SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAEM

2 ,SAL
3
SQL> SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300
KRISHNA 2000

15 rows selected.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-May-2018 - CHARACTER FUNCTIONS

CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
162 | P a g e

U L IC S IN RE TR LP RP LT RT T G L N N2 NIF COALESE CHR CONCAT

DECODE CASE...ETC

NUMBER FUNCTIONS
----------------------
LENGTH
(
P1
)

ROUND
(
P1-- NUMBER COLUMN/NUMBER LITERAL
,P2-- NUMBER COLUMN/NUMBER LITERAL
)

P2 IS OPTIONALL IF P2 NOT PROVIDED THEN IT WILL ROUND IT TO WHOLE

NUMBER

IF DECIMAL VALUE IS >=5 THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU NEXT NUMBER(VALUE)

IF DECIMAL VALUE IS <=4 THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU SAME NUMBER(VALUE)

IF P2 VALUE PROVIDED THAT MEANS IN P1 HOW MANY DECIAML POSITIONS

YOU ARE EXPECTING

NOW LET SAY WE HAVE 5 DECIMAL POSITIONS BUT YOU WANT ONLY 2 DECIMAL
POSITIONS
NOW ROUND WILL CHECK 3 DECIMAL VALUE IS IT >=5 IF YES THEN IT WILL
ADD ONE NUMBER 2 DECIMAL POSITION VALUE
IF NOT IT WILL GIVE YOU 2ND DECIMAL VLAUE AS IT IS.

ROUND(15.4)

TRUNC
(
P1-- NUMBER COLUMN/NUMBER LITERAL
,P2-- NUMBER COLUMN/NUMBER LITERAL
)

IF P2 VALUE NOT PROVIDED

IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER DECIMAL VALUE IS >=5 OR <=4 IT WILL GIVE
YOU ALWAYS SAME WHOLE NUMBER
163 | P a g e

IF YOU WANT DECIMAL PLACES THEN WE HAVE TO SPECIFY P2 VALUE

ENAME SALARY PERDAYSALARY

ROUND
TRUNC

95.67

95
96

TRUNC
RPOU

CTS
---
4 LACKS

5000 167 20 =167*20=3340

166 20 -- 20=3320 = 20

4LACKS*20

CEIL
(
P1
)
CEIL WILL GIVE YOU ALWAYS NEAREST HIGHEST WHOLE NUMBER.
IT WILL NOT GIVE YOU ANY DECIAL VALUES IN FINAL RESULTS.

15.10 -- CEIL(16)
' ROUND(15)
TRUNC(15)

15.60 -- CEIL(16)
ROUND(16_
TRUNC(15)
164 | P a g e

FLOOR
(
P1
)
IT WILL GIVE YOU ALWAYS NEAREST LEAST WHOLE NUMBER
IT WILL NOT GIVE YOU ANY DECIMAL PLACES

MOD
(
P1
,P2
)

IT WILL GIVE YOU REMINDER VALUE.

2)15(7
14
--
1 -- REMINDER

IF P1 VALUE < P2 VALUE THEN P1 VALUE ONLY IT WILL GIVE AS REMINDER

VALUE.

SIGN
(
P1
)

IF P1 VALUE IS -VE THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU -1

IF P1 VALUE IS +VE THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU 1
IF P1 VALUE IS 0 THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU 0
IF P1 VALUE IS NULL THEN IT WILL GIVE YOU NULL

10000 8000 LOSS

10000 12000 PROFIT
165 | P a g e

CASE WHEN SIGN(PC-SC) = -1 THEN 'LOSS'

WHEN SIGN(PC-SC) = 1 THEN 'PROFIT'
END LOSS_PROF

ABS
(
P1
)

IT WILL NOT SHOW YOU ANY SIGN(-VE OR +VE) ALWAYS IT WILL GIVE YOU
AS +VE VALUE.

LOSS 3000 1000 -2000

LOSS -2000

LOSS 2000

SQRT
(
P1
,P2
)
----
|4

POWER
(
P1
,P2
)

IT WILL GIVE YOU P1 POWER OF P2 VALUE

POWER(2,5)
IT WILL GIVE YOU 2 POWER 5 VALUE.

VSIZE
(
P1
)
IT WILL GIVE YOU HOW MANY BYTES OF MEMORY IT IS GOING TO USE/ HOW
MANY BYTES THAT GIVE STRING
REQUIRED/CONTAINS
166 | P a g e

DIFF BETWEEN CHAR AND BYTE ?

