2007

ANNUAL REPORT
AND TREASURE
PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES
PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES AND TREASURE ANNUAL REPORT 2007
The Vale of York Hoard (no. 217) The Vale of York Hoard (no. 217)
In 2009, the Vale of York Hoard In 2007, a Viking Age silver-gilt vessel
was jointly acquired by the British containing gold, hack-silver and 617
Museum and York Museums Trust. coins was found by metal-detectorists.
Conservators at the British Museum The finders resisted the temptation
have now cleaned the vessel and to empty the contents of the vessel,
its contents, enabling the find to allowing the hoard to be excavated
be viewed in the condition it was by British Museum conservators,
deposited in c. AD 928. preserving valuable information about
the find and its disposition.
TREASURE ACT 1996
The Treasure Annual Report is presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 12 to the Treasure Act 1996

PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES
AND TREASURE
ANNUAL REPORT
2007
Treasure Annual Report 2007
and
Portable Antiquities Scheme Annual Report 2007

November 2009

1
 Foreword 4
Preface 6
Key points 8
Introduction 11
Learning and outreach 14
Research and publication 25

Catalogue
Artefacts
Stone Age 35
Bronze Age 39
Iron Age 58
Roman 70
Early Medieval 92
Medieval 118
Post-Medieval 141

Coins
Iron Age 166
Roman 173
Early Medieval 192
Medieval 196
Post-Medieval 209

References 215

Indexes
Table of Treasure cases 2007 227
Update on 2005 and 2006 Treasure cases 256
Index by findspot 257
Index by acquiring museum 263

CONTENTS
Recording finds 265
Contacts and organisations 285
Illustrations 291

Published by the Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure, British Museum

ISBN 978-0-9563795-0-4 paperback
ISBN 978-0-9563795-1-1 download

2 3
 It gives me great pleasure to introduce the first ever advise people on their legal obligations, inform them
joint Portable Antiquities Scheme and Treasure Annual about the Treasure process, courier finds, and write
Report. This outlines the Scheme’s work; explains the reports on them. It is this work which has produced an
Treasure process and highlights some of the finds made almost 194% increase in the reporting of Treasure since
in 2007. 2003 when the Scheme was extended to cover all of
England and Wales.
In previous years these reports were published
separately but when the British Museum, which The work of the Scheme is supported by the
manages the Scheme on behalf of the Museums, Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure at
Libraries & Archives Council, took over the the British Museum, the 33 local partners that host
administration of Treasure and the Treasure Valuation Finds Liaison Officer posts, and the Portable Antiquities
Committee in March 2007 they decided to combine Advisory Group, which is now supplemented by the
them. This also recognises the fact that the distinction Portable Antiquities Management Group. In addition,
between Treasure and other archaeological finds is the Finds Liaison Officers, and the Scheme more
primarily a legal one and does not necessarily relate generally, are supported by museum curators and
to their archaeological value. others associated with the heritage sector in England
and Wales.
In 2007, a further 66,311 archaeological finds were
recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme and This network of support is a testament to the success
another 747 Treasure finds were reported. More than of the Scheme and it is, therefore, no surprise that Kate
a third of the latter will be acquired by museums Clark’s Review of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, which
for public benefit. But, possibly more importantly, was commissioned by the MLA and the British Museum
the reporting and recording of all archaeological in 2008, found it to be both effective and efficient.
finds through the Scheme and under the Treasure
Act will help archaeologists and other researchers to Finally, I would like to commend the British Museum’s
understand the past better, how and where people Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure for
lived, what they made and what they did. its monitoring of eBay to look for items of unreported
Treasure. The Government takes this offence very
We owe a huge debt of thanks to the people who seriously indeed and will continue to work closely with
volunteered their finds for recording under the Scheme all interested parties to make vendors aware of the
or reporting under the Treasure Act. I would also like law, to ensure that the marketplace in antiquities is
to pay tribute to the work done by the members of transparent and open, and, finally, to help people
the Treasure Valuation Committee: Trevor Austin, Ian who come into possession of antiquities understand
Carradice, John Cherry, Peter Clayton, Jack Ogden, their obligations.
Tim Pestell, May Sinclair and their chairman, Norman
Palmer. This could not be done without the support the
Committee receives from a panel of expert advisers:
Emily Barber (Bonhams), Mark Bowis (Christie’s), James
Ede (Charles Ede Ltd), Tom Eden (Morton and Eden),
Richard Falkiner, James Morton (Morton and Eden), Margaret Hodge, Minister for Culture
Judith Nugee (Christie’s), Michael Sharp November 2009
(Dix Noonan Webb), Peter Spencer and Chantelle
Rountree (Bonhams).
FOREWORD

I would also like to thank the funding bodies that play

such an essential part in the acquisition of Treasure
finds by museums; in particular, the Art Fund, the V&A/
MLA Purchase Grant Fund, the Headley Museums
Treasure Acquisition Scheme, the National Memorial
Fund, and the Heritage Lottery Fund. Gratitude is also
due to the 58 finders and landowners who waived their
right to a reward in 2007 and allowed museums to
acquire finds at no, or a very reduced, cost to
the taxpayer.

The Government recognises the fact that the Portable

Antiquities Scheme plays a very valuable role in
supporting the Treasure Act; its Finds Liaison Officers

4 5
 The Museums, Libraries & Archives Council (MLA) Besides educating people about archaeology and finds, Looking to the future, both the MLA and the British
and the British Museum have been key supporters of and giving people the opportunity to get involved, the Museum are committed to ensuring the PAS continues
the Portable Antiquities Scheme and the Treasure Act data generated by the PAS has great research potential, to be a success and agreeing a way how best it can be
(1996) since their inception, and therefore very much and indeed it is the case that many researchers are best supported and delivered, and in this respect we
welcome the Minister’s kind words in her foreword. making use of it. 460 people currently have full access very much value the Government’s support to date.
to PAS data for research purposes and five students
The MLA and the British Museum jointly chair the are undertaking collaborative Arts and Humanities
Portable Antiquities Advisory Group, a consortium of Research Board-funded PhDs analysing PAS data. The
bodies that helps take the project forward, and we are results of this work are transforming our understanding
extremely grateful to the members of that group who of the past, highlighting new sites and the relationships
have worked hard to ensure the continuing success between peoples over time. All this data is made
of the PAS, especially following the uncertainty after publicly available on the PAS website – wwww.finds. Roy Clare, Chief Executive Officer, Museums, Libraries
the last Spending Review settlement. This success org.uk – which is currently being redeveloped to & Archives Council
was highlighted by the 2008 Review of the Portable increase functionality and improve the user experience.
Antiquities Scheme, which, as the Minister has said,
shows that the PAS makes a valuable contribution The Minister has already highlighted the mutually
to museums, as well as to the historic environment beneficial relationship between the PAS and the
sector. It is in recognition of the overarching potential Treasure Act, and it is very welcome that museums are
of the Scheme to impact on the work of museums and increasingly able to acquire Treasure finds, thanks to the
their audiences, that following the 2008 Review it was generosity of the various funding bodies, and also due
agreed to support the regional elements of the Scheme to increasing numbers of finders and landowners who Neil MacGregor, Director, British Museum
through the MLA’s Renaissance programme, and to donate their share of a reward. The fact that museums
form the Portable Antiquities Management Group. are able to acquire such finds not only enables the
This aims to complement the work of the Advisory public to enjoy them, but it ensures the objects are
Group, and explore synergies between the work of the available for future research. The PAS is currently
Scheme and museums more generally, and in particular working with English Heritage to explore options for
with other projects being delivered through MLA’s cataloguing collections of finds found before the PAS
Renaissance programme. was established that finders are willing to donate to
museums. This highlights the need for finders to make
Since the PAS was established in 1997, the standards appropriate provision for their finds in the future, if
it sets itself, and those that record with it, have risen. they wish them to have maximum public benefit.
It is now common practice for finders of archaeological
objects to have them properly recorded with the PAS Museums are increasingly acquiring non-Treasure
or reported under the Treasure Act; the Code of Practice finds recorded by the PAS. Notable examples (all
for Responsible Metal Detecting, which was endorsed Roman) acquired over the past few years include the
by the main archaeological bodies and metal-detecting Staffordshire Moorlands pan (WMID-3FE965), a horse
and landowner organisations, provides an agreed and rider figurine from Cambridgeshire (SF-99E3E4)
statement on best practice. In the first year of the and the Winterton pan (NLM-F50443). It is therefore
Scheme (1997/8), 3,125 finds were recorded on its welcome that the Headley Fund has extended its
database; the total in 2007 was 66,311. Likewise, in acquisition scheme to include non-Treasure finds, and
the first full year of the Treasure Act (1998), 201 finds this will almost certainly benefit many regional and
were reported as Treasure, while the total in 2007 is local museums.
747. Similarly, in 1997/8 the proportion of PAS finds
recorded to at least a 6-figure National Grid Reference We would also like to thank the Headley Trust for
(100m2) was 56%; in 2007 it was 90%. These are £148,000 over three years to fund interns to work
significant increases, which also demonstrate the with the PAS. The aim of these posts is to give people
Scheme’s educational benefits. who want to develop a career in museums and/or
archaeology the opportunity to acquire new skills and
PREFACE

It is very welcome that in 2007 the PAS organised expertise, and also make a valuable contribution to the
1,761 outreach events that were attended by at least recording work of the PAS. The first interns are being
33,298 people, including 11,089 children, and this appointed in Cambridgeshire & Essex, Hampshire &
work complements that of both the MLA’s Renaissance Wiltshire, London & Sussex, the North West, Suffolk,
programme and British Museum’s Partnership UK the West Midlands and Yorkshire.
programme. In 2011–2013, the British Museum is
planning an exhibition about the PAS – Our nation’s
history told – that will tour Exeter, Lincoln, Norwich,
Newcastle and Wales.

6 7
 The main achievements of the Portable Antiquities Treasure Cases 2007 (p.227–255) gives the outcomes Publications: Several publications associated with the
Scheme (PAS) and the Treasure Act 1996 in 2007 can of all 2007 Treasure cases. work of the PAS have appeared in the period of this
be summarised as follows: report, including the Portable Antiquities sections of
As in previous years, museums have received help to Britannia volume 38, Medieval Archaeology volume 51,
The extent of the PAS and the Department of enable them to acquire Treasure from the Art Fund and Post Medieval Archaeology volume 41.
Portable Antiquities and Treasure: A network of (case numbers), V&A/MLA Purchase Grant Fund (case
37 Finds Liaison Officers (FLOs) covers the whole of numbers), the Headley Museums Treasure Acquisition Outreach: 1,761 outreach events, including talks, finds
England and Wales. Their work is co-ordinated and Fund (case numbers), the National Heritage Memorial days and exhibitions, were organised in 2007; these
supported by a central unit of a Head and Deputy Fund (case numbers) and the Heritage Lottery Fund were attended by at least 33,298 people, including
Head, Resources Manager, Education Co-ordinator, (case numbers), without which many finds would not 11,089 children. At least 258 articles about the work
ICT Adviser (all based in the Department of Portable have been acquired. of the PAS were published or broadcast, including
Antiquities and Treasure, British Museum) and six academic publications, articles in the popular press,
Finds Advisers. A Treasure Registrar and four Assistant Donations: In 2006, the DCMS launched a new and reports on television and radio. As part of National
Treasure Registrars are also employed as part of the initiative to encourage finders and landowners to Archaeology Week 2007, the PAS was involved in 68
Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure. In consider waiving their rights to rewards to enable events, attended by at least 4,193 adults and 3,040
2007, at least 101 people volunteered with the PAS. museums to acquire Treasure finds, giving certificates children, and its Finds Liaison Officers (FLOs) examined
signed by the Minister to those who did so. In 2007 more than 2,331 finds.
Spending Review 2007: Following an unfavourable there were 53 (7%) cases where one or both parties
settlement for the MLA in the Comprehensive Spending waived their rewards. Liaison: During 2007 the FLOs maintained regular
Review 2007, the PAS budget for 2008–9 was frozen at contact with 161 metal-detecting clubs, attending 728
the current level (£1.3 million). In November 2008, the Findspot information: Almost 92% of PAS finds club meetings, and also liaised with local archaeological
MLA announced that as a result of a Review of the PAS, have been recovered from cultivated land, where they and history groups. Members of the PAS attended at
it would restore funding for 2009–11. Currently, the are susceptible to plough damage and artificial and least 831 other meetings to promote the Scheme and
Scheme is funded until the end of March 2011. natural corrosion processes. 90% of finds are now being its aims.
recorded to the nearest 100m2 (a six-figure National
Recognition of success: In November 2008 A Review Grid Reference) or better, and almost 50% of all finds Social inclusion: In 2006, a socio-economic analysis
of the Portable Antiquities Scheme was published. Its are being recorded to the nearest 10m2 (an eight-figure of postcode data showed that 47% of people recording
author, Kate Clark, found that the PAS was efficient National Grid Reference). finds with the PAS (since 1997) were from groups
and cost effective. Among a series of recommendations C2, D and E, which compares favourably to visitors to
made, it was suggested there were synergies between Finds data: The finds data generated by the PAS museums (31 per cent). 1
the PAS and the MLA’s Renaissance programme that is made available to Historic Environment Records
could be explored further, and more could be done to (HERs) – the key record holders for information about Website: There were 295,567 visits by 165,118 unique
develop recording capacity by using volunteers and the historic environment – and is published on the visitors to the PAS website – www.finds.org.uk – during
promoting self recording among finders. Scheme’s website: www.finds.org.uk. A protocol has the period of this report. At the time of publication, the
been agreed on the transfer of PAS data to HERs, which online database allows public access to 404,706 objects
Finds recorded through the PAS: A further 66,311 54 HERs (more than two-thirds) have now signed. within 269,474 records, and 216,826 images.
archaeological objects have been recorded on the
PAS finds database during 2007, some of which are New sites discovered: Many important new Heritage protection: In 2007, the Department of
illustrated in this report. Of these, at least 84% have archaeological sites have been discovered as a result Portable Antiquities and Treasure at the British Museum
been discovered by people while out metal-detecting; of the finds recorded by the FLOs or reported Treasure. continued to monitor eBay for finds of unreported
the rest have been found by other means. Research undertaken by Adam Daubney (Lincolnshire Treasure; intelligence on 144 cases was passed to
FLO) shows that since the PAS was established, its data the police.
Finds reported Treasure: There were a further 747 has added knowledge to 328 ‘sites’ in Lincolnshire, of
cases of Treasure in 2007 (some of these cases include which 53% were previously unknown. Since September 2007, the Department has been
KEY POINTS

multiple numbers of finds), which is an 11% increase an expert advisor on the Export Licencing of metal-
on 2006, and there has been a continuing increase Research: New research is showing that PAS data has detected finds, and in the period of this report
since the Act became law. However, this report also the potential to radically alter our understanding of approved 312 licences, of which more that 85% were
shows that the increase has been most notable since the historic environment and further archaeological exported outside the European Union.
2003, when the PAS was expanded to cover the knowledge. At time of publication, 460 people,
whole of England and Wales, and there has been an including academics and professionals, have full access The Department has been working with the Association
average increase of almost 194% in the reporting of to PAS data for research purposes. Five students of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) in the hope of
potential Treasure finds. Most cases (92.4%) have been are currently undertaking collaborative Arts and developing guidance for local police forces on how to
discovered while metal-detecting. Humanities Research Board-funded PhDs analysing tackle heritage crime, such as illicit metal-detecting.
PAS data (see the Research and publication section The PAS works closely with relevant colleagues in HM
Acquisition of Treasure: 303 new Treasure finds have for further details). Besides these, it is known that 14 Customs & Revenue and the MLA Exporting Unit, and
been, or are being, acquired by museums, 301 have other PhDs, 26 MA dissertations and 12 undergraduate since February 2007 Michael Lewis (Deputy Head)
been disclaimed, 125 were deemed not to be Treasure research projects have used PAS data in 2007. has been seconded (part-time) as a Special Police
and 18 cases are still to be determined. Table of Constable with the Metropolitan Police Service’s Art
and Antiques Unit.
1
10.5 million people visited museums in 2005, of which 30.6%
were C2, D and Es (Great Britain Target Group Index, Spring 2006).

8 9
 The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS)
The PAS is a voluntary scheme to record archaeological
objects found by members of the public. It also has
an important educational role, enabling children and
adults alike to learn about archaeology, get involved
and bring the past to life.

Every year, many thousands of archaeological objects

are discovered, most of these by metal-detector users,
but also by people while out walking, gardening, or
going about their daily work. These objects offer an
important and irreplaceable way of understanding
our past. The PAS offers the only proactive and
comprehensive mechanism for systematically recording
such finds for public benefit. This data is made
available to Historic Environment Records (HERs) and
is published on the PAS website: www.finds.org.uk. This
data is an important educational resource that can be
used and enjoyed by anyone (not just archaeologists)
interested in learning more about the past.

Organisation
In the period of this report, 37 Finds Liaison Officers
(FLOs) covering the whole of England and Wales were
employed in the work of the PAS. FLOs are based with
local ‘host’ partner organisations who manage them
on a day-to-day basis. Their work is co-ordinated and
supported by a Central Unit of a Head and Deputy
Head, Resources Manager, Education Co-ordinator,
ICT Adviser, all based in the Department of Portable
Antiquities and Treasure at the British Museum, and
six Finds Advisers, of which all but one are based
elsewhere. In 2007, 101 volunteers also provided an
invaluable contribution to the work of the PAS.

Since 1 April 2006, the PAS has been managed by the

British Museum on behalf of the Museums, Libraries &
Archives Council (MLA), and funded by the Department
of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and local

INTRODUCTiON
partners.2

The work of the Scheme is guided by the Portable

Antiquities Advisory Group, which meets biannually.
Members of the group are the Association of Local
Government Archaeological Officers, the British
Museum, the Council for British Archaeology, the
Country Business and Landowners Association, the
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, English
Heritage, the Federation of Independent Detectorists,
the Institute of Archaeology (University College,
London), the MLA, the National Council for Metal
Detecting, the National Farmers Union, National
Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, Natural
England, the Society of Museum Archaeologists and
the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical
2007 PAS records Monuments of Wales.
2007 Treasure cases

2
Before this date (since April 2003) the PAS was funded by the HLF,
through the MLA.

10 11
 As a result of the Review of the PAS (published Treasure
September 2008), a Portable Antiquities Management Under the Treasure Act 1996, finders have a legal
Group was formed to provide a clear distinction obligation to report all finds of potential Treasure; for a
between the management of the PAS and policy summary see www.finds.org.uk/treasure or the leaflet
relating to portable antiquities-related issues, such as Advice for Finders of Archaeological Objects, Including
environmental stewardship schemes, metal-detecting Treasure. The process allows a national or local museum
rallies, and illicit metal-detecting. The first meeting of to acquire such finds for public benefit. If this happens
this group, chaired by the MLA with representatives a reward is paid, which is normally shared equally
from the British Museum, the PAS and Renaissance, between the finder and landowner. The reward is fixed
took place in March 2009. at the full market value of the find, determined by the
Secretary of State on the advice of an independent
panel of experts – the Treasure Valuation Committee.
Terms of reference • in partnership with museums and others, raises Although Treasure finds account for a relatively small
Portable Antiquities Management Group awareness among the public, including young proportion of archaeological finds found in England
The Portable Antiquities Scheme is run by the British people, of the educational value of recording and Wales by the public, the FLOs play an increasingly
Museum on behalf of the MLA. The British Museum archaeological finds in their context and facilitate important role in the effective operation of the Act,
has ownership of the Scheme and the role of the research in them advising finders of their legal obligations, providing
Management Group is to assist the British Museum • creates partnerships between finders and advice on the process, and writing reports on
to ensure the effective and efficient delivery of the museums/archaeologists to increase participation Treasure finds.
Portable Antiquities Scheme in accordance with its in archaeology and advance our understanding of
aims. Management Group will oversee the long-term the past Organisation
planning and funding of the Scheme and advocate its • supports the Treasure Act, and increase Much of the administration of the Treasure process is
value to stakeholders. The Management Group will opportunities for museums to acquire undertaken via the Department of Portable Antiquities
have an overview of budgets and management in line archaeological finds for public benefit and Treasure, British Museum, which employs a Treasure
with the Renaissance performance framework; it is Registrar and four Assistant Treasure Registrars, one of
for the British Museum to manage the budget. The The PAS is run by the British Museum on behalf of whom is part-time. This work involves the preparation
Management Group will not be concerned with policy the Museums, Libraries & Archives Council and works of Treasure cases for inquest (at a Coroner’s Court),
issues relating to portable antiquities matters which through 33 principal partners which employ staff, and the handing of disclaimed cases, the secretariat of the
are matters for the Advisory Group. The Management many more local partners which contribute to each Treasure Valuation Committee, and the payment of
Group will be chaired by the MLA and will consist of of the posts. There is a network of 37 Finds Liaison rewards to finders/landowners.
representatives from the MLA, the British Museum and Officer posts, based in museums and county councils
the Renaissance programme. throughout England and Wales, six National Finds Pre-inquest procedures for Treasure cases in Wales
Advisers and a team of four at the British Museum. The are carried out by Amgueddfa Cymru – National
Portable Antiquities Advisory Group data gathered by the Scheme is published on an online Museum Wales.
The Advisory Group will consist of representatives from database – www.finds.org.uk
national stakeholders (listed above) with an interest
in portable antiquities and will discuss and provide In order to fulfil the aims of the Scheme, staff:
advice and guidance on portable antiquities matters, • maintain an online database and promote it as a
including offering advice to the Management Group. It resource for education and research
will develop policy and best practice in relation to the • hold outreach events such as finds days, attend
discovery and recording of finds made by the public metal-detecting club meetings, and give talks to
and to foster co-operation between archaeologists, national and local groups and societies
museum professionals and finders. • facilitate displays of finds recorded by the Scheme
in museums and elsewhere
Aims of the Portable Antiquities Scheme • help finders to fulfil their obligations under the
The Portable Antiquities Scheme is a partnership Treasure Act
project which records archaeological objects found by • publish an annual report and other publications
the public in order to advance our understanding of in print and online
the past.

In order to do this, the Scheme:

• promotes the maximum public interest and benefit
from the recovery, recording and research of
portable antiquities
• promotes best practice by finders/landowners
and archaeologists/museums in the discovery,
recording and conservation of finds made by
the public

12 13
 Learning and outreach is fundamental to the work ‘Dot [Boughton] delivered a great session. I have no
of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), as this is doubt that the children gained a huge amount of
the principal mechanism by which the Finds Liaison knowledge and insight. It’s great to have an expert on
Officers (FLOs) meet finders and educate people hand to deal with their tricky questions!’
about the value of recording finds and best practice. Sue Wilcock (Teacher, Tatham Fells Primary School)
The data collated by the Scheme, and published on its
online database – www.finds.org.uk – is also a valuable Outdoor classroom
learning resource for both academics and the general ‘Hands on archaeology’ at Yaxham Primary School,
public alike. Norfolk
Nellie Bales (Norfolk FLA) ran a ‘hands on archaeology’
session for Class 1 at Yaxham Primary School in
CHILDREN: FORMAL LEARNING Norfolk. The class was mixed, with a total of 21 children
(Reception, Years 1 and 2) aged between 5 and 7, so
Object-based learning is an excellent way of engaging it was important that the activities were engaging
with children and developing their interest in and accessible to even the youngest students. The
archaeology and the past. This also overlaps with other children were divided into three groups of seven, and
key subjects, such as ICT, Citizenship, Science and rotated between three short activities. The first was to
Maths. Often there are opportunities to work outside ‘excavate’ a sandpit outside, where pieces of pottery,
of the classroom, which the children particularly enjoy. tile, brick, animal bone and shell had been hidden,
The FLOs value the opportunity to work with children which the children were asked to excavate, sort into
in both a formal and informal learning environment, find types and discuss. In the second exercise the
which can be extremely rewarding. children had a chance to put a sheep skeleton together,
talking about the bones as they did so. Finally, they
In the classroom analysed a selection of genuine and replica Roman
Queen Victoria School, Dudley, West Midlands finds, and discussed Roman tableware and eating
In June 2007, Caroline Johnson (Staffordshire & West
LEARNING AND OUTREACH

habits, comparing different pottery types, and handling

Midlands FLO) was invited to Queen Victoria Primary Roman objects and coins. The activities were a great
School to talk to two nursery classes and one reception success, and even the youngest children derived a great
class (65 children in total, aged between 3 and 6 deal of satisfaction from making deductions about the
years) to talk about archaeology. Prior to Caroline’s objects they were able to handle.
visit, the children had dug a sandpit (mimicking an
archaeological site) to excavate bones and other Michael Faraday Primary School
objects that had been placed there. The teachers community excavation
wanted a ‘real archaeologist’ to come and talk to the The Aylesbury Estate in Southwark, London, is one
children about what they had found and what artefacts of the largest estates in Europe with extremely
can tell us about how people lived in the past. Although challenging socio-economic conditions. It was here,
the children were very young, they appeared to grasp a in the playground of Michael Faraday Primary School,
basic level of understanding of archaeology. that Kate Sumnall (London FLO) and colleagues from
the Museum of London’s London Archaeological
Tatham Fells Primary School, Lancashire Archive & Resource Centre (LAARC) organised the
Dot Boughton (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO) was invited annual community excavation. For two weeks the
to talk to the children of Tatham Fells Primary School, archaeologists worked closely with all the pupils at
which only has about 20 students, aged between 7 Michael Faraday Primary School and those in other
and 11, most of them children of local farmers and local schools, the Young Archaeologists Club (YAC),
landowners. The children had found many finds on community groups and other interested individuals.
their parents’ land, and wanted to learn more about Everyone was encouraged to actively participate in
archaeology and the finds they had found. Instead exploring the local history of the area through studying
of identifying their objects for them, Dot helped the the old maps, learning how to dig and process and
children to identify their own finds – including coins, identify maps, and then piecing together how their
bones and pottery. They learnt about the different discoveries contributed to the bigger picture. Kate
materials that objects can be made from – such identified finds that were found within the wider local
as metal, pottery, bone, glass or wood – and which area and gave all the groups the details of the PAS
material survives well in the ground and which does educational website for children (PASt Explorers), local
not. They also looked at what happens to different YAC groups and the museum’s events programme
materials when they are in the ground for a long time. so that the local residents were able to pursue their
interest in the past. The evaluation revealed that out
Top: finds recording in Lancaster.
of the 500 people who took part, 99% of the children Bottom: finds handling in West Yorkshire.
enjoyed the experience and 95% learnt something

14 15
 new and interesting about archaeology. One secondary ‘This was a different way of learning... We are not Newcastle University Romano-British settlement. The survey revealed twelve
school teacher mentioned that 50% of her class was inspired to learn [at school] and we don’t get to do Rob Collins’ (North East FLO) outreach programme, is roundhouse structures within an enclosure; these are
now considering a career in archaeology! anything like this.’ typical of many FLOs. In 2007 he met with more than probably Iron Age with continued occupation and
Student (who worked on the project at Lackford Lakes) 120 students at Newcastle University to talk about maybe construction into the Roman period. Outside
the work of the PAS and the benefits of recording the enclosure there is a probable trackway providing
CHILDREN: INFORMAL LEARNING finds found by the public. The university’s Department access from the north and a Roman structure with a
of Archaeology has now invited Rob to provide furnace area (most likely to be a bath house), which
It is often the case that informal learning works best for introductory and in-depth teaching on the subject of appears to sit in a second smaller enclosure. These
many children, where there are opportunities for active the PAS and Treasure for all relevant undergraduate and results exceeded expectations, providing information
learning and they can express themselves in a way not Masters’ students. on the transition between the Iron Age and Roman
appropriate in the classroom environment. There are periods and demonstrating the value of implementing
many examples of this type of work in 2007, of which ‘The Portable Antiquities Scheme is a great way of this type of non-intrusive survey in conjunction with
the examples below are a selection. learning about a wide range of artefacts with a hands- analysis of surface finds.
on approach. I have accumulated beneficial and
Roman villa at Coberly, Gloucestershire constructive knowledge that has been related to my Archaeological fieldwalking course at Ludlow
In September 2007, Time Team excavated a Roman course and I believe I can use these skills to aid my Resource Centre
Villa at Coberly in Gloucestershire, where Kurt Adams future career.’ During autumn 2007, an eight-week archaeological
(Gloucestershire & Avon FLO) had organised a small Wendy Woodiwis (undergraduate student, fieldwalking course was run by Peter Reavill
group of metal-detectorists to work on the site. One Newcastle University) (Herefordshire & Shropshire FLO) and Bob Milner
of the days saw a number of children who had won an (archaeologist and fieldwalker) at Ludlow Museum
Ordnance Survey competition visit the excavation. As Experimental archaeology at Lackford Lakes. Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales and Resource Centre. The course was designed to take the
part of the day, Kurt organised an artefact identification University of Cardiff interested amateur to a level where they were able to
workshop, which involved showing and discussing The PAS in Wales, in collaboration with Amgueddfa recognise commonly found archaeological finds and
some of the Roman artefacts that had been found on Events at Uttoxeter and Burton-upon-Trent libraries Cymru – National Museum Wales, has been working recover, record, understand and analyse them within
the site. This continued with a more practical session Caroline Johnson (Staffordshire & West Midlands with Cardiff University to develop the skills of students. a landscape setting. The course was taught through
where they were given the opportunity to handle real FLO) conducted a number of activities and workshops Through this partnership students are trained in a series of sessions in the museum where artefacts
artefacts in order to identify, draw and record them. The in collaboration with libraries in north and east archaeological fieldwork through excavations resulting were studied and students were introduced to various
children then presented their findings to the rest of the Staffordshire, including an archaeology and artefact from PAS finds and research; the students’ work is archaeological methods used to interpret sites. These
group, who discussed what these artefacts were able to identification workshop at Uttoxeter Library with assessed as part of their degree. lessons were then reinforced by active fieldwork on
tell us about the past. 38 children aged between 9 and 10 years old. This a farm near Richards Castle, Herefordshire, where a
workshop involved Caroline using the Birmingham City Besides work in the field, undergraduate classes are series of cropmarks was investigated. The finds were
Experimental archaeology week Museums’ Learning and Outreach Early Romans loan also held at the museum. Here, with the support of then processed by the group and analysed. The site
at Lackford Lakes, Suffolk box, which contains various artefacts for the children the PAS, they are trained in the identification and revealed a broad range of finds from the Mesolithic
In 2007 Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service to study including Samian ware, a roof tile, a brooch, recording of finds; students also benefit from access to to the modern. However, the main material recovered
(SCCAS) launched an experimental archaeological a bone hair pin, an oil lamp and a small selection of the museum’s collections. The PAS is able to provide was from the late Iron Age and Roman period. The work
project designed to excite and enthuse young people coins. After a short talk on archaeology and the work of a dataset of complementary records to illustrate the of this group has led the site to be interpreted as a
about the past. Between 31 July and 4 August the PAS, the children were separated into small groups, scale of recovery and character of regional artefact Romano-British farmstead.
experimental activities were held at Lackford Lakes and each group was given an artefact to study. They types. These workshops also illustrate the academic
in Suffolk, including the building and firing of a studied its material, size, texture, colour and technology importance of finds recording and material One of the strengths of this course was that it
replica Roman kiln, the construction of an Iron Age in order to reach a conclusion about each artefact’s culture studies. combined interested members of the public with
roundhouse, and the designing and building of bread purpose. These workshops were very successful and metal-detectorists, fieldwalkers and landowners.
ovens and cooking pits in which to experiment with the children were very enthusiastic. They also enabled Geophysical and topographical training programme Feedback from the course has been extremely positive
Iron Age cooking. 25 children a day (aged between 7 the children to work as part of a team. Additionally, at Bacton Roman site, Suffolk with everyone rating the course as excellent in a survey
and 15 years) attended, of whom all were members these workshops incorporated different disciplines valid In August 2007 a third Roman site was investigated as by the museum staff. 94% of the participants on the
of Young Archaeologists Club (YAC) or the Suffolk within the National Curriculum, including Science, Art, part of an ongoing collaboration between Faye Minter course have asked if something similar could be run
WildBunch (volunteers from the Suffolk Wildlife Trust). Geography and Citizenship. (Suffolk FLO), Professor Martin Millett and Helen again by the museum. It is hoped that many of the
Woodhouse (Cambridge University), and Jude Plouviez students will continue fieldwalking by forming a small
The week involved collaboration between SCCAS, (Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service) to fieldwalking/archaeological survey group to study the
the Suffolk Wildlife Trust education team, West Stow HIGHER AND FURTHER EDUCATION facilitate geophysics and topography training for archaeology and fields in South Shropshire and North
Anglo-Saxon Village and Jane Carr and Faye Minter Cambridge University Archaeology students on Roman Herefordshire.
(Suffolk FLOs), who arranged the attendance of the YAC Students in higher and further education are the sites discovered by local metal-detector users in
members. Funding was approved by English Heritage archaeologists of the future, so it is crucial that the PAS Suffolk. The survey work was funded jointly by the ‘I loved the fieldwalking… it was totally absorbing and it
and made available through the Aggregates Levy informs them, and their lecturers(!), of the potential Council for British Archaeology (CBA) East Anglia and amazed me how much stuff we walk over.’
Sustainability Fund, a scheme which in part aims to benefits of liaising with metal-detectorists and the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. Martin (student)
address the environmental impacts of past aggregates recording archaeological finds found by the public. It
extraction through local education, outreach and is also fundamental that they understand the research The site at Bacton was initially discovered in 2006 by ‘Fascinating course – it has given me the confidence in
community involvement. potential of the data collated by the PAS, and are local metal-detectorists, who reported their finds to the identifying field finds and appreciating the methods of
encouraged to undertake research using it. PAS. The distribution of Roman tile and other building fieldwalking and archaeological survey.’
material on the surface suggested that the site was a Sue (student)

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 FINDERS AND THE PUBLIC ‘We’ve been doing a project on the Romans at school Best practice
and it’s brilliant to see what they really looked like.
It is essential that the PAS reaches out to as many The costumes are really cool.’ The PAS strives to promote best practice, including the
potential finders as possible. Besides visiting metal- Alex Humphreys (aged 12) importance of recording finds, making a precise record
detecting clubs, the FLOs organise a number of of where finds are found, and offers advice on storage
outreach events, including finds identification and The Romans were also in Dorchester. Ciorstaidh and conservation. Below are a few examples of where
recording days, community archaeology projects, Hayward Trevarthen (Dorset FLO) and the Dorset finders have followed best practice, and/or have been
exhibitions and displays. They also give talks to schools, County Council’s Historic Environment Team co- rewarded for following archaeological principles.
universities, colleges and other groups. In 2007, 33,298 ordinated a range of activities and displays in and
people (including 11,089 children) attended learning around the site of a Roman townhouse at County Dorset Archaeological Awards
and outreach events organised by the PAS. Hall, including an opportunity for people to view Three amateur archaeologists, including a metal-
several fine mosaics and other features revealed detectorist, have come second in the Dorset
Finds days during archaeological excavations. Finds identification Archaeological Awards, made by the Dorset
Finds days are a good way of reaching out to finders and recording sessions were complimented by finds Archaeological Committee to give recognition to a
who might not otherwise proactively record with the displays organised by local metal-detecting clubs. Legio wide range of projects and individuals in the county.
PAS, such as members of the public and independent II Augusta re-enacted Roman military and domestic Finds recording in Surrey.
John and Verena Harper, together with Denise Parsons,
detectorists. In 2007 the PAS organised 477 finds days, life. Mini-excavations and colouring competitions were have been searching land at Compton Abbas for many
which attracted at least 8,383 people. Many of these organised for children. and the Cornwall Archaeological Society. Members of years. Through metal-detecting and surface collection
events took place in local museums, as the examples the Society, the local community, archaeology students they have retrieved flint, pottery, coins and metalwork
below show: Dot Boughton (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO) prepared and detectorists were invited to help. Many interesting dating from the Mesolithic through virtually all periods
games and activities for children and families at finds, including Iron Age pottery, were discovered. The and into to the 20th century, which have been recorded
National Archaeology Week 2007 Lancaster City Museum to coincide with the launch of success of this venture and the interest and support of with Naomi Payne and Ciorstaidh Hayward Trevarthen
The PAS was involved in 68 events to support National the Lancaster Young Archaeologists’ Club, for which she the local community has led to setting up the Meneage (Somerset & Dorset FLOs). All three finders have a keen
Archaeology Week 2007 – a nationwide celebration of is a leader. Children were encouraged to try out coin Archaeological Group (MAG) which has since organised desire to discover more about their local area, to record
archaeology run by the Council for British Archaeology jigsaws, make Roman brooches and learn more about events including finds days, talks, walks and training what they unearth and to share the information with
(CBA) – which were attended by 4,193 adults and the Roman cavalry tombstone found in Lancaster in sessions such as cleaning, sorting and identifying the others. The awards were presented by HRH the Duke
3,040 children, and 2,331 finds were identified. 2005. Dot also organised a ‘timeline’ of objects using fieldwalking finds. MAG has gone on to be awarded of Gloucester in a ceremony held at Sherborne Castle.
a handling collection of various Prehistoric, Roman, a grant from the Cornwall Archaeological Society for The Duke was impressed by the range of projects
Medieval and post-Medieval items, which the children future excavation work at this site, particularly focusing represented in the eight nominations.
were encouraged to look at, date (if they could!) and on the Bronze Age houses found while excavating the
put in the right spot on the timeline. Iron Age fogou in 2003. ‘We are delighted with the recognition our efforts have
received from the Dorset Archaeological Committee. We
Local children were invited to choose a real Community excavation at Leasowe Lighthouse feel it is very important that we get all our finds recorded
archaeological object and have a go at doing the job In September and October 2007, a community through the PAS as this gives many people access to the
of a FLO as part of an event at Jewry Wall Museum excavation was carried out around the lighthouse at information through the database.’
organised by Wendy Scott (Leicestershire & Rutland Leasowe in Merseyside by the National Museums John and Verena Harper
FLO). The children proved expert at describing and Liverpool archaeological field unit. Frances McIntosh
measured finds following simple questions as prompts. (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO) Policing the past
They then illustrated the object using coloured pencils, was involved in various aspects of this outreach event The Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure
with some very artistic results. and facilitated the involvement of the West Kirby at the British Museum is involved in several initiatives
Metal Detecting Club, which was invited to detect the to ensure better protection of the UK’s cultural assets.
spoil and also land surrounding the excavation site. Since 2006, the Department has been monitoring eBay
Community archaeology Although not many finds were discovered (it was hoped for items of unreported potential Treasure, with some
projects to find more evidence for the ancient port at Meols success. In 2007 the Department followed up 144 cases
Making laurel wreaths in Cornwall.
close by), the club members enjoyed being involved of unreported items, and the intelligence received was
It is one of the main aim of the PAS to get people and benefiting from experiencing an archaeological passed to the police.
The activities run by the PAS varied tremendously. Anna involved, so they can learn about archaeology, project first hand. The other volunteers were able to
Tyacke (Cornwall FLO), for example, helped organise an understand the educational value of archaeological see how responsible metal-detecting can help in our Since September 2007, the Department has been an
event at the Royal Cornwall Museum exploring ‘Greek finds in their context, and appreciate how finds understanding of a site. Frances also helped with eight expert adviser on the Export Licensing of detector
Myths and Roman Soldiers’. The workshop involved recording advances our understanding of the past. school sessions which allowed about 150 children finds, in the hope of encouraging people who export
looking at the depictions of emperors on Roman coins Below are a few examples of community archaeological to come to site and handle finds. The event was such finds to have them recorded before they leave
to inspire children to create laurel wreaths out of projects involving the PAS. immensely popular and a great chance to bring local the country. Unfortunately most finds are exported
brass wire and foil, and then to decorate them using history to life for the children. by dealers who have no knowledge of the object’s
metalworking tools. The children then wore these, along Fieldwalking project at Boden provenance, and therefore – since the export regime
with other items, such as Medusa masks, togas, shields In December 2007, Anna Tyacke (Cornwall FLO) helped does not require exports to give precise findspot
and swords that they had made in other activities, and to organise a fieldwalking project, adjacent to the Iron information or finds to be recorded first – hundreds of
marched with ‘real’ Roman soldiers (the Gladiators of Age fogou (Cornish earth-house) site at Boden, along finds are being exported with great detriment to the
Agrippa), listened to Greek plays, and sampled Greek with colleagues from the Historic Environment Service archaeology of the country. To date the Department
and Roman food.

