12th Class Notes
12th Class Notes
12th Class Notes
Cx: He confessed that he was guilty. / He confessed that it was his guilt.
Cd: He was guilty and he confessed it. / It was his guilt and he confessed it.
Simple: He confessed his guilt.
Cd: Search his pockets and you will find the watch.
Cx: If you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
Simple: Search his pocket to find the watch.
Passive Voice:
• He saw me.
I was seen.
• They deny us the freedom of expression.
We are denied the freedom of expression.
• She is telling a lie.
A lie is being told.
• Rashid was stitching the clothes.
The clothes were being stitched by Rashid.
• They have submitted the form.
The form has been submitted.
• They had eaten all the biscuits.
All the biscuits had been eaten.
V + particle + obj
• She laughed at us.
We were laughed at.
• She is attending on the patient.
The patient is being attended on.
• Someone broke into my office last night.
My office was broken into last night.
V + to-infinitive
• He likes to help the needy.
He likes the needy to be helped.
• I don’t like to punish the students.
I don’t like the students to be punished.
V + subject + to-infinitive
• I’d like someone to listen to me.
I’d like to be listened to.
• I’d like someone to sing to me.
I’d like to be sung to.
• I’d love others to love children.
I’d love children to be loved.
Proverbs
• Empty vessels make much noise.
It’s said that empty vessels make much noise.
• Honesty is the best policy.
It’s said that honesty is the best policy.
Modal + V1
• I can do it.
It can be done.
• You can have the form during office hours.
The form can be had during office hours.
• They should tell the truth.
The truth should be told.
Modal + have + V3
• They could have saved the child.
The child could have been saved.
• He might have signed the documents.
The documents might have been signed.
History bears witness to this truth that the greatest of men, known for their high stature, have
been through lows in their life. Almost all of them have lived a poor life. And we know poverty
is a crucible that makes the finest of men. It is a furnace that makes men strong as the kiln turns
clay into a rock solid brick. And C. V. Raman is an example that proves the point. A boy who had
no clothes to wear, no books to read, no footgear to use, no facility that a middle class man
enjoys, rises one day to the stature where he stands tall, head and shoulders above all. It were
the tough times that made this soul tough as leather that never yielded to challenges of life. His
track record of early education speaks of his being a genius. It is this extraordinary intelligence
coupled with the qualities of perseverance and diligence that paved the way for winning the
Nobel Prize.
The greatness of this man can be understood from the fact that he always considered common
things in life great; he enjoyed a glass of pure water after some labour; he liked to have an
evening walk etc. He loved raw nature, and found it all source of entertainment. He had a belief
that there is no alternative to things in nature.
He lived a very simple life; ate simple food; wore simple dress. Till the very end of his life Raman
held fast to Indian traditions: he would wear a Madrasi turban with pride. He believed his
traditional way of life was his real identity, and he loved to be identified as an Indian.
War leaves us all bereft; it doesn’t decide what is right, it decides what is left. Those
warmongers who boast of their military chauvinism and hold fast to this false belief that war is
a solution to the issues should be told bold that they have lost their heads completely. War can
never settle things for ever; in fact, before the dust settles after a battle ends, another war is
already taking a shape. It is a vicious cycle of violence that finds no end. War breeds hatred,
animosity, anarchy and above all loss of human life. The irony is that it is not any other species
that consumes human life, but the human beings themselves who have stooped to the level of
a cannibal animal. Both the killer and the killed belong to one big family, MANKIND. All unfair is
treated fair, and people take pleasure in committing fratricide, patricide, homicide and worst of
all genocide. The concept of humanity is blurred to obscurity, and it is replaced with ‘Might is
Right’ jungle law. How has this Crown of the Creation disgraced himself and brought shame to
this appellation! We need to rise above all bias, and introspect for a while so that the doves
may replace the vultures, and peace be restored.
These lines have been extracted from the essay ‘The Rule of the Road’ written by a genius A.G.
Gardiner. The author wants to make us realize our responsibilities as a social being. Man cannot
live by his own interests only; in fact, his interests are linked with those of others in the society
that he is part of. He cannot be too selfish to ignore others’ freedom. He needs to develop civic
sense in him so that he may not be considered a nuisance by the others.