LENGTH(

ARJUN --5

VSIZE ARJUN
5

2+1+1+1+4-- 9
LENGTH --5

ROUND
TRUNC
CEIL
FLOOR
SIGN
ABS
MOD
LENGTH
SQRT
POWER
VSIZE

DATE FUNCTIONS
----------------

ADD_MONTHS
MONTHS_BETWEEN
LAST_DAY
NEXT_DAY
ROUND
TRUNC

DATE + NUMBER
DATE - NUMBER
DATE * NUMBER
DATE / NUMBER

DATE - DATE
DATE + DATE
DATE * DATE
DATE / DATE
167 | P a g e

HOW TO ADD HOURS

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
169 | P a g e

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.57

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.57

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5649
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.56

SQL> R
1 SELECT ROUND(15.5649
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
170 | P a g e

C1
----------
15.56

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5699
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.57

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.9999
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.9999
2 ,2
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
5 /

C1
----------
16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.123456789
2 ,4
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.1235

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.123456789
2 ,4
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
171 | P a g e

SQL>
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.1235

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.123456789
2 ) AS C1
3* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /

C1
----------
15

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ROUND(15.123456789
2 ) AS C1
3* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
15

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,1.5
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.6

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,1.9
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.6

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,1.92
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
172 | P a g e

SQL> /

C1
----------
15.6

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,ROUND(1.92)
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.57

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,1.999999999999
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.6

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.5678
2 ,1.999999999999
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /

C1
----------
15.6

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ROUND(15.99999) AS C1

2 ,TRUNC(15.99999) AS C2
3 FROM DUAL;

C1 C2
---------- ----------
16 15

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.99999) AS C1
2 ,TRUNC(15.99999) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /
173 | P a g e

C1 C2
---------- ----------
16 15

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.56789) AS C1
2 ,TRUNC(15.56789) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
16 15

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.56789,2) AS C1
2 ,TRUNC(15.56789,2) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15.57 15.56

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.56999,2) AS C1
2 ,TRUNC(15.56999,2) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15.57 15.56

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ROUND(15.56999,2) AS C1
2 ,TRUNC(15.56999,2) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15.57 15.56

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
174 | P a g e

SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,SAL / 30 AS PERDAYSALARY
4* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL PERDAYSALARY

---------- ---------- ------------
KING 5000 166.666667
BLAKE 2850 95
CLARK 2450 81.6666667
JONES 2975 99.1666667
SCOTT 3000 100
FORD 3000 100
SMITH 800 26.6666667
ALLEN 1600 53.3333333
WARD 1250 41.6666667
MARTIN 1250 41.6666667
TURNER 1500 50
ADAMS 1100 36.6666667
JAMES 950 31.6666667
MILLER 1300 43.3333333

SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ROUND(15.0000000000000001) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
15
177 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.0000000000000001) AS C1
2 ,CEIL(15.0000000000000001) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15 16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND(15.00000000000000000000000000001) AS C1
2 ,CEIL(15.00000000000000000000000000001) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15 16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CEIL(15.00000000000000000000000000001) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
16

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CEIL(202.435325435324532453245423) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C2
----------
203

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT CEIL(202.435325435324532453245423,2) AS C2
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT CEIL(202.435325435324532453245423,2) AS C2
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00909: invalid number of arguments

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRUNC(15.99999999999999999999999999999) AS C1
2 ,FLOOR(15.99999999999999999999999999999) AS C2
178 | P a g e

3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15 15

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRUNC(15.99999999999999999999999999999,2) AS C1
2 ,FLOOR(15.99999999999999999999999999999,2) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,FLOOR(15.99999999999999999999999999999,2) AS C2
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00909: invalid number of arguments

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT TRUNC(15.99999999999999999999999999999,2) AS C1
2 ,FLOOR(15.99999999999999999999999999999) AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
15.99 15

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT MOD(15,2) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(15,3) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
0

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(15,4) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
3
179 | P a g e

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT MOD(15,4) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
3

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(4,15) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
4

SQL> R
1 SELECT MOD(4,15) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
4

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(5,15) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
5

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(14,15) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
14

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(15,15) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
0

SQL> CL SCR
180 | P a g e

SQL> SELECT ENAEM

2 ,SA
3
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
KING 5000 17-NOV-81
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81
JONES 2975 02-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,MOD(SAL , 2)
5* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SAL,2)

---------- ---------- --------- ----------
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 0
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 0
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 0
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 1
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 0
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 0
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 0
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 0
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 0
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 0
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 0
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 0
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 0
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 0

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
181 | P a g e

3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,MOD(SAL , 2)
5 FROM EMP
6* WHERE MOD(SAL , 2) = 0
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SAL,2)

---------- ---------- --------- ----------
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 0
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 0
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 0
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 0
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 0
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 0
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 0
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 0
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 0
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 0
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 0
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 0
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 0