18 19
 arm bracelets found in Cheshire, was loaned to the Detectors and Collectors ‘I have so admired the PAS that I was pleased to host
Salt Museum in February and March, so this display During the first half of 2007, Anna Tyacke (Cornwall Dr Bland for a recent lecture about the PAS at the US
case was changed to include Early Medieval finds to FLO) offered a talk on ‘Detectors and Collectors’ to Capitol. I was particularly impressed to learn how the
stay in keeping with activities on the Anglo-Saxons Cornish groups and societies through the Cornwall PAS has successfully brought ordinary…citizens together
and Vikings. Arts Centre Trust’s performing arts touring scheme with members of the archaeological community in a
called ‘Carn to Cove’. They organise and advertise joint effort to record the past. I hope this success can be
‘The PAS case is a very welcome addition to our coffee their talks and entertainment through a county-wide replicated here in the United States.’
shop – it is a way of making visitors aware of the brochure, held in the local Tourist Information Centres, Congressman Culberson (Texas)
variety of interesting finds from the area and shows the and online. Various societies, such as the Old Cornwall
detectorists that we value the material that they are Societies, took up the offer and booked the talk, which
bringing to the Finds Liaison Officer.’ focused on recent finds from their parish, and also Media
Emma Chaplin (Heritage and Museums Officer, brought along their artefacts on the evening for Anna
Cheshire County Council) to identify. One of the most interesting of these was The FLOs regularly talk to the media about interesting
a brass sestertius of Faustina II, (CORN-D75CB0), wife finds and sites discovered though the work of the PAS.
Recording finds at a metal-detecting rally. of Marcus Aurelius (c. AD 145–175), but issued after This helps more people learn about the work of the PAS
Conference and talks her death in memoriam, found by Antony Gardiner in and come forward with new finds to record. In 2007,
has approved 557 Export Licences, of which 82% are Perranzabuloe. As a result of being advertised in the 117 articles about the PAS appeared in the media and
for exports outside the EU; only a fraction of these Part of the PAS’s outreach work involves talking to ‘Carn to Cove’ brochure, Anna was asked by several printed press.
have been recorded by PAS. people about archaeology, the work of the PAS and the other societies, including Women’s Institutes, local
value of recording finds. In 2007 more than 556 talks antique clubs and church-based groups, to give talks BBC Countryfile
The Department has also been working with the were given to 31,351 people, including groups such as and finds sessions over the rest of the year. It is hoped In February 2007, a film crew from BBC television’s
Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) in the hope metal-detecting clubs, archaeological and historical now that more landowners and finders are aware of Countryfile team recorded a day’s metal-detecting with
of drawing up guidance for local police forces on how societies, and other groups and societies. The major the PAS and what to do if they find something, and the Historical Search Society (Mold) presented by Juliet
to tackle heritage crime, including the non-reporting of event of the year was the PAS’s tenth anniversary how these finds add to the archaeological knowledge of Morris. Peter Reavill (Herefordshire & Shropshire FLO)
Treasure and illicit detecting. The PAS has also been a conference – A Decade of Discovery. their local area. was invited to discuss the work of the PAS and the
partner in English Heritage’s Nighthawking Project Treasure Act 1996. He also provided information and
(run by Oxford Archaeology), which has attempted to A Decade of Discovery ‘I found it very interesting to hear Anna Tyacke speak recorded the finds discovered on the day. This provided
access the extent of illicit detecting in the UK and On 17–18 April 2007 the British Museum hosted about recent finds from my area, and I also brought an excellent opportunity to promote the PAS to a
its dependencies. a conference to celebrate the tenth anniversary of along a Roman coin that I found to show her. I was wide audience of people interested in the countryside
the PAS. The main purpose of the conference was to grateful to her for recommending that I join the Kernow and rural affairs, as well as reinforcing the importance
Since February 2007, Michael Lewis (Deputy Head of highlight patterns emerging from the data collated Search and Recovery Club, as now I can show my finds to of recording finds discovered by metal-detectorists,
the PAS) has been seconded one day a fortnight as a by the PAS, and demonstrate how this is beginning Anna every month.’ fieldwalkers, farmers and landowners. The programme
Special Police Constable to the Metropolitan Police to change our ideas about the past. Subjects of the Antony Gardiner (metal-detectorist and Perranzabuloe was aired in late Spring 2007 on BBC1.
Services Art & Antiques Unit. He has joined the Unit on papers varied from the contribution of lithics to Old Cornwall Society)
several searches and investigations related to heritage insights into pilgrim’s trinkets – but all demonstrated
crime, and has also arrested people for antiquities the great potential of PAS data. Speakers included Suffolk farmers seminar Reaching out to new groups
related offences. Mark Blackburn (Fitzwilliam Museum), Richard Bradley In November 2007 Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO)
(University of Reading), Duncan Garrow (Oxford participated in a seminar on archaeology and soil The FLOs are always keen to make contact with new
University), Fraser Hunter (National Museums of management for local farmers. The seminar was funded groups of people, in the hope of recording their finds
Scotland), Jude Plouviez (Suffolk County Council), by DEFRA (Department for the Environment, Food
Exhibitions and displays and Rural Affairs) and organised by Christine Stevens
or advising people what to do if they make a find. The
Tim Schadla-Hall (Institute of Archaeology, University examples below highlight the varied nature of this
College London), Gabor Thomas (University of Kent), (Catchment Sensitive Farming Officer). Faye spoke at outreach work.
Exhibitions and displays are a good way of highlighting
Martin Welch and Sue Harrington (Institute of the seminar about metal-detecting and archaeology
the work of PAS, important local finds and the
Archaeology, University College London), as well as in Suffolk and offered advice for farmers concerning Mobile Library Service
contribution finds can add to archaeological knowledge.
staff from the PAS. The conference proceedings are to many aspects of metal-detecting. She also organised The PAS and Warwickshire Mobile Library Service
Through such finds people are able to learn more about
be published by British Archaeological Reports. a finds identification and handling session as part of collaborated to provide a finds identification session on
the history of their local area.
the seminar. the mobile library on a route that travelled to a number
Permanent display case set up at Salt Museum, Medieval Lincolnshire Conference of different rural communities, including Radway and
Lisa Staves, (North Lincolnshire FLO) took part in a Talks in the USA Pillerton Priors.
Northwich
Medieval Lincolnshire Conference at The Collection, In June 2007, Roger Bland (Head of the PAS) was
In 2007 Frances McIntosh (Cheshire, Greater
Lincoln, sponsored by Heritage Trust for Lincolnshire invited to give talks on the PAS in New York and In rural Warwickshire, many people use their local
Manchester & Merseyside FLO) organised a case at
and Archaeological Project Services. She gave a paper Washington DC, through the generosity of the mobile library for a variety of reasons, including the
on ‘Norman Finds from Lincolnshire’, an area she is American Numismatic Society. The talk in Washington, lack of public or personal transport to the larger towns/
the Salt Museum which has been made permanently
currently researching. The paper looked at the large which was organised by the American Coin Collectors cities, or personal mobility problems. During August
available for the display of local metal-detected finds.
amount of Romanesque style metal work found in Guild, was hosted by Congressman Culberson and 2007, Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & Worcestershire
This has proved popular with the local detecting club
Lincolnshire and recorded by the PAS. included staff from the US State Department and FLO) travelled with the Mobile Library, meeting people,
as a way to show local people what finds have been
several foreign embassies who wished to learn about talking about local archaeology, promoting research
discovered. The Huxley Hoard, a hoard of Viking Silver
the approach adopted in England and Wales for resources such as the PAS database, the Museums
protecting portable antiquities. Service, Historic Environment Records and archives.

20 21
 The event was enhanced by a display and the use of by the variety of finds that are reported to the PAS South Western Federation of Museums
ceramic and worked flint handling collections. One and really enjoyed handling real artefacts. Feedback & Art Galleries
library user, who was partially sighted, particularly was very positive with one person commenting that Kurt Adams (Gloucestershire & Avon FLO) was asked
welcomed the opportunity to touch the pottery to the workshop had actually been her second choice, to organise a day of lectures by the South Western
her face so that she could feel the different textures as but as it turned out she was very glad that the belly Federation of Museums & Art Galleries. The purpose of
Angie talked through what she was holding. She said dancing session had been full! Each participant took the workshop was to help curators of smaller museums
that she would be too shy to go to a museum and ask home a pack of information about getting involved and organisations know how to deal better with
all the questions she would like, but this was possible in archaeology and history in Somerset, including archaeological public enquires, how to start identifying
in the familiar environment of the Warwickshire Mobile information on the PAS, museums, the online Somerset artefacts, where to go to further research them, who
Library Service. Historic Environment Record, the Record Office and to contact with difficult questions, and who to contact
National Archaeology Week. with potentially recordable items.
The Mobile Library driver, Keith Bennett, who has a
personal interest in archaeology and history and is well Kenny Wright Project During the morning, talks were given by Gail Boyle
liked on the route, had generated a lot of enthusiasm On 3 September 2007, Rob Collins (North East FLO) (Bristol City Museum) and Jane Hill (North Somerset
in its users so the event was lively and well attended. met with members of the Kenny Wright Project, an Museum) who drew on their own experiences of object
The Mobile Library Service is in the process of acquiring initiative started by local metal-detectorists Kenny handling and discussed how to deal with difficult and Volunteer Cliff Reeves.
a fleet of more up-to-date vans shortly in which Wright and Tony Beck, also a social worker for South sometimes amusing enquires. The second half of the
there will be a computer with internet access. Once Tyneside District Council, with the aim of helping day was more practical and concentrated on artefact • Brian Hawe is retired but is also a metal-
the new fleet is in place, it is planned to repeat the recovering drug addicts stay off of drugs by learning handling. The session was run by Kurt and Peter Twinn detectorist. He was keen to learn more about
collaboration, making use of this computer and the new hobbies – in this case metal-detecting. Rob met (local metal-detectorist and archaeology student) using finds and assist with the recording work, so helps
PAS website, database and the Past Explorers with the members of the project and provided a talk many of the finds that Peter had found. The attendees Liz Andrews-Wilson (North & East Yorkshire
education microsite. about the types of artefacts the new detectorists might were very happy with the day and felt that a helpful FLO) identify and record finds on the PAS finds
hope to find in the North East, and how to properly balance between artefact handling and public enquiry database.
record these finds and look after them. techniques meant that even the experienced found the • Jim Halliday, who is well known to most in the
day very useful. metal-detecting community, helps Liz Andrews-
Wilson (North & East Yorkshire FLO) at Yorkshire
Working with heritage Hadrian’s Wall Heritage Ltd. Museum Finds Days, talking to finders and helping
Rob Collins (North East FLO) has continued to work collect and return finds.
professionals • Kate Roe, a trained graphic designer, spends time
with Hadrian’s Wall Heritage Ltd. to provide basic
training for Hadrian’s Wall Country volunteers in the at home and in the museum helping Lisa Staves
The FLOs benefit greatly from other heritage
recognition of objects of archaeological interest and (North Lincolnshire FLO) editing photographs
professionals who help them in their work, such as
illegal searching on the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage for the PAS database. Kate also draws objects for
county archaeologists, Historic Environment Record
Site. Training has consisted of practical seminars and publication.
Officers, museum curators and education officers,
but learning is a two-way process. Often it is the the completion of a small ‘pocket guide’ that trail • Cliff Reeves is retired and volunteers with Lisa
volunteers can keep with them in the field. It is hoped Staves (North Lincolnshire FLO) each week
FLO’s expertise that is invaluable to other heritage
that this training will bring to light more casual finds identifying large collections of Roman coins. His
professionals, as the examples below demonstrate.
of objects from Hadrian’s Wall, but also further protect expertise on Roman coins has been invaluable and
Recording finds on board Warwickshire Mobile Library Service. the important archaeological resource of the World he doesn’t complain too much about the grots!
Wiltshire Heritage Museum
In June 2007, Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO) ran a Heritage Site by increasing awareness of both the • Martha Loader from Holbrook High School
potential and dangers of illegal searching. undertook a work experience placement with the
workshop for volunteers currently working on the
Somerset Carers’ Conference PAS in Suffolk. She was interested in archaeological
documentation of the collections at Wiltshire Heritage
Naomi Payne (Somerset FLO) was asked to present two illustration and worked with Donna Wreathall
Museum, Devizes. The aim was to become more
workshops at the 2007 Somerset Carers’ Conference. familiar and confident with identifying and recognising Volunteers (Suffolk County Council Archaeology Service’s
This is an annual event which takes place in June each illustrator), to learn how to illustrate objects of
the types of objects they would come across in their
year, during National Carers’ Week. It is an opportunity Volunteers make a valuable contribution to the work different materials and types.
work at the museum. Each attendee brought with
for carers to do something completely different for a them a find that intrigued them and that they wanted of PAS, especially as most FLOs are overworked, with • Tom Lucking from Orwell High School and
day and meet others who have caring responsibilities. increasing numbers of finds to deal with. In 2007, 101 Charlotte New from Thurston Community College
to find out more about – either something they had
Participants attended one morning and one afternoon people from all sorts of backgrounds, with varying both worked with Colin Pendleton (Suffolk Historic
found themselves or something they had been working
workshop and this year sessions included first aid expertise and experiences, volunteered their services Environment Record Officer) and Faye Minter
on from the museum collections. Perhaps the most
in the home, relaxation and belly dancing. Naomi’s with the PAS. (Suffolk FLO) learning about object identification
interesting (and surprising) find was a Medieval glazed
workshop, entitled ‘Unearthing Somerset History’, was and recording. Tom was especially interested in
roof finial found in a volunteer’s back garden.
an overview of the archaeology of Somerset, including • After undertaking a university placement with Liz finding out about finds recording as he is a metal-
examples of recent finds recorded by the PAS. A variety Andrews-Wilson (North & East Yorkshire FLO), detectorist and now regularly records his finds with
‘It was a great success, covered a lot of ground, and we
of objects from the PAS teaching collection was taken Anna Booth is continued to volunteer for the PAS Faye. Charlotte was pleasantly surprised about how
would like to hold another workshop and more like it in
along for the workshop participants to handle. The weighing, measuring and identifying finds and interesting archaeology could be and encouraged
the future!’
interactive sessions were based around a PowerPoint recording them on the PAS finds database, whilst her friends and family to bring in pottery they
Heather Ault (Assistant Curator and Volunteer
presentation, with questions from the audience completing an MA at the University of York; Anna had found on local fields, which helped to
Co-ordinator, Wiltshire Heritage Museum)
throughout. The workshop’s attendees were fascinated was subsequently employed as Somerset FLO. increase information about a local Romano-British
settlement site.

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 • Chris Hall volunteers with Amy Cooper (South & future generations. This also gives the metal detecting Introduction
West Yorkshire FLO) and is working from home, hobby some credibility and the freedom to detect
entering his extensive musket ball collection onto without too many restrictions as those imposed in other Portable antiquities (archaeological small finds) provide
the PAS database. Chris and his detecting partner parts of Europe.’ vital clues about the past, including how the historic
Frank Andrusyk became interested in musket balls Jim Halliday (volunteer with the Yorkshire Museum) landscape was used, and how people once lived and
after detecting on several Civil War sites and were worked. For many periods of history, particularly those
keen to record their finds in detail. They have also ‘I began volunteering with the PAS as part of a MA with no or little written record, archaeological finds are
been learning about rigorous survey techniques work placement, but decided to continue volunteering the main or only evidence for understanding the past.
and they are undertaking a long-term detailed after this had ended as I found I was gaining much While controlled archaeological survey, excavation,
survey of one of their sites. valuable work experience. My course was looking at and/or evaluation provide the ideal circumstances for
• Molly Harrison volunteers for the PAS by trawling the management of our cultural heritage, so it was investigating the past, many finds come to light by
past publications of metal-detecting magazines fantastic to gain first-hand, practical experience of chance or are found by people proactively searching
for objects that are relevant research projects some ways in which this may be achieved, and this really while field-walking or metal-detecting. These finds are
undertaken by various FLOs. These include all the complemented the course content. My time with the PAS typical of those recorded by the Portable Antiquities
late Iron Age and Roman ox head bucket mounts has also really reinforced my recognition of the need for Scheme (PAS).
for Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & Worcestershire greater community involvement in archaeology, as the
FLO), Roman finger rings marked ‘TOT’ for Adam Scheme appears to have had great success in this regard, In most cases such finds will be found unstratified,
Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO) and Viking Age and this is something I will take with me into my future without a precise archaeological context; indeed, 92%
material for Wendy Scott (Leicestershire & Rutland career within the sector.’ of finds recorded with the PAS in 2007 were recovered
FLO) Finds Liaison Officer. Anna Booth (volunteer with the Yorkshire Museum, from cultivated land. These finds are generally
• MA students Beth Echtenacher, Yvonne Brownlee now Somerset FLO) susceptible to plough damage and artificial and natural
and Beth McNestrie volunteered with Rob Collins corrosion processes, and therefore it could be argued
(North East FLO), learning the basics of finds ‘I have been collecting information regarding musket that their recovery has saved them from further

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION

identification and recording on the PAS database. shot for the last 18 months. In that time I have learnt damage or destruction.
Beth went onto become an FLA for the PAS in a tremendous amount of information about them,
North & East Yorkshire. Likewise, undergraduates including types, sizes and markings. The PAS has In the past archaeologists generally dismissed
Wendy Woodiwis and Verity Anthony also helped me identify them and photograph and record unstratified finds as having limited archaeological
identified and recorded objects for the PAS. All the my findings as it is very important that they do not go value, but this view is changing. While it is true more
volunteers have found that first-hand experience unrecognised. The English Civil War is a very important can be learnt about a find that is found in a stratified
of artefacts was beneficial to their degrees. part of our history, and this musket ball survey archaeological context, and such finds are of most
could help build a better picture of the battle at value to the interpretation of a particular site, the finds
‘I’ve been interested in archaeology from my childhood Marston Moor in 1644.’ recorded through the PAS do have an archaeological
and frequently visited the local museums wherever Chris Hall (volunteer for PAS in South and value, and are in fact changing the archaeological
I lived. In 2007 I volunteered my skills at the North West Yorkshire) map of England and Wales by helping to identify and
Lincolnshire Museum and was promptly snapped up interpret new sites. These objects are adding to the
by the FLO Lisa Staves who needed a photography overall picture of the distribution and use of particular
assistant. Since then I’ve also started to produce finds, and are helping to understand the meaning and
archaeological illustrations of some of the more significance of specific object types.
interesting finds for publication and I’m quite proud
of that! The work is fascinating and I feel privileged to With over 400,000 objects recorded to date, the PAS
be able to get a really get a close look at artefacts that dataset is a significant resource for future research.
normally one only sees in photos or under glass. It’s given It is important to note that this resource is not only
me a much better understanding of where I live as even a available to academics and specialists but everyone,
selection of Roman grots, pot sherds or tiny Anglo Saxon as the examples below illustrate.
brooch fragments found in a field can tell a story. I’ve
learnt so much already working with Lisa and I’m proud
to be involved with the PAS, I believe it’s an invaluable
resource not only for the finders, but for everyone
Academic research
from armchair archaeologists and historians like me
Increasing numbers of academics in UK universities
to serious researchers.’
(and abroad) are using PAS data in their own research.
Kate Roe (volunteer with PAS at North
The extent of this was highlighted at the 2007 PAS
Lincolnshire Museum)
Conference (17–18 April) – A Decade of Discovery –
at which 21 papers were given involving 24 speakers.
‘It gives me great pleasure assisting Liz Andrews-
Papers varied from ‘The Technology of Enchantment
Wilson and meeting fellow detectorists on finds days
and the Enchantment of Technology? Iron Age Celtic
at the Yorkshire Museum, at the same time sharing our
Art, GIS analysis and the PAS’ (Duncan Garrow,
knowledge to help create this massive database for
University of Oxford) through to ‘Winchester and the

24 25
 Anglo-Saxon Settlement of the Itchen Valley: a PAS iconography, an observation that adds to the discussion It is also the case that many academics, based in Research by members of the PAS
Perspective’ (Martin Biddle, University of Oxford) and about religious specialists in the pre-Christian period, universities, museums and elsewhere, offer their
‘Personal and Impersonal Impressions: identity revealed who had the knowledge and ability to conceptualise expertise to the Finds Liaison Officers (FLOs) and Besides researching finds for the purpose of recording
though seals’ (John Cherry, formerly British Museum). and design these images. National Finds Advisers (NFAs), enhancing the quality them onto the PAS database, many of the FLOs and
The conference proceedings are to be published in of the PAS data and its value as a research tool. other members of the Scheme undertake further
2010 as a British Archaeological Report. In southern Scandinavia, the 5th and 6th centuries research. Often, as might be expected, it is the FLOs
are renowned for their wealth of sacrificial hoard In 2007, academics contributing to the work of the and NFAs who first notice trends in artefact recovery
The case studies below highlight examples of how PAS finds, including many bracteate hoards, whereas in PAS included: Lindsay Allason-Jones (University of that identify new sites or peculiarities of particular
data is being used by academics to better understand contemporary Anglo-Saxon England it has remained Newcastle), Jens Andersen (Camborne School of find types. Hence, they also develop their own research
particular artefact types and the wider historic very difficult to identify any sacrificial depositions Mines), Claude Ardouin (British Museum), Steven Ashley interests, as the examples below illustrate.
environment. in the archaeological record. The find circumstances (Norfolk Museum and Archaeology Service), Richard
of several of the new bracteate finds suggest that Bailey (University of Newcastle), Luke Barker (Sussex Roman ToT rings
Bracteates they were not always buried in graves as previously Archaeological Society), Charlotte Behr (University Adam Daubney, Lincolnshire FLO
Charlotte Behr, Roehampton University observed, but also buried as single depositions of Roehampton), Edward Besly (National Museum of Each year, a number of Roman finger-rings that bear
Bracteates from the early Anglo-Saxon period are round comparable to Scandinavian depositions. Thus, they Wales), Ian Betts (Museum of London), Mark Blackburn the inscription TOT or variations thereof are recorded
pendants made out of gold or (sometimes) silver or contribute to the debate about the occurrence of (Fitzwilliam Museum), John Blair (University of Oxford), with the PAS or reported Treasure.
bronze foil that was stamped with figurative images. sacrificial or ritual hoarding in pre-Christian Anglo- Richard Brewer (National Museum Wales), Serena Cant
They show either stylised animals or anthropomorphic Saxon England. (English Heritage), Andrew Chamberlain (University of TOT rings date to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD and
figures. A loop was attached and they were worn Sheffield), Evan Chapman (National Museum Wales), are distinctively Romano-British. To date, 50 rings are
on necklaces, often together with beads and other Results from this research will be published in Medieval Henry Chapman (University of Birmingham), John known; two are gold, 44 are silver and four are copper
pendants. Bracteates were first made in southern Archaeology. Cherry, John Clark (Museum of London), Barrie Cook alloy. The letters ‘T-O-T’ are known in a number of
Scandinavia in the 5th century and more than 900 of (British Museum), Jon Cotton (Museum of London), formats; the Ts usually have serifs and the Os can be
them have been found in Scandinavia and neighbouring Winchester: from Venta to Winancaestir Trevor Cowie (National Museums of Scotland), Mary upper case, lower case or even a single dot.
countries. In recent years, the small number of finds Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle Davis (National Museum Wales), Tania Dickinson
known from England increased substantially, mainly In a recent paper, Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye- (University of York), Ben Edwards, Hazel Forsyth The identity of ‘ToT’ was suggested as Toutatis as far
thanks to metal-detector finds and their systematic Biddle (2007, 189–214) examine how Winchester Old (Museum of London), Adam Gwilt (National Museum back as the 1980s, and this was confirmed recently by
recording with the PAS and through the Treasure Minster came to be built in the ruins of the Roman city of Wales), Jenny Hall (Museum of London), Martin a silver ring from Battlesden, Bedfordshire, that bears
Act 1996. These new finds allow a reassessment of of Winchester, Venta Belgarum. In seeking to explain Henig (University of Oxford), David Higgins (clay the inscription DEO TOTA (to the god Toutatis). Toutatis
their distribution, connections with Continental and why this church was built in this unconventional pipe specialist), Fraser Hunter (National Museum of was one of the principal Celtic deities, and is often
Scandinavian bracteates, range of iconography and location, they argue that Winchester remained a Scotland), Ralph Jackson (British Museum), Meriel paired with the Roman god Mars. The Proto-Celtic
modes of deposition. dominant centre in Hampshire even after the Roman Jeater (Museum of London), Jennifer Jones (University word teutá means ‘people’ or ‘tribe’, and so Teutates
period ended. Afterwards, in the Anglo-Saxon period, it of Durham), Malcolm Jones (University of Sheffield), is usually thought of as the ‘tribal protector’ or the
With the new finds, the known area of their distribution remained an important centre of authority and lordship Jackie Keily (Museum of London), Gerald Legg (Booth ‘father of the tribe’. The name is fitting when related to
in Britain is extended. Outside eastern Kent from where over the surrounding area, reflected in the clustering of Museum), Rory Naismith (Fitzwilliam Museum), Stuart the distribution of the rings; nearly every example falls
most Anglo-Saxon bracteates originate they have been cemeteries and settlements of the later 5th, 6th and Needham, Peter Northover (Oxford Materials), Tim within the suggested boundaries of the Corieltauvi.
found along the east coast as far north as East Yorkshire 7th centuries in and around the (Roman) walled area, Pestell (Norwich Castle Museum), John Prag (University
and as far west as Oxfordshire and Warwickshire and and soon after became a centre for the West Saxon of Manchester), Henrietta Quinnell (University of The rings are found on both rural and military sites
the Isle of Wight. royal house. This explains the reason why the Minster Exeter), Mark Redknap (National Museum Wales), in the East Midlands, which may suggest that they
was founded, and why it was founded within the Julian Richards (University of York), Peter Robbins are associated with retired soldiers attached to the
The close links between bracteates from England and Roman city. (Norfolk Museum and Archaeology Service), Ben Colonia. This idea is supported by the distribution of
from Scandinavia and northern Germany have always Roberts (British Museum), Andrew Rogerson (Norfolk Continental inscriptions to Toutatis on stone. The eight
been recognised. However, how, when and from where Besides looking at the evidence from archaeological Museum and Archaeology Service), Ian Rowlandson inscriptions known mark out the eastern extent of the
bracteates arrived in England has been debated. The sites, Biddle and Kjølbye-Biddle also makes use of PAS (Lindsay Archaeological Services), Judith Rudoe Roman Empire, showing the deity was popular with
new finds point to the possibility that bracteates were data. Of 275 Early Medieval finds recorded by the PAS (British Museum), Fiona Seeley (Museum of London), soldiers serving on the frontiers. Toutatis is known from
not introduced to England over some time, randomly since 1990, 55 dated between AD 400 and 700 were John Schofield (Museum of London), David Shotter Rome, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria and Germany, and so
in a series of unrelated events, but may have been found in 14 parishes. Through mapping techniques, it (University of Lancaster), Roy Stephenson (Museum it is likely that the cult of the deity was brought over
conveyed through one central place in northern was evident there were some discrete concentrations of London), Keith Sugden (Manchester Museum), by soldiers who served in Britain and retired to Lincoln.
Germany only. of Anglo-Saxon activity, and significant evidence for Dave Symons (Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery), These rings were worn as a very specific material
the occupation of Winchester, though, interestingly, Rob Symonds (Sussex Archaeological Society), Irene expression of group or personal religious identity,
Bracteates were not just precious jewellery that a notable absence of finds between Winchester and Szymanski, Roger Taylor (University of Exeter), Roger perhaps even indicating soldiers from a specific unit.
conferred status but also objects with sophisticated Southampton raises important questions itself. The Tomlin (University of Oxford), Elizabeth Walker
images that were perceived as powerful amulets. The finds recorded (and analysed) included complete (National Museum Wales), Helen Wang (British The PAS and the Roman Frontier
iconography of bracteates is characterised by their long Anglo-Saxon brooches, probably indicative of burials, Museum), Andrew White (Lancaster City Museum), Rob Collins, North East FLO
series of thematically and stylistically related images. It though in one cluster the topography makes it an Christopher Whittick (East Sussex Records Office), Rev The recording of artefacts with the PAS has benefited
is therefore notable that among the new finds several unusual cemetery site. As more finds are discovered David Williams (Wales). many specialisms in archaeology, and the Roman
images are – so far – unique even if they are clearly and reported, our understanding of Early Medieval frontier is no exception. Late Iron Age, Roman, and Early
related to the known iconography. They may point to Winchester increases. Medieval finds from throughout the north of England
specific local Anglo-Saxon developments in bracteate

26 27
 continue to expand knowledge of the establishment, Research undertaken by The midden site covers two fields, one of which is Mr Gardner’s work at Brailes considerably advances
maintenance, and eventual transformation of the called the ‘Long Barrow’ field. Because of this place archaeological knowledge of midden sites. The
Roman Empire’s northernmost frontier.
finders name evidence Peter Foster (Warwickshire Museum distribution of midden sites tends to fall south of a line
Field Services) visited the site to see if any trace of a from the Wash to Llanmaes, south Wales. The Brailes
Many finders (both field-walkers and metal-
A survey of the Roman artefacts recorded from the long barrow could be discovered. Although nothing site, along with sites at Whitchurch and Welland Bank,
detectorists) undertake research to learn more about
recording areas of Cumberland and Lancashire and the was visible on the ground or on aerial photographs, falls along this line. Brailes also adds to the discussion
the finds they discover and better understand the sites
North East provide a number of interesting conclusions. nor identified on the Historic Environment Record, Mr on whether these sites tend to be a single phenomenon
they search. The publication and wider dissemination
Overall, it can be confidently claimed that patterns Gardner had recovered numerous Late Bronze Age and within the landscape or whether clusters occur, such as
of information about these discoveries is currently (in
from PAS data are consistent with those determined early Iron Age finds from the site, including about 500 in Wessex.
the most part) left to archaeologists and academics,
through archaeological research. For example, there pottery sherds, animal bones, a quern stone, a spindle
but finders who plot their own finds – preferably using
is a contrast between higher numbers of artefacts whorl, lots of fire-cracked stone, a Bronze Age razor, The recording of the Brailes site has also provided
handheld GPS (Global Positioning Systems) devices
dated to the early Roman period and higher numbers and a possible palstave axe butt. Thereafter, volunteers a springboard for further research. Warwickshire
– and do much of the primary research, are making a
of coins dated to the 4th century; objects (coins and from the Warwickshire Field Services and the PAS Museum Field Services are keen to research the
valuable contribution to archaeological knowledge.
artefacts) dated to the 4th century seem to have a less field-walked ‘Long Barrow’ field. Mr Gardner himself prehistoric landscape in south Warwickshire. Likewise,
geographically extensive distribution in the frontier also highlighted a large spread of dark soil across ‘Long ArchaeoPhysica are enthusiastic to survey more of
Roman Leicestershire
than objects from the previous centuries. Barrow’ and the neighbouring ‘Pond Field’. the site, and it is hoped this will be carried out in due
Phil Harding, metal-detectorist
The distribution of different types of personal objects, course. Mr Gardner is continuing his field-walking
Phil Harding has been metal-detecting several Roman
notably brooches, suggests an east-west difference Stuart Palmer (Warwickshire Museum Field Services) and detecting survey and maintains his high quality
sites in Leicestershire, meticulously recording all his
in terms of dress and personal appearance, in that first suggested the site may be a midden site based of recording with the PAS. Similarly, the landowner is
finds using GPS to plot findspots, and recording them
brooches have a more extensive distribution east of on the recorded material and highlighted a similar site excited at what has been discovered and has agreed
on a database. All of this data is made available to
the Pennines. Despite the highly militarised occupation 10 miles west of Brailes, at Whitchurch, which Kate not to deep plough the site and to explore ways of
Wendy Scott (Leicestershire & Rutland FLO) so it can
of the frontier, military objects are not frequently Waddington and Niall Sharples (Cardiff University) protecting it. Subsequently, this project was ‘Highly
be recorded on the PAS database. Dr Harding uses
found, and when they are found, it is almost always in are investigating. On a site visit to Brailes, Dr Sharples Commended’ at the British Archaeological Awards 2008.
Reece-period analysis (which allocates a ‘period’ to
proximity to military installations. The date of recorded agreed that Brailes is probably another midden site and
each coin) allowing this data to build patterns of coin
coins generally concurs with the regional pattern of is keen to incorporate it into further research of these Landscape Survey in the Trent Valley, Lincolnshire
distribution. By studying this data, and Dr Harding’s
coin loss, though not the national pattern. Few high site types. Thomas Jolliffe, field-walker and metal-detectorist
distribution maps, Sam Moorhead (National Finds
value coins (of silver or gold) have been found, and In the Trent Valley, south of Lincoln, what began as a
Advisor) has been able to identify some interesting
those that have been recorded all date to the early Subsequently, Cardiff University recently held a seminar Saturday morning search for Victorian pennies turned
patterns in rural Leicestershire, including a possibly
empire; less than half the coins could be attributed to – ‘Unquiet Residues’ – where Dr Sharples suggested a into a study that has revealed a large area of dispersed
Late Roman pagan temple site. Particularly interesting
an issue period – a figure that is significantly higher possible definition of Late Bronze Age and early Iron Romano-British settlement, including a previously
is that most of the sites in Leicestershire show a decline
than the percentage from excavated sites. This is Age midden sites as having high artefact densities, unrecorded Roman villa. Intensive field-walking by
after AD 350, but the evidence at the temple site
probably due to the fact that most PAS data is from in particular ceramic material, and a thick layer of Thomas Jolliffe, followed by a large-scale geophysical
investigated by Dr Harding shows there was activity
land in agricultural use where ploughing regularly organic soil. During the seminar a midden site at East survey, has gone on to show faint traces of Bronze
there (and probably other parts of the county) until the
destabilises the depositional environment; most Chisenbury, Wiltshire, was described as looking like a Age land use and to suggest that the landscape was
early 5th century.
Roman military installations in the north are Scheduled long barrow from a distance. Brailes has a relatively first settled in the mid to late Iron Age. The PAS has
Monuments and, consequently, are rarely ploughed. high artefact density of ceramic material, a large spread been involved since the start of the project and has
Research into a Bronze Age Midden
of organic material and its field name of ‘Long Barrow’ been assisting in the identification of the finds, both
Andrew Gardner, field-walker and metal-detectorist
While these conclusions are rather general, they suggests there was at one time a mound here similar to metallic and stone. Dr Jolliffe has also been able to
A number of individuals who record their finds with
do offer an important validation of the patterns that at East Chisenbury. involve a number of specialists working in the region,
the PAS have undertaken metal-detecting as part
established through archaeological research in the in what is an important analysis of the development of
of larger landscape surveys. For example, at Brailes,
frontier, in contrast to other regions of Britain. The place name evidence, the finds, and on-site the historic landscape. Metal-detecting formed a vital
Warwickshire, Andrew Gardner’s work – combining
PAS data can be used for more focused investigation, observations allowed Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & part of this project, as small metal objects can often
systematic metal-detecting, intensive field-walking
and research in progress by Rob Collins has been Worcestershire FLO) to make a successful application be dated which, when looking at the changing pattern
and geophysical survey – has led to the discovery of an
examining late Roman and Early Medieval brooch to the ‘Auction of Survey Time’ by ArchaeoPhysica to of land use over the millennia, provides vital anchor
important Late Bronze Age or early Iron Age midden.
use in the frontier. undertake a magnetic survey of the site. This identified points.
an unenclosed Bronze Age settlement reached by a
Since 1999, Andrew Gardner has been metal-detecting
Future research along Hadrian’s Wall, particularly finds- track, which was then replaced by an early Iron Age ‘Without the help, encouragement and guidance of Kevin
and field-walking in the parish of Brailes and recording
based studies or that focusing on economic activity, enclosed settlement, with evidence for burning in its Leahy (NFA Medieval Objects) the project would never
all his finds with the PAS with meticulous attention
must take account of PAS data, as this represents a north-east portion. have been completed.’
to detail. Everything retrieved, whether it is a piece
valuable and constantly growing database for areas Thomas Jolliffe
of metalwork or pottery fragment, has a 10-figure
that are lacking in archaeological investigation. The ceramic material recorded by Mr Gardner through
National Grid Reference (NGR), plotted using a
the PAS, when overlaid on the survey results, reveals
handheld GPS device.
two hot-spots, one of which corresponds to an Major research projects
enclosure, and the other overlays a ditch and therefore
In the course of these investigations, a Late Bronze
may be unrelated to the structure beneath; instead it Several major research projects have made use of PAS
Age or early Iron Age midden site was located, and
could represent the overlaying midden on a disused data in 2007. These include the following which are
was subsequently investigated in collaboration with
part of the earlier settlement. funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council
the PAS, Warwickshire Museum Field Services and
ArchaeoPhysica. (AHRC): The Viking and Anglo-Saxon Landscape and