‘Liberty is responsibility, that’s why most men dread it’, says G. B. Shaw. If the word ‘liberty’ is
taken in its literal sense, meaning one can enjoy carte-blanche, that is, one is free to do any
damn thing one wishes to, it certainly will lead to social anarchy. An individual must understand
he is caught in a web of relations where he needs to adjust his interests with those of others.
He must be sensitive to the rights of his fellow men, and must honour their rights. In the words
of Stuart Mill, a well-known British philosopher ‘the liberty of an individual must be thus far
limited; he must not make himself a nuisance to other people’.
These lines have been extracted from the poem ‘When Autumn Came’, a literary masterpiece
that has carved a niche for itself in the gallery of best art. There are only few translations in
English that are received well by the literati. ‘When Autumn Came’ enjoys a due space in the
annals of English literature. The poem is revolutionary in tone; it is a flame that helps the poet
kindle the same in bosom of his fellow countrymen. Translating his forceful emotions into
charged words, Faiz pulls the string of human heart in order to make them feel the intensity of
disgrace meted out to them. In a metaphoric language Faiz laments the desperation of the
weak and coward subject who are taken by slumber. Like a conscious leader he takes the onus
to awaken the dead; he blows the trumpet to stir the dispirited souls. The poem begins with
desperation but ends with hope. Echoing Shelley ‘if winter comes, can spring be far behind’,
Faiz gives vent to optimism within.
Here in these lines autumn has been personified as a despot, a tyrant ruler that has unleashed
the terror of its might to crush the ruled. The freedom of the ill-fated subject is trampled over
in toto. The human beings are treated as dogs, expected to keep their heads low. People can’t
walk with head held high. Faiz wails over this state of affairs as the harsh treatment goes down
without a single moan of protest. He is seen frustrated at the attitude of the poltroons who
accept all this as something they were destined for.
These lines have been extracted from the poem ‘When Autumn Came’, a literary masterpiece
that has carved a niche for itself in the gallery of best art. There are only few translations in
English that are received well by the literati. ‘When Autumn Came’ enjoys a due space in the
annals of English literature. The poem is revolutionary in tone; it is a flame that helps the poet
kindle the same in bosom of his fellow countrymen. Translating his forceful emotions into
charged words, Faiz pulls the string of human heart in order to make them feel the intensity of
disgrace meted out to them. In a metaphoric language Faiz laments the desperation of the
weak and coward subject who are taken by slumber. Like a conscious leader he takes the onus
to awaken the dead; he blows the trumpet to stir the dispirited souls. The poem begins with
desperation but ends with hope. Echoing Shelley ‘if winter comes, can spring be far behind’,
Faiz gives vent to optimism within.
In the lines under reference we do see the poet expressing his desperation; he blows the
trumpet to awaken the people who are taken by the slumber of slavery. Their conscience has
divorced them to let them be blind to all atrocities meted out to them. As he fails on his own to
give them a pinch, Faiz invokes God of May to come to his rescue. He may be referring to any
divine hand to play its part to awaken the dead. Here we do see an optimistic Faiz who is
looking for some half-extinguished embers so that the wind within Faiz would do the rest.
Once upon a time, son
they used to laugh with their hearts
and laugh with their eyes;
but now they only laugh with their teeth,
while their ice-block-cold eyes
search behind my shadow.
there was a time indeed
they used to shake hands with their hearts
but that’s gone, son.
Now they shake hands without hearts
while their left hand search
my empty pockets.
These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In these lines under reference the poet looks back at the times when sincerity would run
through the blood of the man. People would greet each other in a way that their hearts would
meet once they shook hands; one could see eyes reflecting warmth within their hearts; they
would not wear laugh on their faces for show, but it would shoot directly from the depths of
the truth. Contrary to this, modern man has learnt the art of hypocrisy; and, he takes pleasure
in outsmarting others by deceiving them. There is no love, no warmth left in his heart which
could find a reflection in his eyes. His eyes are compared to blocks of ice for the reason that he
has grown selfish and callous. It may not be wrong to say that Modern Man’s appearances are
deceptive. He now trusts none, and looks at others with an eye of suspicion. Since there is no
sincerity, there can’t be any trust.
These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In these lines under reference the poet attacks the modern man for extending his lip service to
others without an iota of sincerity to do so. How the poet is invited by his friend to home, and is
apparently given a warm welcome reflects all. He is received with open arms, and is asked to
visit again. All this boils down to a farce when the poet finds the doors shut on him on his next
visit. This art of double-talk has degraded man to a level where he is worth nothing but pity.