13 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,MOD(SAL , 2)
5 FROM EMP
6* WHERE MOD(SAL , 2) = 1
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SAL,2)

---------- ---------- --------- ----------
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 1

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,MOD(SAL , 2)
5 FROM EMP
6* WHERE MOD(SAL , 2) = 1

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SAL,2)

---------- ---------- --------- ----------
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4* FROM EMP
5 /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
182 | P a g e

KING 5000 17-NOV-81

BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81
JONES 2975 02-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2),2)

---------- ---------- --------- ---------------------------
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 1
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 1
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 1
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 0
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 1
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 1
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 1
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 0
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 0
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 0
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 0
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 1
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 1
184 | P a g e

MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 1

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,MOD ( SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2)
5 ,2
6 )
7 FROM EMP
8 WHERE MOD ( SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2)
9 ,2
10* ) = 0
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2),2)

---------- ---------- --------- ---------------------------
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 0
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 0
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 0
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 0
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 0

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,MOD ( SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2)
5 ,2
6 )
7 FROM EMP
8 WHERE MOD ( SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2)
9 ,2
10* ) = 1
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE MOD(SUBSTR(HIREDATE,1,2),2)

---------- ---------- --------- ---------------------------
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 1
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 1
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 1
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 1
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 1
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 1
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 1
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 1
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 1

9 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4* FROM EMP
SQL> /
185 | P a g e

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

14 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE MOD( SUBSTR(SAL ,1,2)
6 ,2
7 ) =0
8 AND MOD(SUBSTR(SAL,-2)
9 ,2
10* ) =1
11 /

no rows selected
186 | P a g e

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE MOD( SUBSTR(SAL ,1,2)
6 ,2
7 ) =1
8 AND MOD(SUBSTR(SAL,-2)
9 ,2
10* ) =0
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE MOD( SUBSTR(SAL ,1,2)
6 ,2
7 ) =1
8 AND MOD(SUBSTR(SAL,-2)
9 ,2
10* ) =0
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE MOD( SUBSTR(SAL ,1,2)
6 ,2
7 ) =1
8 AND MOD(SUBSTR(SAL,-2)
9 ,2
10 ) =0
11* AND LENGTH(SAL ) =4
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
187 | P a g e

MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE MOD( SUBSTR(SAL ,1,2)
6 ,2
7 ) =1
8 AND MOD(SUBSTR(SAL,-2)
9 ,2
10 ) =0
11* AND LENGTH(SAL ) =4
SQL>
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP
5 WHERE MOD( SUBSTR(SAL ,1,2)
6 ,2
7 ) =1
8 AND MOD(SUBSTR(SAL,-2)
9 ,2
10 ) =0
11* AND LENGTH(SAL ) =4

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELLECT ENAME

SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "SELLECT EN..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
188 | P a g e

SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP
4 WHERE MOD( LENGTH(ENAME)
5 ,2
6* ) =0
SQL> /

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING 5000
FORD 3000
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
MILLER 1300

6 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP
4 WHERE MOD( LENGTH(ENAME)
5 ,2
6* ) =1
SQL> /

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950

8 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT (15,4) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
189 | P a g e

3 /
SELECT (15,4) AS C1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT MOD(15,4) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
3

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT MOD(15,4) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL

C1
----------
3

SQL> SELECT SIGN( 100 - 200) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
-1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN( 300 - 200) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN( 300 - 300) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
0

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN( 300 - NULL) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
190 | P a g e

C1
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN(-3242423432432432432) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
-1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN(3242423432432432432) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN(0) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
0

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN(NULL) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN(-100) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
-1

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SIGN(100 - 200) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
191 | P a g e

SQL> /

C1
----------
-1

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600 300
WARD 1250 500
MARTIN 1250 1400
TURNER 1500 0
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP
5* WHERE COMM > SAL
SQL> /

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ----------
MARTIN 1250 1400

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP
5* WHERE SAL < COMM
SQL> /

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ----------
MARTIN 1250 1400

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
192 | P a g e

2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP
5* WHERE SIGN(SAL - COMM ) =-1
SQL> /

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ----------
MARTIN 1250 1400

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,COMM
4 FROM EMP
5* WHERE SIGN(SAL - COMM ) =-1
6 /

ENAME SAL COMM

---------- ---------- ----------
MARTIN 1250 1400

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> 10000 8000 LOSS
SQL> 10000 12000 PROFIT
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CASE WHEN SIGN(PC-SC) = -1 THEN 'LOSS'
SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "CASE WHEN ..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL> WHEN SIGN(PC-SC) = 1 THEN 'PROFIT'
SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "WHEN SIGN..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL> END LOSS_PROF
SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "END LOSS_P..." - rest of line ignored.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT 100 -300 AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
-200