28 29
 Economy (VASLE) project (Julian Richards, University which perpetuated an elite ideology. It was a social The PAS and Roman Britain: an assessment of the there will be potential to study regional patterns and
of York), The Context of Bronze Age Hoards and Single network which collapsed in the Iron Age transition. potential for using amateur metal-detector data to differences across 400 years of Roman rule and these
Finds (Richard Bradley, University of Reading), and The investigation of the nature of this dynamic enhance understanding of the Roman period results will have wide appeal to academics, professional
Technologies of Enchantment: Celtic Art in Southern extended economy, and its eventual demise, is of Tom Brindle, formerly Northamptonshire FLO archaeologists and members of the public.
Britain (Chris Gosden, University of Oxford). A major considerable interest to both British and European Tom Brindle is undertaking a PhD exploring the
project exploring Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms in Southern archaeologists. The international delegates at the potential for PAS data to add to our understanding of The first year of the project concentrated on data
England AD 400–750 (Martin Welch, University College, conferences noted with envy the quality of the Romano-British landscapes. His research is based on cleaning and identifying individual coin assemblages
London) is funded by the Leverhulme Trust. archaeological records available in England. Such a series of regional case studies, covering Wiltshire, on the PAS database. Organising the data by modern
invaluable research databases (particularly the PAS) Worcestershire and Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, county, Philippa has shown that Roman coins have
Viking and Anglo-Saxon Landscape and Economy enable us to explore the Bronze Age power bases of North Lincolnshire and Cumbria. In each of these been recorded by the PAS in nearly a third of all English
(VASLE) project, York southern England within the wider setting of an regions, Tom is exploring methodologies for defining parishes and identified 470 parishes where 20 or more
Led by Professor Julian D Richards, University of York English Channel-North Sea economic region. Romano-British sites based upon their artefact have been found. This means that the picture for areas
(John Naylor) assemblages, and comparing the distribution of sites such as Lincolnshire, Suffolk and Northamptonshire
The VASLE project, funded by the AHRC, ran at the The provisional results were presented to two represented by metal-detector finds with those has been vastly improved with several assemblages
University of York from October 2004 until December recent conferences: the Bronze Age Forum (Sheffield recorded by more traditional archaeological techniques. comprising more than 1,000 coins.
2007. The first major project to utilise PAS data, University) and the Theoretical Archaeological Group
VASLE also used portable coinage data (provided by (Southampton University). The results are now being Research so far has shown that finds reported by The next stage of Philippa’s research will be to identify
the Early Medieval Corpus of Early Medieval coins) to written up ready for publication. The intention is to metal-detectorists are leading to the recognition of a geographical and chronological patterns in the PAS
investigate rural settlement and economy during the take this research further, concentrating initially on number of previously unknown Romano-British sites, data. She will also try and establish potential function
period from c. AD 700–1050. The project had several the Thames Valley, the Fenlands and the North Sea and that the landscape in much of Britain during the for some of the sites with large assemblages by
objectives, relating both to the Early Medieval period coastal regions, again in co-operation with FLOs and Roman period was even more intensively populated comparing their coin profiles with those from nearly
and more general research into portable antiquities. metal-detectorists. than previously recognised. For example, in Wiltshire, it 400 excavated sites throughout Britain.
Firstly, VASLE explored the nature of PAS data, analysing has been possible to identify at least 42 new Romano-
the constraints on data collection and what effects British sites, known solely from material recorded on
this has on how archaeologists should approach the Undergraduate and the PAS database. One of these sites may even be Sixth-form research projects
material. With this in mind, the research then focused postgraduate research the location of a previously unknown Romano-Celtic
on the broad trends in the data from England and temple. Where metal-detector finds are reported Besides study at university, some A-Level students are
Wales in the study period, before looking in depth The PAS, in partnership with several major academic from sites that are already known, they have the also making use of PAS data. Unlike universities with
at the interpretation of individual ‘productive sites’. institutions, has been successful in bids to the AHRC potential to provide new information about those sites. archaeological departments, the PAS does not have a
Alongside a number of publications in edited volumes for collaborative PhD studentships. These include Finds from near the Roman town of Bannaventa in proactive outreach programme with sixth-form schools
and journals, the full results of the project are published Tom Brindle (with King’s College, London) analysing Northamptonshire, for example, are providing useful and colleges, and it is therefore somewhat accidental
in Internet Archaeology 25. Roman rural landuse in Britain – comparing PAS and chronological information about the development of if students in secondary education use PAS data in a
Historic Environment Records data, Ian Leins (with the this area over time, perhaps suggesting that the focus research topic.
Contexts of Bronze Age Hoards and Single Finds University of Newcastle) examining Iron Age coinage for settlement at the town shifted between the early
Led by Professor Richard Bradley (David Yates) based on PAS and Celtic Coin Index data, and Philippa and late Roman period. Understanding Taunton Deane in the Roman Period
During 2008, the AHRC funded a one-year pilot study Walton (with University College, London) exploring Virginia Spencer
to explore the context of Later Bronze Age metalwork coin use and loss in Roman Britain based on PAS An Applied Numismatic Analysis of the PAS As part of her A-Level archaeology coursework, Virginia
finds. Richard Bradley and David Yates (University of data. In 2008, Richard Kelleher (with the University Roman Coin Data Spencer (Richard Huish College, Taunton) examined the
Reading) have investigated a hundred findspots in parts of Durham) began researching patterns of coin use Philippa Walton, Institute of Archaeology, extent to which metal-detecting and PAS data impact
of Hampshire, Sussex and Kent. The priority has been to and loss in England between 1180 and 1560, and University College, London upon our understanding of occupation in the Roman
look at well-provenanced findspots, and in this respect in 2009, Katherine Robbins (with the University of Philippa Walton has been studying 56,339 Roman period around the Taunton Deane area of Somerset.
PAS data has been invaluable. Working with FLOs and Southampton) started investigating how representative coins recorded on the PAS database as part of an AHRC Using the PAS website and database, Virginia was
with the co-operation of detectorists and landowners, the PAS data is for understanding the spatial collaborative project at University College, London able to study the types of Roman coins discovered
visits have been made throughout the study area to distribution of artefact types and human activities in and the British Museum. By using this resource, her locally as well as their date and method of discovery.
look at the setting and to consider the significance of the past. These studentships demonstrate the value project aims to transform knowledge of the Romano- From the data, she was able to draw up a map of
placement in those locations. of the data collated, and also very welcome that the British rural landscape. She intends to explore regional Somerset, which showed the majority of finds were
AHRC is funding such research in the advancement of and chronological differences in the use and loss of made by metal-detecting after 1975. Consequently,
During the European Bronze Age (2500–750 BC), widely archaeological knowledge. coin, assess site functions through coin profiles and she contacted a local metal-detecting club and sent its
spaced parts of the continent were drawn together investigate in more detail sites which have been members a short questionnaire enquiring about any
by an expanding communications network resulting Besides these it is known that 14 other PhDs, 26 MA preliminarily identified as rural temples and shrines. Roman artefacts they had found. Although she only
in the rapid spread of new ideas, material wealth and dissertations and 12 undergraduate research projects received one reply, it did reveal the wealth of artefacts
the movement of people. The range of prestige bronze have used PAS data in 2007. This project will complement and build upon existing being discovered, though not all of it was apparently
work found in southern England is the legacy of this applied numismatic research, particularly that of reported, and therefore of no research benefit.
first golden or international age. Those finds have much Richard Reece, which analysed excavated material
to tell us about territorial control, political power and from 140 sites in Britain including forts, temples, urban From the data collated, Virginia was able to conclude
prevalent belief systems. Throughout Europe, social centres and villas. As the PAS data is both a rural and that the information from the PAS database does
organisation was based on a close relationship between a national dataset, it will be possible to create a more advance our knowledge of Romanisation in Somerset.
prestige goods exchange and a complex ritual system balanced picture for the province. For the first time, However, one limitation was that the finds were mainly

30 31
 stray ones, indicating accidental dropping instead Lincolnshire PAS-HER Survey West Lindsey are published on its online database, and full data is
of hoarding. A study into the impact of the PAS also Adam Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO) has recently carried   made available to HERs and researchers.
New sites Existing sites Crop marks
revealed that between 1999 and 2005, the number of out a comparison of finds recorded on the PAS and Prehistoric 0 1 0
user hits on the PAS website had increased 105%. The sites recorded on the Lincolnshire Historic Environment Important finds recorded by the PAS are also published
Roman 23 14 2
number of reported Treasure cases had also shot up Record (HER). As of October 2008, the PAS dataset in this annual report, and in the period journals
Early Medieval 11 1 0
dramatically after being level for nearly 10 years. These for Lincolnshire stood at 21,169 finds contained in Britannia (Roman), Medieval Archaeology and Post-
Medieval 4 17 1
increases were attributed to the ease of service and a 15,992 records. The aim of the survey was to examine Medieval Archaeology. In addition, the FLOs regularly
Post-Medieval 0 3 0
greater public understanding of how to deal with finds how many finds recorded on the PAS for Lincolnshire contribute to local journals. A few of the notable
(again, brought about by the PAS). came from new sites, and how many were from sites East Lindsey articles and publications published in 2007 include:
 
already recorded on the HER, including undated crop New sites Existing sites Crop marks
‘My main conclusion was that the PAS is fundamental in marks. An artefact scatter was interpreted as ‘five Prehistoric 0 0 1 Worrell (2007): Of particular interest are the local
helping us understand our history. It certainly or more associated finds’. If there were no related Roman 24 4 2 and regional variations in Iron Age material culture
helped me!’ archaeological sites within a 300-metre radius, the Early Medieval 5 2 0 use and deposition through space and time. This
Virginia Spencer group of finds was classed as a ‘new site’. Similarly, if Medieval 13 27 0
paper examines the Iron Age artefact data recorded
a known related site fell within this radius, the group by the PAS between 1997 and October 2004. It
Post-Medieval 0 2 0
of finds was noted as coming from an existing site. A represents a broad-brush preliminary analysis which
South Kesteven
Desk-based archaeological fuller explanation of the methodology and results is  
New sites Existing sites Crop marks
aims to highlight the real potential of this data by
research and assessment hoped to be published in due course. investigating some important general trends through
Prehistoric 3 0 0 quantitative and distribution analyses. It includes
The data generated by the PAS is made available to The survey revealed that within the 21,169 finds Roman 22 10 0 studies examining the Late Iron Age brooch and
Historic Environment Records (HERs), the key record recorded for Lincolnshire on the PAS, there are 328 Early Medieval 5 1 0 horse-and-vehicle equipment recorded by the PAS,
holders of information about the historic environment. ‘sites’ (an area containing five or more related finds). Medieval 2 13 0 highlighting strong regional variation. In addition,
A protocol has been agreed on the transfer of PAS data Of these 328 sites, 175 (53%) were previously Post-Medieval 0 1 0 it features a study comparing the Iron Age metallic
to HERs, which 54 HERs (more than two-thirds) have unknown; 141 (43%) embellished sites were already Boston & South Holland artefacts from Hampshire recorded by the PAS against
recorded on the HER. 12 sites (4%) recorded on the   those discovered during archaeological fieldwork or as
now signed. This enables PAS data to be migrated with New sites Existing sites Crop marks
information about sites on the HER and also helps PAS came from undated crop marks recorded on the earlier chance finds. The study of material culture is key
Prehistoric 0 0 0
identify new sites that were previously unknown. This HER, thus providing tentative dating evidence. to understanding regional variations among Iron Age
Roman 0 3 0
data is made available to local archaeologists and other societies. In addition, the national coverage of the PAS
This equates to 1.34 new sites being recorded every Early Medieval 0 0 0 makes a major contribution to the ‘regionality’ debate.
researchers, and also helps inform the development
month between 1997 and 2007. It might be expected Medieval 3 4 1
control process. Examples of how this data is being
used and enhance our understanding of the past are that the majority of these sites was recorded during Post-Medieval 2 3 0 Sutton and Worrell (2007): This paper gives an
given below. the first few years of the PAS expanding to the whole North Kesteven overview of the 695 Roman objects interpreted as
 
of England and Wales in 2003. However this is not the New sites Existing sites Crop marks relating to the sphere of ‘religion’ recorded by the PAS
Historic Landscape Characterisation Project on the case. An analysis of data recorded between 1 January Prehistoric 5 1 1 between 1997 and April 2006. Within this group, the
Isle of Wight 2008 and 30 September 2008 showed that finds Roman 30 21 4 199 copper-alloy, lead, stone and ceramic figurines
The Isle of Wight Council has recently completed a were recorded from a further 32 sites, of which 14 Early Medieval 11 3 0
represent a very significant addition to the known
programme of Historic Landscape Characterisation were previously unknown. This equates to 1.55 sites corpus of objects of this type. A wide range of deities
Medieval 12 9 0
(HLC) and is now using this information to prepare being recorded each month during the first 9 months is represented and while the classical deities or their
Post-Medieval 0 1 0
a Historic Environment Action Plan (HEAP). PAS data of 2008, making this one of the largest and fastest attributes frequently occur, some representations
has been used to create a digital map for the HEAP growing archaeological datasets in England. of gods of Romano-Celtic type also occur. The
Table 1: sites recorded in Lincolnshire, by district.
in which PAS finds were displayed in relation to HLC figurines and miniature objects are widely distributed
areas. Inclusion of the PAS data has added an extra The most significant contribution to new sites in across central and southern Britain, but particular
dimension to the analysis and understanding of Isle Lincolnshire is for the Roman period, followed by concentrations are seen in East Anglia and Lincolnshire.
6th-century Anglo-Saxon cemetery sites. The division Publications The final section of the paper publishes a selection of
of Wight HLC areas and may suggest new priorities
for future fieldwork or research. However, it will also between districts is shown in Table 1. the nine objects of religious character recorded
Augustus Pitt-Rivers once said that an archaeological in Oxfordshire.
have a practical impact on the future management site has not been discovered until it has been recorded,
of the island’s historic environment as the HEAP is researched and published, and his words are just as
being used to inform the ‘Island Plan’, one of the first Naylor (2007): This paper employs quantitative
relevant today as they were in the Victorian period. and distributional analyses to finds of Early Medieval
Local Development Plans to be prepared under recent Portable antiquities, though many upon first sight seem
Government legislation. coinage in an area of north-east England. The results
to lack aesthetic appeal or appear insignificant, are no show that observed patterns of coin loss on individual
different. Until they have been recorded and published, sites do represent the overall coin loss for the study
they are unknown and therefore their potential cannot area, and sites can be confidently compared to each
be realised. While the PAS encourages finders to make other and the region as a whole. It appears that the
their own records of their finds, it is essential all role and function of coinage changed dramatically
these discoveries are recorded and published to high over the period from a medium of long-distance trade
archaeological standards. All finds recorded by the PAS in the early 8th century to a cash currency by the

32 33
 Viking takeover of York. A review of ‘productive sites’ in Some interesting stone objects have been recorded
the region suggests that they can only be adequately in 2007; it is particularly good to see finds of Lower
interpreted through analysis of their assemblages Palaeolithic handaxes from areas where they were
against the background of the regional circulation of previously unknown, as at Newport, Isle of Wight (1).
coinage and artefacts. These are starting to fill out the ancient landscape.
Both Mesolithic flaked axes and Neolithic polished
Lewis (2007): This paper considers William’s Class A, axes continue to be found. The unpolished, rough-cut,
Type 11a stirrup-strap mounts which are traditionally axe from Aspatria, Cumbria (11) was made from stone
attributed as late Anglo-Saxon, and argues that they extracted at Great Langdale, Cumbria, and reflects
are in fact Romanesque – dating to between about the way in which axes were transported, unfinished
1070 and 1140, based on parallels in art. The paper also and presumably ground by the user. Perforated pebble
discusses the spatial distribution of Class A, Type 11a ‘mace-heads’are interesting, if enigmatic, finds and it
mounts. Here it is suggested that the concentration is useful to see further examples, such as those from
of these mounts and artistic models in Kent might Weethley, Warwickshire (3), and Camberley, Surrey (4).
indicate they were manufactured locally.
The Stone Age section of this report is small and does
Editor: Michael Lewis not reflect how common worked flint and stone is
in Britain. The recording of lithic materials has great
potential but it also offers challenges. The groups of
flints from Ridge, Hertfordshire (5), and Tatworth and
Forton, Somerset (6), are small, but flintworking sites
can be prolific and present a formidable problem for
Finds Liaison Officers (FLOs) who record these finds.
That said, many of the fieldwalkers who are collecting
worked flint are now using handheld Global Position
Systems (GPS) devices which can record findspots
to within a metre. This not only helps the FLOs who
record the finds, but also has enormous potential for
understanding the Prehistoric landscape.

1. Newport, Isle of Wight: flint handaxe

(PAS: IOW-A0FB18)
Date: Lower Palaeolithic (c. 500,000–c. 100,000 BC).
Discovery: Found by Brian Masterton while metal-
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle
of Wight FLO).
Description: An almost complete ‘sub-cordate’ flint
handaxe. Symmetrical and worked on both faces, the
implement has a pointed tip and a rounded butt. Its
great age is shown by its slightly ‘rolled’ surfaces. This
implement, a surface find on cultivated land, is in a
remarkably good condition. Dimensions: 148.5 x 79.2 x
37.1mm.
Discussion: This is an important find locally as it came

stone AGE
from an area where Palaeolithic implements would
not have been expected to be found. It is one of the
increasing number of Lower Palaeolithic implements
recorded by the PAS.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
F Basford

2. Wrabness, Essex: flint tranchet adze

(PAS: ESS-43E6D6)
Date: Mesolithic (c. 9000–c. 6000 BC).
Discovery: Found by Sarah Whitcombe while walking
the beach in May 2007, and recorded by Laura McLean
(Essex FLO) via Colchester Museum.

34 stone age 35
 Description: Axe or adze roughly knapped from a is curious that the makers of these objects should have 7. City of London: polished stone axehead high quality of the polishing and the use of coloured
flint nodule, its butt end retaining traces of cortext chosen to make holes through some of the hardest and (PAS: LON-E1FFD6) stone.
representing the nodule’s original surface. Both faces of most intractable stones found in Britain. However, it Disposition: Returned to finder.
the tool have been worked to give it a lentoid section. may be wrong to see perforated stones just in terms Date: Neolithic (c. 3500–c. 2200 BC).
Discovery: Found by Andy Johanessen and Steve F McIntosh
Its cutting edge was formed by the removal of a single of practicality, as they also may have had some ritual
large flake from the end of the axe. Dimensions: 138.7 x function. Brooker while searching the Thames foreshore in 2007,
49.7 x 29.4mm. Disposition: Returned to finder. and recorded with Kate Sumnall (London FLO). 10. Welwyn, Hertfordshire: puddingstone grain
Discussion: Tranchet axes are a characteristic of the Description: Polished stone axehead made from an rubber or hammerstone (PAS: BH-7431C5)
D Williams attractive, mottled green stone. An asymmetrical
early Mesolithic period, although there have been Date: Probably Prehistoric (Neolithic to Iron Age) but
suggestions that the type may have also been used at cutting edge suggests either damage or wear. could extend into Roman period (c. 3500 BC–c. AD 43).
a later date. These tools get their name from the way 5. Ridge, Hertfordshire: collection of five flint blade Dimensions: 96 x 48.9 x 30.2mm. Discovery: Found by Nick Tracken while field-walking
in which they were sharpened: oblique ‘tranchet’ flakes cores (PAS: BH-2C8256) Discussion: This axe is made from a stone which is in 2007, and recorded by Julian Watters (Hertfordshire
being removed to form a sharp cutting edge with one Date: Late Mesolithic to Early Neolithic clearly not from the London area and must have been & Bedfordshire FLO).
or two blows. (c. 6500–c. 3000 BC). imported from an axe production site in the west Description: This hand-sized puddingstone implement
Disposition: Returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Michael Lidington while field- of Britain. It is possible that it was, like many other is spherical with flattened top and bottom surfaces.
walking in 2007, and recorded with Julian Watters Prehistoric objects, deliberately deposited in the river. Its outer faces are pitted, showing that it was shaped
L McLean Disposition: Returned to finder.
(Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). through repeated blows from another stone. The
Description: Five flint ‘cores’ representing waste K Sumnall underside has a smoother appearance, suggesting
3. Weethley, Warwickshire: perforated stone pebble products from the manufacture of flint tools. The that it was used to grind grain over a longer period.
(PAS: WAW-BA8194) parallel-sided scars down the sides of the cores Dimensions: 65 (diameter) x 44.7mm.
8. Breamore, Hampshire: polished flint axehead
Date: Mesolithic (c. 8300–c. 4500 BC). show where flakes have been detached before being (PAS: WILT-E544F7) Discussion: Puddingstone is a concretion of rounded
Discovery: Found by Liam Maude while gardening in ‘retouched’ to make tools (see 14). flint pebbles set in matrix of fine sand and silica.
2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & Dimensions: The largest core measures 57.9 x 40.9mm Date: Neolithic (c. 3500–c. 2000 BC). Recent work in east Hertfordshire (the main source of
Worcestershire FLO). and the smallest 43.4 x 40.8mm. Discovery: Found by L Haston while gardening in 2007, puddingstone) may have revealed evidence for quarry
Description: This tool was made from a hard quartzite Discussion: A further 60 worked flints were found in and recorded by Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO). sites, probably used from as early as the Neolithic
pebble through which a hole had been chipped. The the same area as the cores, and this provides good Description: Polished flint axe. Its cutting edge has period. By Roman times puddingstone was well
hole has a biconical ‘hourglass’ shape due to it being evidence for Prehistoric flint working on the site. Two been broken in antiquity and resharpened by removing regarded as a material for the production of querns. It
made by working from both sides of the stone, the two types of core were found and it is possible that they are flakes from both sides. Dimensions: 106 x 53.2 x 28mm. is not certain what this object was used for, although
holes narrowing as they neared the centre. The pebble of different periods. Discussion: This axe was probably made from flint it is likely to have been either as a grain rubber or for
probably came from river gravels, becoming rounded Disposition: Returned to finder. extracted from a mine and roughly shaped by knapping. shaping the quernstones themselves.
by being tumbled with other stones on the river bed. Once shaped it was polished using sandstone and Disposition: Returned to finder.
J Watters water to grind away all trace of the flake scars. This
However, further shaping may have been done by
produced a fine axe but, following damage, a new J Watters
the maker of the tool. Dimensions: 107.9 x 101.3 x
40.53mm. Diameter of hole: 28.3mm (at its narrowest). 6. Tatworth and Forton, Somerset: flint implement cutting edge was produced by knapping. However, this
Discussion: It is not easy to either date pebble tools (PAS: SOM-F73913) re-working was not polished and the flake scars were 11. Aspatria, Cumbria: rough-out for a stone axe
or to say for what they were used. Many date from the Date: Neolithic or Early Bronze Age left. A difference in colour between the original and (PAS: LANCUM-B5A373)
Mesolithic period but it appears that they were also (c. 3800–c. 1500 BC). reworked surfaces suggests that some time must have Date: Neolithic (c. 3000–c. 2000 BC).
made at a later date. Suggested uses for them include Discovery: Found by Douglas W Long while metal- elapsed between these events. Sharpened in this way, Discovery: Found by Malcolm Dunn while field-walking
mace-heads, digging stick or bolas weights. detecting in 2007, and recorded with Naomi Payne the axe would not have worked so well, tending to stick in the 1970s, and recorded by Dot Boughton in 2007
Disposition: Returned to finder. (Somerset FLO). when cutting wood. (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO).
Description: A notched flint flake with an integral awl. Disposition: Returned to finder. Description: Unfinished stone axe made from the dark
A Bolton
The implement has been made on a primary flake; the K Hinds green volcanic stone which, during the Neolithic period,
original surface of the flint cobble covers most of one was quarried at Great Langdale, Cumbria. Dimensions:
4. Camberley, Surrey: perforated stone implement side. On the worked faces the knapping scars, with their 359 x 87.8 x 54.9mm.
(PAS: SUR-425AB0) 9. Weaverham, Cheshire: flint adze
typically rippled faces, can be clearly seen. One edge (PAS: LVPL-0E5426) Discussion: Axes made from this lithified volcanic
Date: Mesolithic to Neolithic (c. 8000–c. 2000 BC). of the flake has been retouched to form a pointed awl. tuff were in use all over northern Britain and Great
Discovery: Found by the father of Mr A G Seale in the Dimensions: 72.0 x 42.6 x 10.6mm. Date: Neolithic (c. 3500–c. 2100 BC). Langdale must have been a major production centre.
garden of his house in Camberley in 1945, and brought Discussion: This find is only one of a group of around Discovery: Found by Joy Beresford on a ploughed field Although knapped to shape, the Aspatria axe had not
to a Finds Day at Frimley Green Library, where it was 30 worked flints found in the same area which may while metal-detecting in March 2007, and identified been polished, suggesting that, in the Neolithic period,
identified by David Williams (Surrey FLO). represent a flintworking site. by Sally Worrell (National Finds Advisor) and recorded people polished their own axes. Prior to being shown to
Description: A perforated stone implement made Disposition: Returned to finder. with Frances McIntosh (Cheshire, Greater Manchester the FLO this axe had been serving as a doorstop!
from a fine-grained, oval river pebble, buff coloured & Merseyside FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder.
N Payne Description: Neolithic adze with an elegant, waisted,
with closely spaced lighter streaks. The hole has an
shape. It was made using a toffee-coloured flint, ground D Boughton
hourglass shape, its diameter tapering from 11.6 to
12.2mm. There is no sign of further working to form an to produce a highly polished surface. Dimensions: 136 x
implement. Dimensions: 90.7 x 65.8 x 29.7mm. 51 x 16mm.
Discussion: This fine object belongs to the same class Discussion: This adze belongs to the ‘Seamer type’
as No. 3 and the same points can be made about it. It which are marked by their characteristic incurved sides,

36 stone age stone age 37

 12. Mildenhall, Suffolk: flint axehead on its faces are the curving ripples of the characteristic As in previous years, an extremely diverse range of
(PAS: SF-60C586) ‘conchoidal’ fracture and around its edges can be seen Bronze Age metalwork, including weapons, tools and
the marks left when small flakes were removed during ornaments, has been recorded. Particularly unusual
Date: Neolithic (c. 3500–c. 2100 BC).
‘retouching’. and noteworthy finds include the Early Bronze Age
Discovery: Found by Jamie Thompson while metal-
Disposition: Returned to finder. flat axe decorated with a ‘rain-pattern’, found in the
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter (Suffolk
Shrewsbury area, Shropshire (17); the incomplete
FLO) and identified by Colin Pendleton (Suffolk County A Cooper
Middle Bronze Age looped palstave mould from
Council Archaeology Service).
Hempnall, Norfolk (33); the two Middle Bronze Age
Description: Flint axe that is partly polished. The
‘Ornament Horizon’ artefacts represented by the
central portion has notable areas of gloss within Section editor and further research: Kevin Leahy.
incised penannular arm-ring from Binsted, Hampshire
the flake scars. These are possibly the residues of an Editor: Michael Lewis.
(34), and the quoit-headed pin from Ranby, Lincolnshire
adhesive used to fix the axe to its handle, if this is the
(28); and – dating from the Late Bronze Age – the
case this is a rare occurence on axeheads.
unusual indented socketed axehead of Type Ulleskelf
Dimensions: 133 x 42 x 21mm.
found at Ilam, Staffordshire (48), and the decorated
Discussion: Neolithic axeheads are generally more
spearhead of Alpine Type found at Appledram, West
common finds than Mesolithic examples in Suffolk;
Sussex (59).
there are 821 Neolithic axeheads recorded to date
on the Suffolk Historic Environment Record to 185
Apart from lithic objects dating to the Bronze Age,
Mesolithic examples.
there were other unusual and noteworthy non-metallic
Disposition: Returned to finder.
finds from this period. These include the wooden
F Minter & C Pendleton weaving paddle from Heptonstall (16) and the bone
artefacts in the funerary deposit from Stanbury
13. Paul, Cornwall: flint knife (PAS: CORN-DB49D2) (19), both in West Yorkshire. Although Bronze Age
pottery sherds are not generally common finds, a
Date: Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (Beaker
very significant quantity of 184 pieces of Late Bronze
Period) (c. 2700–c. 1700 BC).
Age to Iron Age handmade, shell-tempered pottery
Discovery: Found by David Edwards while field-walking
was recorded accurately using a GPS (Global Position
in May 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke
Systems) device, from the probable midden site at
(Cornwall FLO).
Brailes, Warwickshire (see Research section).
Description: Flint ‘plano-convex’ knife shaped by
pressure flaking. Traces of gloss on one of the knife’s
During 2007, 27 Bronze Age Treasure cases were
edges suggest that that it was used to cut organic
reported, of which 16 are base-metal hoards or groups;
material. The flint used is a mottled, light grey to
there are 12 single gold finds. The Treasure case that
translucent brown colour and could have been made
particularly stands out is the exceptional group of four
from local flint sources. Dimensions: 83 x 25 x 11mm.
hoards of Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age socketed
Discussion: Flint knives of this type have been found
axes from Langton Matravers, Dorset (60), which
in Beaker Period and Early Bronze Age graves, which
contain 276 complete socketed axes, 107 halves of
enables them to be dated.
socketed axes and 117 fragments of socketed axes. This
Disposition: Returned to finder.
represents one of the largest hoards ever discovered in
A Tyacke Britain and the largest-ever socketed axe hoard. Other
unusual Treasure cases are represented by the find
14. Birkin, North Yorkshire: flint arrowhead from Stanbury, West Yorkshire (19), deposited with the
(PAS: SWYOR-C19C04) cremated remains of a young male, which consisted of

BRONZE AGE
two bronze basket-shaped earrings, an accessory vessel,
Date: Late Neolithic (c. 2500–c. 2000 BC).
a bone pin, a bone belt hook and a battle-axe.
Discovery: Found by Andrew Diamond while metal-
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Amy Cooper
In comparison with previous years, the chronology of
(South & West Yorkshire FLO).
the base-metal hoards is more evenly divided between
Description: Arrowhead made from a fine, translucent
the Middle and Late Bronze Age with six and ten cases
flint; both faces are plain, retouch being restricted to
respectively; the only Early Bronze Age Treasure case
the edges. The arrowhead is asymmetric with a single
was from Stanbury, West Yorkshire (19). The Late Bronze
barb on one side of the blade. Dimensions: 38.2 x 22.3
Age base-metal hoards are distributed with three
x 3.6mm.
cases in Kent (54, 55 and 2007 T144) and single cases
Discussion: With its single, asymmetrical barb, this flint
from Suffolk (2007 T206), Essex (52), Norfolk (53),
has the shape of a Late Neolithic ‘oblique’ arrowhead
Warwickshire (2007 T615), Hampshire (51) and Dorset
but, unusually, the retouch extends almost all around
(60). The distribution of the Middle Bronze Age base-
its edges leaving them blunt. The arrowhead exhibits
metal hoards is more widespread with single cases
the features that mark it as a humanly worked flint:
from East Sussex (31), Wiltshire (41), Suffolk (2007
T526), Hampshire (32), Cornwall (24) and East Yorkshire
(2007 T518).