These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but he has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In these lines under reference the poet gives an honest expression of his having fallen prey to
modern man’s etiquettes in such a way that he too has adopted his ways of dealing with
people. He too has learnt to be hypocritical; sincerity has been drained from his behavior. To
please the people he wears masks in order to conform to their smiles. He is more like a robot
than a man, because one doesn’t find any emotions in him anymore. This has a satirical tone, as
the poet wishes to get rid of all these mechanical things.
These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but he has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In the lines the poet dissects his own behavior and is left in a shock to find himself using
double-talk. Sincerity, that would house this man once, has been exiled; hypocrisy is the new
inhabitant. This new thing has changed his conduct altogether; it does not let the poet welcome
others truly; it is all a mechanical approach that actually reflects how this man has been
dehumanised. He feels bound to say good things in spite of the fact that his heart does not
support them. He is a hypocrite to the core.
These lines have been extracted from the poem ‘Punishment in Kindergarten’ written by a
renowned Indian poet Kamla Das. The poem records the sad episode when the poet, as a little
student, was rebuked by her teacher on a picnic day. As a child the poet was quite sensitive to
things; and she felt the pain like anything. She lived her childhood in a society that boasted of
male chauvinism; and this poet had to suffer all pains. But today things have changed
altogether. The world is her own; she has her say, and no one can impose any authority on the
poet. She has bidden goodbye to bitter childhood memories.
In the lines under reference, the poet announces her freedom by saying it loud and clear:
‘today the world is a little more my own. It is pertinent to mention that she has witnessed really
tough time during her early days. Now when she has broken all shackles that once tried to
enslave her, she has carved a place for her individuality in the society. All past pains have been
forgotten; the poet no longer remembers the agony her teacher caused her one picnic day,
scolding her by hurling abusive words at this sensitive child, and drained all pleasure from her
life. She is content with the present life and does not want to make it sour by burying herself in
past. Her present is too sweet to play past back.
• Who was the blue-frocked woman? How did she cause the poet pain?
The blue frocked woman referred to in these lines was the poet’s school teacher. She
caused the poet pain by insulting her in front of all other children, hurling abusive words
at her.
The world was not hers at all in her childhood. It was the time she was subjected to hard
times. The world gave her nothing but pain and miseries.
The poet refers to the abusive words of the teacher which she threw at the poet. The
laughter is the laughter which the schoolmates had as they enjoyed the poet being
scolded by the teacher.
• What has caused the change in the words and the laughter?
The poet has mellowed down and has achieved what she calls ‘adult peace’. She is too
mature to see any difference between pleasure and pain. She has risen to such a level
where all painful experiences have been relegated to obscurity.
• How has the life been to the poet since her school days?
In her school days the poet had to bear the brunt of brutal times. She almost collapsed
under the burden. But as the days moved ahead, she started maturing, and accepted
the challenges of life with all courage. She had her own way to walk on and her own self
to walk by, and this confidence took her to the point where the world is a little more her
own.
After Apple Picking
Look at the rhyme scheme of the poem ‘After Apple Picking’? What is it like Has the poet
done it intentionally?
This is a rhyming poem that follows no preordained rhyme scheme. The poem is basically
iambic, and mostly in pentameter, but line-length variants abound. Line 1, for example, is long
by any standard. Line 32 is very short: one foot. The poem’s shorter lines of di-, tri-, and
tetrameter serve to syncopate and sharpen the steady, potentially droning rhythm of
pentameter. They keep the reader on his toes, awake, while the speaker drifts off into oblivion.
What does the ‘pane of glass’ refer to? What is the poetic device used here?
The ‘pane of glass’ refers to the sheet of ice that the poet skimmed from the drinking trough.It
is a metaphor that helps the poet to assert that through this pane of glass he could see nothing
but illusion.
Why has the word ‘thousand’ been repeated twice? What is the poetic device used here?
Why has it been used?
The word ‘thousand’ has been used twice to suggest quite emphatically that there were many
many works to be done for the poet. It has been related in an exaggerated way, so we can say
that the poetic device used here is hyperbole. This technique has been used only to make the
reader see things vivid as he goes through the lines.
What does apple picking refer to? Why has the poet given the poem this title?