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ABS ( 100 -300 ) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
200

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ABS ( 100 -300 ) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
193 | P a g e

C1
----------
200

SQL> SELECT SQRT(4) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
2

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SQRT(9) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
3

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SQRT(16) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
4

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SQRT(18) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
4.24264069

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND ( SQRT(18) ) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
4

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ROUND ( SQRT(18) ) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL>
SQL> /

C1
194 | P a g e

----------
4

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT POWER(2,10) AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
1024

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT POWER(2,100) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
1.2677E+30

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT POWER(2,20) AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
1048576

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT LENGTH('ARJUN') AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
----------
5

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT LENGTH('ARJUN') AS C1
2 ,VSIZE('ARJUN') AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
---------- ----------
5 5

SQL> R
1 SELECT LENGTH('ARJUN') AS C1
2 ,VSIZE('ARJUN') AS C2
3* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
---------- ----------
5 5
195 | P a g e

SQL> R
1 SELECT LENGTH('ARJUN') AS C1
2 ,VSIZE('ARJUN') AS C2
3* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
---------- ----------
5 5

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT LENGTH('ARJUN') AS C1
2 ,VSIZE('ARJUN') AS C2
3* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
---------- ----------
5 5

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
---------
31-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE + 40 AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
10-JUL-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE-20 AS C1
2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
---------
11-MAY-18

1-Jun-2018 Date Functions

CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
NUMBER FUNCTIONS

DATE FUNCTIONS
-------------------
ADD_MONTHS
(
P1-- DATE COLUMN/DATE LITERAL
,P2 -- HOW MANY MONTHS WE WANT TO ADD/SUBSTRACT TO/FROM P1
196 | P a g e

IF P2 VALUE IS +VE IT WILL ADD MONTHS TO P1

IF P2 VALUE IS -VE IT WILL SUBSTRACT MONTHS FROM P1

FLIPKART
--------

6 MONTHS EMI

ADD_MONTHS(STARTIMGEMIDATE
,6
)

04-JUN-18
04-JUL-18
04-AUG-18
O4-SEP-18
O4-OCT-18
O4-NOV-18

LEVEL

TODAY
----

ADD_MONTHS(DOJ
,60
) AS GRATUTI_ELI_DATE

TODAY LOAN PERSONAL 12/24/36/48/60

ADD_MONTHS(LOANFIRSTEMIDATE
,60
)

MONTHS_BETWEEN
(
P1-- DATE COLUMN /DATE LITERAL
,P2 DATE COLUMN /DATE LITERAL
)
197 | P a g e

IT WILL GIVE YOU BETWEEN P1 AND P2 DATES HOW MANY MONTHS ARE THERE

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS

EXP_INMONTHS EXP_INYEARS

LAST_DAY
(
P1-- DATE COLUMN/DATE LITERAL
)

IT WILL GIVE YOU LAST DAY OF THE GIVEN YEAR AND MONTH

LETs SAY

LAST_DAY('05-FEB-1985')

OUTPUT : IN 1985 FEB MONTH WHAT IS THE LAST DATE

ENAME SAL HIREDATE JOIN_MONTH_SALARY

TOTALNUMBEROFWORKINGDAY * PERDAYSALRY
---------- ---------- --------- ----------------

1) WRITE A SELECT STATEMENT TO KNOW HOW MANY DAYS ARE THERE IN EACH
WEEKDAY IN CURRENT MONTH ?

01-JUN-18

IN 2018 JUN MONTH

MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
SUN
5 4 4 5 5 5
4

01-JUN-18 IS A FRIDAY
02-JUN-18 IS A SATUREDAY
.
.
.
.

30-JUN-18 IS A WEDNESAYA

LAST_DAY
TO_CHAR
COUNT
CASE
LEVEL
198 | P a g e

NEXT_DAY
(
P1-- DATE COLUMN/DATE LITERAL
,P2 -- WEEKDAY NAME SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
)

IT WILL GIVE YOU AFTER P1 DATE COMING P2 DAY DATE

NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE
,'THU'
)

USER_SCHEDULER_JOBS
------------------------
1)CRONTAB/CRONLIST
* * * * * * *
WHICH DAY
WHICH HOUR
WHHICMONT

2)
SCHEDULER -- DBMS_SCHEDULER
DBMS_JOBS
--------

NEXT RUN "NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE

,'WED'
)

3) AUTO SYS /APPWORX

DEV UAT PRODCUTIONS

VERSION CONTROL TOOL

DBA
TESTING
BUG/HOW TO FIEX
TOOLS

ROUND
(
P1 -- DATE COLUMN/DATE LITERAL
,P2 -- DAY/MONTH/YEAR
)

