Refining
Refining
Refining
Objectives of refining
Refining
… and today
in earlier times …
Effects of refining in fiber structure
Shortening
External
fibrillation
4 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0797 Ed 02 | Fiber Systems
Internal
fibrillation
ss e
in
Contribution to understanding the refining er c e h
Year process F ib ro ac
P M
1994 Meltzer Modified edge load
Lumiainen Specific surface load
1990
Parameters considered
Kerekes C-Factor/Frequ. and intens. of fiber treatment
1986 Joris Variation and velocity of crossing points
1981 Stevens
1978 Kline
1977 Leider & Nissan Frequency and intensity of fiber treatment
1969 Danforth Frequency and intensity of fiber treatment
5 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0386 Ed 02 | Fiber Systems
load
– Refiner load
– Direction of rotation
System
– Number of refiners Specific
– Consistency energy
– Flow rate
– Arrangement of refiners
– Temperature
– pH-value
Definition of cutting edge length
• Fillings
- material
- bar height
- bar angle Modified
- bar and groove width edge length
per second Ls,γbg Modified edge load
- number of bars
9 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0403 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
(MEL)
- bar length
• Machine
- speed
- motor load
- direction of rotation
Influence of bar angle on number of
intersection points
10° bar angle 30° bar angle
α L
α
10 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0389 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
C = L • tanα C = L • tanα
C = L • tanα represents the bar crossing efficiency
Ls –> Ls,γ Ls,γ = Ls,Stator • tanαS + Ls,Rotor • tanαR
Ls,γ = Ls• 2 • tanα for identical design of rotor and stator
Pnet 1 1
SEL –> SELγ SELγ = —–– LS • –––––– = SEL ––––––
2 • tanα 2• tanα
Influence of bar and groove width on refining
b b
g b = Bar width g
g = Groove width
11 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0396 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
1 b+g
Modified Edge Load MEL MEL = SEL • –––––––
2 • tanα • –––
b
Criteria for modified edge load
β α
13 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0388 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
Segment angle: Θ
Sector angle: β
Bar angle: α
Cutting angle:
γ = αS + αR or
γ = 2 x α for αS = αR
14 | VPR Chapter 09 No 1901 Ed 02 | Fiber Systems
Spec. edge load SEL [J/m] <1 <1.5 (1.7) (1.5) 2 – 2.5 3-4
15 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2024 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
Cutting angle
Specific
Shortening (16) Fibrillation (60)
edge load
3.0 J/m 3.0 J/m
1.5 J/m 1.5 J/m
70
SR value [SR]
50
6000
40
5000
30
4000
20
3000
Fillings variation
Distribution of absorbed power
[kW]
Total refining power
unrefined
refined
No-load power with stock
No-load power with water
Time
No-load power as a function of flow rate
100
No-load power [kW]
Fillings : 3/4-72-60
Speed : 1000 rpm
Bar height : 5 mm
80
fillings unloaded
Water:
40
fillings 1 mm gap
fillings unloaded
0
400 800 1200 1600 2000
Flow rate [l/min]
No-load power as a function of speed and
mean cutting angle
200
No-load power [kW]
Bar width : 5 mm
Flow rate : 1000 l/min
150 Direction of
rotation : anti-clockwise
100
Cutting angle:
20 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0363 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
20
50 60
0
0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Speed [rpm]
0 10 15 20 25 30
Circumferential speed [m/s]
No-load power as a function of direction of
rotation
200
No-load power [kW]
Cutting angle : 60
Flow rate : 1000 l/min
150
100
Direction of rotation:
21 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0364 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
clockwise
50 anti-clockwise
0
0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Speed [rpm]
0 10 15 20 25 30
Circumferential speed [m/s]
No-load power as a function of bar height
100
No-load power [kW]
Fillings : 3/4-72-60
Speed : 1000 1/min
Flow rate : 1000 l/min
80
fillings unloaded
Water:
40
fillings 1 mm gap
fillings unloaded
0
0 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bar height [mm]
Parameters influencing no-load power
Flow rate 10 %
Cutting angle 20 %
Bar height 50 %
23 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2070 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
Direction of rotation 60 %
n
Speed approx. ( –– )2.7
nn
Location of refining process in system
PIC FFIC
LIC
QIC
Net refining
power
Cutting
edge length
Production
rate
26 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2066 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
Refiner load
Technological
result
Time
Refiner specific energy control
Power
control
M M
Refiner operation with specific energy
control
Production
rate
28 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2068 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
Refiner load
Technological
result
Time
Influence of spec. energy control on technology with
reduction in throughput to 2/3 of nominal production
10
Deviation [%]
8
6
4
2
0
29 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2069 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
2
4
6
8
10
Spec. SR Average Bulk Breaking Burst Tear
energy value fiber length length
Example for development of admissible spec. edge
load as a function of raw material and SR value
2
30 | VPR Chapter 09 No 0803 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
1
Bleached hardwood
kraft pulp
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SR value [SR]
Influence of specific edge load on SR value
and fiber length
600 400 200 [CSF]
[CSF]
70 2.6
SR value [SR]
20 600 1.6
10 800 1.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Net spec. energy [kWh/t] SR value [SR]
Furnish Spec. edge load
Bleached 1.0 J/m
Softwood 2.0 J/m
Kraft pulp 3.5 J/m
Fillings: 60 cutting angle
Influence of specific edge load on strength
properties
600 400 200 [CSF] 600 400 200 [CSF]
11 3500
Tear [mNm/m]
Breaking length [km]
9 3000
2500
7
2000
32 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2062 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
5
1500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
SR value [SR] SR value [SR]
Furnish Spec. edge load
Bleached 1.0 J/m
Softwood 2.0 J/m
Kraft pulp 3.5 J/m
Fillings: 60 cutting angle
Influence of specific edge load on burst
index
Burst index [kPam2/g]
8 Bleached
softwood kraft
7 pulp
6
33 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2063 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
4
1.0 J/m
3 2.0 J/m
3.0 J/m
2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
SR value [SR]
Influence of fines on paper properties
1.00 1.00
0.95 0.95
0.90 0.90
0.85 0.85
0.80 0.80
0.75 0.75
35 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2940 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
0.70 0.70
0.65 0.65
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 100 200 300 400 500
SR value [SR] Total refining energy [kWh/t]
Cutting angle
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20" Furnish
40° 60°
Bar width: 2 mm
Birch
Specific edge load: 0.6 J/m
Eucalyptus
Influence of bar width and cutting angle on
birch
110 110
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
36 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2941 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 100 200 300 400 500
SR value [SR] Total refining energy [kWh/t]
Fillings
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20“
Furnish: Birch 2mm / 40° 2mm / 60° 3mm / 60°
Specific edge load: 0.6J/m
Influence of specific edge load on hardwood
pulps
1.00 1.00
0.60 0.60
0.55 0.55
0.50 0.50
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 100 200 300 400 500
SR value [SR] Total refining energy [kWh/t]
SEL
Machine: Double disk refiner, 20" Furnish
0.6 J/m 1.2 J/m
Bar width: 2 mm
Cutting angle: 40° Birch
Eucalyptus
Influence of specific edge load on softwood
pulps
90 50
SR value [SR]
Tensile index [Nm/g]
80 45
70 40
35
60
30
50
25
40 20
38 | VPR Chapter 09 No 2944 Ed 01 | Fiber Systems
30 15
20 10
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 150 300 450
SR value [SR] Total refining energy [kWh/t]