38 stone age BRONZE AGE 39

 The gold ornaments reported this year include three 15. Ringland, Norfolk: flint arrowhead 17. Shrewsbury area, Shropshire: Description: A miniature copper-alloy flat axe or
bracelet fragments, from Seagry, Wiltshire (36), West (PAS: NMS-27F534) copper-alloy flat axe (PAS: HESH-299826) axe-chisel. The narrow butt is slightly rounded at
Wight, Isle of Wight (58), and near Shorwell, Isle of the end, the body is straight sided with a lenticular
Date: Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Date: Early Bronze Age (c. 2250–c. 1900 BC).
Wight (2007 T429), one bead from Burton, Wrexham cross-section, and the blade end gently expands at
(c. 2500–c. 1500 BC). Discovery: Found by Ian Collins while metal-detecting
(35), one sheet strip fragment from West Acre, Norfolk the cutting edge. The surface of the axe is covered
Discovery: Found by Lavinia Leanard in 1918–1920 in 2007, and reported to Peter Reavill (Herefordshire &
(39), one ribbon ornament fragment from Ansley, with a mid-brown surface patina, but where the
on ground disturbed by horses and reported to Norfolk Shropshire FLO).
Warwickshire (38), and one composite ring from Stone, core is exposed, such as along the cutting edge, the
Museums and Archaeology Service by Beverley and Description: An incomplete, decorated flat axe with
Buckinghamshire (37). In all but one instance (58) the copper-alloy is light green, indicating active corrosion.
Eunice Hutchin in April 2007, where it was identified by approximately 75% now surviving. The axe is broadly
objects date to the Middle Bronze Age. There were five Dimensions: 43 x 15 x 5mm.
Peter Robins. sub-rectangular in plan and has a splayed, crescentic
penannular rings (40 & 44–47), all consisting of a single Discussion: Miniature flat axes are rare finds, and only
Description: A small barbed and tanged arrowhead of edge which displays a distinctive curve. The opposite
gold ring, representing an artefact type which mostly three other examples are recorded on the PAS database:
‘Sutton Type b’ (Green 1980: 50–51; Butler 2005: 162– edge is relatively flat, a feature which is likely to have
dates to the Late Bronze Age and may be either plain or from Misterton, Somerset (SOMDOR-8A1F53),
165, fig. 69). It has pointed barbs, a rounded tang and been caused by the axe having been cast in an open
decorated with stripes of yellow and paler gold stripes. Burnham Market, Norfolk (NMS592), and Westerfield,
an intact tip. Both lateral edges are flaked bifacially and stone mould. The edges of the axe have not been raised
Suffolk (SF6514). In addition, a flat axe with narrow
a large area on each face is retouched. Thickness: 4mm. to form flanges; however, a slight median bevel (proto
Excluding examples of Middle Bronze Age composite butt and a central bevel which was expanded through
Discussion: It is probable that this arrowhead stop-ridge) is present on both faces. This feature has
gold penannular rings with multiple (but usually two re-sharpening was found at Danebury, Hampshire
represents a hunting loss as this object was intended been formed from hammering and small oval (dished)
or three) gold rings, and finds of penannular gold rings (Cunliffe and O’Connor 1979: 236, no. 1, fig. 12.1). It
for use rather than for ceremonial purposes. Barbed scars can be seen on both faces where the metal has
found in groups or in hoards which combine gold and is believed that, due to their diminutive size, such axes
and tanged arrowheads date to the Beaker Period at been worked. Below the bevel the sides continue
base-metal objects, a total of 49 penannular rings were probably the blades of light woodworking tools
the end of the Neolithic and the start of the Bronze to expand. The area between the median ridge and
have been recorded between 1996 and 2007 as single such as chisels (Britton 1963: 271) although they could
Age. Although this arrowhead was discovered some junction with the blade facet is decorated on both
finds. A 1997 corpus of penannular rings, edited by also have been used as votive flat axes.
time between 1918 and 1920, the object and a precise faces with a series of parallel linear lentoid lozenges.
George Eogan (1997: 308–320), maps the distribution Disposition: Returned to finder.
findspot were passed down in the family, allowing a full This form of decoration is known as ‘rain-pattern’ and
of 19 finds known mainly from the Sussex-Wessex
record to be made. is common on the later decorated axes of the Migdale A Daubney
region. Largely as a result of the introduction of the
Disposition: Returned to owner. metalworking tradition. In addition, both sides of the
Treasure Act 1996, in just 10 years not only has there
axe are decorated with a series of cabled motifs formed 19. Stanbury, West Yorkshire: funerary deposit
been a very significant increase in the quantity of gold E B Darch
by hammering and which survive better on one side with two copper-alloy basket-shaped earrings
penannular rings known, but the distribution (see Figure
where three distinct facets of the cabling can be seen. (PAS: SWYOR-C4F166; Treasure: 2007 T388)
1) can now be shown to extend across much of central 16. Heptonstall, West Yorkshire: wooden weaving The break, close to the butt of the axe, is relatively
Britain, with a definite focus in Hampshire, where 10 paddle (PAS: SWYOR-93A570) Date: Early Bronze Age (c. 2020–c. 1770 BC, confirmed
jagged and uneven; its patina suggests that damage
examples have now been recorded (O’Connor, Cowie by radiocarbon dating (SUERC-16360).
Date: Probably Bronze Age (c. 2500–c. 800 BC). occurred in antiquity. Dimensions: 110.4 x 89.3 x
and Worrell 2008: 12–13). Discovery: Found by Mr Holmes while digging garden
Discovery: Found by Brian Howcroft while fieldwalking 12.7mm. Weight: 417g.
features in March 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper
in 2005, reported to Anna Marshall (South & West Discussion: This axehead forms part of the corpus of
(South & West Yorkshire FLO). Excavation completed by
Yorkshire FLO) and recorded by Amy Cooper (South & the earliest bronze axes of Britain and dates to the
Archaeological Services, West Yorkshire Archaeological
West Yorkshire FLO) in 2007. same period as Beaker pottery, barbed and tanged
Service.
Description: A paddle, tangentially aligned, and flint arrowheads, copper halberds and gold lunulae.
Description: The cremated remains of a young middle
consisting of a flat-faced blade, slightly thicker at the It is best described as coming from the later phases
adult male were contained in a large collared ceramic
top (11mm) than at the bottom (8mm), and a handle of the Migdale tradition of metalworking (stage IV-
urn and accompanied in the urn by an accessory
with a sub-rectangular cross section extending back VI) corresponding to Needham’s (1996: 127–132)
cup of Contracted-mouth class (Longworth 1967), a
from the rear of the blade. The tip and bottom of Period 2–3, dating to c. 2250–c. 1900 BC, calibrated.
pair of bronze basket-shaped earrings, a bone pin of
the blade appear damaged and are probably broken. However, this axe also bears some similarities in
Atkinson’s (1951: 142–143) skewer-pin type, a bone
Dimensions (total): 470 x 72 x 11mm. Dimensions blade shape to the Developed Early Bronze Age Axes,
‘belt-hook’, and a stone ‘battle-axe’ of Herd Howe type,
(handle): 205 x 22 x 11mm. specifically variants Falkland and Scrabo Hill. This would
Roe (1966: 207) Stage III, all burnt in the funeral pyre.
Discussion: The paddle has been examined by Henry suggest that this example is dated to the very final
The cremation urn had been placed, inverted, in a pit
Chapman (Birmingham Archaeo-Environmental) phases of the Migdale tradition. A good comparison
together with two small collared urns.
and Michael Bamforth (L-P: Archaeology) and it is to the style of decoration is known from Cuminstone,
Discussion: The two collared urns deposited in the
believed that it may have been used as a flax beater. Aberdeenshire (Schmidt and Burgess 1981: 46,
pit with the cremation urn show no signs of having
The wood is certainly worked, though the species has no. 205, pl. 17).
been associated with the cremation process, nor did
not yet been identified. Similar sized objects have Disposition: Returned to finder.
they contain additional cremated bone, thus they
been assigned as possible weaving swords during the
P Reavill can be regarded as grave goods. It is likely that most
operation of looms. Weaving swords date back to the
of the objects were personal possessions, while the
Early Bronze Age and have been used through to the
18. Collingham, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy burnt accessory cup may be regarded as a deposition
Medieval period. However, without contextual or other
miniature flat axe (PAS: LIN-A8A8A1) to the pyre. As it is pierced by a pair of perforations,
dating evidence it is not possible to positively assign a
it suggests that it may have been used for burning
function to this artefact. A probable Bronze Age date is Date: Early Bronze Age (c. 2150–c. 1600 BC).
substances, such as incense, as part of this funerary
suggested since Bronze Age flints have been found at Discovery: Found by Brian Hillier while searching with
act (Allen and Hopkins 2000: 313; Woodward 2000:
the same place. a metal-detector in 2007, and recorded with Adam
113–114). It has been suggested that the ‘belt-hook’
Figure 1 Deposition: Returned to finder. Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO).
might have been a fastening for a burial shroud as
Penannular rings recorded by PAS
A Cooper

40 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 41

 all known examples derive from funerary contexts in the Early Bronze Age. 1976; Ehrenberg 1977). Side-looped spearheads have Description:
(Sheridan 2007: 112). The function of the bronze items Disposition: Returned to finder. a pair of loops which are lozenge-shaped in plan and 1. Shield pattern palstave, Crediton Type. Broken blade
as earrings has been reviewed in a discussion of two which are usually placed halfway down the socket. and butt ends with worn down flanges, one missing.
A Daubney
pairs of gold earrings accompanying a male cremation On the basis of radiocarbon dates, spearheads of this The remains of a raised edge in the form of a shield can
burial from Chilbolton, Hampshire (Russel 1990: 166). type date to the Acton Park 2, Taunton and Penard be seen below the stop-ridge. Length: 156mm.
The occurrence of two or more collared urns is a 21. Mildenhall, Suffolk: copper-alloy axe-chisel metalworking Phases, corresponding to Needham’s Weight: 450.3g.
feature of Early Bronze Age funerary assemblages in (PAS: SF-618EF2) (1996: 133–134) Period 5, dated to c. 1500–c. 1100 2. Shield pattern palstave, Crediton Type. Broken blade
the Pennines and occurs occasionally elsewhere in Date: Early Bronze Age (c. 2000–c. 1600 BC). BC. However, the recent radiocarbon dating of a and butt ends with worn down flanges. The remains of
northern England and southern Scotland (Varley 1938). Discovery: Found by Jamie Thompson while metal side-looped spearhead from the Thames at Mortlake a raised edge in the form of a shield can be seen below
This assemblage is of considerable interest, including detecting, identified by Colin Pendleton (Suffolk County (Finds Ref: DoB 31) produced a date (Ref: OxA-5948) the stop-ridge. Length: 162mm. Weight: 525.15g.
as it does some items which are relatively common, Council Archaeological Service) and recorded by Faye of 3225+/- 65BP (c. 1680–c. 1400 BC), with a 95% Discussion: The two shield pattern palstaves are not
both nationally and also within the region, as well Minter (Suffolk FLO). confidence rating (Needham et al. 1997). identical, with no. 2 having a rounded and shorter
as others which are unusual, while confirming some Description: A small copper-alloy narrow-butted flat The site where this spearhead was found also yielded shield indicating that they were cast in different
characteristics which are regionally significant. Thus ‘axe-chisel’ with slight cross ‘stop’ bevel. It is complete an Early Bronze Age flat axe, which suggests that the moulds. Nonetheless, they are both Crediton Type
collared urns and ‘battle-axes’ are not uncommon except for slight recent losses from the two ends of the site was inhabited for a long period throughout the dating to the Acton Park metalwork Phase and have
either regionally or nationally, but the bronze earrings convex blade and two small chips from the blade edge. Bronze Age. been found in Cornwall in hoards such as Perranzabuloe,
and bone items are more unusual finds, tending to be The body is a thin sub-trapezoidal form with straight Deposition: Returned to finder. Truro and Veryan (Pearce 1983: 577–581, pl.16, 18–20).
more frequent in Yorkshire than elsewhere, while the sides on the butt-half broadening to the expanded Disposition: Royal Cornwall Museum hopes to acquire.
A Rohde
accessory cup belongs to a regionally specific blade. The long profile is lenticular or slightly angled at
A Tyacke & B Roberts
ceramic group. the central, thickest part where the slight ‘stop’ cross
It is clear from the cremated bones that only one bevel occurs. The blade also has a slight crescentic 23. Garveston, Norfolk: copper-alloy chisel
person was included in the burial, thus all the grave sharpening facet parallel to and c. 8mm from the edge. (PAS: NMS-894E92) 25. Kendal, Cumbria: copper-alloy rapier fragment
goods relate to his personal possessions or the esteem There is no ‘flanging’ to the sides of the axe. There Date: Early to Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600–c. 1400 BC). (PAS: LANCUM-81DDE1)
in which he was held. A number of factors suggest are three linear recent abrasions (perhaps caused by Discovery: Found by Richard Girling while metal- Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1500–c. 1150 BC).
that the Stanbury burial is that of a significant person. a plough) on one face. There is some visible green detecting in March 2007, and recorded by Andrew Discovery: Found by Robert Wilson while metal-
The assemblage is exceptionally rich for the earlier invasive corrosion, especially along the blade facets, Rogerson (Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service). detecting in 2007, and recorded with Dot Boughton
Bronze Age in Britain as a whole, and especially for the causing slight pitting in places, but elsewhere the Description: A narrow chisel of palstave form in quite (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO).
eastern Pennines area, containing as it does a number surfaces are good with a mid to dark brown patination. fresh condition with a small part of one end of the Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy rapier
of items which are relatively unusual even as individual Length: 87mm. Width (across blade): 34mm. Width cutting edge and patches of the patinated surface blade which is likely to belong to the Acton Park 2,
grave goods. The association of bronze earrings with a (across butt): 19mm. Thickness: 8.9mm. Weight: 87g. missing. There is no stop-ridge but the broad faces Taunton (Cemmaes) or Penard metalwork Phases of the
collared urn burial appears to be unique. Discussion: The size and form of the ‘axe-chisel’, of the haft slope up quite abruptly to meet the full later Middle Bronze Age and corresponding to Period 5
Disposition: Bradford Museums hopes to acquire although having slight ‘stop’ bevels, is very similar to thickness of the blade. The flanges run from this point (Needham et al. 1997: 133–134). The hilt (which was
that excavated from a dated context at Worlingham, to the butt. One face of the blade is bevelled above the made from perishable material such as antler, wood or
J Richardson
Suffolk (Find: WGM 007) in 2001 found in association cutting edge. Dimensions: 111 x 21 x 14mm. Weight: bone) is missing and so are the rivets with which it was
with Beaker pottery and dated to c. 2100 BC. The stop- 98.77g. attached to the blade. The flat blade was very thinly
20. Bardney, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy flat axe bevels on this suggest a slightly later date, probably Discussion: This chisel dates to the transitional cast and the edges are chipped. Dimensions: 142.43 x
(PAS: LIN-D527F1) c. 2000 BC, for this specimen. period from the end of the Early Bronze Age and the 31.8 x 2.32mm.
Date: Early Bronze Age (c. 2000–c. 1800 BC). Disposition: Returned to finders. beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. The distribution Discussion: Towards the end of the Middle Bronze
Discovery: Found by Colin Warwicker while searching of this form of flanged chisel is concentrated in East Age there was a decline in the quality and design of
F Minter & C PENDLETON
with a metal-detector in 2007, and recorded by Adam Anglia with similar examples known from Burwell Fen, rapiers and a move from those with a trapezoidal
Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO). Cambridgeshire, and West Row, Suffolk (Rowlands 1976: hilt to notch hilted rapiers characterised by a flat
Description: Incomplete cast copper-alloy flat axe of 22. Newark area, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy 350, 353, nos. 1097, 1099 & 1129, pl. 34). An example midrib blade and with rivets placed at the hilt sides
Class 3F (Needham et al. 1988: 386, fig. 1). It has a spearhead (PAS: DENO-1DCEB3) from Great Witchingham, Norfolk (HER Ref: 28968), is (Rowlands 1976: 71), as is the case with the rapier from
narrow butt with a rounded end, a narrow blade with Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1680–c. 1400 BC). slightly smaller and another, similar in length but with Kendal. A similar rapier fragment was found at Alrewas
slight flanges, and a broad and extended blade. The Discovery: Found by Stuart Boden while metal- a more widely flaring blade, was found at Swaffham, and Fradley, Staffordshire, and recorded by the PAS
sides gently flare outwards to the crescentic cutting detecting in early 2007, and recorded by Anja Rohde Norfolk (HER Ref: 2664), during the 19th century. (WMID-A78747).
edge which is very abraded and damaged with both (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder. The finder was very pleased to have discovered this
blade tips missing. The axe is so worn that the crest is Description: A copper-alloy side-looped spearhead object and wanted to share the find with others. He
E B Darch
nearly at the same level as the main body. There are no with a wide, flame-shaped blade with flat wings, a generously donated the rapier to the FLO’s handling
visible edge bevels. The entire surface of the axe is mid- prominent lozenge-sectioned midrib and a conical, and teaching collection.
green with a light brown patina. Length: 75mm. socketed shaft with a flattened loop on either side. 24. Wadebridge, Cornwall: base-metal deposit of Disposition: Lancashire & Cumbria FLO handling
Discussion: Although there is a good record of Late There are defined blade edge bevels on both sides of two palstave axes (PAS: CORN-9155C2 & 90A647); collection.
Bronze Age activity in the Witham Valley, where a the blade demonstrating that the blade was extensively Treasure: 2007 T630)
D Boughton
number of barrow cemeteries are located, as well as re-sharpened. Dimensions: 104.8 x 31 x 1.9mm. Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1500–c. 1400 BC).
numerous finds over the years of axes, spears and Diameter (socket): 19.4mm. Weight: 54.2g. Discovery: Found by Yvonne Parker while metal-
hoards, less is known of the Early to Middle Bronze Discussion: Various forms of side-looped spears are detecting in October 2007, 20cm apart, and reported
Age. Therefore, this flat axe adds significantly to the known during this period when the bronze spear can to Anna Tyacke (Cornwall FLO).
evidence for settlement and ritual activity in the area be considered as the predominant weapon (Rowlands

42 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 43

 26. Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire: copper-alloy knife by the collar at the junction of the tang and blade Discussion: This axe is an example of an early palstave 31. Pett, East Sussex: base-metal deposit of three
(PAS: BH-C79921) and probably functioned as leather knives as they are with a low flange and broad blade of Group III (Schmidt palstaves (PAS: SUSS-15B261, 15DD86 & 15E741;
not suited to work on metal. Up to 22 of these type and Burgess 1981: 128–141, nos. 825–830, pl. 60). Treasure: 2007 T125)
Date: Middle/Late Bronze Age (c. 1500–c. 800 BC).
of chisels are recorded on the PAS database, of which Within Group III, this palstave fits most closely within
Discovery: Found by Andrew Hancox while metal- Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1250 BC).
three are from the West Midlands region. This is the the South-Western Palstave group characterised by
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Julian Watters Discovery: Found by Jeff Forrow while metal-detecting
first example recorded by the PAS from Worcestershire. the high angled flange which continues to rise above
(Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). in February and March 2007, in a straight line no more
Disposition: Returned to finder. the stop and then is angled sharply downwards after
Description: An unusually small tanged knife with than 15 feet apart, and reported to Liz Andrews-Wilson
the highest point. In addition, the distinctive expanded
a thin and flat blade. This implement is slightly A Bolton (Sussex FLO).
blade edge and protruding blade tips and decoration
shouldered, and at the centre of the upper edge of the Description:
(usually in the form of a version of the trident
incomplete short, flat tang there is a trace of a single 28. Ranby, Lincolnshire: quoit-headed pin 1. Palstave, very heavily corroded; the blade, flanges
pattern of this group of palstaves) is similar to that
rivet hole which would originally have been used to (PAS: NLM-15CFB4) and the butt are severely worn. The blade appears
of low-flanged palstaves. A palstave from the south
secure a bone or wooden handle. The blade is sub- fairly expanded and the flanges of medium height. It
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1300 BC). of Scotland, with decoration in the form of a ribbed
triangular in plan and has a shallow, central midrib is possible to detect three small ribs at the base of the
Discovery: Found by Garry Mills while metal- triangle, is similar to the palstave from Loggerheads
extending from approximately one third the way down septum. Length: 153mm. Weight: 291g.
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Lisa Staves (North (Schmidt and Burgess 1981: 142, no. 840, pl. 61).
the blade to just above the rounded tip. The blade 2. Palstave, Norman type; the blade, flanges and the
Lincolnshire FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder.
tapers towards the rounded point and the cutting edges butt are severely worn and heavily corroded. The
Description: Complete cast copper-alloy quoit-headed
on both sides are slightly convex and show no signs D Slarke blade is relatively unexpanded, the flanges are low and
pin of the Taunton metalworking Phase dating to the
of having been sharpened. Dimensions: 46.8 x 16.5 x these merge into a broken butt. There is an elongated
late Middle Bronze Age. The pin’s head is oval and is
2.2mm. Weight: 6.19g. 30. Blisland, Cornwall: copper-alloy palstave axe triangular indentation below the stop-ridge.
slightly pointed where it joins the circular-sectioned
Discussion: Tanged knives occurred from the late blade fragment (PAS: CORN-CA0B11) Length: 123mm. Weight: 291g.
shaft. The head has an H-section which appears to have
Middle to the Late Bronze Age. Similar, but larger, 3. Palstave, Norman type; the blade, flanges and the
been formed by hammering the edges of the ring to Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1300 BC).
examples of this type of knife are known from the River butt are severely worn and very heavily corroded. The
raise them into the flanges. The head is decorated with Discovery: Found by Brian Parker while metal-
Thames, near Runnymede, Surrey (Rowlands 1976: 355, blade is relatively unexpanded, the flanges are low and
nicks on the edges of both sides of the ring. Length: detecting in February 2007, and recorded by Anna
no. 1143, pl. 35), and from a Late Bronze Age hoard these merge into a damaged butt. There is an elongated
144mm. Diameter (head): 60–66.1mm. Weight: 29.11g. Tyacke (Cornwall FLO).
from Yattendon, Berkshire (Coghlan 1970: 17 Y. 15, pl. triangular indentation below the stop-ridge on one side.
Discussion: The pin dates to the Middle Bronze Age Description: Cast copper-alloy blade fragment from
III). It is suggested that knives cut from larger pieces are Length: 119mm. Weight: 247g.
and is a native British ‘Ornament Horizon’ product. a palstave. When complete, the palstave would have
relatively common in this period (Macgregor 1987: 110, Discussion: The finds retrieved represent a dispersed
Quoit-headed pins probably represent the first use and had a stop-ridge where the broken end is now, to stop
no. 11.72), although in this case, there is no evidence hoard. One palstave is of undefined type though
manufacture of pins for dress fastening and adornment. the wooden haft or handle from slipping down the
to suggest that the implement was formed from a appears to be of the broad-bladed and unlooped form.
Many of the shanks are slightly bent, and this suggests blade. The casting seams still remain on both sides of
larger object. The other two palstaves are Norman type which is
that they were damaged in use (Rowlands 1976: 86; the blade. The axe seems to have been poorly cast as
Disposition: On temporary display at Stockwood Park characteristic of Normandy, although examples have
Lawson 1979: 120–124). Most of the quoit-headed it looks quite porous at the broken end of the blade,
Museum, Luton. been found in concentrations in east Hampshire
pins found come from the southern half of Britain and and the stop-ridge end has also been hammered in
and West Sussex (O’ Connor 1980: 47–49) which is
J Watters therefore, since this pin found in Lincolnshire, it is an antiquity. On the basis of the style and thickness of this
indicative of the connections between the southern
unusual find. palstave fragment, it probably dates from the Taunton
British coast and north-west France. The evidence for
27. Hampton Lovett, Worcestershire: copper-alloy Disposition: Returned to finder. Phase. Length: 82mm. Width: 59mm. Thickness (cutting
the cross-channel traffic of bronze objects at shipwreck
tanged chisel (PAS: WAW-F5FF52) edge): 3mm & 22mm wide; Thickness (at stop): 19mm.
L Staves sites and the absence of any large-scale mining in
Weight: 192.38g.
Date: Middle/Late Bronze Age (c. 1450–c. 500 BC). Ireland or Britain during this period would appear to
Discussion: Peter Northover (University of Oxford)
Discovery: Found by Ivor Wills while metal-detecting 29. Loggerheads, Staffordshire: copper-alloy indicate extensive procurement and recycling of metal
analysed the metallic composition of the palstave
in 2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & palstave axe (PAS: WMID-835786) objects, such as the Norman palstaves, that originated
and comments: ‘The palstave may be unused, having
Worcestershire FLO). on the Continent. The explanations for the discovery of
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1300 BC). been broken during the late stages of manufacture or
Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy palstaves in the landscape remain orientated towards
Discovery: Found by Ian Wild while metal-detecting perhaps when someone first tried to use it. When you
tanged chisel dating to the Ewart Park to Llyn Fawr ritual deposition in specific places (Bradley 1998).
in June 2007, and recorded with Duncan Slarke cast a palstave there is a tendency for the septum to
metalworking Phases. The blade is widely splayed and Disposition: Hastings Museum hopes to acquire.
(Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO). freeze before the much thicker centre section. Hot
there is a projecting collar at the junction with the
Description: A copper-alloy low-flanged looped metal can no longer feed into that area which then B Roberts
incomplete rectangular-sectioned tang to prevent
palstave from the Taunton Phase. Below the thick butt, suffers a lot of shrinkage; as it is the last area to freeze
the handle slipping down the blade, which expands in
and running approximately halfway down the blade, any dross and other debris ends up in that area too. 32. Hambledon area, Hampshire: base-metal group
width towards the collar. The blade is sub-triangular in
there is a ribbed decoration representing a version of The analysis gave a high tin bronze content (15.7% of a palstave axe and a socketed hammer (PAS:
plan with slightly concave sides and the lower blade
the trident pattern, with converging rib motifs forming tin) which is much to be expected either side of the HAMP-3056F8 & 2CB8E2; Treasure: 2007 T662)
expanded, convex and abraded. The surface of the chisel
a V design pointing towards the cutting edge with a Channel at that time. The blade is as cast and it is
has an incomplete dark brown patina, which is pitted, Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1150 BC).
ribbed sub-triangular design nested within. The blade rather more usual to find whole or broken imported
particularly on one surface. Dimensions: 38.98 x 18.74 Discovery: Found by Lawrence Hall while metal-
has a distinctive expanded edge and protruding tips palstaves in that state than more locally produced
x 5.38mm. Weight: 11.5g. detecting in November 2007, and reported to
as well as a heavily curved faceted cutting edge and ones. It probably came from the north coasts of the
Discussion: Tanged chisels occur from the end of Rob Webley (Hampshire FLO).
a well-developed edge bevel. The palstave survives in Armorican peninsula, to as far east as the Cotentin
the Bronze Age and remain in use until Llyn Fawr Description:
exceptionally good condition, with only minor damage in France.’
metalwork (c. 1450–c. 500 BC). They are characterised 1. Palstave with a narrow square butt, low tapering
visible, and has a dark brown patina. Length: 138.5mm. Disposition: Returned to finder.
flanges, slight lip on the stop-ridge with a complete
Width (blade edge): 66.6mm. Width (butt): 34.9mm.
A Tyacke & P Northover

44 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 45

 loop adjoining. This leads down to narrow body divided 34. Binsted, Hampshire: copper-alloy penannular 2. Gold wire, sub-rectangular in cross-section, with west England, though they have tended to be deposited
by single midrib finishing with a slightly flared blade. arm-ring (PAS: HAMP-C73581) curving meanders, suggesting it was once coiled. One with accompanying gold objects
Length: 148mm. Weight: 418.7g. terminal has a globular-shaped head; the other has (Roberts 2007).
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1100 BC).
2. Socketed hammer. Sub-rectangular mouth with a flattened and folded back hook terminal. Length: Disposition: Wiltshire Heritage Museum hopes
Discovery: Found by Peter Wonson while metal-
single collar moulding leading to a square section and a 40.7mm. Diameter (wire): 0.7–1mm. Weight: 1.13g. to acquire.
detecting before 2006, and recorded by Rob Webley
slightly curved, smooth and worn terminal with flared Discussion: These two artefacts were found in exactly
(Hampshire FLO) in 2007. M Lodwick, M Davies & B Roberts
edges, presumably due to repeated impacts rather than the same location as the Burton Hoard (TAR 2004, no.
Description: Complete cast copper-alloy penannular
design. Length: 63mm. Weight: 134.9g. 485), and are therefore additions to the original hoard.
arm-ring dating to the Taunton metalworking tradition. 37. Stone, Buckinghamshire: gold composite ring
Discussion: The palstave can be classified according to The biconical bead is of identical form and similar
It has a slightly oval shape with the terminals flattened (PAS: BUC-9754C7; Treasure: 2007 T118)
Rowlands’ (1976: 34–36) scheme as Class 5 Group 1 dimensions to three other examples within the hoard.
by hammering. Decorated panels of geometric
and dates the group to the Taunton and potentially the In Britain and France, good parallels may be found in Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1300–c. 1100 BC).
patterning consisting of pairs of incised, surmounted
subsequent Penard Phase metalworking assemblages. Middle Bronze Age contexts (c. 1400–c. 1100 BC). The Discovery: Found by Richard Baier while metal-
lozenges alternately with chevrons in a herringbone
It is during these centuries that the earliest socketed gold wire was found attached to the biconical bead, the detecting in March 2007, and reported to Ros Tyrrell
pattern, separated by columns of five or six vertical
hammers are evidenced (O’ Connor 1980: 61). flattened hook terminal being held inside the interior (Buckinghamshire FLO).
grooves. Diameter (external): 63mm. Width: 54mm.
Disposition: Acquired by Winchester Museums Service. of the bead. This object is hard to parallel, however Description: A small, tripartite composite gold ring
Thickness: 8mm.
its terminals resemble hook and clasp terminals on comprising three sections of oval-sectioned gold
B Roberts & N Doshi Discussion: Gold and bronze objects associated
cuff armlets and ribbon torcs of gold, which date to rod, probably soldered together. Diameter: 10.35 x
with the ‘Ornament horizon’ form part of a North
between c. 1600–c. 1300 BC. The wire may once 10.25mm. Weight: 7.21g. Surface analysis: gold and
33. Hempnall, Norfolk: copper-alloy palstave mould European tradition. This has led to the suggestion that
have been a finger-ring joined with ‘bulb and clasp’ silver contents of 76–80% and 16–19% respectively.
(PAS: SF-3C3B46) the examples from southern England may have been
terminals. Semi-quantitative metallurgical analysis of Discussion: A well-known type, decorative in nature.
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1100 BC). imported or at least inspired by ornaments derived
both the bead and the wire indicated a very high gold Disposition: Acquired by Buckinghamshire County
Discovery: Found by Terry Read while metal-detecting from overseas, initially among the earliest ornaments.
composition, with a small percentage of silver and Museum.
in 2007, identified by Colin Pendleton (Suffolk County However, it is also likely that bronze ornament
1–1.5% copper. G Varndell
Council Archaeological Service), and recorded by Faye production occurred in southern England (Roberts
Disposition: To be acquired by the National Museum
Minter (Suffolk FLO). 2007: 141–143).
of Wales.
Description: An incomplete single bronze valve from Penannular and annular arm-rings with incised 38. Ansley, Warwickshire: gold ribbon ornament
decoration are uncommon and have a distribution A Gwilt (PAS: WAW-C0C0B3; Treasure: 2007 T672)
a two-piece looped palstave mould. The blade end
and ‘corner’ are missing due to an ancient patinated concentrated in the southern counties of Hampshire, Date: Middle/Late Bronze Age (c. 1300–c. 800 BC).
break. The interior of the mould has an impression of a Wiltshire, Dorset and West Sussex with examples also 36. Seagry, Wiltshire: gold penannular bracelet Discovery: Found by Simon Hall while metal-
single looped palstave. The length of the cast palstave known from Suffolk and Norfolk. Great variety exists fragment (PAS: NMGW-A93765; Treasure: 2007 T510) detecting in August 1999, and reported to Angie Bolton
produced in the mould would have been 140mm. in the incised decorative motifs used on Liss Type (Warwickshire FLO).
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1300–c. 1100 BC).
The flanges on the edge of the mould have four small arm-rings and on other Middle Bronze Age ‘Ornament Description: A gold fragment of a parallel-sided
Discovery: Found by Pat Good while metal-detecting
concave sockets to fit matching knobs on the now horizon’ artefacts, such as Picardy pins. Decorated strip or ribbon. One end is neatly broken forming a
in May 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds
missing second half of the two-piece mould, allowing arm-rings were frequently found in association with straight edge while on the other the corners have been
Co-ordinator, Wales).
accurate assembly of the two parts for the casting other ‘native’ ornament forms in hoards and are often rounded, perhaps implying the original finish. The back
Description: A twisted penannular bracelet fragment.
process. There is also a casting sprue for excess molten also associated with palstaves (Rowlands 1971: 185). is undecorated, while the front carries eleven very finely
It is made on a rectangular-sectioned bar with a
metal at the top of the mould. The exterior edges of It is interesting that a very large proportion of the executed grooves aligned longitudinally.
plain, unexpanded terminal, the edges and corners
the mould are very irregular (much as cast). The form known ‘Ornament horizon’ incised bronze penannular Length: 22.5mm. Thickness: 0.2mm. Weight: 2.4g.
of which are sub-rounded. The bracelet has a
of the palstave is clearly visible on the exterior though and annular arm-rings have been found in Hampshire Discussion: This object cannot be identified with total
comparatively loose twist (of 180º on the fragment)
the blade is decorated with a cast design in the form (Roberts 2007: 159–160), which include the two arm- certainty, but similar multi-grooved ribbon ornaments
and approximately one-third of the original length is
of ribs, defining a raised triangle with a dividing central rings from Liss and the annular arm-ring from Stroud of Bronze Age date and of varied sizes are known
represented. The break would appear to have been cut
line. The design on this mould is very similar to one (FASW-DA4387; Worrell 2002: 89). from north-west Europe; this provides the most likely
through a little over half the thickness and bent or
of the pair of palstave moulds from Harling, Norfolk Disposition: Returned to finder. cultural background. Narrow-ribbon ornaments from
twisted through the remainder. The curvature on the
(Wymer 1987). Although similar to the Harling mould, R Webley bracelet fragment is likely to be similar to the original. the Saint-Marc-le-Blanc Hoard, Brittany, have fewer
the exterior finish of this example is somewhat cruder. Length: 40mm (straightened: approximately 58mm). and correspondingly broader ribs/grooves (Eluère 1982:
Dimensions: 170 x 60mm. Weight: 288g. 35. Burton, Wrexham (addenda): gold bead and gold Weight: 10.2g. Surface analysis: gold and silver contents 91, fig. 107). There are finer grooves on an earring
Discussion: According to Rowlands (1976) looped wire (PAS: NMGW-99FED6; Treasure: Wales 07.13) of approximately 86% and 12% respectively; this from Saint-Père-en-Retz, Loire-Atlantique (Eluère
palstaves do not occur until the Taunton Phase of composition is broadly consistent with Middle Bronze 1982: 53, fig. 63), and finer still on some Irish Bronze
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 1100 BC).
the Middle Bronze Age. Bronze palstave moulds are Age goldworking. Age ornaments. Among the latter are examples in
Discovery: Found by Joseph Perry, Peter Skelly and
extremely rare; this is only the tenth example known Discussion: The penannular bracelet is of bar-twisted two important associations, from Saintjohns, County
William May while metal-detecting in August 2007,
from mainland Britain. The only other examples from type which is characteristic of the Middle Bronze Age Kildare, and Derrinboy, County Offaly. The Derrinboy
reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales)
East Anglia are a complete example from Harling, with examples known in Ireland and Britain. Eogan pieces have enhanced ribs along the long edges not
and identified by Adam Gwilt (National Museum
Norfolk, and a fragment from the Late Bronze Age (1994: 50) classifies the form of bar bracelet as Type 3. present on the Ansley fragment (Eogan 1994: 63, fig.
Wales).
hoard from Isleham, Cambridgeshire This bracelet fragment can be closely paralleled with 27B, pl. XII). See also TAR 2003, nos. 1–2 for comparable
Description:
(O’ Connor 1980: 366). two complete examples found at Saintjohns, County British fragments.
1. A biconical bead made of sheet gold with a central
Disposition: Returned to finder. Kildare (Eogan 1994: 63, fig. 27B 2–3, pl. XII; Taylor Disposition: Acquired by Warwickshire Museum.
perforation for suspension. The bead is damaged and
1980: ref. CoKd 9–10). Twisted gold bracelets and torcs B Roberts
F Minter & C PENDLETON misshapen, with a snag and a tear evident. Diameter:
have been found in Wiltshire and throughout south-
13.5mm. Height/width: 8mm. Thickness (sheet):
<0.1mm. Weight: 0.84g.