Apple picking refers to taking tasks to their end. During our lifetime we are able to accomplish
some tasks well; some undertaken tasks remain unfinished; there are a few tasks which are not
undertaken at all. The same is true with apple picking. Some apples are picked and stored safe,;
some fall while handling; and some remain out of reach forever.
These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Inklings from the Dark’ written by a well known
Kashmiri poet Rahman Rahi and translated into English by Prof. G. R. Malik. The poem is not
simple to understand. It can be interpreted in a number of ways. It starts with violence but ends
at hope. The poet is quite sensitive to the violence that has gripped the world fast in its
clutches, and as a result he is left sleepless. At the same time he clings to hope that his future
will be peaceful.
In the lines under reference the poet is left sans rest as a scene of utter violence creeps on the
screen of his mind. A ferocious eagle with blood of a dove on its beak appears in the wild
darkness of his mind. The feathers of the dove are seen floating in the air. This scene has such
an influence on the poet’s mind that he is deprived of his sleep.
Why did the people of Khavda welcome Fatima with open arms?
As soon as Fatima landed in Khavda, she brought with her rain that marked the end to the
drought that had lasted three successive years. She was regarded as the savior who saved the
people of Khavda from a natural calamity. Fatima came bearing in hand the flag that
symbolized prosperity and peace. The people of Khavda were bound to welcome this person
with open arms.
Justify the title of the story ‘Love Across the Salt Desert’.
‘Love Across the Salt Desert’ is a story about two lovers who are on the either side of the
border separating India and Pakistan. The Rann of Kutch having some salt rocks around,
separates the two lovers. It is this love that acts as a unifying force that helps the two sides
become one. The title is apt and suits the story perfectly.
Why does the writer consider the absent-mindedness in anglers and poets a virtue?
(Forgetting)
Anglers and poets are thought to be dreamers. An angler while holding the fishing rod stretches
his imagination and loses himself in an egalitarian society where everything is perfect. To be
occupied with the thought of this very ideal world is a bliss in itself. Similarly the minds of the
poets are seldom attracted by this mundane world filled with things mediocre. They take flight
on the viewless wings of poesy, and create a world better suited for their dreams. As their
minds house lofty thoughts, they remain insensitive to the fret and fevers of life for that period.
Thus this absent-mindedness is a blessing in disguise.
How did the sniper trick his enemy sniper? Did his trick work?
The sniper was a smart fellow. He outwitted the enemy sniper quite skilfully. As a shrewd
soldier he manoeuvred each step with aplomb. Placing his cap over thye muzzle of the rifle, he
positioned it in a way that the enemy sniper mistook it for the sniper. In no time there was a
report and the cap fell down to the street. The sniper let the rifle fall from his grasp to the
pavement below. The enemy sniper after hearing the clattering sound thought he had killed his
enemy. He came out from his hiding place. No sooner had he shown his contours than the
sniper shot him dead.
Simile:
A simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared with
another, always using ‘as’ or ‘like’.
Examples:
• The sun was descending like a cataract in the eye of the sky. (sunrise)
• The sun…..crept out like a school boy. (sunrise)
• ….throwing words at me like pots and pans (punishment
inkindergarten)
• I rose like a moonstruck man (inklings from the dark)
• And found him lying by the wall like a mushroom in the mount (inklings
from the dark)
Metaphor:
A metaphor is an expression which describes a person or object in a
literary way by referring to something that is considered to possess
similar characteristics to the person or object one is trying to describe.
Examples:
• ‘ice block cold eyes’ (once upon a time)
• ‘the thread of my fancies slit’ (inklings from the dark)
• ‘the cool of the winter in the marrow of my bones’ (inklings from the
dark)
Personification:
When human qualities are attributed to things, animals, or ideas it is
known as personification.
Examples:
• ‘the cole hapless ashes kissed my feet” (inklings from the dark)
• This is the way that autumn cane to the trees:
• It stripped them down to the skin.’ (when autumn came)
Symbol:
A symbol refers to a simple everyday thing but has a deeper significance.
Examples:
• ‘my two pointed ladder’s sticking…’ (after apple picking)
• ‘there’s a barrel that I didn’t fill’ (after apple picking)
Imagery:
Imagery may be defined as the representation of sensory experiences
through language. We can have visual imagery (sight), auditory
imagery (hearing), tactile imagery (touch), gustatory imagery (taste),
and olfactory imagery (smell).