TRUNC
(
199 | P a g e

P1 -- DATE COLUMN/DATE LITERAL

,P2 -- DAY/MONTH/YEAR
)

IN BOTH ROUND AND TRUNC P2 IS OPTIONAL

IF P2 VALUE NOT PROVIDED

TILL AM ROUND WILL GIVE YOU SAME DAY DATE WITH 00 HOURS :00
MINTUES : 00 SECONDS
FROM PM ROUND WILL GIVE YOU NEXT DAY DATE WITH 00 HOURS :00
MINTUES : 00 SECONDS

BUT TRUNC ALWAYS WILL GIVE YOU SAME DAY DATE WITH 00 HOURS :00
MINTUES : 00 SECONDS

IF P2 VALUE IS DAY

TILL WEDNESDAY AM ROUND WILL GIVE YOU PREVIOUS SUNDAY DATE

FROM WEDNESDAY PM ROUND WILL GIVE YOU COMING SUNDAY DATE

BUT TRUNC ALWAYS WILL GIVE YOU PREVIOUS SUNDAY DATE

IF P2 VALUE IS MONTH

TILL 15 DAYS ROUND WILL GIVE YOU SAME MONTH STARTING DATE
FROM 16TH DAY ROUND WILL GIVE YOU NEXT MONTH STARTING DATE

BUT TRUNC ALWAYS WILL GIVE YOU SAME MONTH STARTING DATE

IF P2 VALUE IS YEAR

TILL 6 MONTHS ROUND WILL GIVE YOU SAME YEAR STARTING DATE
FROM 7TH MONTH ROUND WILL GIVE YOU NEXT YEAR STARTING DATE

BUT TRUNC ALWAYS WILL GIVE YOU SAME YEAR STARTING DATE

EXTRACT

1) WRITE A SELECT STATEMENT TO GET HOW MANY DAYS ARE REMAINING IN

CURRENT MONTH ?
200 | P a g e

1) WRITE A SELECT STATEMENT TO GET HOW MANY DAYS ARE REMAINING IN

CURRENT YEAR ?

EXAMPLE :

01-JUN-2018 -- 29 DAYS MONTH

-- 180 DAYS ARE REMING IN A YEAR

01-JAN -2018 -- 30 DAYS

365 DAYS

SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS C11
,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
,TO_CHAR(ROUND(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS RC11
,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
,TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS TC11
FROM DUAL
/

1) HOW TO GET TODAY'S DATE ?

SYSDATE(DD-MON-YY)

DATE + NUMBER -- FUTURE DATE

DATE - NUMBER -- PAST DATE
DATE * NUMBER -- ERROR
DATE / NUMBER -- ERROR

IF ANY ONE OPERANAD VALUE IS DATE AND ANOTHER OPERAND VALUE IS

NUMBER THEN
WE CAN DO ONLY ADDITION OR SUBSTRACTION ON DATES OTHER THAT WE CAN
NOT DO

DATE - DATE -- NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN THE DATES

DATE + DATE -- NOT ALLOWED
DATE * DATE -- NOT ALLOWED
DATE / DATE -- NOT ALLOWED

DATE + NUMBER
DATE - NUMBER
DATE - DATE

2) HOW MANY DAYS OLD IS YOUR BABY ?

201 | P a g e

3) WRITE A SELECT STATMENT TO GET HOW MANY DAYS OLD YOU ARE ?

SYSDATE - DOJ
SYSDATE - DOB

HOW TO ADD HOURS TO A DATE

MINUTE

1-Jun-2018 Date Functions (Exa)

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE AS C1

2 FROM DUAL;

C1
---------
01-JUN-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SYSDATE + 45 AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 16-JUL-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SYSDATE - 45 AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 17-APR-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SYSDATE * 2 AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,SYSDATE * 2 AS C2
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

SQL> ED
202 | P a g e

Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SYSDATE / 2 AS C2
3* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
,SYSDATE / 2 AS C2
*
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE - (SYSDATE - 20) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
20

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE + (SYSDATE - 20) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT SYSDATE + (SYSDATE - 20) AS C1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00975: date + date not allowed

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE + (SYSDATE + 1) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT SYSDATE + (SYSDATE + 1) AS C1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00975: date + date not allowed

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE * (SYSDATE + 1) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
SELECT SYSDATE * (SYSDATE + 1) AS C1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE / (SYSDATE + 1) AS C1

2* FROM DUAL
203 | P a g e

SQL> /
SELECT SYSDATE / (SYSDATE + 1) AS C1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE

2
SQL>
SQL> SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,SYSDATE + 5/24 AS C2
3 FROM DUAL;

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24) AS C2
3 ,SYSDATE + 5/24 AS C3
4 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE + 5/24 ,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C4
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /
ERROR:
ORA-01756: quoted string not properly terminated