46 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 47

 39. West Acre, Norfolk: gold sheet strip fragment rings’ covered with gold foil, electrum wire or plating 7a. Palstave blade fragment with a narrow blade that extending from below the stop and which tapers
(PAS: NMS-BE02A4; Treasure: 2007 T8) are most common during the Late Bronze Age. This is heavily corroded. Length: 58mm. Weight: 99.8g. towards the cutting edge. Visually the midrib creates
example may represent the transition between solid 7b. Palstave butt fragment. The flanges and stop-ridge two strips with rounded ends either side of the midrib
Date: Possibly Middle/Late Bronze Age
gold and foil construction, therefore as a potentially are heavily worn and corroded. The break does not look on both sides. The cutting edge has been worked a little
(c. 1300–c. 800 BC).
early example of a ‘hair-ring’, could date to as early fresh, yet this piece fits the above fragment. This can so it is only slightly splayed. The edge itself is damaged
Discovery: Found by Stephen Brown while metal-
as the end of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1300–c. 1150 be classified as a Transitional Type. Length: 61mm. and on one side heavily pitted. The sides of the axehead
detecting in December 2006, and reported to Erica
BC). Semi-quantitative analysis of the ring indicates a Weight: 96.2g. have been smoothed down so the casting flashes
Darch (Norfolk FLO) in 2007.
very high gold composition, with a small percentage of 8. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has are only just detectable. Much of the original patina
Description: Fragment of gold sheet strip with
silver and 1% copper. The ring was found in the lower a damaged butt, broken loop and worn flanges. The survives as dark green and black, between the flanges
one straight end complete and the other missing.
fill of a ditch at the periphery of a settlement, providing form of the flanges appears to be triangular running and either side of the midrib particularly, although
Throughout its length one long edge is folded over.
important dating evidence for its occupation during the down to a gently flaring blade. It can be classified as a it is missing from the more prominent areas. Length:
Eight longitudinal grooves cover the remainder of the
Later Bronze Age. Transitional Type. Length: 146mm. Weight: 330.2g. 153mm. Thickness (blade edge): 40.3mm. Thickness
object apart from a narrow strip along the other edge,
Disposition: Acquired by Oriel Ynys Môn, Llangefni, 9. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has (at stop): 32.4mm. Weight: c. 400g.
which was probably once also folded over. Length
with the rest of the site archive; the landowner donated a heavily damaged butt, broken loop and worn flanges. Discussion: Transitional palstaves are narrow-bladed
(minimum): 32mm. Weight: 1.12g. Surface analysis
their share. There are visible trident markings on the narrow blade. and with a chronology and form which is positioned
indicated a gold content of approximately 89–91%.
It can be classified as a Transitional Type. Length: between Middle Bronze Age broad-blade palstaves and
Discussion: Though the object cannot be identified A Gwilt
131mm. Weight: 300.7g. the Late Bronze Age narrow-bladed palstaves (Schmidt
with total certainty, it is very comparable to multi-
10. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has and Burgess 1981: 145). Type Roundhay is associated
grooved ribbon ornaments dating to the Bronze Age 41. East Knoyle, Wiltshire: base-metal hoard of 11 a heavily damaged butt, broken loop and worn flanges. with the Penard Phase which represents the latest of
in Britain and north-west Europe. Parallels in mainland palstave axes (PAS: YORYM-954174; Treasure: 2007 The base of the stop-ridge is decorated with three the Middle Bronze Age phases.
Britain include The Hamel, Oxfordshire (Palmer 1980), T295) straight raised lines. The blade is gently flaring and is a Disposition: Returned to finder.
and recent finds at Fontwell Magna, Dorset (TAR 2003,
Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1275–c. 1150 BC). Transitional Type. Length: 143mm. Weight: 314.5g.
no. 1), and Flixton, North Yorkshire (TAR 2003, no. 2). K Hinds
Discovery: Found by Neal Blatherwick while metal- 11. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. Broken
The compositional evidence is admittedly lower in
detecting in May 2007, all together (except one at the stop-ridge leaving only a narrow blade and
copper than might be expected for this period, but this 43. Trotton with Chithurst, West Sussex:
recovered 3m away), and reported to Beth Echtenacher the remnants of very worn flanges. The narrow blade
is not always reliable in assigning date. Although it is copper-alloy hammer (PAS: SUSS-2D5992)
(North & East Yorkshire FLA). indicates a Transitional Type. Length: 149mm.
not possible to be certain that the fragment is Bronze
Description: Weight: 235.7g. Date: Middle/Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–c. 800 BC).
Age, it is almost certainly ancient.
1. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It Discussion: The palstaves are of the Transitional Type Discovery: Found by Tim Claydon while metal-
Disposition: Norwich Castle Museum hopes to acquire.
has a damaged butt, worn flanges and potentially typical of the Penard Phase metalworking assemblages. detecting in 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews-Wilson
B Roberts the remains of a broken loop. There is no decoration While it is hard to define much more typological detail, (Sussex FLO).
evident. The narrow blade and apparent shape of the there is substantial variation in the sizes and overall Description: An incomplete copper-alloy socketed
40. Trearddur, Isle of Anglesey: gold penannular ring flanges indicate a Transitional Type. Length: 117mm. forms of the palstaves. The deliberate placing of the hammer surviving in two joining fragments. The
(PAS: NMGW-9AC224; Treasure: Wales 07.23) Weight: 230g. palstaves in a pit concurs with broader patterns of hammer has a rectangular section and a socket which
2. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It metalwork deposition in the landscape. is 36mm deep. The sub-rectangular mouth has a single,
Date: Middle/Late Bronze Age (c. 1300–c. 800 BC).
has a damaged butt, broken loop and worn flanges. Disposition: Acquired by Salisbury & South Wiltshire wide undecorated mouth moulding and below this
Discovery: Found in the course of an archaeological
The narrow blade and apparent shape of the flanges Museum. there is a series of narrow mouldings. The edges of
excavation by the Gwynedd Archaeological Trust
indicate a Transitional Type. Length: 131mm. the hammer are slightly curved. The object has broken
during October 2007; the developer-funded project B Roberts
Weight: 215.7g. about two-thirds of the way down its length. The break
was being undertaken in advance of an industrial
3. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has a is badly worn and corroded but appears to have been
estate development. Reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds 42. Heytesbury, Wiltshire: copper-alloy palstave axe
damaged butt and blade, broken loop and worn flanges. a relatively recent, rather than an ancient break. The
Co-ordinator, Wales) and identified by Adam Gwilt (PAS: WILT-D1AD62)
The triangular flanges create a relatively deep stop- metal has a silver patina which is likely to be a result
(National Museum Wales).
ridge that leads down to a gently flaring blade. It can Date: Middle Bronze Age (c. 1250–c. 1100 BC). of the casting process. No casting sprues lines are
Description: A small penannular ring of sheet gold
be classified as a Transitional Type. Length: 151mm. Discovery: Found by George Bates while metal- evident but some miscast marks are visible indicating
construction, with simple terminals separated by a
Weight: 345.4g. detecting in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds that this hammer was never finished to a high level.
narrow gap. The sheet strip has been carefully folded
4. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has (Wiltshire FLO). Length (combined): 96.6mm. Diameter (socket,
over, to give an oval shaped cross-section, the internal
a damaged blade and worn broken flanges. The narrow Description: Middle Bronze Age transitional looped internal): 15.6–15.9mm. Thickness: 19.9–29.2mm.
edges around the interior diameter being separated
blade and apparent shape of the flanges indicates a palstave of Type Roundhay, Midribbed Variant (Schmidt Depth (socket): 36mm. Weight: 235g.
by a gap of 1–1.5mm. The ring has been dinted, with
Transitional Type. Length: 149mm. Weight: 235.7g. and Burgess 1981: 149–150, pls. 64–65). The butt end Discussion: Socketed hammers are relatively rare finds
a compression crimp in one place causing a small tear.
5. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has a is slightly damaged but this is a result of the casting in late Middle Bronze Age contexts but are known from
Diameter (external): 14.8mm. Thickness (ring): 2.3–
heavily damaged butt and blade and worn flanges. The process rather than through use or plough damage. Late Bronze Age contexts, more commonly occurring
3.7mm. Thickness (sheet): <0.5mm. Weight 1.41g.
loop is intact. The flanges are triangular-shaped leading Further casting errors can be seen just below the butt in Ewart Park Phase hoards, dating to c. 1000–c. 800
Discussion: This ring finds parallel with both
down to the gently flaring blade with visible trident end and on the stop. The stop is c. 75mm from the butt BC. Hammers are likely to have been metalworkers’
penannular gold rings and ‘hair-rings’ of the Middle and
decoration. It can be classified as a Transitional Type. end and the flanges are highest here (c. 13–14mm). In tools and similar examples are recorded by the PAS
Late Bronze Age (c. 1400–c. 800 BC), which are now
Length: 146mm. Weight: 374.1g. profile, the stop is not obtrusive, as on late palstaves. from Bedingfield, Suffolk (SF-B89096), and Basingstoke,
generally thought to be either hair or ear adornments.
6. Palstave, with heavy corrosion and chipping. It has a Below the stop the sides, which are 23.3mm wide Hampshire (HAMP-1F3730).
Rings of twisted bar or circular rod construction
heavily damaged butt, broken loop and worn flanges. A below the stop, are parallel and narrow before gradually Disposition: Returned to finder.
tend to date to the Middle Bronze Age, while ‘hair
casting seam is visible on either side. It can be classified expanding at the cutting edge to a width of 40.3mm.
L ANDREWS-WILSON
as a Transitional Type. Length: 144mm. Weight: 348.8g. At the centre there is a prominent rounded midrib

48 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 49

 44. Fawley, Hampshire: gold penannular ring 47. Kettering area, Northamptonshire: gold 49. Lavenham, Suffolk: copper-alloy harness fitting south-west England with the largest concentration in
(PAS: HAMP-4AA958; Treasure: 2007 T59) penannular ring (PAS: NARC-773944; (PAS: ESS-B46EE5) Wiltshire (Robinson 1995: 60). Although most have
Treasure: 2007 T74) been considered to date to the Roman period, it is
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–c. 750 BC). Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1100–c. 1000 BC).
interesting that a number of examples have recently
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in November Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–c. 750 BC). Discovery: Found by Mr P Sexton while metal-
been discovered during the metal-detector survey of a
2006, and reported to Rob Webley (Hampshire FLO) Discovery: Found by Ian Wray while metal-detecting detecting in 2007, and recorded by Laura McLean
large occupation and ‘midden’ complex dating to the
in 2007. in January 2007, and reported to Steven Ashby (Essex FLO). Adam Gwilt (National Museum of Wales)
Late Bronze Age and Earliest Iron Age at Whitchurch,
Description: A penannular ring with a plump oval (Northamptonshire FLO). and Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales) also
Warwickshire (Waddington 2007).
cross-section. Some lifting at the terminals indicates Description: A plain penannular ring of near-circular commented on this object.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
that the piece comprises a gold covering over a base- cross-section. Some lifting at the terminals shows the Description: A bugle-shaped fitting which is part of a
metal core. The ring bears decorative stripes of yellow piece to comprise a gold covering over a base-metal composite strap distributor in the form of a toggle. The K Hinds
and paler gold, but the decoration is extremely worn, core. Diameter (external): 16.5 x 17.5mm. Weight: D-shaped ring is hollow with a central hole (diameter:
except where protected in the centre. Diameter: 16.5 x 7.46g. Surface analysis: gold and silver contents of 5.8mm). A staple-like loop with a sub-triangular section 51. Amport area, Hampshire: base-metal deposit of
16mm. Weight: 7.71g. Surface analysis: gold and silver 70–74% and 22–24% respectively. is appended to the flatter upper edge (dimensions: 3.31 three palstave axes and three socketed axes (PAS:
contents for the yellow stripes of approximately 78% Discussion: A well-known type, decorative in character. x 13.81 x 6.87mm). There are some sandy inclusions HAMP-4F38A4, 4F1980, 4EB8B3, 4EA817, 4DE734 &
and 19% respectively. Disposition: Acquired by Northampton Museum. on the upper surface of the fitting, and these may 4F78E6; Treasure: 2007 T704)
Discussion: A well-known type, decorative in character. be the remnants from the casting. The artefact has a
G Varndell Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC).
Disposition: Hampshire Museums Service hopes dark grey-black patina, with small patches of copper
Discovery: Found by Giles Woodhouse and Vivienne
to acquire. corrosion. Dimensions: 30.29 x 24.65 x 13–9.94mm.
48. Ilam, Staffordshire: copper-alloy socketed Brett while metal-detecting in April and October 2007,
Discussion: This fitting can be closely paralleled by
G Varndell axehead (PAS: WMID- DE6E34) and reported to Rob Webley (Hampshire FLO).
examples in the Parc y Meirch (Abergele), Conwy,
Description:
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1100–c. 1000 BC). Hoard of harness fittings (Savory 1980: 119, no. 269,
45. Witchingham area, Norfolk: gold penannular ring 1. Palstave, Transitional Type with a narrow body
Discovery: Found by Julian Lee while metal-detecting fig. 39) in the National Museum of Wales. Other
(PAS: NMS-EA2C32; Treasure: 2007 T475) with slightly flared blade, three midribs, a side loop,
in 2007, and recorded with Caroline Johnson examples of bugle-shaped fittings are known from
deep flanges and a broken butt. There is some
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–c. 750 BC). (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO). Late Bronze Age hoards at Ramsgate, Kent (TAR 2005/6,
post-depositional scratching and impact damage.
Discovery: Found by Marilee Doucet while metal- Description: An almost complete copper-alloy no. 61, fig. 61.2), and Berwick-upon-Tweed area,
Length: 145mm. Weight: 399.9g.
detecting in August 2007, and reported to Erica Darch indented socketed axehead of Type Ulleskelf of the Northumberland (TAR 2005/6, no. 20, fig. 64.1).
2. Palstave, Transitional Type with a narrow body with
(Norfolk FLO). Wilburton metalwork tradition. The mouth is square Disposition: Returned to finder.
slightly flared blade, two midribs, a pronounced stop-
Description: Penannular gold ring of flattened oval and has three narrow, horizontal-mouth mouldings
L McLean ridge, a large side loop, deep flanges and a slightly
cross section. A tear at one terminal has exposed the and a single loop. The axe is sub-rectangular in plan
broken butt. There is some post-depositional scratching
base-metal (bronze) core. There is no evidence of with a slender, straight-sided body with a semicircular
50. Mildenhall, Wiltshire: copper-alloy model for and impact damage. Length: 146mm. Weight: 479g.
decorative bands of differing colours of gold. Diameter: indentation on each side of the body accentuated by a
socketed axehead (PAS: WILT-12C795) 3. Palstave, Transitional Type with a narrow-bodied
15–16mm. Weight: 7.21g. Surface analysis: gold and raised plate. The axehead is slightly worn but generally
palstave with flared blade, with four midribs, a side
silver contents of 75–78% and 15–18% respectively. in a good condition with an even green/grey patina. Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC).
loop, a pronounced stop-ridge, deep flanges and
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum; the Length: 102.5mm. Width (socket): 30mm. Thickness: Discovery: Found by Mark Gillett while metal-
a straight butt. There is some post-depositional
finder donated her share. 22.5mm. Width (cutting edge): 40mm. Weight: 163.24g. detecting in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds
scratching and impact damage. Length: 126mm.
Discussion: Indented axes are an uncommon form (Wiltshire FLO).
A Rogerson & G Varndell Weight: 391g.
of socketed axe which follows the earlier tradition of Description: Copper-alloy model of a socketed
4. Socketed axe, South Eastern Type, with double-
Taunton Type and Variant Bishopsland axes which also axehead in miniature form. The mouth has a slight
46. Theydon Mount, Essex: gold penannular ring mouth moulding, sub-rectangular body section, and a
have similar long, slender bodies, but differ in having moulding which is emphasised by a groove beneath.
(PAS: ESS-45C591; Treasure: 2007 T259) rectangular cross-sectioned socket with body running
the pair of indentations on the sides. Similar examples The loop is cast integrally with the axe rather than
parallel along its length. It has a slightly flaring collar
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1150–c. 750 BC). are known from Ulleskelf, West Yorkshire, Newbald, being set well into the side; it is 8.7mm long with a
and two internal ribs. There is slight post-depositional
Discovery: Found by Mike Steele while metal-detecting East Yorkshire, and two examples from the River Ribble, circular perforation and shows no sign of wear. The
damage to the collar. Length: 80mm. Weight: 174g.
in May 2007, and reported to Laura McLean Lancashire (Schmidt and Burgess 1981: 178–179, nos. socket is shallow and there are traces of iron within
5. Socketed axe, South Eastern Type, with double-
(Essex FLO). 1010–1013, pl. 71). Schmidt and Burgess state that this it (dimensions: 9.2 x 5.6 x 3mm). The surface of the
mouth moulding, sub-rectangular body section,
Description: A penannular ring of oval cross-section. form ‘of indented socketed axe is clearly in the tradition axe has lost some of its original patina, although it
and a rectangular cross-sectioned socket with body
The piece originally had alternate stripes of yellow and derived from Type Taunton and Variant Bishopland’ and is mostly smooth and shiny. Length: 38.5mm. Width:
running parallel along its length. There is slight post-
paler gold although this is now barely visible, except that ‘they are similar to other socketed axes of the 16.8–24.8mm. Depth (mouth): 12.7mm. Depth (blade
depositional damage to the blade. Length: 75mm.
internally where the surface is less worn. Measurement Wilburton/Wallington Type, with a similar long, slender, edge): 1.1mm. Weight: 31.28g.
Weight: 164g.
of specific gravity indicated that it comprises a gold square-mouthed body, with straight or slightly Discussion: Socketed axeheads of diminutive size or
6. Socketed axe, South Welsh Type, with flared blade,
covering over a base-metal core. Diameter: 16–18mm. curved sides.’ models are most likely to have been used as amulets or
straight-sided body diverging slightly, three midribs,
Weight: 9.21g. Surface analysis: gold and silver contents Disposition: Returned to finder. votive objects, although well-made examples such as
loop coming directly from the collar and pronounced
for the yellow stripes of 79–83% and 13–17% this, may have been used as a tool in a similar manner
D Slarke casting seam. Length: 96mm. Weight: 277g.
respectively. to very small flat axeheads of the Early Bronze Age (see
Discussion: The South Eastern socketed axes can be
Disposition: Acquired by Epping Forest District above). The lack of datable archaeological contexts
further classified as Type A1 Plain (Needham 1990:
Museum. associated with the majority of miniature axeheads
28, fig. 2) and Type B4 ribbed- and double-mouthed
has meant that their date range is very wide, spanning
G Varndell (Needham 1990: 36, fig. 6), broadly dating the hoard
from the Late Bronze Age to the end of the Roman
to the Ewart Park metal Phase as above. However,
period. The majority of miniature axeheads come from

50 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 51

 the transitional palstaves may be slightly earlier in inwards when the axe was broken up for scrap in and undecorated with relatively few pits running down protruding from the lower moulding. They have sub-
date (Schmidt and Burgess 1981) and thus kept in antiquity. Length: 48.5mm. Weight: 101g. to a flared blade. One blade corner has broken and rectangular bodies with angular corners leading down
circulation through time before being deposited. The 6. Socketed axe blade, deeply corroded; both broad corroded away. Length: 99mm. Weight: 331.1g (with to flaring blades. The blades chipped and worn, and
deliberate placing of bronze objects in the Hampshire sides have been bent inwards when the axe was broken earth remaining in the socket). on the smallest axe the blade appears to have been
landscape is well documented (Lawson 1999). up for scrap in antiquity. Length: 56.9mm. Weight: 93g. 2–9. Eight planoconvex bronze ingot fragments with completely broken off. Lengths: 81.5–93.5mm.
Disposition: Hampshire Museums Service hopes 7. Socketed axe fragment from the mouth of an curving cast surfaces. Lengths: 117–41mm. Weights: 162.4–179.9g.
to acquire. artefact with a prominent casting seam. Length: Weight (total): 3,368g. 7. Socketed axe, South Eastern Type Plain A1. It has
28.9mm. Weight: 24g. 10–11. Two bronze fragments with flat cast curved double-mouth moulding with a more prominent upper
B Roberts
8. Socketed axe fragment from the mouth of the surfaces. Lengths: 28 & 57mm. Weights: 69.1 & 201.3g. moulding and the loop protruding from the lower
artefact; a casting seam is present. The mouth had 12–27. Sixteen bronze fragments with broken edges. moulding, and a sub-rectangular body with angular
52. Uttlesford District, Essex: base-metal hoard been bent out of true when the axe was broken up for Lengths: 31–86mm. Weight (total): 3,760g. corners. The body and blade have been broken off
of ten socketed axes or fragments and 22 scrap in antiquity. Length: 47.5mm. Weight: 18g. Discussion: The South Eastern Type socketed axe can around halfway down. Length: 52.5mm. Weight: 114.4g.
metalworking fragments (PAS: ESS-259C45; 9. Socketed axe fragment from the mouth of the be further classified as Type A1 Plain (Needham 1990: 8. Socketed axe fragment. It has a broken collar and
Treasure: 2007 T497) artefact; all that survives of the loop are two stumps. 28, fig. 2) and broadly dates the hoard to the Ewart curved body fragment. Length: 40mm. Weight: 23.8g.
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC). Length: 30.2mm. Weight: 16g. Park metal Phase. The remaining objects are bronze 9. Socketed axe blade. Part of its body is flaring sharply
Discovery: Found by Barry Knee while metal-detecting 10. Socketed axe fragment from the mouth of the fragments of varying size, several appearing to have to a complete, but chipped and worn, blade.
in September 2007, all within 50cm of each other, and artefact; the stump of the upper loop is present below been part of planoconvex ingots, the forms, patinas Length: 60mm. Weight: 130.7g.
reported to Laura McLean (Essex FLO). the rim. Length: 21.6mm. Weight: 8g. and dimensions suggesting that certain fragments may 10. Socketed axe body fragment. It is heavily broken,
Description: 11–32. 22 copper-alloy ingot fragments. Weights: have been part of the same ingot. bent and corroded. Length: 44.5mm. Weight: 65.1g.
1. Incomplete looped socketed axe, Bilton (Worthing) 42–786g. Weight (total): 5,314g. The placing of apparently scrap metal in the landscape 11. Socketed axe blade. It is part of the body, flaring
Type, a variant of the ubiquitous South Eastern Type Discussion: The finds represent a hoard of Late Bronze is well documented during this period and has been sharply to fairly unworn blade. Length: 46mm.
axe (Schmidt and Burgess 1981: 214, pl. 85, nos. 1275– Age scrap metalwork. The South Eastern Type axes in well researched in Norfolk and Suffolk during this Weight: 88.9g.
1280). The sides are gently concave and terminate the hoard anchor the find securely in the Ewart Park period (Pendleton 1999). Traditional interpretations see 12–13. Two socketed axe blades. Both are broken
in an unexpanded blade; the upper half of the loop is Phase of the Late Bronze Age. 32 items were recovered these hoards as metalworkers’ reserves stored for later parts of the body, flaring to chipped and worn blades.
missing. The entire circuit of the mouth is absent, with a total weight of 6,196g. use. However, the failure to recover so many stored Lengths: 38.5 & 44mm. Weights: 52.4 & 86g.
along with part of the upper ends of the four sides. The association of ingot material with scrap metalwork metal objects implies that recovery may not always 14. Socketed axe mouth and body part. It has a heavily
Length: 97.5mm. Weight: 198g. destined for recycling lends the hoard a distinctly have been the aim. worn collar, two sets of three ribs and an angular body.
2. Complete looped socketed axe, Bilton (Worthing) industrial character. Many hoards of this kind have Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. Length: 46mm. Weight: 36.7g.
Type. The sides are gently concave and terminate in been reported from East Anglia and the home counties; 15. Possible sickle fragment, with a pronounced stop-
B Roberts
an unexpanded blade; the loop is present. There is an their links with industrial production have led to them ridge with low tapering flanges leading towards a
unobtrusive horizontal moulding immediately below being described as founders’ hoards. curving broken section that appears to have been a
the rim and another further down at the level of the A consensus has emerged over the last thirty years that 54. Offham, Kent: base-metal deposit of 14 blade structure. There is one hole in the body of the
upper end of the loop. Each broad face has a rib inside these Ewart Park Phase hoards are caches of bronze socketed axes or axe fragments, two possible stop-ridge together with a faint triangular imprinted
the socket that runs from the mouth to a quarter of and copper that were buried over a relatively short sickle fragments and ten ingot fragments, decoration. Length: 69mm. Weight: 48g.
the way down. Ribs of this kind are Ehrenberg (1981: period of time when ironworking became widespread (PAS: KENT-C2ABB7; Treasure: 2007 T579) 16. Possible sickle fragment, representing the terminal
215–216) Type 5a. Length: 79mm. Weight: 166g. towards the end of the Ewart Park Phase, c. 800 BC. Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC). of the stop-ridge of no. 15 with tapering flanges and
3. Two fragments of an incomplete looped socketed However, there is still debate as to whether or not the Discovery: Found by Ron Bowman while metal- broken ends. Length: 28mm. Weight: 9.5g.
axe, South Eastern Type. The sides are gently concave bronze in these hoards was recovered from the ground detecting in October 2007, across an area 5 x 5m, 17–19. Three planoconvex ingot fragments, with
and terminate in an expanded blade; the loop is because the demand fell when iron replaced bronze as and reported to Andrew Richardson (Kent FLO). curving cast surfaces. Lengths: 88–104.9mm.
present. There is a horizontal moulding immediately the staple metal for weaponry and tools (Burgess 1979: Description: Weight (total): 2,140.4g.
below the rim and another further down at the level 275–276; Needham 1990: 130–140; Needham et al. 1–2. Two complete socketed axes, South English ribbed 20–26. Seven bronze fragments, one with a cast edge.
of the upper end of the loop. On the narrow side that 1998: 93). Types. Both are trumpet-mouthed, with single collars Lengths: 26–78mm. Weight (total): 1,095.7g.
survives in its entirety, the casting seam is particularly Disposition: Saffron Walden Museum hopes to acquire. from which loops protrude. They have three equally Discussion: The socketed axes broadly date the hoard
prominent, especially on the loop where no attempt spaced ribs on the straight-sided bodies and slightly to the Ewart Park metal Phase. With the exception
P Sealey & B Roberts
had been made to remove or file it down. Most of two flaring blades. The larger axe possibly has two extra ribs, of the potential riveted sickle (Fox 1939: 137–139,
of the adjacent sides are missing from the rim to a although it is fairly worn so difficult to assess. The axes possibly Group A), the remaining objects are bronze
point just over halfway towards the blade. The blade 53. Attleborough area, Norfolk: base-metal deposit have visible casting seams. Lengths: 71.5 & 87.5mm fragments of varying size. The drapery decoration on
edge is still sharp. Length: 96mm. Weight: 142g. of a socketed axe and 26 metalworking fragments Weights: 159.9 & 223g. the South Eastern socketed axe no. 7 is relatively rare
4. Incomplete looped socketed axe, Bilton (Worthing) (PAS: NMS-1E6A46; Treasure: 2007 T555) 3. Complete socketed axe, South Eastern Type with in this country, though recent parallels are known from
Type, heavily corroded. The sides are gently concave Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC). drapery wing decoration. It has double-mouth Pencoyd, Herefordshire, (TAR 2005–6: no. 59), Bognor
and terminate in an unexpanded blade; the loop is Discovery: Found by Mark Dover while metal- moulding with a more prominent upper moulding and Regis (Maraszek 2006: 606, fig. XVII), as well as several
present. There is an unobtrusive horizontal moulding detecting in September 2007, and reported to the loop protruding from the lower moulding. It has older hoards (O’ Connor 1980: 521, List 122), which
immediately below the rim and another further down Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). a sub-rectangular body with angular corners leading include Wateringbury and Stourmouth, Kent.
at the level of the upper end of the loop. Description: down to fairly sharply flaring blade. The blade appears The placing of apparently scrap metal in the landscape
Length: 89.6mm. Weight: 116g. 1. Socketed axe, South Eastern Type. It has sub- to have been broken. Length: 97.5mm. Weight: 197.5g. is well documented during this period in Kent, though
5. Socketed axe blade. The cutting edge is gently rectangular double-mouth moulding of which the 4–6. Three complete socketed axes, South Eastern Offham lies beyond the traditional concentrations of
curved and still sharp; both casting seams had been upper moulding is prominent while the lower gives rise Type Plain A1. All have double-mouth moulding with hoards in east Kent.
removed with care. One face had been gently bent to the loop on the side of the body. The body is plain a more prominent upper moulding and the loop Disposition: Acquired by Maidstone Museum.
B Roberts & N Doshi

52 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 53

 55. Hoaden, Kent: base-metal group of 13 socketed 18. Curved sheet fragment, with semicircular curved 57. Thurlestone, Devon: copper-alloy spearhead of this bracelet in July 2000 (TAR 2000, no. 4).
axes or fragments, a palstave axe fragment, a section. Length: 38mm. Weight: 11.3g. (PAS: DEV- 2B4697) Disposition: Isle of Wight Heritage Service hoped
socketed gouge fragment, a sword blade fragment, 19–20. Two bronze ingot fragments, with curving cast to acquire but withdrew; to be returned to finder.
surfaces and broken edges. Lengths: 91 & 45.5mm. Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC)
a blade fragment and 16 metal-working fragments Discovery: Found by Justin Dalton while out walking in F Basford & B Roberts
(PAS: KENT-C93982; Treasure: 2007 T580) Weights: 666.4 & 168.8g.
21–34. Fourteen bronze fragments. Lengths: 67– 2007, and recorded by Danielle Wootton (Devon FLO).
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC). Description: An incomplete, copper-alloy barbed 59. Appledram, West Sussex: copper-alloy spearhead
22.5mm. Weight (total): 1,057.1g.
Discovery: Found by Daren Bishopp while metal- spearhead of Type IV (Burgess, Coombs and Davies (PAS: SUSS-2F7D75)
Discussion: The socketed axes broadly date the hoard
detecting in October 2007, in an area of about 7m2, 1972: 219–222, fig. 2) of the Ewart Park metalworking
to the Ewart Park metal Phase; see 54 for discussion Date: Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age
and reported to Andrew Richardson (Kent FLO). tradition. The spearhead has a hollow, fillet-defined (c. 900–c. 700 BC).
of parallels for the drapery decoration. The gouge
Description: and narrow leaf-shaped blade with a lozenge-shaped Discovery: Found by Tim Claydon while metal-
fragment is comparable to that found at Egham, Surrey
1. Socketed axe, complete South Eastern Type Plain section and two short rudimentary barbs at the base. detecting in 2007, and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson
(Needham 1990: 40, fig. 10, no. 74), and is relatively
A1. This has a double-mouth moulding with a more The upper blade is missing. The socket has opposed (Sussex FLO).
common throughout the Late Bronze Age.
prominent upper moulding and the loop protruding peg holes which are characteristically set high up and Description: An incomplete copper-alloy pegged
The placing of apparently scrap metal in the landscape
from the lower moulding. It has a sub-rectangular body located just below the blade. socketed spearhead. The socket of the spearhead
is well documented during this period in Kent, with this
with angular corners leading down to fairly sharply Discussion: Four main forms of barbed spearheads is possibly incomplete and very little of the badly
group located close to other concentrations of hoards
flaring blade. The collar and part of the body is broken are classified on the basis of the shape and size of the damaged blade survives. The blade would have been
in east Kent.
off. Length: 106mm. Weight: 223.7g. blade and tangs (Greenwell and Brewis 1909: 454; leaf-shaped with a lozenge-shaped section. Where the
Disposition: Acquired by Dover Museum; finder and
2. Socketed axe, complete Plainseau Type with drapery Smith 1909–1911; Burgess et al. 1972: 219–222). The socket joins the blade there is a sharp midrib of lozenge
landowner donated their share.
wing decoration interspersed with a single pellet vestigial barbs on the Thurlestone spearhead identify section which is decorated with three incised chevrons
decoration. It has double-mouth moulding with a B Roberts & N Doshi it as an example of the rare Donington Type after the on each side. On the apex of one of the chevrons there
more prominent upper moulding and the broken loop example from Donington on Bain, Lincolnshire, which are four small incised grooves on one side. The base of
protruding from the lower moulding. It has a long 56. Tywardreath, Cornwall: copper-alloy socketed is characterised by its narrow blade of elliptical section the socket is decorated with three closely set narrow
and slender body with angular corners leading down axehead (PAS: CORN-B2A682) and rudimentary barbs (Thompson 1954: 238). This mouldings, with two further mouldings 21.7mm up the
to slightly flaring blade. Each body side has drapery spearhead is very similar to examples from the Hatfield socket and another moulding close to the junction of
Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 800 BC).
wing decoration. The blade is fairly worn and chipped. Broad Oak Hoard, Essex (Davies 1979: 156, no. 36, fig. the socket and blade. The socket mouth contains two
Discovery: Found by Jamie Holland while metal-
Length: 116mm. Weight: 277.1g. 8.5), and Staines, Berkshire (Needham et al. 1997: 90, copper rivets, one of which extends through the whole
detecting in May 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke
3. Socketed axe, complete Continental variant on South fig. 19.2, DOB 39). width of the socket, while the other extends inwards
(Cornwall FLO).
Eastern Type with long drapery wings extending down This spearhead is an important find as it was found from the side of the mouth and meets the other one in
Description: Incomplete copper-alloy socketed
the body. It has a single-mouth moulding with a broken in the same general area as the famous Bloody Pool the middle; this appears to be broken and would once
axehead of South Welsh Type dating to the Ewart Park
loop protruding from below the collar. The slender body Hoard of 1854 from South Brent, Devon, which have extended to form a cross with the other rivet.
metalwork tradition. The sides are straight sided and
leads down to a slightly flaring blade. The blade is fairly contained fragments of Type I and Type II barbed Four rivet holes can be seen on the external rim of the
the cutting edge is expanded with the blade tips intact,
worn and chipped. Length: 98mm. Weight: 171.1g. spearheads and tubular ferrules (Burgess et al. mouth of the socket. From this point the socket tapers
if somewhat abraded. Its loop, mouth and moulding are
4. Socketed axe blade. Part of its body is flaring slightly 1972: 237). inwards towards the blade. Length: 89.2mm. Width
missing and the surface is worn and pitted, especially
to a fairly worn and chipped blade. Length: 59mm. Disposition: Returned to finder. (blade): 33.3mm. Width (socket): 19.4mm. Diameter
along the casting seams. A layer of the original patina
Weight: 101.1g. (socket): 3.7mm (internal), 20.5mm (external).
remains on one face with three ribs still visible. The D Wootton & S Worrell
5. Socketed axe blade, its body leading down to a Weight: 74g.
ribs extend down about three-quarters of the length
fairly worn and chipped sharply flared blade. There are Discussion: The spearhead is a rare example of an
of the body and the central rib is more pronounced 58. West Wight, Isle of Wight: gold penannular
possible rib terminals. Length: 53mm. Weight: 95.2g. elaborately decorated Alpine Type. Several other
and appears to be the longest. Dimensions: 83 x 30 x bracelet (PAS: IOW-FA17F8; Treasure: 2007 T490)
6. Socketed axe loop and collar fragment, with double copper-alloy examples of this Type are known and also
20mm. Thickness: 3mm. Weight: 94.27g.
moulded collar and complete loop. Length: 28mm. Date: Late Bronze Age (c. 1000–c. 750 BC). one iron example was found with the Melksham Hoard,
Discussion: South Welsh axes are three-ribbed
Weight: 16.4g. Discovery: Found by Colin Saunders while diving in Wiltshire (Gingell 1979: 246–7, no. 5, fig. 13), now in
socketed axeheads with distinctive features including
7–9. Three socketed axe blades with fairly worn and June 2007, and, in agreement with the Receiver of Devizes Museum (DZSWS:1972.11.1).
that the loop usually extends from the collar at the
chipped blades. Lengths: 46–34mm. Weights: 71–61.4g. Wreck, reported to Frank Basford (Isle of Wight FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder.
mouth and the ribs which extend halfway down the
10–13. Four socket fragments, three sub-angular, one Description: A complete gold penannular C-section
face before converging sharply, although parallel ribs
curved. Lengths: 29–20mm. Weights: 18.8–6.3g. bracelet with expanded terminals. The width of the L ANDREWS-WILSON & S Worrell
are not uncommon (Schmidt and Burgess 1981: 239).
14. Palstave stop-ridge fragment, with low worn flanges C-shaped body varies slightly throughout its length due
South Welsh socketed axeheads are also referred to
with a partially bent flange top. Loop is intact. to its misshapen state. The terminals are D-shaped with 60. Langton Matravers, Dorset: base-metal hoard
as Stogursey Type following the discovery in 1870
Length: 84mm. Weight: 190.2g. flat faces. Dimensions: 96.6 x 14mm. Weight: 70.61g. (PAS: HAMP-2865F1 & 893364; Treasure: 2007 T629
of a large hoard of 27 socketed axeheads and 40
15. Socketed gouge fragment, with plain semicircular Discussion: This type of penannular bracelet has been & 640)
fragments of South Welsh axes, two palstaves, two
gouge terminal tapering towards the beginning of a found throughout southern England. Eogan (1994) has Date: Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age
socketed gouges, two socketed knives, one chape, 22
semicircular socket terminal. Length: 48mm. noted nine different varieties in the British group and (c. 800–c. 600 BC).
sword fragments, 18 spearheads, 15 casting jets and 15
Weight: 27.5g. this bracelet, with its C-shaped body and expanded Discovery: Found by Tom Pierce, Leslie Keith and
ingot fragments in Stogursey, Somerset (McNeil 1973:
16. Sword blade fragment, with rounded midrib leading terminals, coincides with Eogan’s Type 3. Two bracelets Brian Thomas (2007 T640 only) while metal-detecting
figs. 1–2, nos. 1–30). Pearce (1983: 565, no. 43a, pl. 4)
to substantial edge bevels divided by a singular incised from the Tisbury Hoard, Wiltshire, are similar to this in late October and early November 2007 (Spencer
illustrates a similar example from St Erth, Cornwall,
line. Length: 40.5mm. Weight: 38g. example from West Wight (Eogan 1994: 85, fig. 38, pl. 2008). Subsequent excavations by Wessex Archaeology
which is now in Penzance Museum.
17. Blade fragment, with rounded midrib and heavily 11, nos. 4 & 5). A Late Bronze Age gold bracelet (Eogan confirmed that the hoards had been placed in three
Disposition: Royal Institution of Cornwall hopes
worn edge bevels. Length: 21mm. Weight: 6.1g. 1994: Type 1) was found about 2km from the location adjacent pits and a single pit 19m south-west. The
to acquire.
A Tyacke

54 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 55

 bases of the four pits were found in the excavation, lies in the four ribs which, rather than running straight towards an interpretation beyond the simple storage
but the sides of the pits had been destroyed during down the body, curve in two pairs towards each side of of metal. Indeed, it would appear in this case that a
the removal of the axeheads. Two postholes, one the axe and do not finish in pellets. vast number of axes were produced to a specific type,
containing pottery fragments of later Prehistoric date The sample of 15 socketed axes compositionally removed from their moulds, polished and subsequently
and possibly, but not necessarily, contemporary with analysed revealed a high-tin bronze content which discarded with no apparent functional use. While it is
the hoards, were also found. The charred plant remains can probably be assumed to be representative of the currently impossible to establish a fine chronological
from the postholes suggest that a settlement four hoards. The high-tin bronze composition of the resolution on the date of deposition, it occurred at
stood nearby. axes gave them their silvery patina but also left them the very end of the Bronze Age, perhaps within a
The hoards were deposited on the north-facing slope of highly brittle and unsuitable for functional tasks such generational timespan, where bronze apparently ceased
the Purbeck limestone, above a re-entrant to the west as woodworking. The thinness of the axes and the to be circulated or hoarded but when iron was still
with wide views across the Purbeck Ridge and Swanage frequently poor quality of casting would suggest that relatively rare (Thomas 1989; Needham 2007).
Bay, and from just above the site are wider views east the intention was that they would never be used. Contemporary activity to the socketed axes in the
to the sea and the Isle of Wight. From interviewing Furthermore, the remains of the clay casting core locale of the hoard on the Isle of Purbeck (Calkin 1949)
the finders and looking at their photographs, the axes appear to have been left inside the vast majority of the is seen in settlement and midden evidence at sites
appear to have been tightly packed in each pit in no axes, many socketed axes have their casting flashes such as nearby Langton Matravers (Calkin and Piggott
particular arrangement, potentially suggesting that intact, and very few show any signs of sharpening on 1939), Compact Farm (Graham et al. 2002), Eldon’s
they had been placed in a bag. The exact composition the blade. The microscopic examination of a small Seat, Kimmeridge (Cunliffe and Phillipson 1968), and
of each pit cannot be confirmed for the three adjacent sample of the axes revealed vertical striations (parallel Rope Lake Hole (Woodward 1987). While this indicates
pits (2007 T629) though they collectively contained to the ribs), which suggest that the axes may have that there were communities present who may have
161 socketed axes, 72 halves of socketed axes and 69 been polished. The dimensions and style of the axes been responsible for the production and deposition of
fragments of socketed axes. The finders report that in the Langton Matravers Hoard are very similar, the hoard, there is no indication as to why they were
there were around 30 socketed axes in the two outer although not identical, indicating that they were not responsible for such a vast undertaking.
pits with the remainder in the larger central pit where mass-produced in identical moulds as might have been Disposition: Acquired by Dorset County Museum.
they were located under a stone slab. From the single expected for this quantity.
B Roberts
pit to the south-west (2007 T640), 115 socketed Discussion: The Langton Matravers Hoard represents
axes, 35 halves of socketed axes and 48 fragments of one of the largest hoards ever discovered in Britain
socketed axes were found. and the largest ever socketed axe hoard. However,
Section editor and further research: Sally Worrell.
Description: There are 276 complete socketed axes, aside from its size, the deposition is not out of the
Editor: Michael Lewis.
107 halves of socketed axes and 117 fragments of ordinary for the Llyn Fawr metalwork Phase. There are
socketed axes in the four hoards of Langton Matravers. variations of decorated linear faceted socketed axes
All but one of the socketed axes in these four hoards found in hoards nearby such as Blandford, Eggardon,
is of Type Portland which dates to the Llyn Fawr Stage Portland, and near Weymouth in Dorset, as well as at
of the Bronze Age (Pearce 1983: 616, pl. 55; Needham Netherhampton and Thorney Down in Wiltshire, and
et al. 1997; O’Connor 2007). This type is distributed in in East Anglia such as at Rudham, Norfolk (O’Connor
Dorset, particularly on the coast. 2007: 68). There are further concentrations of similar
The axes display a single-mouth moulding, beneath rib and pellet decorated socketed axes in northern
which a loop protrudes. The socket mouth of these axes and south-east France, western Iberia, the eastern
is ‘back-to-front’, referring to the long axis being at Netherlands, north-west Germany and Belgium (Butler
right angles to the blade of the axe; the collar is thicker 1963; O’Connor 1980: 227, Map 76; Huth 1997; Huth
at the ends of the long axis (O’ Connor 1980: 232). 2000; Butler and Steegstra 2005–2006).
The upper body is slender, leading down to a sharply The unusable condition of the socketed axes at Langton
trapezoidal lower body and a straight, broad edged Matravers is also reflected in broader patterns of
blade. 257 axes in this hoard have fillet-defined facets. socketed axe deposition in south-central and south-
Most axes have a bright silver patina with patches east England, north-west and south-east France, north-
of green/white encrusted corrosion. This type of axe west Iberia and northern Albania during this period
is shaped from thin metal and there are prominent (Huth 1997; Huth 2000). Those socketed axes found in
casting seams. Almost all socketed axes and half those England typically have a high tin composition and small
from the Langton Matravers Hoard have three ribs quantities of lead (Northover 1982: 67). While this
ending in single pellet decoration; however, four ribs is different from the typically high lead composition
are present on 10 axes, and five ribs on eight axes. of the thousands of contemporary socketed axes of
The casting core is still present in 370 of the 382 Type Amorican type in north-west France (Briard 1965;
Portland socketed axes and half-axes. Briard 1987), the idea of creating a vast number of
The other socketed axe type represented in this hoard distinctly shaped and coloured socketed axes for
is Type Blandford (2007 T629, axe no. 297), which is apparently placing in the ground remains the same.
far rarer and found with high tin bronze gouges as at Debate continues regarding the purpose of this
the Blandford Forum Hoard (Pearce 1983: 465). It is activity and whether the objects were intended for
comparable in form, albeit the axe is half broken, but later retrieval. However, the frequency with which
has no casting core and no facets. The main difference such ‘scrap’ or ‘founders’ hoards’ are discovered points