Examples:
Visual:
• ‘A blue frocked woman’
• ‘on the lawn in clusters sat my schoolmates’
Sound:
• ‘throwing words at me like pots and pans;
• ‘they (schoolmates) turned and laughed)
Gustatory:
• ‘honey coloured day of peace’
• ‘schoolmates sipping sugarcane’
Irony:
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning is
irony.
Examples:
• ‘feel at home’ ‘come again’ ‘glad to meet you’ in the poem ‘once upon
a time’ are ironic statements as the speaker means the opposite in
that context.
Hyperbole:
It is a way of speaking or writing that makes someone or something
bigger, better etc. than they are. Things are presented in an
exaggerated way.
Examples:
• ‘There were ten thousand thousand fruits to touch’
(after apple picking)
• ‘I think it right to aquaint you with my immediate intention of divesting
myself of my garments, and goingto bed.’ (box and cox)
Study skills
Vocabulary:
In the set of four words given against each word below, one word does not belong to
the group. Pick out the odd one.
The following words are synonyms of the word ‘fall’. Complete the sentences using
the right form of these words.
• The old man fell from the terrace and plummeted to the ground.
• Jack lost his footing and tumbled down the hill.
• He sank to his seat when he heard the shocking news.
• The fall in share prices has caused property prices to fall.
• After being hit by the bullet, he took a few strides before he collapsed to the ground.
• The bird dropped dead to the ground after being hit by the bullet.
• She descended the stairs cautiously.
• She plunged into the river and died.
Fill in the blanks in these sentences with the most appropriate words from the list
below. All the words have the broad meaning of ‘huge’ but they cannot be used
interchangeably.
In each of the following sets of words one word does not belong to the group. Pick the
odd one out.
• Emaciated, withered, skeletal, healthy
• Grotesque, bizarre, ordinary, weird
• Trudged, trekked, hiked, rested
• Reclusive, introverted, outgoing, shy
• Chagrin, please, annoy, irritate
• Wily, clever, shrewd, simple
• Obscenities, curses, expletives, blessings
• Squander, save, fritter away, splurge
• Odyssey, journey, voyage, errand
Writing Skills
Imagine, Aftab writes a letter to Kaley Shah inviting him to the wedding of Fatima and Najab.
In the letter do the following:
• Apologise for the manner in which Najab has brought Fatima without Kaley Shah’s
permission.
• Ask him to forgive and forget. Remind him of the family ties he shares with Najab’s
mother.
• Request him to attend the wedding and bless the young couple.
Khavda, Gujrat
India
05/08/2014
Yours sincerely
Aftab
Write the diary entry for Fatima for the night she eloped with Najab. Write about the
following:
• Where and when they met
• What her feeling were about leaving her village and her country
• How the journey was
• When and how they reached Najab’s house
30 July, Saturday
Ah! The most beautiful and blessed evening of my life. The time witnessed union of two
souls. He was waiting for me at the outskirts of the village, and I just sneaked out once
father started snoring. We started for our dreamland straightaway; the moment was too
big for me to speak a word. No India, no Pakistan would occupy my mind. I knew only
one thing: we were the birds of love for whom all the world is a nest, with no boundaries
to divide it into fragments. While marching ahead to our destination, I fell asleep as a
baby in the arms of my Najab. I had never had such a sound sleep. Nature too was quite
excited at this union; water poured down in Najab’s village, and ended the long spell of
drought. I was welcomed as harbinger of peace and prosperity, and of course love.
Fatima
What do you think would have been the sniper’s feeling on discovering that the man he had
killed was his own brother? As the sniper, write the diary entry describing your feeling about
the war and the day’s events. Talk about your plans for the future.
15 August, Saturday
My hands are trembling….how can a deranged man write!!!...oh war, oh cursed war!
You dehumanized this brother…with these hands I committed fratricide…a heinous
crime! No oceans can wash the stains on these filthy hands. I am a beast in guise of
man…oh that owl is crying to me only: ‘o woe to you, o woe’. Oh God I am feeling
restlessness…my head may burst to pieces. How cunningly I trapped my brother!! Be
this mind cursed. I deserve no mercy, no sympathy. How can a killer mourn his brother’s
death!