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C2
3 ,SYSDATE + 5/24 AS C3
4 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE + 5/24 ,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C4
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2 C3 C4
--------- ----------------------- --------- -----------------------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 07 01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 12

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C2
3 ,SYSDATE + 23/24 AS C3
4 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE + 23/24 ,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C4
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2 C3 C4
--------- ----------------------- --------- -----------------------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 07 02-JUN-18 02-JUN-2018 06

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
204 | P a g e

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C2
3 ,SYSDATE + 23/24 AS C3
4 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE + 23/24 ,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24') AS C4
5* FROM DUAL

C1 C2 C3 C4
--------- ----------------------- --------- -----------------------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 07 02-JUN-18 02-JUN-2018 06

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE AS C1

2 ,ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE
3 ,2
4 ) AS C1
5 FROM DUAL;

C1 C1
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 01-AUG-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 ) AS C1
5* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C1
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 01-APR-18

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE
3 ,-2
4 ) AS C2
5 ,SYSDATE - 60 AS C3
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2 C3
--------- --------- ---------
01-JUN-18 01-APR-18 02-APR-18

SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN( SYDATE

2 , SYSDATE - 60
3 ) AS C1
4 FROM DUAL;
SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN( SYDATE
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00904: "SYDATE": invalid identifier

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf
205 | P a g e

1 SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN( SYSDATE

2 , SYSDATE - 60
3 ) AS C1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1
----------
1.96774194

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> COLUMN ENAME FORMAT A10

SQL>
SQL> SET LINESIZE 200
SQL> SET PAGESIZE 200
SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE

---------- ---------- --------- ---------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87
FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81
SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82

14 rows selected.

SQL> EEWD
SP2-0042: unknown command "EEWD" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 ,SYSDATE - HIREDATE AS EXP_INDAYS
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ----------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 13345.3206
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81 13545.3206
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81 13506.3206
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81 13574.3206
206 | P a g e

SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87 11366.3206

FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81 13329.3206
SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80 13680.3206
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 13615.3206
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 13613.3206
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 13395.3206
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 13415.3206
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87 11332.3206
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81 13329.3206
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82 13278.3206

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 ,ROUND (SYSDATE - HIREDATE) AS EXP_INDAYS
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ----------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 13345
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81 13545
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81 13506
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81 13574
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87 11366
FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81 13329
SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80 13680
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 13615
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 13613
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 13395
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 13415
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87 11332
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81 13329
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82 13278

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 ,ROUND (SYSDATE - HIREDATE) AS EXP_INDAYS
6 ,MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE
7 ,HIREDATE
8 ) AS EXP_INMONTHS
9* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS EXP_INMONTHS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ------------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 13345 438.494236
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81 13545 445
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81 13506 443.752301
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81 13574 445.978107
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87 11366 373.42972
207 | P a g e

FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81 13329 437.945849

SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80 13680 449.494236
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 13615 447.397462
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 13613 447.332946
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 13395 440.139397
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 13415 440.784559
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87 11332 372.300688
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81 13329 437.945849
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82 13278 436.300688

14 rows selected.

SQL> EDED
SP2-0042: unknown command "EDED" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 ,ROUND (SYSDATE - HIREDATE) AS EXP_INDAYS
6 ,ROUND( MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE
7 ,HIREDATE
8 )
9 ,2
10 ) AS EXP_INMONTHS
11* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS EXP_INMONTHS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ------------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 13345 438.49
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81 13545 445
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81 13506 443.75
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81 13574 445.98
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87 11366 373.43
FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81 13329 437.95
SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80 13680 449.49
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 13615 447.4
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 13613 447.33
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 13395 440.14
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 13415 440.78
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87 11332 372.3
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81 13329 437.95
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82 13278 436.3

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 ,ROUND (SYSDATE - HIREDATE) AS EXP_INDAYS
6 ,ROUND( MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE
7 ,HIREDATE
8 )
9 ,2
10 ) AS EXP_INMONTHS
11 ,MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)/12 AS EXP_INYEARS
12* FROM EMP
208 | P a g e

SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS EXP_INMONTHS EXP_INYEARS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ------------ -----------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 13345 438.49 36.5411885
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81 13545 445 37.0833333
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81 13506 443.75 36.9793606
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81 13574 445.98 37.1648444
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87 11366 373.43 31.1191455
FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81 13329 437.95 36.4954896
SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80 13680 449.49 37.4578552
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 13615 447.4 37.283124
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 13613 447.33 37.2777477
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 13395 440.14 36.6782853
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 13415 440.78 36.7320487
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87 11332 372.3 31.0250595
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81 13329 437.95 36.4954896
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82 13278 436.3 36.3583928