56 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 57

 Particularly unusual Iron Age discoveries recorded in deposits in rituals on both settlement sites and at An exceptional quantity of miniature objects dating
2007 include two bronze bowls, a wine strainer and ‘special places’ (Haselgrove 1997). from the Late Iron Age to the Roman period were also
a wooden tankard found in close proximity to one recorded during the period covered by this report. This
another at Langstone, Newport (88); the possible 164 Iron Age (or possibly Iron Age) brooches were includes the possible miniature shield from Sleaford,
drinking horn terminal depicting a finely modelled recorded by the PAS in 2007. Of the 24 Early to Middle Lincolnshire (70), and a large assemblage consisting
bovine head found in Needham, Norfolk (78); the Iron Age brooches (i.e. dated from the 6th to 3rd of 23 shields, five spears, four swords and one axe, all
copper-alloy baldric ring or sword belt fitting from centuries BC), there are four Late Hallstatt brooches, found during the 1980s at the same site in Nettleton,
Constantine, Cornwall (71); and the polychrome including one from Madley, Herefordshire (63), 17 La North Lincolnshire. It is plausible that this material
enameled mount from Burton Fleming, East Yorkshire Tène I and three La Tène II brooches. More than half derives from a shrine, perhaps dedicated to Mars.
(86). The large quantity of 16 Iron Age toggles recorded these were found in south-east England (Figure 2). The quantity of shields in the Nettleton group is
this year includes an unparalleled toggle with lipped Like other Middle Iron Age La Tène II brooches reminiscent of the Salisbury Hoard (Stead 1998).
decoration found in Charlton Mackrell, Somerset (79), recorded in previous years, those reported this year
and demonstrates the contribution to artefact research are frequently elaborate in form and close parallels 61. Swindon area, Wiltshire: incomplete copper-
that data collected through the PAS can offer. for them are difficult to find. Their distribution differs alloy ‘moustache-like’ object (PAS: WILT-616785)
markedly from that of the more numerous early Iron
Date: Iron Age (c. 800–c. 300 BC).
During the later Iron Age there was a very noticeable Age brooches and lies predominantly in northern
Discovery: Found by Amanda Last while metal-
increase in the volume of material culture in counties. Examples this year were found in Barmby
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds
circulation, especially coinage, brooches and items of Moor, East Yorkshire (NCL-091917), Roxby cum Risby,
(Wiltshire FLO).
harness equipment. This phenomenon is evident in North Lincolnshire (65), and Swinfen and Packington,
Description: An incomplete object, referred to as a
data from both archaeological excavations and through Staffordshire (WMID-C836644).
‘moustache-like’ object, with one damaged pointed
metal-detection as seen by the quantity of finds
end and the other end now missing. Cast in one piece,
recorded by the PAS. Early to Middle Iron Age brooches are significantly
the three-dimensional object has a swollen body with
outnumbered by the 140 Late Iron Age to early
a pointed drop-shaped part on either side of a central
A very significant quantity and interesting range of Roman period brooches (i.e. those dated to the late
vertical constriction with a square perforation on the
harness equipment was recorded in 2007, including 1st century BC and 1st century AD). This phenomenon
underside. The drop-shaped parts are decorated with
35 terrets (rein guides) and ten linchpins. Particularly is sometimes referred to as the ‘fibula event horizon’
slanting grooves on both faces and the terminals taper
interesting terrets reported include the unusual and describes a massive increase in the quantity of
and curve upwards and the intact and tapering pointed
example from Kendal, Cumbria (67), which is brooches being worn and deposited. It is particularly
end is plain. The underside is slightly flattened. Length:
undecorated but has a flat saddle attachment at the evident in the brooches from excavated contexts as
32mm. Dimensions: 58.5 x 12.3 x 11.7mm. Perforation
centre, and the terret with ring-and-dot motifs in red well as those metal-detected in southern and eastern
dimensions: 4.4 x 3 x 3.8mm. Weight: 24.31g.
enamel from Kirby Hill, North Yorkshire (76). Wheels Britain (Figure 3). During 2007, significant quantities
Discussion: It is difficult to identify the function and
on horse-drawn vehicles in the Iron Age were secured were recorded in Suffolk (24 brooches), Lincolnshire
date of objects of this type. Although originally thought
by linchpins which were predominantly composite (14), Kent (11) and Hampshire (9).
to be Medieval, an example in the Salisbury Hoard
in structure, having an iron shank and copper-alloy 2 3 (Stead 1998: no. 117) suggests an Iron Age or earlier
terminals. Of the seven incomplete linchpins recorded
date. As none have yet been found in an excavated
by the PAS and three linchpin terminals recorded as
datable context their date remains uncertain. In total,
Treasure (from the Attleborough area, Norfolk (80)), 2
twelve examples have been recorded by the PAS; some
seven have been identified as vase-headed linchpins Northern
of these are single examples, while most are ‘double’
and one (from Clipstone, Nottinghamshire (74)) as a
2 Midlands and perforated, as this example. In the opinion of J D
ring-headed type. Four linchpins were reported from
Eastern Hill, British Museum, these objects date to the Iron Age
the West Midlands (WAW-FCDA60, D82ED6, CEE943
South-east
rather than the Bronze Age.
& WMID-947693) – a pattern noted in the PAS Annual 13
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Report 2006. The polychrome enameled copper- South-west
alloy and iron vase-headed linchpin from Hatherton, K Hinds
Figure 2: Early to Middle Iron Age brooches recorded 2007
Staffordshire (85), is a particularly fine example. Other
horse-gear also recorded in the same area includes the 9
19 62. Leyburn, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy pin
harness mount from Stoneleigh, Warwickshire (84). (PAS: LANCUM-5ECCE3)
IRON AGE

31 Date: Early Iron Age (c. 800–c. 100 BC).

Besides coins, brooches are the most numerous Discovery: Found by Ken Hurst while metal-detecting
Northern
Iron Age artefact type recorded by the PAS; this is in 2007, and recorded with Dot Boughton (Lancashire
also the case in the Roman period. Brooches were 38 Midlands
& Cumbria FLO).
manufactured in Britain from the late 6th century Eastern Description: A complete copper-alloy ring-headed
BC onwards, although individual examples may have South-east pin of Becker’s (2000) Variant 1.2. The head is
been imported from the Continent at an earlier period. circular, and the shaft is straight with a bend at the
South-west
As well as offering dating information, brooches and 43
shoulder (Becker 2000: Variant 1). The end of the head
other small personal objects may also indicate the Figure 3: Late Iron Age to Roman brooches recorded 2007 touches, but is not joined to the shoulder. The outer
status or identity of the wearer. Some of these may circumference of the head is decorated with moulded
not represent accidental losses but instead deliberate

58 IRON AGE IRON AGE 59

 notching. Dimensions: 115.2 x 2.9mm. Diameter (head): strengthen the case for a separate pin, although it is retain traces of a white paste, although no trace of the century AD. This example may be suggested as having
17.7mm. Weight: 7.25g. possible that a separate head was riveted through the form of the internal setting. The integral rectangular- a date within the mid-range, perhaps c. 3rd century BC
Discussion: Ring-headed pins are characteristic of the perforation or a pin wound around the loop. The head sectioned foot tapers from the bow and is cast in a to 1st century AD. It is believed that Iron Age vehicles
Iron Age in Britain and Ireland. At this time items of arrangement makes the brooch difficult to closely loop to join the front of the bow at the base of the had a set of four terrets set along the yoke, one to
personal adornment were not common and pins may parallel, although knobbed decoration with a short openwork heart. The foot also terminates with the guide each rein of a pair of horses, and another larger
have been used to secure garments or to style the hair. arched bow can be paralleled on two Atlantic Type same circular setting that can be seen on the bow. At terret, the function of which is not understood. The
Although the form of this pin is relatively simplistic, brooches with a crossbar head, and upturned foot with the back of the foot are the remains of catch-plate. comparatively large size of this terret would suggest
such pins are rare and examples are most often a disc of Hull and Hawkes Group K found at Mount Dimensions: 29.8 x 15.4 x 12.1mm. Weight: 5.61g. that it was employed as the central larger terret of a
found on settlement sites or as stray finds and rarely Batten, Cornwall (Boudet 1988: 64, nos. 66–67). Discussion: La Tène 2B brooches form a small but group consisting of five terrets. The form and style of
in graves. Most English pins are found in south and Disposition: Returned to finder. diverse and inventive type. Iron Age brooches with the double-rib decoration can be closely paralleled on
central England, with concentrations in Wessex and the openwork bows are very unusual. The bow of a brooch terrets found at Glastonbury, Somerset (Bulleid and
M Lodwick
East Anglian counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and of Type 2Bc in the form of an opposed pair of omega St George Grey 1911: 229, no. E8), and terret moulds
Norfolk. A very similar pin to the example from Leyburn figures but with the outward ends up-curved to from Cadbury Castle, Somerset (Barrett, Freeman and
was found in the Thames at Hammersmith along with 64. Lane End area, Buckinghamshire: form cast-on knobs is known from Cold Kitchen Hill, Woodward 2000: 298). These parallels may suggest a
two other forms of ring-headed pin (Dunning 1934: copper-alloy brooch (PAS: BUC-E0D317) Wiltshire (Hull and Hawkes 1987: 153, no. 7139, pl. distribution concentrated around south-western Britain.
274, no. 5, fig. 3; Smith 1925: 97, fig. 104). Date: Early to Middle Iron Age (c. 400–c. 250 BC). 43); an example from Newnham Croft, Cambridge, has Disposition: Donated to the National Museum Wales.
Disposition: Returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Robert Piercy while metal- a wheel-shaped openwork bow decorated with five
M Lodwick
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ros Tyrrell knobs of white shell and a further two inlaid knobs on
D Boughton
(Buckinghamshire FLO). the returned foot. Although it has not been possible to
Description: An incomplete copper-alloy insular La identify the substance within the three circular settings 67. Kendal, Cumbria: copper-alloy terret
63. Madley, Herefordshire: copper-alloy brooch Tène IBc Type brooch. The flattened, leaf-shaped of the brooch from Roxby cum Risby, La Tène 2Bb (PAS: LANCUM-C133A7)
(PAS: NMGW-8809A8) bow has a low arch and is ornamented with a pair of brooches ornamented with glass or amber are known. Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman
Date: Early Iron Age (c. 650–c. 450 BC). grooves forming a pointed oval close to the centre. The The brooch from Datchet, Buckinghamshire (Hull and (c. 300 BC–c. AD 100).
Discovery: Found by Maxine Jones while metal- incomplete spring consists of two coils and the pin is Hawkes 1987: 148–149, no. 2249, pl. 43), has nine Discovery: Found by Eric Bryers while metal-
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Mark Lodwick missing. Iron corrosion at the spring suggests that an sockets for ornamental beads, some of which contain detecting in the 1990s, and recorded by Dot Boughton
(Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). iron rod passed through the coils. The incomplete foot amber, resin or calcitic material; the example from (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO) in 2007.
Description: An almost complete copper-alloy bow is short, its stem reverted and the catch-plate survives. Danes Graves, Kilham, East Yorkshire (Hull and Hawkes Description: An undecorated large terret of simple
brooch of unusual form, probably of Late Hallstatt or Dimensions: 67.9 x 10.6mm. Weight: 19.02g. 1987: 151, no. 151, pl. 42), has three groups of eleven type. The hoop is oval and has a circular section. The
early La Tène Type. At the rear of the head is a small Discussion: It is a little unusual for brooches of this cup sockets, some of which contain small bosses rather bar has a splayed, prominent collar moulding at each
perforation aligned with the catch-plate by which it is type to have only a pair of grooves ornamenting the than beads, probably of amber which were retained by end and has an integrally cast, flat saddle attachment
possible that the brooch was secured with a separate bow, although a parallel for this decoration is known adhesive. at the centre, with a protrusion with rounded ends.
pin, which was connected behind the head. At each side from Ewell, Surrey (Hull and Hawkes 1987: 109, Disposition: Returned to finder. Dimensions: 80 x 72mm. Diameter: 61mm.
of the head there is an integral spherical knob. The high no. 7376, pl. 32). Other brooches of this type have Weight: 80.1g.
L Staves & S Worrell
arched bow is straight sided with a faceted section. At decoration on the bow which can consist of four, Discussion: The form of the bar is an unusual feature
the centre of the bow there are two integral spherical six or eight grooves to fill the space. Brooches are of this terret. Only two other terrets with a similar
side knobs. The leg is of the characteristic U-shaped known with copper-alloy rods passing through the 66. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: copper-alloy terret flat, saddle attachment are known, both found in the
form, incorporating the catch-plate on the side of the spring, but the use of an iron rod is rather unusual (PAS: NMGW-6E2371) hoard of metalwork from Stanwick, North Yorkshire
lower bow. The foot has a single, central and integral and suggests that this was a ‘mock spring’ rather than Date: Late Iron Age (c. 300 BC–c. AD 100). (MacGregor 1962: 43 & 46, nos. 61 & 65, fig. 10). It is
spherical knob with a recessed circular cell probably a repair using a replacement iron pin. A similar feature Discovery: Found by Malcolm Jones while metal- of interest that the terret from Kendal and those from
intended to hold a decorative substance, possibly is noted on La Tène I brooches from southern England detecting in 2007, and recorded by Mark Lodwick Stanwick (dimensions: 90 x 77mm & 120 x 110mm
glass. The surface of the brooch is well preserved with and specifically Wessex. (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). respectively) are all large examples.
a green-brown patina. Evidence of finishing and file Deposition: Returned to finder. Description: A complete terret of simple type with After suffering a bad stroke last year, Eric and a friend
marks are evident on the rear of the bow. a number of interesting features. The bar is slightly gathered together all of his unreported finds and
R Tyrrell & S Worrell
Dimensions: 52.2 x 18.1mm. Weight: 14.2g. curved and has a sub-triangular section which expands brought them to his detector club meeting to be
Metallurgical analysis was conducted using a scanning at the centre to a lozenge. The prominent circular collar recorded with the PAS.
electron microscope (SEM) to assess the composition 65. Roxby cum Risby, North Lincolnshire: mouldings at either end of the bar are worn, but a Disposition: Returned to finder.
of the metal in the hope of clarifying the age of the copper-alloy brooch (PAS: NLM-A01FB1) V-shaped decorative groove and rib are still evident on
D Boughton & S Worrell
brooch. A very small area of exposed metal from the Date: Middle Iron Age (c. 300–c. 200 BC). the underside of the mouldings. The oval hoop narrows
damaged area at the terminal was analysed and proved Discovery: Found by Harry Jeffries while metal- towards the top and is decorated with a central double
to be a pure copper-tin alloy composition (89% copper, detecting in 2007, and recorded by Lisa Staves rib. One side of the hoop displays evidence of pounding 68. King’s Lynn area, Norfolk: electrum torc terminal
11% tin) with no other elements detected. This result (North Lincolnshire FLO). or hammering which is likely to have occurred in (PAS: NMS-D38F38; Treasure: 2007 T104)
strengthens the case for a pre-Roman date for the Description: A copper-alloy La Tene 2Bb brooch dating antiquity and file marks from the finishing of the Date: Iron Age (c. 200–c. 1 BC).
brooch. to the 3rd century BC. The brooch is truncated with the terret are evident on the bar. The inside of the hoop Discovery: Found by Terrance Norman while metal-
Discussion: The brooch is very unusual in its proposed upper part of the bow and the attachment mechanism has subtle wear-facets resulting from straps rubbing detecting in February 2007, and reported to Erica Darch
method of attachment by utilising a separate pin, missing. In profile, the bow is gently curved and is against the surface through time. Dimensions: 63.4 x (Norfolk FLO).
which presumably would have had a spherical head, formed from an opposing pair of conjoined loops, each 77.1mm. Diameter: 10.1mm. Weight: 65g. Description: A buffer terminal of a multi-strand torc,
in keeping with the decoration on the brooch. Wear of which curves in to form a heart terminating at the Discussion: The terret corresponds to Spratling’s paired with one found in December 2005 (TAR 2005/6:
on the interior of the perforation would seem to internal edge with a pair of circular cup sockets; these (1972) Group I, dated to the 4th century BC to 2nd no. 81). The decoration on both terminals is the same

60 IRON AGE IRON AGE 61

 and consists of a band of cable decoration around the 70. Sleaford, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy possible Discussion: Baldric rings are generally formed from a 73. Wychavon, Worcestershire: copper-alloy
edge. The flat surface of the terminal is decorated with miniature shield (PAS: LIN-BC5A95) copper-alloy narrow loop, with or without wings, and possible miniature wheel (PAS: WAW-360062)
an engraved, curvilinear La Tène ‘mirror-style’ design with an extending neck from which a stud projects
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman Date: Iron Age (c. 100 BC–c. AD 100).
with pecked dots on the face, although this second at 90º. The elaborately decorated example from
(c. 200 BC–c. AD 100). Discovery: Found by Mr H Sterry while metal-
example lacks a curlicue on the front face. It is also Constantine represents an unusual variant. J D Hill
Discovery: Found by Charles Raphael while metal- detecting in 2007, and recorded with Angie Bolton
pockmarked with larger casting flaws. Again, stubs (British Museum) commented that he had ‘not seen a
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO).
of wire line the periphery of the reverse. Diameter: fitting with decoration around the ring, but on some
(Lincolnshire FLO). Description: A cast copper-alloy possible miniature
21.5mm. Weight: 15.79g. Surface analysis: gold and 1st-century AD variants there is decoration on the end
Description: Two non-joining fragments of an oval, wheel. It has a concentric frame, an openwork triangle
silver contents of approximately 33–36% and 58–61% of the stud.’
miniature shield made from a flat sheet of copper-alloy. forming a tricorne (concave-sided triangle) motif within
respectively. Baldric rings are not common finds although six
It is decorated with six stamped pellet-in-ring motifs and joining the frame, and has a large, integral solid
Discussion: Torc terminals of this type are not as have been recorded by the PAS. Four are recorded
closely spaced around the perimeter. Dimensions: 48 x circular pellet at the centre. The outer edge is decorated
common as the ring-shaped terminals, but examples from West Sussex: Coldwaltham (SUSS-D82452),
28.7 x 1mm. with two horizontal grooves with fine, narrow oblique
of similar buffer terminals with engraved or raised cast Houghton (SUSS-4C9825), Sullington (SUSS-4C8491)
Discussion: Miniature shields can be strikingly similar ribbing either side of the grooves. Where the triangular
decoration are known from Bawsey (Jope 2000: 255, pl, and Storrington (SUSS-913C68), and another from
in form to full-sized examples and, as such, can moulding meets the concentric frame there are signs of
120 l) and Snettisham (Hoards F and H), Norfolk (Stead Wickham Bishop, Essex (ESS-1D1BC2) (Andrews-
provide an important source of information on a rare damage. The surface of the wheel is slightly pitted with
1991a: 449–451, fig. 10, pl. II). Wilson: forthcoming).
object type. The decoration on miniature shields is an incomplete mid-green patina. Diameter: 43.8mm.
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. Disposition: Acquired by the Royal Institution of
variable and includes repoussé, incised and stamped Thickness: 7.1mm. Weight: 3.93g.
Cornwall (Acc. no. 2007.42).
A Rogerson motifs. The PAS has currently recorded a total of Discussion: Wheel models are generally thought to
25 miniature shields, 22 of which were found at A Tyacke be votive in nature. They are numerous in Gaul and
69. Norwich area, Norfolk: gold torc fitting Nettleton, Lincolnshire, where the quantity of shields the Rhine and Danube regions but are less abundant
(PAS: NMS-C6DFC1; Treasure: 2007 T119) is reminiscent of the Salisbury Hoard (Stead 1998: 72. Driffield, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy amulet in Britain, where examples are focused on the south
1–35; Stead 1991). Other examples have been found at (PAS: YORYM-8826A5) and east and also along Hadrian’s Wall (Green 1996:
Date: Iron Age to early Roman (c. 200 BC–c. AD 100).
Dragonby and Kirmington, North Lincolnshire (Knowles 116). Four wheel models were found in the small hoard
Discovery: Found by Alan Matthewson while metal- Date: Iron Age (c. 100 BC–c. AD 100).
and May 1996: 271, nos. 1–2, fig. 11.17; Henig and of metalwork from Wavendon Gate, Buckinghamshire
detecting in January 2007, and reported to Erica Darch Discovery: Found by Malcolm Brown while metal-
Leahy 1986: 388–391). (Williams et al. 1996: 113–116), and another was found
(Norfolk FLO). detecting in 2007, and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson
Disposition: Returned to finder. at Hounslow (Jope 2000: fig. 161, o). The Hounslow and
Description: A rotating dorsal muff from a torc made (North & East Yorkshire FLO).
Wavendon Gate examples are very similar to the other
from an alloy of gold and silver. It is formed of a A Daubney Description: A copper-alloy amulet in the form of a
miniature wheel recorded by the PAS from Thimbleby,
composite ring with six components comprising two miniature socketed axe. The axe has a defined single-
Lincolnshire (DENO-0BBA52). Alternatively, this object
broad semicircular-sectioned concentric hollow ribs 71. Constantine, Cornwall: copper-alloy baldric ring mouth moulding, an integral loop and straight sides
may be a particularly elaborate belt loop, although no
(or tubes) between three narrow twisted wires (PAS: CORN-B177A3) which expand suddenly at the lower blade forming a
close parallel is known.
(probably square-sectioned) soldered to a sheet inner crescentic blade edge with rounded terminal knobs
Date: Late Iron Age (c. 120 BC–c. AD 50). Disposition: Returned to finder.
part. The twisted wires appear very worn. The surface instead of blade tips. Length: 39.05mm. Width (blade
Discovery: Found by Harry Manson while metal-
of the inner sheet has concentric wear and scratches edge): 45.15mm. Diameter (socket): 6.6mm. A Bolton
detecting in March 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke
where the separate parts of the torc were twisted Weight: 17.4g.
(Cornwall FLO).
together. Diameter: 24mm. Weight: 10.94g. Discussion: No direct parallel for this object is known, 74. Clipstone, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy and
Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy baldric
Surface analysis: gold and silver contents of 84–87% but stylistically it is most similar to objects dating iron linchpin (PAS: DENO-7ED404)
ring or sword belt fitting dating to the La Tène III/D
and 10–12% respectively. from the Late Iron Age to early Roman period such as
Phase of the Late Iron Age. The fitting would have Date: Late Iron Age (c. 100 BC–c. AD 100).
Discussion: It is likely that torcs with a rotating the miniature axe discovered during the excavation of
been used in conjunction with a strap that went over Discovery: Found by Alan Chambers while metal-
dorsal muff were probably easy to wear and to put the Late La Tène cemetery at Arras, East Yorkshire. This
the shoulder onto which a scabbard or sword was detecting in February 2007, and recorded by Anja
on and take off. One end of the light loop is engaged object was found with the pin connecting it to a glass
suspended (Collis 1973: 130). The object takes the Rohde (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO).
in the lateral opening of a buffer and the other end bead, and was identified as a pendant (Stead 1979:
form of a short cylinder with the stub of a tapering Description: An incomplete ring-headed linchpin with
terminates in a detachable ring or muff (Elùere 1987: 84, no. 3, fig. 34). Another miniature socketed axehead
projection extending from the base, which, when a broad, oval looped head. The terminals expand slightly
30–31). Examples of tubular torcs with ornamental of broadly similar size to that from Driffield, but with
complete, may have extended to a stud at right angles where they meet the broad, domed central boss. The
muffs are also known from Snettisham, Norfolk a straight, expanded blade edge has recently been
as a means of attachment to a leather strap. The ring is boss is perforated horizontally by a large circular hole.
(Jope 2000: 253, 112 a–g, pl. 112). Alternatively, it may recorded from Whittington, Northumberland
decorated with two rows of repeated inward-pointing The corroded remains of the incomplete iron shaft
possibly have formed part of the terminal of a twisted (NCL-346DE5).
triangles infilled with ‘sealing wax’ glass, so-called extend from the base of the boss. Length: 100.5mm.
torc, as the diameter of the muff is particularly small. Disposition: Returned to finder.
because of its opaque, deep red colour. Although Dimensions (head): 36.4 x 7.1mm. Dimensions (shank):
The relatively high gold content of the muff and the
technically known as enamel, it is in fact small lumps L Andrews-Wilson 16.4 x 15.1mm. Diameter (hole): 6.8mm. Weight: 99.3g.
unusual twisted wire decoration suggest that the object
of glass which were pressed into the cavity after being Discussion: It is interesting that of the 40 linchpin
may extend into the early Roman period.
heated to soften (Hughes 1972: 98). fragments recorded by the PAS, this is the only ring-
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum.
Analysis of the glass using a Scanning Electron headed linchpin type represented, compared to a
S J Ashley Microscope (SEM) by Mary Davis (National Museum & minimum of 15 vase-headed examples. Similarly,
Gallery Wales) identified a leaded glass with copper as linchpins of composite ring-headed type in copper-alloy
a colouring agent, with the bedding metal as a tin rich and iron are not well represented among the earlier and
solder containing lead; this is unusual for bedding glass. published finds, but examples are known from Stanwick
Dimensions: 24.4 x 8.6 x 3mm. Length (extension): and Melsonby, North Yorkshire, and Middleton-on-the-
7mm. Diameter: 17mm. Weight: 5.25g.

62 IRON AGE IRON AGE 63

 Wold, East Yorkshire (MacGregor 1962: 25, 46, nos. 70– There is an area at the top right-hand side with greater comparatively small, this feature may highlight an 79. Charlton Mackrell, Somerset: copper-alloy
71, 79, figs. 10–11; Stead 1979: 45, no. 2, fig. 14). These wear on the inside of the terret, which may indicate unexpected regional trend. The previous view of the toggle (PAS: SOM-946D43)
linchpins are closely related to the more numerous the angle formed by the reins as they passed through West Midlands as being less socially complex and
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman
vase-headed type and the examples from Stanwick and the hoop. The terret is a little pitted, but has a smooth, peripheral to the core areas of south-east England has
(c. 50 BC–c. AD 100).
Melsonby have been classified as the so-called vase- mid-green patina and survives in a very good condition. been reassessed on the basis of data recorded by
Discovery: Found by Paul Burton while using a metal-
ring combination type with a ‘terret-like’ loop above Dimensions: 60.1 x 57.6 x 16.8mm. Weight: 75.2g. the PAS.
detector in 2007, and recorded with Naomi Payne
the inverted vase-shaped element (MacGregor 1976: Discussion: Examples of simple terrets with similar Disposition: Returned to finder.
(Somerset FLO).
73; Macdonald 2007: 38–39). enamelled ring-and-dot decoration are unusual,
A Bolton & S Worrell Description: A cylindrical copper-alloy toggle with a
Deposition: Returned to finder. although others recorded by the PAS include a terret
sub-rectangular attachment loop on one side (Payne
with red glass from Climpstone, Nottinghamshire
A Rohde & S Worrell 78. Needham, Norfolk: copper-alloy possible 2008: 202, fig. 2). The loop has a broader curving
(DENO-7EF2B4). Platform terrets with the platforms
drinking horn terminal (PAS: SF-882904) central section which narrows slightly on each side
and hoop decorated with red enamel dots and ring-
75. Wilstead, Bedfordshire: silver brooch fragment before flaring out again at the point where it meets the
and-dot motifs in red glass are known from Fremington Date: Iron Age (c. 50 BC–c. AD 100).
(PAS: BH-B96102; Treasure: 2007 T491) main body of the toggle. At each end of the cylinder
Hagg, North Yorkshire (Macgregor 1976: no. 68), and Discovery: Found by John Halles while metal-detecting
there is a slightly expanded terminal which contains a
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman (c. 50 BC–c. AD 50). Whitchurch Rural, Shropshire (LVPL2442). in 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO).
deep and wide groove on the side opposite the loop.
Discovery: Found by Albion Archaeology during Deposition: Returned to finder. Description: An incomplete terminal of what is
There is a further similar feature in the centre of the
excavation in July 2007, and reported to Julian Watters probably a drinking horn. It consists of a curving, hollow
A Cooper bar. Dimensions: 30.4 x 16.6 x 10.5mm. Diameter:
(Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO). socket with a flaring, open terminal at one end, which
5.5mm. Weight: 14.9g.
Description: A fragment of a silver knotenfibeln or tapers to a bovine head at the other. The animal’s head
77. Wibtoft, Warwickshire: enamelled copper-alloy Discussion: The toggle could have been attached to
boss-on-bow brooch consisting of part of the bow and has moulded, oval protruding eyes and pronounced
and iron linchpin terminal (PAS: WAW-CEE943) clothing or horse harness and currently no close parallel
the start of the spring only. The bow has a diamond brows. The large curving horns project from the side of
is known. Lipped decoration such as this is more
cross-section or lozenge-shaped section with a defining Date: Late Iron Age (c. 50 BC–c. AD 100). the head at 45º, and then curve upwards and outwards
commonly seen on Late Iron Age lipped terret rings and
‘button’ between two neat mouldings. The lower bow Discovery: Found by Mr R Partridge while metal- slightly. One horn has a surviving terminal knob, but
currently no close parallel is known.
is broken and twisted out of alignment. The bow is detecting in 2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton the other is missing. Behind the head, the shaft curves
Disposition: Returned to finder.
shallow with a gentle curve approaching the head, (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO). abruptly and the head is set parallel to it, looking down
rather than with a sharp and distinct ‘knee’ with the Description: The cast, copper-alloy foot from a Late it. The short snout is rounded and terminates with N Payne
spring directly below it. Dimensions: 44.3 x 3.7mm. Iron Age linchpin of vase-headed type. The modelled flared, upward curving nostrils which have a horizontal
Discussion: This type of brooch is sometimes referred foot appears as the upturned hoof and fetlock of circular hole through their centre. The underside of 80. Attleborough area, Norfolk: copper-alloy and
to as knotenfibeln, because of the ‘knot’ or boss on the a horse, giving rise to linchpins of this type being the snout touches a transverse moulding on the shaft. iron group of linchpin elements (PAS: NMS-248F38;
bow; the type is also described as a Feugère Type 8b previously classed as the ‘hoof type’. The shank is Dimensions: 78.24 x 26.3mm. Diameter (socket): Treasure: 2007 T589)
or an Almgren Type 65. Examples of brooches of this sub-triangular in profile and narrows to the tip before 14.84–18.45mm. Weight: 74.65g.
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman
type are known across southern Britain, France, western expanding and terminating with a flat, circular base Discussion: There is very little evidence for drinking
(c. 50 BC–c. AD 100).
Germany and the Low Countries. A small number of which is set in the vertical plane. The back of the disc horns in Iron Age Britain and this is the only example
Discovery: Found by Brian Anderson while metal-
boss on bow brooches are silver, such as the two pairs, is convex and has an integral, triangular tip which known with a bovine-headed terminal. A pair of curved
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Erica
each joined by a silver chain found in cremation burials tapers at the back of the socket. The circular base is tubular terminals of a drinking horn, decorated with
Darch (Norfolk FLO).
at Great Chesterford, Essex, in 1856 (Jope 2000: 298, decorated with a moulded four-petal ornament made an asymmetric tendril pattern, is known on the Torrs
Description: A group consisting of a minimum of two
nos. 266–267 j–m) and from the Horncastle area, up of curving petals with traces of red glass in the Chamfrein (horned helmet) from Kelton, Kirkcudbright,
linchpins with one head and two feet:
Lincolnshire (TAR 2003: no. 29), but the majority of surrounding recesses. On the cylindrical shank there is one of which has a terminal in the form of a stylised
1. An incomplete copper-alloy head and iron shank of
examples were made in bronze or iron. an inverted triangular cell above the base and a pelta bird head (Atkinson and Piggott 1955; Jope 2000: 246,
a vase-headed linchpin. The inverted vase-shaped head
Disposition: Disclaimed; to remain with the main or cusp cell on one side which contains slight traces 58–59). Foreign parallels with a similar hollow and
is waisted and has a prominent, wide and rounded
archive at Bedford Museum. of red glass. Extending down the centre there is a sub- curvilinear form include a bronze mount in the form
moulding at the base and a similar moulding forming
rectangular cell which would have held the missing of a dragon from a drinking horn from Hungary and
H Duncan & S Worrell a large, flat circular top. The head is perforated by
iron shaft of which traces of corroded iron survive. a series of drinking horn terminals from Scandinavia
a horizontal hole, the ends of which are defined by
Dimensions: 35.37 x 19.03 x 16.74mm. Weight: 32.7g. where they take the form of cattle heads (Atkinson
76. Kirby Hill, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy rounded mouldings. There are two circular recessed
Discussion: There are very marked differences in the and Piggott 1955: 227).
enamelled terret (PAS: SWYOR-3B8107) cells inlaid with red glass between the perforations on
incidence of Middle to Late Iron Age horse and vehicle With its protruding oval eyes, large curving horns and
one side only. The upper surface of the flat head has a
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman equipment within the PAS data (Worrell 2007: 376– flaring nostrils, this terminal is very similar in style to
wide border at the edge and a circle formed by short,
(c. 50 BC–c. AD 100). 380). For example, of the 40 Iron Age linchpins recorded some bovine-headed vessel mounts such as the 1st
very closely spaced radiating ridges around a central,
Discovery: Found by Andy Riley while metal-detecting by the PAS, a very significant total of 13 examples have century AD bucket mount from Ham Hill, Somerset
circled tricorne (concave-sided triangle) motif in
in 2007, and recorded by Amy Cooper (South & West been recorded in the West Midlands, with four from (Jope 2000: 266, pl. 166i–j), and the strainer spout from
reserved metal, with traces of red glass in the recessed
Yorkshire FLO). Staffordshire, two from Worcestershire and seven from Kirmington, Lincolnshire (May 1971: 253–259).
pointed oval cells. A stub of the corroded, rectangular-
Description: A complete terret of simple form with Warwickshire. In comparison, on the basis of earlier Disposition: Returned to finder.
sectioned iron shank protrudes from the rectangular
an oval hoop with an oval section. There is a splayed, chance finds and excavations in this region, only four
F Minter & S Worrell socket at the base of the head. Part of the edge of
prominent collar with two grooves at each end of the linchpins were known. Normally the number of Late
the flat top has been worn at the edge creating one
strap bar, which also has a rudimentary tang. The front Iron Age brooches recorded from a county exceeds
straight side on the same plane as one edge of the
and back surfaces of the hoop are decorated with five that of horse and harness fittings. Interestingly, in
shank. Much of the original surface is damaged and
ring-and-dot motifs inlaid with deep red glass. The dots Warwickshire and Staffordshire the opposite is the
parts are covered with iron corrosion. Length: 35mm.
are more evenly spaced on one side than on the other. case and it is possible that although the dataset is
Diameter (external): 42mm.