Let insanity take me and I be mad; I can no longer afford to be sensitive to these things.
Let me rave like a mad man!! How can I keep balance! My future is all dark and
torturing. O man you are doomed.
You topped the list of successful candidates of class 12, of which the results were declared
yesterday. Make diary entry about the day.
16 feb Monday
Can’t say how tense I was from the moment it was announced on the radio: ‘results
of 12th class will be declared tomorrow.’ Lo! I lost all hunger; restlessness ruled me;
passed an utter sleepless night. Mom dad tense...!!! Cornered myself in the room next
day. Waiting with heart in mouth. Suddenly there was a knock; mom entered with a
glowing face: ‘my love, you have made us proud; you have done it again; 98%!!!
Topped again.’ She embraced me, kissed my forehead. Instead of jumping with joy, I
was too humbled to show any reaction. Papa’s excitement was indescribable….
Congratulation messages started flying from all sides. Relatives poured in to share the
moment. A day I will always treasure.
Muzafar
You went on picnic to pahalgam/ a historical place. Write the diary entry how you spent the
day.
16 July Wednesday
Had a lot of fun with friends yesterday. Had never had an experience like this. Had a
trip to Pahalgam with friends. Fun started right from the word go. Teasing, singing,
cracking jokes, sharing funny experiences…all sorts of entertainment going on side by
side. Rested a while at a coffee house on the way and refreshed ourselves with a
cuppa coffee. On reaching Pahalgam, Sunil, my friend from Delhi was absolutely
spellbound to see the raw beauty. It was so mesmerizing there that all were left with
their mouth wide open. Did some photography at Betaab Valley, Aru and adjoining
areas. As we returned I could sense a semblance of serenity prevailing among the
boys. A day worth anything!!
Muzafar
Your father has been transferred to an outside place. He is unable to visit you
regularly. He is very much worried about your studies as you are a student of
class 12. Write a letter to him about your preparation about the final
examination which is at hand.
Sopore
Baramulla
14/08/2014
Dear Papa
All of us over here do have a hope that you are fine and comfortable at your new place of
posting. I wish we could join you there. We would have a lot of fun. Anyways, Mummy
informed me that you are too much worried about my exams. I only wanted to tell to be
relaxed and make your stay over there more comfortable. It will be heartening for you to know
that I am perfectly ready for the final exams; I haven’t skipped a single unit in any subject.
So I think it would be a morale booster for me if you take care of your health and stop worrying
about my studies. Believe me all is going well with my studies. And when you write back, don’t
forget to send some photographs of the surrounding area; I have heard a lot about its raw
beauty.
Looking forward to your reply.
Take care. Love you.
Yours sincerely
Zaheer
You have two tickets to a soccer match. Write to your friend inviting him watch
the match with you.
Sopore
Varmul
14/08/2014
Dear Khursheed
Hope all is well and you are in the best of your moods. I am fine too. I am writing to you to
inform you that a soccer championship is underway in our town. The match scheduled to be
played this Sunday is going to be a thriller: Elites Blue Baramulla v/s Moosa Club Sopore.
Football pundits here fail to declare any of the two giants as favourites. I am going to cheer for
Moosa Club, after all local patriotism, you know!!
What’s more thrilling is that I have bought two tickets to the match. And I was wondering if you
could come over here so that we could entertain ourselves by watching the match together. It
would be so nice if you could come on Saturday only so that we could visit some of our
favourite places too. Don’t worry about the expenses; I will buy you the return ticket. Ok?
Looking forward to a positive response.
Take care
Nazir
Your friend fell from his bike and broke his arm. He is in hospital. You are unable to visit him
because you have your preparatory examinations. Write a letter
• Saying how sorry you are
• Explaining why you can’t visit him
• Hoping he will get well soon
Sopore
14/08/2014
Dear Ashraf
It was extremely shocking to know that you have met with an accident and have broken your
arm. Tell you one thing that I always had an apprehension that something unfortunate might
happen as you never rode your bike with care. Anyways, it was bad luck. Let’s be brave and
move ahead.
I would come to see you in the hospital right now, but you know I am going through my
preparatory examinations. Once I am free, and by that time I hope you too would be discharged
from the hospital, I will come to meet you at home. Am praying for your speedy recovery.
Looking forward to your company at my brother’s wedding scheduled next month.
Get well soon.