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
5 ,ROUND (SYSDATE - HIREDATE) AS EXP_INDAYS
6 ,ROUND( MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE
7 ,HIREDATE
8 )
9 ,2
10 ) AS EXP_INMONTHS
11 ,ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)/12) AS EXP_INYEARS
12* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL JOB HIREDATE EXP_INDAYS EXP_INMONTHS EXP_INYEARS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ------------ -----------
KING 5000 PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 13345 438.49 37
BLAKE 2850 MANAGER 01-MAY-81 13545 445 37
CLARK 2450 MANAGER 09-JUN-81 13506 443.75 37
JONES 2975 MANAGER 02-APR-81 13574 445.98 37
SCOTT 3000 ANALYST 19-APR-87 11366 373.43 31
FORD 3000 ANALYST 03-DEC-81 13329 437.95 36
SMITH 800 CLERK 17-DEC-80 13680 449.49 37
ALLEN 1600 SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 13615 447.4 37
WARD 1250 SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 13613 447.33 37
MARTIN 1250 SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 13395 440.14 37
TURNER 1500 SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 13415 440.78 37
ADAMS 1100 CLERK 23-MAY-87 11332 372.3 31
JAMES 950 CLERK 03-DEC-81 13329 437.95 36
MILLER 1300 CLERK 23-JAN-82 13278 436.3 36

14 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,JOB
4 ,HIREDATE
209 | P a g e

7 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE AS C1

2 ,LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) AS C1
3 FROM DUAL;

C1 C1
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 30-JUN-18

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING 5000
BLAKE 2850
211 | P a g e

CLARK 2450
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
SMITH 800
ALLEN 1600
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

14 rows selected.

SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,ENAME,SAL,HIREDATE)

2 VALUES
3 (
4 101,'KRISHNA',2500,'17-MAY-2018');

1 row created.

SQL> COMMIT;

Commit complete.

SQL> CLS CR
SP2-0042: unknown command "CLS CR" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
KRISHNA 2500 17-MAY-18
KING 5000 17-NOV-81
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81
212 | P a g e

CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81

JONES 2975 02-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
KRISHNA 2500 17-MAY-18
KING 5000 17-NOV-81
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81
JONES 2975 02-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAEM

2
SQL>
SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT ENAME

2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 FROM EMP;

ENAME SAL HIREDATE

---------- ---------- ---------
KRISHNA 2500 17-MAY-18
KING 5000 17-NOV-81
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81
JONES 2975 02-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81
213 | P a g e

SMITH 800 17-DEC-80

ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
5* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE LAST_DAY(

---------- ---------- --------- ---------
KRISHNA 2500 17-MAY-18 31-MAY-18
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 30-NOV-81
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 31-MAY-81
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 30-JUN-81
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 30-APR-81
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 30-APR-87
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 31-DEC-80
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 28-FEB-81
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 28-FEB-81
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 30-SEP-81
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 30-SEP-81
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 31-MAY-87
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 31-JAN-82

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
5 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) - HIREDATE AS NUMOFWORKEDGDAYS
6* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE LAST_DAY( NUMOFWORKEDGDAYS

---------- ---------- --------- --------- ----------------
KRISHNA 2500 17-MAY-18 31-MAY-18 14
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 30-NOV-81 13
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 31-MAY-81 30
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 30-JUN-81 21
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 30-APR-81 28
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 30-APR-87 11
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81 28
SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 31-DEC-80 14
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 28-FEB-81 8
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 28-FEB-81 6
214 | P a g e

MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 30-SEP-81 2

TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 30-SEP-81 22
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 31-MAY-87 8
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81 28
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 31-JAN-82 8

15 rows selected.

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
5 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) - HIREDATE AS NUMOFWORKEDGDAYS
6 ,SAL / SUBSTR( LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
7 ,1
8 ,2
9 ) AS PERDAYSAL
10* FROM EMP
SQL> /

ENAME SAL HIREDATE LAST_DAY( NUMOFWORKEDGDAYS PERDAYSAL

JOINED_MONTHS_SALARY
---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------------- -------- ---------- ----
----------------
KRISHNA 2500 17-MAY-18 31-MAY-18 14 31 81
1134
KING 5000 17-NOV-81 30-NOV-81 13 30 167
2171
BLAKE 2850 01-MAY-81 31-MAY-81 30 31 92
2760
CLARK 2450 09-JUN-81 30-JUN-81 21 30 82
1722
JONES 2975 02-APR-81 30-APR-81 28 30 99
2772
SCOTT 3000 19-APR-87 30-APR-87 11 30 100
1100
FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81 28 31 97
2716
217 | P a g e