64 IRON AGE IRON AGE 65

 2. A copper-alloy linchpin foot. The curved, tapering gradually and there is a small, slightly rounded foot- 83. Marbury, Cheshire: copper-alloy fob Disposition: To be donated to Warwickshire Museum.
lower terminal has a circular moulding above the knob. On the back of the lower part of the bow is the (PAS: LVPL-F98596) D Slarke
globular body and ends in a flat, circular base set in incomplete flat catch-plate which has two rectilinear
Date: (c. AD 1–c. 150).
the vertical plane, the rim of which touches the body perforations separated by narrow bridgework. Length:
Discovery: Found by Ray Lander while metal-detecting 85. Hatherton, Staffordshire: enamelled copper-
forming an aperture behind and giving the lower 54.2mm.Weight: 12.4g.
in 2007, and recorded by Frances McIntosh (Cheshire, alloy and iron linchpin (PAS: WMID-947693)
terminal the appearance of an animal’s hoof. The body Discussion: Birdlip Type brooches, thought to be a
Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO).
is decorated with two circular cells inlaid with red glass, British variant of the Continental Flügelfibeln brooch, Date: Late Iron Age or early Roman (c. AD 40–c. 80).
Description: An incomplete copper-alloy fob or
one on the same plane as the flat terminal, the other are found in small numbers across central England. Discovery: Found by Colin Pearson while metal-
dangler. The disc head is decorated with an openwork,
at right angles to it, with engraved or stamped lines Examples made of precious metal are very unusual and detecting in October 2007, and recorded by Duncan
threefold whirligig, triskele motif, which extends to the
forming chevrons between the two cells. The flat, disc include the two brooches in gold found at Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
circular rim. There are four stamped ring-and-dots with
terminal is recessed and the form of its decoration Market Rasen and Normanby le Wold, Lincolnshire Description: An incomplete copper-alloy vase-headed
one at the centre and one on each arm. The circular-
exactly matches that on the top of the linchpin head, (TAR 2003: no. 24). Of the 42 Birdlip Type brooches linchpin with a polychrome enamelled head and
sectioned shank projects from the rear of the disc and
also retaining traces of red glass. One side of the disc made of copper-alloy recorded by the PAS, 16 corroded iron, square-sectioned shank. The head has a
terminates in a broken suspension loop. Dimensions:
terminal is worn creating a flat edge. The rectangular were found in the East Midlands counties of D-shaped section and is decorated with alternate red
42 x 4mm. Diameter: 39mm. Weight: 31g.
socket for the missing shank is surrounded by iron Lincolnshire (11), Leicestershire (3), Rutland (1) and and yellow champlevé enamelled cells in a geometric
Discussion: The function of fobs or danglers is not fully
corrosion. The moulding around the socket may also be Northamptonshire (1). chequerboard within a copper-alloy grid. The cells are
understood, but it is likely that they could have hung
worn but the surface is too corroded to be sure if this Disposition: Returned to finder. square apart from at the perimeter where they are
from items of equipment, personal apparel or harness
is wear or later damage. Much of the original surface rectangular. There are also alternating red and orange
N Payne & S Worrell decoration (Jope 2000: 285). Nine examples of fobs
is damaged and parts are covered with iron corrosion. enamel square cells round the lower part of the head
decorated with the triskele from the British Isles were
Length: 51mm. Diameter: 23mm. on the front surface only. A broadly circular perforation,
82. Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan: bronze terret recorded by MacGregor (1976: 37) and a fob with a
3. A copper-alloy linchpin foot, identical in form approximately 5mm in diameter, runs transversely
and rein-ring (PAS: NMGW-9B2D52 &-9BEE04; simple openwork triskele is recorded by the PAS
and decoration to no. 2. The rectangular socket for through the base of the head. The copper-alloy head
Treasure: Wales 07.06) from St Nicolas and Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan
the missing shank is completely covered with iron has a well-developed green patina. Length: 61.7mm.
(NMGW-43E1D4).
corrosion. Most of outer edge of the flat base is now Date: Late Iron Age (c. AD 1–c. 75). Dimensions (head): 18.2 x 26.4 x 18.9mm. Length
Deposition: Returned to finder.
missing or damaged; much of the original surface is Discovery: Found by John Pugh while metal-detecting (shank): 43.5mm. Diameter (shank): 14.5mm.
damaged and parts are covered with iron corrosion. in February 2007, reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds F McIntosh Weight: 72.5g.
Length: 47mm. Diameter: 22mm. Co-ordinator, Wales) and identified by Adam Gwilt Discussion: The linchpin’s asymmetrical head is
Discussion: Single finds and hoards of equipment from (National Museum Wales). 84. Stoneleigh, Warwickshire: copper-alloy harness particularly unusual and the example held in the
Late Iron Age horse-drawn vehicles are well known from Description: mount (PAS: WMID-9460B5) Saffron Walden Museum, which is similar in both
Norfolk, although single linchpins are not frequently 1. A large cast bronze terret with an oval shaped ring form and decoration, provides the only published
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman (c. AD 40–c. 80).
found with contemporary material (Hutcheson 2004). and an attachment bar defined by moulded collars. parallel (Major 1988). Similar geometric chequerboard
Discovery: Found by Stephen Quinn while metal-
The importance of the pair of linchpins represented The terret has a wear facet and a hairline crack on the ornament in red and yellow enamel is also known on
detecting in September 2007, and recorded with
here is clear, but increases when previous discoveries apex of the ring. Width: 83.6mm. Height: 75.6mm. the linchpin foot from Kingsholm, Gloucestershire
Duncan Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
of harness fittings from the area are considered. These Weight: 72.6g. (Webster 1990). The use of orange enamel is unusual.
Description: A fragment of a decorated copper-alloy
include two vase-headed linchpins with ring-and-dot 2. A cast bronze ring with a circular cross-section. The geometric polychrome enamelling technique
fitting, which can probably be identified as a horse
decoration on the head (Hutcheson 2004: 110, nos. Diameter (external): 61.9–63.1mm. Diameter (ring): is found on a range of metalwork, including items
harness mount. The fragment includes two adjoining
48–49) and more recently the hoard consisting of a 6.5–6.9mm. Weight: 47.6g. of harness equipment, mounts, belt fittings and
curved edges and the front is decorated with wavy
platform terret decorated with polychrome (blue and Discussion: This Group I simple terret was found 6–7m fasteners, and is recognised as a regional expression of
and zigzag lines, and incised comma-shaped and
yellow) enamel, a lipped terret and harness mount with from the rein-ring, but was deemed, on a balance a widespread trend in Britain (Davis and Gwilt 2008:
triangular cells with straight and curved sides, some of
red enamel cells (TAR 2004: no. 32). of probability, to be associated when buried. Semi- 167–171). Although vase-headed linchpins span the 4th
which are infilled with opaque red glass. The reverse is
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. quantitative metallurgical analysis of both indicated century BC to the late 1st century AD, the geometric
undecorated but has a large number of shallow, linear
a similar tin bronze composition, with no lead or zinc design in polychrome enamel does not start until the
E B Darch & S Worrell indentations. It has a well-developed green patina.
present. Simple terrets were rein guides for chariots campaigning/conquest period and consequently a date
Dimensions: 54.4 x 33.3 x 3.2–3.8mm. Weight: 25.92g.
or wagons and examples have elsewhere been found c. AD 40–c. 80 is suggested for this artefact (Adam
81. South Perrott, Dorset: copper-alloy Birdlip Discussion: Two similar fragments found at the same
in contexts dating between the Middle Iron Age and Gwilt, personal communication).
brooch (PAS: SOM-CC69D6) location over the past 10 years are held at the Market
early Romano-British periods (c. 400 BC–c. AD 150). Disposition: Returned to finder.
Hall Museum, Warwick. One of these fragments
Date: Late Iron Age or early Roman (c. 30 BC–c. AD 60). However, many have been found in contexts spanning
adjoins the object described in this record. Adam Gwilt D Slarke
Discovery: Found by Christopher Adams while metal- the Late Iron Age and the time of the Campaigning
(National Museum of Wales) comments that this
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Naomi Payne Period of the Roman army (c. 150 BC–c. AD 75). The
fragment is likely to be from a quadrilobed harness 86. Burton Fleming, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy
(Somerset FLO). rein-ring has a similar diameter and form as the rings
mount, possibly of a type with two larger lobes rather enamelled mount (PAS: NCL-04C774)
Description: An incomplete brooch of Birdlip or Beaked on two-link bridle bits of the Polden Hills sub-type,
than a four-eared one. The use of geometric elements
Bow Type. The head consists of a domed ‘trumpet’ which date to the 1st century AD. These associated Date: Late Iron Age to Roman (c. AD 40–c. 80).
(triangles), incised swags and zigzag borders suggest
where the missing spring and pin would have been artefacts are therefore considered to be of Late Iron Discovery: Found by Derick Sirett while metal-
that the fragment may date to c. AD 40–c. 80. Similar
attached. There is a moulded transverse projection or Age manufacture, though probably buried during the detecting in June 2007, and reported to Rob Collins
decorative motifs, also using opaque red glass can
‘beak’ which curves upwards and narrows to bluntly Campaigning Period of the Roman army in Wales (North East FLO).
be seen on examples of harness equipment from the
pointed terminal with a projecting flange-like moulding (c. AD 50–75). Description: A copper-alloy mount with an enamelled
Polden Hill Hoard which has been dated to AD 50–80
above it and which continues around the back of Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum of polychrome surface. In plan, the mount is roughly
(Brailsford 1975: 222–234).
the bow. The triangular-sectioned lower bow tapers Wales; the landowner donated his share. kidney-shaped, with two moulded circles positioned
A Gwilt

66 IRON AGE IRON AGE 67

 above a pelta-shaped panel which contains a circle 88. Langstone, Newport: two bronze bowls, a 4. A virtually complete wooden and stave-built tankard with the help of the finder. This established that all
with a horizontal leaf-shaped motif at either side. The wine strainer and a tankard (PAS: NMGW-9C0216; with sheet copper-alloy fittings and a cast copper- four artefacts were deposited into the same bog or
circles have prominent, moulded borders in high relief Treasure: Wales 07.24) alloy handle. The vessel has a near vertical profile with lake edge context, probably with votive intent. It was
and all three circles are decorated identically with a simple rim and a flat raised base, which has been established that the tankard was buried 12.8m distant
Date: Bowls and wine strainer: Late Iron Age (c. AD
the outer borders enclosing a chequerboard grid in slotted into grooves in the six stave walls. Two wide from the hoard of bowls and wine strainer, possibly,
25–c. 75). Tankard: Romano-British (c. AD 50–c. 350).
reserved metal with three rows of alternate red and and continuous circular bands of sheet copper-alloy though not demonstrably, at a similar time. Since it
Discovery: Found by Craig Mills while metal-detecting
yellow rectangles. Below this, the pelta-shaped panel surround the outer circumference of the tankard and was not a directly associated object, it was deemed
in December 2007, and reported to Mark Lewis
has a third circle at its centre and a leaf-shaped motif an overturned narrow strip of copper-alloy forms a rim not to be Treasure. Further research into the landscape
(National Roman Legion Museum, Caerleon) on behalf
in yellow enamel at both sides and triangles of red lip. The cast handle is plain with a continuous C-shaped and environmental context of the hoard and tankard is
of the PAS for Wales, who with Adam Gwilt (National
enamel in the areas close to the circle on each side. On back and T-shaped lateral attachment plates attached planned.
Museum of Wales) identified the objects.
the back there are traces of two circular-sectioned pegs to the body by two pairs of bronze rivets with widened Disposition: Tankard (not Treasure) acquired by the
Description:
or other form of attachment. Dimensions: 45.7 x 32.4 x and slightly domed heads. The tankard has suffered National Museum of Wales. The National Museum of
1. A virtually complete copper-alloy bowl of shallow
8.2mm. Weight: 45.2g. some cracking damage and shrinkage during the drying Wales also hopes to acquire the bowls and strainer.
squat form with a rounded base. It has a low girth,
Discussion: The combination of red and yellow glass in out process. One stave has been damaged with a break A Gwilt & M Lewis
upright neck and everted rim, which is decorated with
‘curvilinear’ style found upon La Tène objects continued near the rim, the fragment still surviving. Height: 149–
incised circular grooves and wavy lines, set in low
with the ‘geometric’ style which gave a jewelled effect, 150mm. Diameter (internal rim): 150mm. Diameter Section editor and further research: Sally Worrell.
relief. The bowl was lathe finished with incised circular
as is seen with this mount, and on other contemporary (base): 166mm. Thickness (stave): 11.2–11.5mm. Editor: Michael Lewis.
grooves visible on the interior base. A copper-alloy
objects, including harness equipment, such as linchpins Length (handle): 77–78mm.
cast escutcheon is attached by a shank perforating
and terrets, and button and loop fasteners. Jody Joy Discussion: The two bowls may be identified as of
the vertical rim and has an attached ring for hanging
(British Museum) commented, ‘in form, this object is the southern British Rose Ash Type, Late Iron Age and
and storage. The decorative escutcheon is lobed and
Megaw’s (1970) ‘Cheshire cat’ style, but with Roman- Native forms, which have been dated to between
winged with insets containing a red ‘sealing wax’ glass
style colouring.’ c. 50 BC–c. AD 50. The escutcheons are of the late La
of Iron Age tradition. Some damage is evident, caused
Disposition: Returned to finder. Tène art style, the lip and wing mouldings echoing a
by differential erosion in the ground and minor denting
wider mid-1st-century AD development also viewed on
R Collins & S Worrell during retrieval. Diameter (internal rim): 174mm.
horse and chariot equipment. The red ‘sealing wax’ glass
Diameter (girth): 215–220mm. Height: 99.5mm.
is of Iron Age tradition. However, the lathe finishing and
87. Redbourn, Hertfordshire: copper-alloy horse Weight: 56.5g.
circular grooves on these vessels suggest manufacture
harness strap-mount with enamel inlay 2. A near-complete and lathe-finished copper-alloy
late within this range, between c. AD 25–c. 60. The
(PAS: BH-74D076) bowl of shallow squat form with a rounded base. It has
wine strainer is one of a small known group with broad
a low girth, upright neck and an everted rim, which is
Date: Late Iron Age to early Roman (c. AD 40–c. 100). flanges and without handles (Tomalin 1989). By virtue
decorated with incised circular grooves and infilling
Discovery: Found by Graham Batt in 2007 while of their association elsewhere with trullei (dippers, oar-
‘ladder’ work. A copper-alloy escutcheon is attached by
metal-detecting, and recorded by Julian Watters handled strainers and shallow bowls of Roman form),
a shank perforating the vertical rim and secured with an
(Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). they have previously been dated to the late 1st and
internal washer. An attached ring provided the means
Description: A strap-mount with a rectangular loop early 2nd centuries AD. However, this example has been
for hanging and storage. The decorated escutcheon is
on the reverse which would have served to secure the decorated with a Native or ‘Celtic’ triskele design and
lobed and lipped, with a central biconcave ‘toggle’ motif
mount to the harness strap. The central part of the fitted with a suspension ring to work as a set with, and
defined by lateral incised margins. The bowl is damaged
elliptical mount is a pointed oval with a boss in the fitting into, the directly associated Iron Age bowls.
through differential erosion and recent denting: there
centre and a rectangular ‘wing’ plate extends at either A date of manufacture of the strainer between
is a long gash around the girth and a dint, which has
side concealing a single strap bar. At its centre, the boss c. AD 40–c. 60 is proposed, while the hoard of bowls
caused a small tear between rim and body. Diameter
has a blue enamel-filled circular cell surrounded by a and strainer is thought to have been deposited
(internal rim): 164mm. Height: 86.5mm. Diameter
concentric circle in red enamel and then flanked by a between c. AD 50–c. 75. The tankard is a Native form
(girth): 200–205mm. Weight: 243.1g.
deep groove; each ‘wing’ contains a setting similar to of drinking vessel used for communal drinking of beer
3. A complete copper-alloy wine strainer with a round-
that on the central boss, while the top and bottom or cider and especially prevalent across western Britain.
bottomed bowl or body, with a wide circular flange.
ends of the mount each have a pair of similar, but It is one of only six known complete surviving tankards
The flange (23.5–25mm wide) has an upturned external
smaller, circular motifs. Dimensions: 55.2 x 45.9 x from Britain and Ireland. Its plain handle and form
margin, with an interior ‘rollover’ margin and ledge.
16.6mm. Weight: 43.14g. ally it with examples of Class V tankards (Corcoran
The base of the bowl is decorated with a perforation
Discussion: No exact parallel could be found for this 1952: 93). The existing parallels are thought to span in
pattern occupying a circle approximately 100mm
object, but its elliptical form is similar to a cruciform date between the mid 1st to 4th centuries AD. A close
in diameter. A triskele design with circular flourishes
strap-junction comprising linked petal boss units tankard-handle parallel has been identified, having
at the end of each limb is defined by the absence of
flanked by two rectangular plates but with two strap been discovered in a well at the Roman fort of Loughor,
perforations, while the surrounding perforated spaces
bars on the reverse from Newstead, Roxburghshire Swansea. This burial context is thought to date to the
are made up of three arched trumpet motifs, each
(MacGregor 1976: no. 24). The use of blue and red early to mid 2nd century AD, suggesting this form of
occupying 120° of the circular design. The strainer has
enamel fits into the widespread trend in Britain of tankard was made and in circulation between c. AD
a simple looped escutcheon with a suspension ring,
polychrome enamelling as seen on the quadrilobed 50–c. 150.
attached to the underside of the flange. The flange
strap unions from Hambleden, Buckinghamshire Follow-up archaeological investigation of the findspot
is slightly nicked, dented and scratched. Diameter
(Feacham 1991). was undertaken during January 2008 by Mark Lewis,
(external flange): 178–179mm. Diameter (internal rim):
Deposition: Returned to finder. Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales), Evan
130–131mm. Height: 113mm. Weight: 223.3g.
J Watters Chapman and Adam Gwilt (National Museum Wales),

68 IRON AGE IRON AGE 69

 The Roman artefacts recorded in 2007 represent Although lacking an inscription, the wax spatula handle Button-and-loop fasteners, another dress-related item,
another very significant dataset, both quantitatively depicting the bust of Minerva, found at Llanharry, are likely to have served as multi-purpose fasteners
and qualitatively, and include some particularly unusual Rhondda Cynon Taff (100), is closely linked with Roman for clothing and harness. Between October 1997 and
and unique finds as well as an extensive range of literacy as it is likely to have been used for applying April 2008, 177 examples have been recorded by the
everyday objects. There is substantial regional variation wax to writing tablets. In recent years the quantity PAS. The significance of this number can be gauged
in the quantity of Roman artefacts recorded this of similar finds recorded by the PAS has risen very by comparison with Wild’s (1970) fundamental
year, from single figures in north and west Wales and significantly and this adds weight to the suggestion discussion, based on a catalogue of 165 items, which
several northern English counties to 2,322 in Suffolk. that the spread of Roman literacy in the countryside includes examples from outside Britain. Previous studies
In general, much higher quantities are recorded in the was perhaps more developed than previously thought. suggested that their main distribution was in lowland
eastern counties (Norfolk, Suffolk and Lincolnshire) Scotland and the north of England, with significant
than elsewhere. An extremely interesting range of unusual copper-alloy numbers also documented in Yorkshire, the Welsh
knives was recorded this year and include the knife Marches and south Wales. Analysis of fasteners recorded
2007 saw the recording of many more religious handle depicting the myth surrounding Hercules and by the PAS reveals a much wider distribution, showing
objects and 1st- to 3rd-century military equipment, Antaeus from Irnham, Lincolnshire (124), the double- finds in significant quantities not only in Durham,
although fewer items of toilet and medical equipment headed knife terminal from Trowbridge area, Wiltshire North Yorkshire, East Yorkshire and South Yorkshire,
and harness pieces were recorded. Of the religious (95), and the folding knife handle representing a three- but also in the East and West Midlands, the eastern
objects featured in this report, the figurine representing dimensional panther from Wickham Skeith, Suffolk (140). region (especially Suffolk) and a small scatter in the
Cautopates (an attendant of the god Mithras) from south-eastern counties (see Figure 4 for the distribution
Newton Kyme cum Toulson, North Yorkshire (101), Studies in the archaeology of Roman Britain have of button and loop fasteners recorded by the PAS by
is exceptional and without known parallel. The cult identified regional variation in the quantities and type). One subtype, the double-headed fastener, was
of Mithras was popular with soldiers and it is very styles of everyday artefacts such as hairpins, cosmetic previously known only in very small quantities – the
likely that this figurine was associated with the army. sets, nail cleaners, brooches and other objects relating five examples recorded by the PAS (including that from
In addition, the crocodile figurine from Wherwell, to dress. These have the potential to enable a fuller South Cave, East Yorkshire (115)), all from northern
Hampshire (98), which suggests an interest in the cult understanding of the mixture of indigenous and counties, are therefore of particular interest.
of Isis, and the bust depicting Antinous (the emperor imported traditions in the life of the province, and PAS
Hadrian’s favourite) from Capel St Mary, Suffolk (112), data continues to make a significant contribution to this A particularly interesting range of late Roman
are noteworthy finds. picture. As seen in previous years, brooches are the most artefacts recorded in 2007 include a silver finger-
abundant Roman artefact type recorded after coins. ring with shoulders, in the form of a water bird, from
A significant number of artefacts with inscriptions The 1,831 brooches and 430 other items of personal Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire (136), a gold finger-
or associated with literacy were recorded this year. adornment (finger-rings, bracelets, hairpins, beads and ring with its bezel ornamented with a stylised bunch of
Inscribed objects are frequently linked to the military earrings) account for 12.3% and 2.9% respectively of all grapes from Aldborough, North Yorkshire (137), and a
and within this category the most significant individual Roman finds recorded in 2007. The volume of brooches copper-alloy seal-ring engraved with the chi-rho motif
find is the diploma found at Brompton, North Yorkshire and other forms of personal adornment is particularly from Narborough, Leicestershire (145). Finally, the very
(113), the issue of which can be dated to 17 July AD high in Lincolnshire and Suffolk. rare gold crossbow brooch found in Gunthorpe, Norfolk
118. This example, now acquired by Yorkshire Museum, (148), is an exceptional object and one which must
represents an important addition to the small group Some very unusual individual brooches were recorded have signified high status.
of documents of this type known from Britain. The in 2007, including a silver zoomorphic brooch depicting
possibility of providing such a precise date for a non- a hound and hare from Hale, Cheshire (106). Although
coin object occurs very infrequently. The fragmentary no close parallel for this brooch is known from Britain,
tombstone from Cherington, Gloucestershire (133), is similar examples are known from Hungary. The two
also an unusual find and is likely to commemorate the other Roman brooches found in north-west England
death of a legionary soldier whose name is now lost. and discussed in this report – the Kräftig-profilierte
Other inscribed objects of everyday types, more brooch from Atherton, Greater Manchester (90), and
commonly referred to as instrumentum domesticum, the swastika brooch from Northwich, Cheshire (130) –
include brooches, finger-rings, buckles and military are both of types which originated in Pannonia on the
fittings. Of the 13 finger-rings of precious metal three Danube frontier (modern Hungary). It is likely that
are inscribed with ‘TOT’ or variations thereof and they came to Britain with troops raised or stationed in
dedicated to the God Toutatis (Daubney: forthcoming). that province.
The finger-ring from Hockcliffe, Bedfordshire (120), is
ROMAN

an extremely important addition to this dataset since Some of the other brooches discussed in this
its inscription ‘DEO TOT’ represents the first reference report, such as the Polden Hill Type from Highnam,
to Toutatis specifically as a deity. In addition, two very Gloucestershire (110), and the dragonesque brooch
interesting objects inscribed in Greek were recorded; from Gisburn, Lancashire (105), are examples of types
the gold foil amulet with magical ‘characters’ in Greek with a strongly regional distribution pattern. Polden
cursive from south Oxfordshire (135), which represents Hill brooches are most commonly found in west and
a charm to ensure safe childbirth, and a gold finger-ring south-west England. Dragonesque brooches are not
from the Bures area, Essex (128), bearing an inscription particularly common and although they have been
wishing good fortune. found across much of Britain, with a spread from
south-east Scotland to East Anglia, there is a very
marked concentration in Yorkshire. Figure 4. Button and loop fasteners recorded by PAS October
1997–April 2008
70 ROMAN ROMAN 71
 89. Eynsford, Kent: copper-alloy pan-handle 90. Atherton, Greater Manchester: copper-alloy Discussion: The function of this object, while 94. Pocklington, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy tripod
(PAS: LON-B47821) brooch (PAS: LVPL-1B0623) almost certainly part of a piece of jewellery, cannot mount (PAS: YORYM-EC06D2)
be unequivocally identified. However, assuming
Date: Roman (c. AD 43–100). Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 100). Date: Roman (c. AD 43 –c. 200).
a symmetrical design, it seems probable that the
Discovery: Found by Bill Robson some years ago while Discovery: Found by Thomas Jackson while metal- Discovery: Found by Bernard Ross while metal-
band was broken just short of its end which would
searching on the spoil heaps from the building of the detecting in 2007, and recorded by Frances McIntosh detecting in 2007, and recorded with Beth Echtenacher
have terminated with a second soldered lyre-shaped
M25, and recorded by Kate Sumnall (London FLO) (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO). (North & East Yorkshire FLA).
fastening loop (or possibly a double hook). As such
in 2007. Description: An incomplete copper-alloy bow brooch Description: A tripod mount depicting the bust of
it can be conceived as one link from a necklace or
Description: A copper-alloy handle, with a ram’s of Kraftig-profilierte Type. The wide head narrows to a young male figure, portraying Bacchus or a priest
bracelet.
head terminal, from a shallow handled pan or skillet. a neck before widening into its side wings. The head of Bacchus. The bust is naked and no musculature
Disposition: Acquired by Royal Cornwall Museum.
The shaft of the handle is tubular and hollow and is does not cover the incomplete spring which has 6-coils is defined on the chest. The facial features are worn
decorated with grooves extending along much of its and is held in place by a short forward hook; the pin is R Jackson and the probable wreath on the wavy, mid-length
length leading to a collar at the junction with the ram’s missing. The upper bow is arched and has a pronounced hair meets above the forehead in a top-knot which
head. The solid head is moulded three-dimensionally knop at its centre which is made up of two mouldings, 92. Snape with Thorpe, North Yorkshire: gold may have been intended to represent a flower. The
with curling horns with three circular perforations on the lower one being prominent. The lower bow is jewellery component (PAS: YORYM-CBED34; bust is positioned above an incomplete, hollow and
each side and incised details of the eyes, nostrils and narrow and tapers to a foot-knob which extends below Treasure: 2007 T443) rectangular base which has three transverse mouldings.
mouth. Beneath the jaw, the fleece is represented by the complete catch-plate. Dimensions: 40 x 17mm. An integral, copper-alloy square-sectioned shank
Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 200).
moulded pellets. There are traces of iron corrosion on Weight: 7.6g. extends horizontally from the centre of the figure’s
Discovery: Found by Jim Coon while metal-detecting
the surface. Length: 101.58mm. Diameter: 22.25mm. Discussion: Kraftig-profilierte Type brooches, also back then turns upwards at right angles to end in a
in August 2007, and reported to Beth Echtenacher
Weight: 199.6g. known as the Pannonian Type, originated from square terminal. 77.94 x 32.36 x 38mm. Weight: 130g.
(North & East Yorkshire FLA).
Discussion: Pan-handles terminating with an animal’s Pannonia, an area on the Danube-Rhine frontier, and Discussion: This is the eighth tripod mount to have
Description: A small, hollow, sub-rectangular sheet-
head occur in two forms: either with the zoomorphic it is very likely that they were associated with troops been found in Britain. Other mounts also representing
gold object with two undecorated planar faces. A
terminal and shaft cast as a single component (such raised or stationed in that province. Small numbers Bacchus were found at Birrens, Dumfries and Galloway
ribbed moulding (four ribs defined by three channels)
as this example), or with the handle’s terminal and of brooches of this Type were introduced to Britain (Robertson 1975: 120, no. 96, fig. 35), Lincoln
runs around one long and two short sides and a slender
shaft cast as separate components and later soldered at the Conquest, probably with the 9th Legion who (Thompson 1971: 101–102, pl. xxv), Harlow, Essex
tubular perforation, formed by the addition of a strip of
together. The earlier form, classified as Nuber’s Type were drafted from Pannonia, and they remained in use (Bartlett 1985), and London (Henig 1976), and two
gold sheet, occupies the fourth side. The object, which
D, was in use in the Augustan period (31 BC–AD 14) throughout the 1st century. The distribution of this examples recorded by the PAS were found at Greetwell,
resembles a bulla-type pendant, is identifiable as a
until around AD 50 and the later form continued in type of brooch is largely confined to the south-east of Lincolnshire (LIN-1632D1), and Pickhill with Roxby,
component of Roman jewellery, probably a bead-like
use until the end of the 1st century. A pan-handle England and so it is particularly interesting that this North Yorkshire (LVPL-CB8BO4). It is likely that tripods
pendant from a composite ear-ring or necklace.
terminating in a ram’s head of similar form to the example was found in the north-west. were used as stands for vessels used for the mixing of
Dimensions:10.9 x 8.5 x 3.7mm. Weight: 1.3g.
example from Eynsford is known from Hod Hill, Dorset Disposition: Donated for use in the FLO’s handling wine and therefore the choice of figures of Bacchus
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
(Brailsford 1962: 4, no. A132, fig. 5, pl. X), and St collection. (the god of wine) or of followers of Bacchus as tripod
Albans, Hertfordshire (Waugh and Goodburn 1972). R Jackson stands was particularly appropriate.
F McIntosh
Although no other examples of this later form with a Disposition: Returned to finder.
ram’s head terminal have been recorded by the PAS, 93. Ely, Cambridgeshire: silver finger-ring
91. St Buryan, Cornwall: gold jewellery fragment B Echternacher & S Worrell
an example with the handle terminal in the form of (PAS: CAMHER-9B2FA5; Treasure: 2007 T535)
a dog’s head was recently recorded from Newstead, (PAS: CORN-929E07; Treasure: 2007 T140)
Date: Roman (c. AD 43– c. 200). 95. Trowbridge area, Wiltshire: copper-alloy double-
Nottinghamshire (LVPL-F535A7). Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 200).
Discovery: Found by Dinah Northfield while metal- headed knife terminal (PAS: WILT-251A24)
Bill Robson keeps accurate records of his finds, noting Discovery: Found by David Edwards while metal-
detecting in August 2007, and reported to Philippa
the findspot, date found and providing further details detecting in March 2007, and reported to Anna Tyacke Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 200).
Walton (Cambridgeshire FLO).
about the object when reporting them. He has also (Cornwall FLO). Discovery: Found by Steve Booth while metal-
Description: A penannular snake-headed finger-ring,
recently started looking through his older finds not Description: A broken and distorted component detecting in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds
with opposed flattened snake-head terminals and a
previously recorded by the PAS in order to identify of Roman gold jewellery, probably a necklace link. (Wiltshire FLO).
solid, circular-sectioned hoop. The ring is badly crushed,
the most important items for recording. He found the The fragment comprises a parallel-sided band, made Description: Copper-alloy terminal from a toilet knife
which may have been done deliberately. The ring is
current find on the spoil heap from the building of the from thin gold sheet, fractured at one end and with a in the form of a double-headed bust with a circular-
classified as Johns (1996) Type Bi/Bii. Length: 25mm.
M25 during the late 1970s. Close by he found other double-eyed fastening loop at the complete end. sectioned iron projection visible on the underside of
Weight: 7g.
Roman finds including a knife handle in the form of a The band has a front (outer) face and a back (inner) the neck (Worrell 2008: 364–365, no. 14, fig. 18). The
Disposition: Acquired by Ely Museum.
dog, and figurines of Mercury and a panther. It is likely face. The latter displays working marks but no finishing two faces are separated by a deep horizontal groove
that these finds might indicate the site of a temple or marks and was evidently not intended to be seen. The R Hobbs dividing the two tops of heads. The facial features
shrine that was destroyed during the building works. front face is ornamented with a restrained and finely are moulded: the mouths are depicted by two short
Disposition: Returned to finder. applied decoration; ribbed and channelled mouldings horizontal grooves, above which is a punched dot
divide the band into two equal panels each occupied below a prominent, triangular nose. The eyes are
K Sumnall & S Worrell
by a plain zone balanced by a line of five embossed pointed ovals with dots at the centre representing
ring-and-dot mouldings. Soldered to the complete the pupils and have curved eyebrows. The hair is
end is a lyre-shaped twin loop of filigree wire. Width: combed forward and is depicted using deep, vertical
12mm. Predicted original length: 41mm approx. grooves. Both faces are clean-shaven with pointed
Weight: 3g. chins, expanding to the ears then curving over the top
of the head. The base of the terminal is circular and

72 ROMAN ROMAN 73
 there is a trace of a circular-sectioned iron projection 97. Scawby, North Lincolnshire: copper-alloy pan- 98. Wherwell, Hampshire: copper-alloy figurine in Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
extending from its centre. The nose-to-chin area is a handle (PAS: NLM-B0A171) the form of a crocodile (PAS: HAMP-453C46) R Jackson
slightly upstanding triangular shape. The head sits on a
Date: Roman (c. AD 65–c.85). Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 200).
circular terminal 13–14mm in diameter, with the iron
Discovery: Found by John Lockwood while metal- Discovery: Found by Martin Hams while metal- 100. Llanharry, Rhondda Cynon Taff: copper-alloy
projection extending from the middle of the underside;
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Lisa Staves (North detecting in about 2000, identified by Martin Henig wax spatula handle (PAS: NMGW-89FC33)
the ‘shoulder area’ is 5mm high. The silvery/grey sheen
Lincolnshire FLO). and recorded by Rob Webley (Hampshire FLO) in 2007.
of the patina suggests a high tin content. Dimensions: Date: Roman (c. AD 43– c. 300).
Description: A terminal fragment from a cast copper- Description: A cast copper-alloy Roman zoomorphic
25.6 x 15.2 x 17.4mm. Weight: 22.85g. Discovery: Found by Alan Jenkins while metal-
alloy handle from a saucepan (trulla). The flat handle figurine in the form of a crocodile (Worrell 2007: 338–
Discussion: Two similar terminals have been detecting in 2007, and recorded by Mark Lodwick
tapers towards the break and has a disc-shaped 339, no. 36, fig. 37). The animal is well modelled with
discovered and recorded by the PAS, from Hartest (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
terminal with a central hole for suspending the vessel. its neck, head and raised and curving tail rising from a
(SF-6944) and Bures St Mary (SF-D0D636), both Description: A near complete wax spatula handle
There is a moulded cord design bordering both edges flat underbelly. The legs are bent back on themselves
in Suffolk. Ralph Jackson (British Museum; personal depicting Minerva, the Roman goddess of crafts, poetry
of the handle and surrounding the circular perforation and each foot terminates in three toes. The raised snout
communication) compares terminals of this type to and wisdom. Although the detail is slightly eroded,
although the border is incomplete on the circular tapers, and the open jaws reveal its teeth. The eyes are
an example with an integral copper-alloy handle from the form of the handle differs from other recorded
terminal. On the inside of the border is a further raised mouldings coated with traces of a while metal
Richborough (Bushe Fox 1949: Pl. XLV). This example examples, with Minerva shown wearing a three-
concentric row of punched dots, which is clearer near (John Philpotts, personal communication). The upper
is one of a series of distinctive knives published by dimensional helmet with concave sides and a wide
the handle end of the terminal but fades away midway surface is decorated with punched and engraved linear
Kaufmann-Heinimann (1998: 32–35, figs. 9–11). Where central groove at the rear. The tops of the garments are
around with punched dots in between. Part of the decoration to render the animal’s leathery skin. Down
iron blades survive they are of Manning’s (1985) Type discernible below the neck and the figure thins near
maker’s stamp, reading ‘CI. PI----’, survives on the the length of its back are two longitudinal grooves
1. The knife series dates to the 1st or 2nd century, so it the base to produce an ergonomic handle. The missing
handle just before the terminal. The broken end also crossed by numerous transverse lines to create three
seems likely this knife is of a similar date. iron blade was secured within a damaged V-shaped
has at least two incomplete rivet holes, suggesting that rows of irregular squares and rectangles. The flanks
Disposition: Returned to finder. opening at the base of the handle. Dimensions: 67.2 x
the vessel may have been repaired. Diameter (external): and legs have been decorated using punched circular
18.6 (across the shoulders) x 15.4mm. Weight: 43.4g.
K Hinds 47.1mm. Length: 60.7mm. Thickness: 3.4mm. stamps. The greyer colour of the underside of the body
Discussion: Wax spatulas were used for smoothing
Weight: 39.04g. suggests that the figurine might have been soldered
wax writing tablets and applying the wax. This handle
96. Carlisle, Cumbria: silver hair-pin fragment Discussion: ‘CI. PI’ identifies this pan as a product of to another surface, although it could also have stood
is an example of Feugère (1995: 321–338) Type A5
(PAS: NCL-0061D8; Treasure: 2007 T258) the workshop of C. Cipius Polybius, a major producer alone. Dimensions: 56.6 x 21.5 x 27.7mm. Weight:
and its discovery brings the total number of known
of the Campanian copper-alloy industry and member 25.5g.
Date: Roman (c. AD 50–c. 150). A5 spatula handles from Britain to 25, 16 of which
of a Capuan family of bronze-smiths. Cipius Polybius Discussion: This figurine is presumably part of an
Discovery: Found by Derek Jones while metal- have been recorded by the PAS. The wax spatula
produced a wide range of vessel forms but is well imported Nilotic group and suggests a local interest in
detecting in April 2007, and reported to Rob Collins handle from Llanharry represents the most westerly
known for the handled saucepans or skillets which the Cult of Isis. It lacks parallels in Britain and the few
(North East FLO). of the recorded examples and is the first recorded
have been found widely in the Western Roman Empire Continental examples are unprovenanced. Romans are
Description: A hair-pin fragment in form of a human from Wales. In addition to this example, others are
as well as outside its borders. The earliest products known to have worshipped the Egyptian crocodile god
hand. The tips of the fingers are broken, leaving only known from Helmsley, North Yorkshire (YORYMM404),
date from the Tiberian or Claudian period (AD 14–54) Sobek. Elsewhere, Roman representations of a crocodile
the lower part of the fingers, defined by a series of Scawby, North Lincolnshire (NLM-DB0143), Bourne,
while the main period of production appears to be the with its tail raised over its back are depicted on the
rather crude incised grooves. The curved thumb is Lincolnshire (LIN-F37090), Reepham, Lincolnshire
Neronian (AD 54–68) and possibly Flavian period (AD Augustan coins struck at Nîmes and in statue form at
intact, as is the flat disc which separated the pin-head (LIN-69A207), Britwell Salome, Oxfordshire (BH-
69–96) (McPeake and Moore 1978; Bennett and Young Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli.
from the shaft. Only a small part of the iron shaft 6D69E7), Stonham Earl, Suffolk (SF8530), Wenhaston
1981). Products of this workshop are unusual finds Disposition: Returned to finder.
survives. Dimensions: 22.1 x 12mm. Weight: 7.6g. with Mells Hamlet, Suffolk (SF-9AAE10), Middleton,
outside the northern frontier region, although a hoard
Discussion: Roman hair-pins with a terminal in the R Webley Essex (SF-3292E6), Popham, Hampshire (HAMP2607),
of copper-alloy vessels consisting of three pans, two of
form of a human hand are a well-known type. They Micheldever, Hampshire (HAMP3507), Hook,
which were the products of Cipius Polybius, and two
belong to Cool’s (1990: 157–158) Type 7, which usually 99. York area: silver finger-ring with inscribed motif Hampshire (HAMP-4EB6C5), Alfriston, East Sussex
strainer-bowls was recently found in Kingston Deverill,
have a fruit or egg grasped between the thumb and (PAS: SWYOR-6B2484; Treasure: 2007 T438) (SUSS-AF5905), Kington, Wiltshire (NMGW-DED9D2),
Wiltshire, and recorded by the PAS (WILT-92B052).
forefinger. This example seems slightly larger than Heytesbury, Wiltshire (WILT-9F0F01), and Hucclecote,
The PAS has recorded a total of 18 copper-alloy pans Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 300).
normal for the type, and is also unusual because most Gloucestershire (BUC-270D12). The rural context of
or skillets, most of which are represented by handle Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in August
seem to have been discovered in the south of Britain. these findspots comprises significant evidence for
fragments. On the seven handles where the makers’ 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper (South & West
Disposition: Acquired by Tullie House Museum & Art literacy, if these artefacts were being used for their
stamps survive, five are products of C. CIPI. POLYBIVS. Yorkshire FLO).
Gallery, Carlisle. primary function.
Disposition: Returned to finder. Description: A small finger-ring, complete and
Disposition: Returned to finder.
R Hobbs undamaged, with slender ovoid hoop, convex shoulders
L Staves & S Worrell
and broad, flat oval bezel simply incised with a stylised M Lodwick & S Worrell
palm-branch motif flanked at the base by a pair of
crosses. Dimensions (external): 20.5 x 16.9mm. Bezel:
12.5 x 9.2mm. Weight: 4.3g.
Discussion: An example of a standard Roman ring
type made variously in gold, silver or copper-alloy. The
palm-branch motif was a ubiquitous symbol of victory
believed to offer protection against malign forces
and to help a deceased wearer reach the afterlife.
For comparative examples see TAR 2005/6, nos. 107,
108 & 114.