Yours sincerely
Joseph
Formal letter
Write a letter to the Chairman of the School Board of School Education for issuing in your favour a
duplicate Date of Birth certificate.
Sopore
Varmul
20 August 2014
The chairman
JK Board of school education
Srinagar
Yours faithfully
Altaf hussain
Both Mr Box and Mr Cox decide to leave MrsBouncer’s lodgings. MrsBouncer wants to place
an advertisement in the CLASSIFIED SECTION of the local newspaper advertising the room.
Write the advertisement for her in not more than 50 words.
Remember to list the salient features of the room and the kind of tenant you are looking for.
TO LET
A well-furnished single roomed lodging on the second floor at 5A, New Colony
Sopore available on rent.
Salient features:
• Spacious room measuring 20×15 sq. ft.
• Accommodates double bed/ space for dining and dressing
• Washroom attached
• 24 hours water supply
• Round the clock electricity
• Balcony unfolding picturesque west
Your uncle is not feeling well. You meet the doctor. He prescribes some medicine. You go to
the chemist to collect the medicine. Write the dialogue in about 80-100 words on what was
exchanged between you two.
Ashok bought a book from a book seller. When he reached home, he found some pages
missing. In the evening he went back to the shop. Write the dialogue in about 80-100 words
on what was exchanged between the two.
(Later on…)
Book-seller: Oh, I’m sorry for keeping you waiting, sir. The book is out of stock.
We can place an order for it right away. Could you wait for two days, sir?
Ashok: No, I can’t wait. You had better return the money. I need the book today only.
Book-seller: As you wish, sir. Collect the money please.
Ashok: Thank you.
Your wrist watch has not been working for some days. You go to a watch-repairer. Write the dialogue
in about 80-100 words on what was exchanged between you two.
Watch-repairer (WR)
WR: Good morning, sir; how can I help you, sir?
Me: I wanted to get my watch repaired, as it is not working properly.
WR: Could you show me the watch, sir?
Me: Oh sure, here it is.
WR: When did you buy it, sir?
Me: Almost two years ago.
WR: Have you ever changed its battery sir?
Me: No, I don’t think so.
WR: Let me check its battery, sir. I guess it might be discharged.
(after a pause)
Oh,the battery is completely exhausted, and needs a replacement.
Me: Ok. Replace it. But be sure of the quality.
WR: You need not worry, sir. We sell quality products only.
Me: Ok.
(Later…)
WR: Here we go, sir. The watch is ready.
Me: Thank you. How much am I to pay?
WR: The battery itself costs 70 rupees. And 20 rupees as service charges, sir.
Me: Ok. Take the money.
WR: Thank you, sir. Please collect your receipt. Have a nice day, sir.
Newspaper report
Write an e-mail to your friend living in London invite him on your wedding ceremony to be
held in september.
To: khurshid77@gmail.com
Cc: none
Subj invitation
Dear khushi
U wud be thrilled 2 know i m gettin married. It happened ol of a sudn. Anywz it
wud be osum if you come here on the day. It z fixt on sep 10. Do come plz.
Reply
Love you
Saleem
Write an email to your friend ,who has been ill, asking about his health and wishing him
better health.
To: nazirwani@rediffmail.com
Cc: <none>
Subj: hi
Dear nazir
Heard u are not feelin wel for some time. What actualy z da problm?
Do take care of ur helth. Wish u a speedy recovery. Lookin frwd to c u soon.
Take care
byeeee
Muzafar
Write an email to a friend who is in delhi congratulating him on his success in a professional
examination.
To: manzoor7@gmail.com
Cc: none
Subj: congratz
Dear mannu
Wow buddy wow!! U made us all proud. Am too excited. I knew u wud crack this test.
Congratz love. Keep it up. And be ready for the party. See u soon.
Take care
Byee
Yameen
You own a shop PETALS which is a garment shop. Design an attractive poster advertising a
discount of 50% on all the garments.
PETALS
A complete store of readymade garments
RUSH...
Offer valid till 28 feb.
PETALS, 34 LAL CHOWK SRINAGAR -1900001
is celebrating
ANNUAL DAY 2014
REGAL APPLIANCES
SOPORE
Offers 30%OFF
ON
• WASHING MACHINES
• MICROWAVE OVEN
• LED’s
EXCHANGE OFFER
ON
• REFRIGIRATORS