SMITH 800 17-DEC-80 31-DEC-80 14 31 26

364
ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 28-FEB-81 8 28 57
456
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 28-FEB-81 6 28 45
270
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 30-SEP-81 2 30 42
84
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 30-SEP-81 22 30 50
1100
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 31-MAY-87 8 31 35
280
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81 28 31 31
868
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 31-JAN-82 8 31 42
336

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT ENAME
2 ,SAL
3 ,HIREDATE
4 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
5 ,LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) - HIREDATE AS NUMOFWORKEDGDAYS
6 ,SUBSTR( LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
7 ,1
8 ,2
9 ) AS TOTDAYSINTTJOINMONT
10 ,ROUND(SAL / SUBSTR( LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
11 ,1
12 ,2
13 )
14 ) AS PERDAYSAL
15 ,ROUND(SAL / SUBSTR( LAST_DAY(HIREDATE)
16 ,1
17 ,2
18 )
19 ) * (LAST_DAY(HIREDATE) - HIREDATE) AS JOINED_MONTHS_SALARY
20* FROM EMP

ENAME SAL HIREDATE LAST_DAY( NUMOFWORKEDGDAYS TOTDAYSI PERDAYSAL

ALLEN 1600 20-FEB-81 28-FEB-81 8 28 57

456
WARD 1250 22-FEB-81 28-FEB-81 6 28 45
270
MARTIN 1250 28-SEP-81 30-SEP-81 2 30 42
84
TURNER 1500 08-SEP-81 30-SEP-81 22 30 50
1100
ADAMS 1100 23-MAY-87 31-MAY-87 8 31 35
280
JAMES 950 03-DEC-81 31-DEC-81 28 31 31
868
MILLER 1300 23-JAN-82 31-JAN-82 8 31 42
336

15 rows selected.

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE

2 ,'THU'
3 )
4 AS C1
5 FROM DUAL;

C1
---------
07-JUN-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE
3 ,'THU'
4 )
5 AS C2
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 07-JUN-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE
3 ,'SAT'
4 )
5 AS C2
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 02-JUN-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE
219 | P a g e

3 ,'FRI'
4 )
5 AS C2
6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 08-JUN-18

SQL> CL SCR

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE
3 ,'FRI'
4 )
5 AS C2
6* FROM DUAL

C1 C2
--------- ---------
01-JUN-18 08-JUN-18

SQL> SELECT SYSDATE AS C1

2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
4 FROM DUAL;

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-18 01-JUN-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
01-JUN-18 02-JUN-18 01-JUN-18

SQL> CL SCR

Once the time is changed to PM Manually , the Round will reflect the next day
SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
01-JUN-18 02-JUN-18 01-JUN-18

SQL> EDIT
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
3 ,TO_CHAR(ROUND(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS RC11
4 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
5 ,TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS TC11
220 | P a g e

6* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 RC1 RC11 TC1 TC11

--------- --------- ----------------------------- --------- -----------------------
------
01-JUN-18 02-JUN-18 02-JUN-2018 00:00:00 01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 00:00:00

SQL> D
SP2-0042: unknown command "D" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS C11
3 ,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
4 ,TO_CHAR(ROUND(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS RC11
5 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
6 ,TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS TC11
7* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 C11 RC1 RC11 TC1

TC11
--------- ----------------------------- --------- ----------------------------- ---
------ -----------------------------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 15:15:17 02-JUN-18 02-JUN-2018 00:00:00 01-
JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 00:00:00

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS C11
3 ,ROUND(SYSDATE) AS RC1
4 ,TO_CHAR(ROUND(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS RC11
5 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE) AS TC1
6 ,TO_CHAR(TRUNC(SYSDATE),'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') AS TC11
7* FROM DUAL

C1 C11 RC1 RC11 TC1

TC11
--------- ----------------------------- --------- ----------------------------- ---
------ -----------------------------
01-JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 15:15:26 02-JUN-18 02-JUN-2018 00:00:00 01-
JUN-18 01-JUN-2018 00:00:00

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL
SQL> /

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
01-JUN-18 03-JUN-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> ED
Wrote file afiedt.buf

1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
221 | P a g e

4* FROM DUAL
SQL> RF/
SP2-0042: unknown command "RF/" - rest of line ignored.
SQL> /

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-18 03-JUN-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-18 03-JUN-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-18 03-JUN-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-18 03-JUN-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-18 27-MAY-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL

C1 RC1 TC1
--------- --------- ---------
30-MAY-18 27-MAY-18 27-MAY-18

SQL> R
1 SELECT SYSDATE AS C1
2 ,ROUND(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS RC1
3 ,TRUNC(SYSDATE,'DAY') AS TC1
4* FROM DUAL
222 | P a g e