74 ROMAN ROMAN 75
 101. Newton Kyme cum Toulson, North Yorkshire: 102. North Yorkshire area: silver ligula 104. St Minver, Cornwall: copper-alloy brooch brooch with characteristic relief trumpets, but also
copper-alloy figurine of Cautopates (PAS: YORYM-F9FB75; Treasure: 2007 T187) (PAS: CORN-24EB51) represents a hybrid form since the relief decoration
(PAS: SWYOR-9FCBB3) was also intended to be augmented with enamelling.
Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 410). Date: Roman (c. AD 50–c. 75). Fraser Hunter’s (National Museum, Edinburgh)
Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 410). Discovery: Found while metal-detecting before April Discovery: Found by Yvonne Parker while metal- forthcoming study of dragonesque brooches and
Discovery: Found by Chris Hall while metal-detecting 2007, and reported to Simon Holmes (North & East detecting in July 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke beaded torcs discusses the survival and adaptation
in 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper (South & West Yorkshire FLO). (Cornwall FLO). of Celtic art styles in Roman Britain. His synthesis of
Yorkshire FLO). Description: A silver ligula of normal Roman form, Description: An incomplete copper-alloy example the dragonesque brooch corpus with 270 examples
Description: A copper-alloy figurine depicting with a small angled disc, a quite rudimentarily finished of the Applied Hook Type of T-shaped brooch, now includes the 73 examples recorded by the PAS. The
Cautopates, one of Mithras’s two attendants, who multiple disc-and-baluster moulding and a slender, in two parts. The pin is hinged and the axis bar was finders were happy to loan the brooch for a surface
symbolises darkness (Worrell 2008: 352–353, no. 1 tapered, circular-sectioned stem, its pointed tip broken. seated in the pierced ends of the wings in the Polden XRF (x-ray fluorescence) analysis at the Institute of
fig. 5). Cautopates is standing facing forwards with his Length: 93.7mm. Weight: 4.3g. Hill manner. Each side of the pin is grooved to form a Archaeology, University College London, in order to
head turned slightly to the right. His legs are crossed Discussion: This type of object, most commonly fake spring with the external ‘chord’ held by a rearward assess the metallic composition of the artefact and
at the calves, his right hand holds his torch pointing found in copper alloy, was a multi-purpose implement hook, below the upper mouldings at the head which is to compare with other analysed brooches.
downwards, and his left hand is placed on the left hip. principally with toilet and cosmetic applications, which now broken. The cord is in fact a wire tucked between Disposition: Returned to finder.
He wears trousers and a short-sleeved tunic, both of included the removal of wax from the outer ear and the wing and fake spring. The elaborate ‘hook’ is a
which have grooved, curved lines representing the folds the extraction of unguents from slender containers. metal plate with six bosses, with the third and six D Boughton and S Worrell
of the cloth, a cloak ornamented with V-shaped motifs Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. bosses riveted to the head and body of the bow. The
and grooved, and a Phrygian cap; he has mid-length bow tapers to a point and the catch-plate is intact. 106. Hale, Cheshire: silver plate brooch
R Jackson
tousled hair. There is no evidence for attachment to a Dimensions: 54 x 39mm. Weight: 20.96g. (PAS: LVPL-035186; Treasure: 2007 T686)
larger object, but the figurine is not free-standing and Discussion: The distribution of brooches of this type
103. Middleton, Warwickshire: copper-alloy bust Date: Roman (c. AD 50–c.300).
despite the lack of evidence for an attachment it must is concentrated in the south-west with a small number
(PAS: WMID-01FA06) Discovery: Found by Thomas McCormick while metal-
have been fixed to a base. The back of the figurine is of outliers elsewhere. The consistent feature of these detecting in 2006, and reported to Frances McIntosh
almost flat but the decoration on the cloak indicates Date: Roman (c. AD 43–c. 410). brooches is the applied plate simulating a hook, rather (North West FLO) in 2007.
that it was made to be seen. Dimensions: 81.5 x 34 x Discovery: Found by Andy Robinson while metal- than the manner in which the pin was fixed or the Description: A silver zoomorphic plate brooch in the
11mm. Weight: 91g. detecting in December 2007, and recorded with attempt to give the appearance of a spring, as in this form of a hound catching a hare, shown in profile
Discussion: The Cult of Mithras was popular with Duncan Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO). case (Mackreth 1991: 232). Examples of brooches from (Worrell 2008: 354–355, no. 4, fig. 8). The slightly
soldiers who were stationed in Britain, as demonstrated Description: A cast copper-alloy mount in the form Camerton, Somerset, in particular, demonstrate the stylised hound is well-observed; its long ears point
by the concentration of mithraea (places of worship for of a draped bust, presumably female. The mount elaboration and inventiveness of the decoration on upwards, the eyes are large, the body slender, the
the followers of Mithraism) on Hadrian’s Wall, although consists of the head, neck and upper torso at the the plate of brooches of this type (Wedlake 1958: 225, haunches prominent and its long tail curves forwards
it excluded women. Mithras and his companions are front and on the reverse the bust terminates below fig. 51). and touches the hound’s back. The hound is shown
usually depicted in Persian dress, normally consisting the head at about the neck and is then recessed; the Disposition: Loaned to Royal Institution of Cornwall biting the crouched hare’s back and holds its body
of trousers and Phrygian caps. The companions, Cautes torso is hollow. Details of the hairstyle are unclear due (Loan 311). between its front legs, and also by its right side front
and Cautopates, represent the opposing attributes to wear, but the hair appears to be waved and loose
A Tyacke & S Worrell and back legs. The brooch has a hinged pin secured
of light and dark, or life and death, symbolised by with a narrow band of uncertain function around the
between two lugs. Its transverse rectangular catch-
the position of the torch they hold. Cautes holds his head. There is no surviving detail on the back of the
105. Gisburn, Lancashire: copper-alloy brooch plate is damaged and the pin rest is missing. The
torch up, allowing it to burn, while Cautopates holds head. The facial features are particularly robust and
(LANCUM-411DE2) surface of the hare’s body is badly corroded and that
his down, extinguishing it. Mithraic temples had to rounded, and the head joins the broad neck at an angle
of the hound appears to have been cleaned giving an
be near water for purification purposes (Henig 1984), of around 45º. The bust has a well-developed green Date: Roman (c. AD 50–c. 175). impression of two metals, copper and silver. Analysis
and it is interesting that this figurine was found near patina, but the surface has suffered some chipping Discovery: Found by Steve and Matthew Jones has shown that originally the whole piece would have
both a Roman fort and a river. Despite the popularity around the edges of the torso, around the chin and at while metal-detecting in 2007, and recorded by Dot been silver. Dimensions: 37.9 x 24.1mm. Weight: 15g.
of Mithraism, very few metallic votive items are the top of the back of the head. Dimensions: 54 x 39 x Boughton (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO). Discussion: Brooches depicting a hound and hare
known and it has not been possible to find a parallel 27.7mm. Weight: 73.82g. Description: An incomplete copper-alloy dragonesque hunting scene are rare, though both animals are often
for this figurine. The Cult of Mithras was popular until Discussion: The lack of iron on this bust suggests brooch missing one terminal and its pin. The head depicted separately on plate brooches. A similar brooch
the advent of Roman Christianity under Constantine that it was soldered onto a vessel or box. It is broadly has a marked eye and backward sloping ear with the is known from Szombathely, Hungary, also in silver
I (r. AD 306–337) although it is unlikely that Mithras similar in form and style to two female busts thought nose ending in a scroll. The body has elegant boss- and another in copper-alloy from Brigetio, Hungary
ceased being worshipped by all. to be of local workmanship from Cockfield, Suffolk, and-trumpet decoration moulded in relief and also (Sellye 1939: 81, nos. 6, 8, pl. 8). In Britain, a copper-
Deposition: Returned to finder. and Adderbury, north Oxfordshire (Brown 1973: 264– has a cell at each end which is likely to have originally alloy brooch from Piercebridge, County Durham, has a
265). Both have well-defined, presumably provincial held enamel, although no traces now survive. On the
A Cooper double design of a stylised hound catching a hare, but
hairstyles suggestive of Romano-British workmanship surviving terminal there is a stamped ring-and-dot set on either side of a central bar (Butcher 2007: 11–
rather than imports. It is possible that this bust is motif representing the creature’s eye and a small, 201, no. 33, fig. D11.75). This is very closely paralleled
Bacchic in style and could represent a maenad, a single dot for the nostril. No enamel now survives in by a further brooch from Brigetio and also
female devotee of the god Bacchus. The provincial the facial features. The back is flat and there are many an unprovenanced parallel (Murawski 2003:
style of the facial features, particularly the triangular parallel scratch marks which possibly derive from ref. R07-0525). Such depictions are, however, relatively
nose, is shared by that on the copper-alloy mount the movement of the pin. Dimensions: 41.56 x 23 x common in other media, for example toilet knife
from the Bedford area, Bedfordshire (BH-22D0A3), and 6.65mm. Weight: 10.89g. handles (see 141, below).
the bound captive figurine from Andover, Hampshire Discussion: This brooch can be identified as a Disposition: Acquired by the National Museums
(HAMP-378231, below). decorated version of the ‘boss style’ dragonesque Liverpool.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
R Hobbs & S Worrell
D Slarke & S Worrell

76 ROMAN ROMAN 77
 107. Little Kimble, Buckinghamshire: copper-alloy 108. Seaton with Slingley, County Durham: silver 110. Highnam, Gloucestershire: copper-alloy brooch 112. Capel St Mary, Suffolk: copper-alloy bust
brooch (PAS: BUC-615653) trumpet brooch fragment (PAS: NCL-D28051; (PAS: GLO-5BBB70) (PAS: ESS-B39770)
Date: Roman (c. AD 75–c. 150). Treasure: 2007 T391) Date: Roman (c. AD 80–c. 120). Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 200).
Discovery: Found by Matthew Wildman during a Date: Roman (c. AD 75–c. 200). Discovery: Found by Kath Hurcombe while metal- Discovery: Found by Stuart Henderson while metal-
metal-detecting rally in 2007, and recorded by Ros Discovery: Found by Dave Scott while metal-detecting detecting in 2007, and recorded by Kurt Adams detecting in July 2007, identified by Sally Worrell and
Tyrrell (Buckinghamshire FLO). in October 2007, and reported to Rob Collins (Gloucestershire & Avon FLO). recorded by Laura McLean (Essex FLO).
Description: A copper-alloy enamelled Headstud (North East FLO). Description: An incomplete Polden Hill brooch Description: A bust of a young male identified as
brooch. It has a cast-on head loop, the missing pin Description: Fragment of silver trumpet brooch, the with the spring and pin now missing. The wings are Antinous (Worrell 2008: 363–364, no. 13, fig. 17). The
was hinged and its bow has a curved front surface head and part of the bow surviving. There are traces semicircular and the ends closed and perforated to face is round, the neck broad, the musculature poorly
which tapers slightly to the forward-facing, conical of copper from the spring, which is missing, alongside secure the spring which was held in place by an axis defined on the naked chest and the full hair is arranged
foot-knob. The wings are slightly D-shaped in section the lower part of the bow, foot and catch-plate. There bar. The external spring chord was probably held by a in waves which cluster at the ears and down the back
and concave at the back. Each wing has a longitudinal is a series of complex mouldings on the bow, which hook or crest on the head, much of which is truncated of the head. The eyes stare forward, although it is
groove at its end and a circular recess perforated by include an acanthus moulding with five petals. There on this example. A recessed line runs from the top of impossible to see the pupils owing to iron corrosion
an oval hole through which a setting would have been is a series of transverse grooves within circular bands the head down the centre of the brooch to the foot, within their settings. The brows are finely arched, the
secured, which in both cases is now missing. At the on either side of the acanthus flower; the head is plain. and on either side is stepped. The catch-plate on the nose straight, the lips are slightly parted and the chin
top of the bow there is a prominent lozenge-shaped Dimensions: 36 x 13mm. Weight: 18.3g. reverse is mostly complete with only the tip missing. prominent. Level with the centre of the shoulder blades
moulding enclosing a circular recess which would have Discussion: These types of brooch with acanthus Dimensions: 47 x 30 x 19mm. Weight: 14.35g. there is a large cavity filled with corroded iron which
held a setting, now missing. Below this the bow has a flower are best known from the Backworth Treasure, Discussion: The Polden Hill Type of brooch, named holds the remains of a square, iron rivet that would
linear groove down each side which borders a panel of and are discussed in Hattatt (1982: no. 80). Found with after a particularly fine example from the Polden have secured the mount to a box or piece of furniture.
four lozenges containing traces of pale blue enamel, a silver denarius of Titus (minted AD 80) – see 480. Hill Hoard, Somerset (Brailsford 1975: 288, fig. 6A), Dimensions: 77.2 x 50.8 x 30.39mm (across chest).
with infilling triangles in red enamel. At either side of Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. is a form of Colchester-derivative brooch the main Weight: 290g.
the bow, beginning at the head-stud and extending development of which seems to have taken place in Discussion: This bust represents only the second
R Hobbs
down the enamelled zone, are seven square-ended the West Midlands (Bayley and Butcher 2004: 160). known depiction of Antinous, Hadrian’s favourite,
projections forming a serrated edge. The foot-knob has Research by Sally Worrell (Finds Adviser) for a lecture from Britain. It is inferior in quality, but has much in
two concentric circles of enamel, the colour of which is 109. Inkberrow, Worcestershire: copper-alloy at the Gloucestershire Roman Archaeology Day in April common in physiognomy and detail, with the bust
now unknown. Dimensions: 34.85 x 29.9 x 3.2mm. brooch (PAS: WAW-1DBFC0) 2008 revealed that of the Roman brooches recorded by from Littlecote, Wiltshire (Walters and Henig 1988:
Discussion: There is a wide variety of sub-types of Date: Roman (c. AD 75–c. 200). the PAS (up to April 2008), the Polden Hill Type was the 407–410), and it is particularly close in style to an
Headstud brooches (Painter and Sax 1970). Most Discovery: Found by Phil Turner while metal-detecting most common brooch type found in Gloucestershire, unprovenanced tripod mount now in Lyons Museum
brooches of this type have a raised stud near the top in 2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & and of the 192 brooches recorded in that county, 61 (Zadoks-Josephus Jitta, Peters and van Es 1973: 24–27
of the bow, although crests, occasionally shaped like Worcestershire FLO. examples (37.2%) were of Polden Hill Type. This is in nos. 1–12).
a dog, are known. Examples may be sprung or hinged, Description: An unusual and almost complete contrast to Somerset, where of a total of 237 Roman Disposition: Donated to Colchester and Ipswich
with a fixed head-loop or a loose wire loop, with studs zoomorphic plate brooch showing the outline of a brooches recorded, only 6 (2.5%) are Polden Hill Museums Service.
riveted at the wings and foot, and decoration mostly hippocamp – a mythological creature with a horse’s brooches, and Avon, where only 4 out of 54 (7.4%)
S Worrell & L McLean
in the form of a wide variety of enamel ornament. head and forequarters, no hind legs and the tail of a examples are of Polden Hill Type.
Occasionally, as in this case, the bow of a Headstud dolphin or seahorse. In the case of this brooch, a fan- Disposition: Returned to finder.
brooch has a toothed side in a similar manner to that shaped element instead of a tail and a moulded scroll 113. Brompton, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy
K Adams & S Worrell military diploma (PAS: YORYM-67D811)
seen on hinged T-shaped brooches, often known as projects and curves forwards at the junction of the
the Sawfish Type, although the head-stud, head-loop body and has a cell, presumably for enamel, although Date: Roman (17 July AD 118).
and foot-knob identify the brooch from Little Kimble no trace now survives. The creature’s body has a broad 111. Sheepy, Leicestershire: gold necklace fragment Discovery: Found by Stuart Hodgson while metal-
as a member of the diverse Headstud family. Similar diamond-shaped cell with three moulded ring-and- (PAS: WMID-3487F6; Treasure: 2007 T41) detecting in 2007, transcribed by Roger Tomlin (Oxford
brooches, but with slight variations, are known from dot motifs in high relief which are inlaid with green Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 200). University), translated by John Pearce (King’s College,
excavations at Derby (Mackreth 1985: 287–289, no. enamel at the centre and surrounded by blue. A small Discovery: Found by Wayne Burton while metal- London) and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson (North &
21, fig. 126), Dragonby (Olivier 1996: 255, no. 101, fig. circular cell containing traces of enamel marks the eye. detecting in October 2006, and reported to Caroline East Yorkshire FLO).
11.9) and Richborough (Bayley and Butcher 2004: 164, Dimensions: 28.01 x 21.89 x 9.17mm. Weight: 6.3g. Johnson (Staffordshire & West-Midlands FLO) in 2007. Description: Five fragments (two joining) from the
no. 135). Discussion: Zoomorphic plate brooches were not Description: Fragment of Roman gold necklace, first leaf or tabella of a bronze military diploma.
Disposition: Returned to finder. uncommon in Roman Britain, but examples depicting consisting of three sections of loop-in-loop filigree There is half of one binding hole in the top edge of
hippocamps are poorly represented. Where they are wire. One section of wire is plain, while the central fragment 2 (Tomlin 2008: 381–384 no. 18, figs. 17–18).
R Tyrrell & S Worrell section is threaded with a blue glass polyhedral faceted
known, representations of the creature in outline form Fragment 1: Dimensions: 79.5 x 83.1 x 1.9mm.
are expected, as on this example, although a brooch bead. The final wire, probably the clasp, has an applied Weight: 41.3g.
from Richborough, Kent (Bayley and Butcher 2004: four-spoke wheel in plain and beaded wire, with a Fragment 2: Dimensions: 46.6 x 48.1 x 1.7mm.
124, no. 354, fig. 96), has a hippocamp shown fully in central bead. Length: 36.5mm. Diameter (wheel): Weight: 137g.
the round. Four other hippocamp brooches have been 9.4mm. Weight: 1.5g. Fragment 3: Dimensions: 25.1 x 18 x 1.3mm.
recorded by the PAS from Bourne, Lincolnshire (LIN- Discussion: The wheel element of this fragment is Weight: 22g.
280A34), near Steyning, West Sussex (SUSS-3F75E4), closely paralleled with a wheel-clasp in the Snettisham Fragment 4: Dimensions: 26.4 x 15.5 x 1.7mm.
Firle, East Sussex (SUSS-962C96), and Icklingham, jeweller’s hoard (Johns 1997: no. 318). Weight: 18g.
Suffolk (SF-12EC61). Disposition: Leicestershire County Council Heritage Fragment 5: Dimensions: 17.2 x 8.2 x 1.4mm.
Disposition: Returned to finder. Services hopes to acquire. Weight: 69g.
A Bolton & S Worrell R Hobbs

78 ROMAN ROMAN 79
 Summary translation: ‘The emperor Caesar Trajan a triangular loop with a circular perforation at the hoping to conduct more research on the button-and- Discussion: The nearest comparable published example
Hadrian Augustus, son of Divine Trajan Parthicus, centre. Length: 41mm. Weight: not recorded. loop fasteners that are being found in East Yorkshire is by Hattatt (2000: no. 1639) which is definitely a
grandson of Nerva, Pontifex Maximus, with tribunician Discussion: Although the function of button-and- as a number of those she has recorded so far are lion with a projecting mane and the complete foreleg.
power for the sixth time, consul for the third time and loop fasteners remains obscure, they are likely to very unusual. However, Hattatt also refers to a brooch depicting a
pro-consul. For the cavalrymen and infantrymen who have served as multi-purpose fasteners for clothing Disposition: Returned to finder. lion in Hull’s unpublished corpus (no. 4349), as having a
served in the 13 alae [cavalry units from Pannonia, and harness. Fasteners of Wild’s Class III are the most different head and no upstanding mane, which sounds
L Andrews-Wilson & S Worrell
Spain, Gaul and Thrace] and the 37 cohorts [from numerous type recorded both in Wild’s study as well similar to the present example. Another fragment, with
Germany, Iberia, Thrace, Africa, Gaul, Syria, Dalmatia] as by the PAS. Since 1997, the PAS has recorded 67 a similar head (but with a closed mouth) and no mane
which are in Britain under the command of Aulus Class III fasteners which have a widespread distribution, 116. Greywell, Hampshire: copper-alloy brooches but a different pattern of enamelled cells, is recorded
Platorius Nepos, who have spent 25 years’ service are but with a concentration in Yorkshire and the East and coins (PAS: SUR-DDF2B8, SUR-DF6C76, from Charsfield, Suffolk (CHA 011), from a probable
dismissed with an honourable discharge by Pompeius Midlands. Only one other button-and-loop fastener has SUR-E1F317) shrine or temple site. The British zoomorphic brooches
Falco. To those whose names are written beneath, to been reported by the PAS from Buckinghamshire – a Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 200). are quite often associated with religious sites but also
themselves and their children and their descendants he Wild Class VIc Type from Wendover (BUC-2E01A2), Discovery: Found by Chris Lacey and Mark Stonard occur elsewhere, and can perhaps be compared to
gave citizenship and right of legal marriage [conubium] which has a rectangular head decorated with a while metal-detecting in 2007, and recorded by David Medieval pilgrim badges.
with the wives they already had when the citizenship combination of two lozenges in blue enamel with six Williams (Surrey FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder.
was given to them, or if they are unmarried he gave the triangles in red enamel. Description: 31 Late Iron Age and Roman brooches
J Plouviez & F Minter
right of conubium to those women married afterwards, Disposition: Returned to finder. have been found at this site including three zoomorphic
providing it is one husband to one wife. This is done on plate brooches representing a chicken (SUR-DF6C76),
R Tyrrell & S Worrell 118. Chesterton, Cambridgeshire: gold filigree
16th Kalends of August when Titus Julius Capito and a horse (SUR-DDF2B8), a fish (SUR-36BA57), and
Lucius Vitrasius Flamininus were consuls. Then [name a skeuomorphic plate brooch depicting an axe necklace component (PAS: CAMHER-955025;
of soldier] of 5th cohort of Raeti [Bavaria] which is 115. South Cave, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy (SUR-E1F317). Treasure: 2007 T411)
commanded by Sextus Cornelius Dexter of Saldae in button-and-loop fastener (PAS: YORYM-AC7061) Discussion: Votive gifts of jewellery and other items of Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300).
Mauretania ….. This document is copied and confirmed Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 200). personal adornment were offered at Roman temples, Discovery: Found by Andrew Mclay while metal-
from the bronze tablet which is fixed in Rome on the Discovery: Found by Roy Doughty while metal- other less formal religious sites, household shrines and detecting in August 2007, and reported to Philippa
wall behind the Temple of the Divine Augustus by the detecting in 2007, and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson places located at natural features such as rivers, lakes Walton (Cambrigeshire FLO).
statue of Minerva.’ (North & East Yorkshire FLO). and wells. The many Roman coins from Greywell are Description: Filigree necklace component. The wire has
Discussion: Roman military diplomas granted Roman Description: An unusually formed and highly elaborate presently being sorted and studied by David Williams, been looped to form an openwork design with a central
citizenship and the right of legal marriage to the non- copper-alloy double-headed button-and-loop fastener Sam Moorhead (Finds Adviser) and Philippa Walton lozenge and four corner ovals, with a loop at each end.
citizen auxiliary soldiers upon retirement after 25 (Worrell 2008: 354, no. 3, fig. 3). There is a circular- (PhD student). Taken with the brooches and other A small fragment of the next link is preserved in one
years of military service in the auxiliary forces. Enough sectioned shaft that extends from the back of the material, the group appears to represent a votive of these. The wire has been notched so as to appear
remains of the date and the sequence of military units larger square head, which is bent at right angles after deposit centred on a valley bottom spring. beaded; much of the surface has been worn smooth.
to show that this diploma belonged to the same issue which it connects to the other slightly smaller square Disposition: Returned to finder. Dimensions: 24 x 8mm.
as the Brigetio diploma now in the British Museum head which has a rectangular strap-bar beneath. Both Discussion: There are exact parallels in Biroli Stefanelli
D Williams
(JRS 1930: 20 16–22). It was therefore dated 17 July heads are similarly decorated with a linear border (1992: nos. 240–241); no. 240 is from Syria.
118, and was issued to an infantry soldier of Cohors V around the edge enclosing a square with concave Disposition: Peterborough Museum & Art Gallery
Raetorum whose name is lost. Enough remains of the sides with two concentric circles within it. The central 117. Gedding, Suffolk: copper-alloy zoomorphic hopes to acquire.
name of his commanding officer to identify him as circle contains red enamel, the outer circle pale blue plate brooch (PAS: SF-404EC6)
R Hobbs
Sextus Cornelius Dexter of Saldae in Mauretania, at the enamel and the enclosing field contains enamel of an Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 250).
beginning of an equestrian career which culminated in unidentifiable colour. Dimensions: 46 x 17.65–18mm. Discovery: Found by Bill Wyman while metal-detecting
the procuratorships of Asia and of Belgica and the two Weight: 22.7g. in 2007, and identified and recorded by Jude Plouviez 119. Roughton, Lincolnshire: silver finger-ring
Germanies and who is known from other inscriptions Discussion: This fastener is of a type not classified in (Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service). fragment (PAS: NLM-A74468; Treasure: 2007 T611)
(Tomlin 2008: 383). Wild’s (1970) corpus, although both heads resemble Description: Copper-alloy flat enamelled zoomorphic Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300).
Disposition: Acquired by Yorkshire Museums Trust. the button-and-loop fasteners with enamelled brooch depicting a lion. It is missing its pin, has a Discovery: Found by Graham Carpenter while metal-
rectangular heads of Wild’s Class VIa. Including this damaged catch-plate and legs, and has areas of detecting in August 2006, and reported to Adam
R Tomlin, J Pearce & L Andrews-Wilson corrosion. The animal has a rounded head with an Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO) in 2007.
example, a total of five double-headed fasteners
have been recorded by the PAS from Dunnington, open mouth and excised areas, one of which probably Description: A finger-ring fragment consisting of
114. Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire: North Yorkshire (YORYM-024128), Ravensworth, East leads into an eye shape. It is not clear whether there both shoulders and the bezel, but the whole of the
copper-alloy fastener (PAS: BUC-6D3351) Yorkshire (NCL-70FEC6), Piercebridge, County Durham was any enamel on the head. The body is separated bottom of the hoop is missing. The ring has an ovular
Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 200). (NCL-625592), and Waitby, Cumbria (NCL-DFC861). from the head by a straight line from which a line swelling profile, a flattened bezel and is set with a
Discovery: Found by Vince Chandler while metal- The published corpus is of a similar size with examples projects (obscured by corrosion) into the first of two dark stone intaglio, probably nicolo, with a very worn
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ros Tyrrell from Lowbury Hill, Berkshire, Traprain Law, East Lothian, enamelled cells, in which no enamel survives. The motif, possibly a seated figure facing left. The shoulders
(Buckinghamshire FLO). Stanwick and Reighton, North Yorkshire, Abergavenny, second cell contains traces of blue enamel and is are decorated with lightly incised lines. Diameter
Description: A copper-alloy button-and-loop fastener Monmouthshire, and Richborough, Kent. Although an partially divided by a line defining a near-circular area, (surviving): 22mm.
of Wild’s (1970: 138–140) Class III. The fastener has a exact parallel for the South Cave fastener is not known, perhaps representing upper limb musculature. A narrow, Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
petal-shaped head with a domed boss at its centre and the double-headed fastener from Abergavenny, with curving tail broadens into a tri-lobed end. Both legs are
R Hobbs
rounded moulding at the apex. The back of the head each of the petal-and-boss-shaped heads decorated damaged, the hind one is at a definite angle, the front
is flat and has an integral, circular-sectioned shank identically, is the closest (Savory 1993: 211–214). one is possibly also angled which might indicate
extending from it which is bent at 90º before forming Liz Andrews-Wilson (North & East Yorkshire FLO) is a leaping pose. Dimensions: 36.5 x 17 x 1.7mm.
Weight: 4.66g.

80 ROMAN ROMAN 81
 120. Hockliffe, Bedfordshire: silver ‘TOT’ finger-ring 122. Gosford Farm, Nottinghamshire: silver finger- Discussion: The representation of wrestlers originates most southerly example of a Type II figurine found
fragment (PAS: BH-C3A8E7; Treasure: 2007 T357) ring (PAS: LVPL-E08676; Treasure: 2007 T387) in the Hellenistic period and is a common motif in in Britain. Two other bound captive figurines, also of
Roman times. Discussions of similar scenes identify the Type II, have been recorded by the PAS from Thonock
Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300). Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300).
combatants as either generic wrestlers or as Hercules (NLM-2845) and Harmston (DENO-9632F6), both in
Discovery: Found by Greg Dyer while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Mike Moore while metal-
and Antaeus, as described by Apollodorus (The Library Lincolnshire.
in September 2007, and reported to Julian Watters detecting in August 2007, and reported to Frances
ii.5.11) and Hyginus (Fabulae 31). Disposition: Acquired by Hampshire Museum Service.
(Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). McIntosh (North West FLO).
The myth surrounding Hercules and Antaeus is not
Description: A fragment of finger-ring of Keeled Type, Description: Roman silver ring of Henig (1978) Type R Webley
commonly represented in any media in what were
Henig (1978) Type VIII. Only one shoulder, part of the VIII; just less than half of the hoop is missing. The hoop
the western provinces of the Roman Empire. A well-
hoop and the bezel survive. The shoulder is decorated is circular in profile and square in section and the flat, 126. Stepney, London: mosaic fragments
preserved knife handle from Alsenz, Rhineland-Pfalz,
with incised lines which run out to the edge, and the triangular shoulders are decorated with incised spirals. (PAS: LON-7FB541)
which depicts the struggle between Hercules and
bezel consists of an octagonal moulding which is The circular bezel is inscribed ‘TOT’ inside a border of
Antaeus, shows the latter with his right foot resting on Date: Roman (c. 100–c. 300 AD).
inscribed ‘DEO TOTA’. The shoulder is inscribed ‘FELIX’. punched dots (see discussion in 120 above). Weight: 4g.
a spherical object representing the earth, suggesting Discovery: Found by Kobi Draper Romm while
Length: 19.5mm. Weight: 2.98g. Disposition: Museum of Nottingham Life hopes to
that the Irnham wrestlers should also be identified as searching the Thames foreshore in 2007, and recorded
Discussion: The legend on the bezel refers to the Celtic acquire.
the hero and the giant. The example from Irnham is by Kate Sumnall (London FLO).
deity Toutatis. The missing shoulder would have almost
R Hobbs the first knife handle of its type known from Britain, Description: Three Roman mosaic fragments, each of
certainly have had the inscription ‘VTERE’, which,
although the same scene is shown on a medallion from which comprises either black-and-white or red-and-
when combined with FELIX, translates as ‘use (this
123. Wetheringsett, Suffolk: gold finger-ring Capheaton, Northumberland (Brailsford 1964: 41, pl. black tesserae set within white mortar. The mortar
ring) happily’. ‘TOT’ finger-rings are relatively common
(PAS: SF-F82122; Treasure: 2007 T587) x, no. 50), a Late Roman silver-gilt pepper-pot found in fabric has frequent inclusions of ground brick/tile. The
Roman finds, although the vast majority have been
the Hoxne Hoard, Suffolk (Bland and Johns 1993: tesserae are roughly square. Dimensions: ranging from
discovered to the east of the River Trent, in the area Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300).
25–26), and a figurine from Bavay (Boucher and 12.4 x 12.2mm to 18.6 x 17.4mm.
formerly occupied by the Iron Age Corieltauvi tribe. Discovery: Found by Micky Seager while metal-
Oggiano-Bitar 1993: 29, no. 5). Discussion: Kobi Draper Romm was on a trip to the
According to Adam Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO), this detecting in October 2007, and reported to Faye
Disposition: Returned to finder. foreshore organised by the Thames Explorer Trust for
piece is significant in that it confirms that these rings, Minter (Suffolk FLO).
local children. He discovered four fragments of mosaics,
which are usually simply inscribed ‘TOT’, are dedicated Description: A small finger-ring, the hoop is D-shaped A Daubney & S Worrell
three of which turned out to be Roman, probably
to the warrior god Toutatis. in section and narrow at the back but flares in width
from a known local bath house, and one fragment was
Disposition: Acquired by Luton Museum. into the shoulders and has a flat oval-shaped bezel. 125. Andover, Hampshire: copper-alloy figurine Victorian.
This bezel is decorated with an incised design in the (PAS: HAMP-378231)
R Hobbs Disposition: Returned to finder.
form of a stylised pair of clasped hands (dextrarum
Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300).
iunctio). Dimensions (external): 14.24 x 12.51mm. K Sumnall
121. Well, Lincolnshire: silver ‘TOT’ finger-ring Discovery: Found by Alec Doris while metal-detecting
Weight: 1.71g.
fragment (PAS: LIN-1901F7; Treasure: 2007 T437) in about 2005, and recorded with Rob Webley
Discussion: The ring has parallels with a silver ring 127. Huncote and Leighfield, Leicestershire: two
(Hampshire FLO) in 2007.
Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300). from Quenington, Gloucestershire (TAR 2004, no. 45), greyware kiln bars (PAS: LEIC-574128 & B19972)
Description: Cast copper-alloy Roman bound captive
Discovery: Found by Alan Eley while metal-detecting and others listed in Henig’s (1978: app. 195) corpus.
figurine (Worrell 2008: 365, no. 15, fig. 19). The naked, Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 400).
in 2007, and reported to Adam Daubney Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
crouched man’s legs are drawn up and he is bound Discovery: Found by Mick Morris (LEIC-574128) and
(Lincolnshire FLO).
F MINTER with a rope at the neck, wrists and ankles. There is Andy Tansley (LEIC-B19972) while metal-detecting and
Description: An inscribed silver finger-ring of Henig
a large, circular perforation piercing the abdomen field-walking in 2007, and recorded by Wendy Scott
(1978) Type VIII (Tomlin 2008: 378–379 no. 14, fig. 14).
124. Irnham, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy knife handle transversally, which is met by a circular perforation (Leicestershire & Rutland FLO).
Only the circular bezel and triangular shoulders remain.
(PAS: LIN-15BB58) running vertically from the captive’s head to the Description: Two greyware kiln bars, both of which
The shoulders are decorated with a rope-like perimeter
bottom. Such perforations on figurines of this type have a rectangular section with tapering edges, giving
and two triangular facets on either side. The bezel Date: Roman (c. AD 100–c. 300).
enabled them to be secured to another object, them a ‘cigar’ shape and the appearance of pumice.
bears an inscription comprising two symbols and one Discovery: Found by Dave Robinson while metal-
probably using wooden pegs. The head has ‘Celtic’- Dimensions: Huncote (LEIC-574128): 64 x 27 x
letter. The symbol on the left comprises two opposing detecting in 2007, and recorded with Adam Daubney
style features, including small, circular eyes in hollow 27mm. Weight: 53g. Leighfield (LEIC-B19972):
crescents set vertically; the central symbol is a ‘+’, (Lincolnshire FLO).
sockets, a short nose, strong chin and curved ears. 69 x 39 x 24mm. Weight: 54.83g.
and the letter on the right is a capital letter ‘T’. Width: Description: A cast copper-alloy handle from a
The hairstyle is also distinctively ‘Celtic’ with the hair Discussion: Kiln bars are the most frequently
8.5mm. Weight: 2.79g. Roman folding knife which depicts a pair of naked
brushed onto the forehead in straight lines, although it encountered items of kiln furniture; on unexcavated
Discussion: Finger-rings bearing the inscription wrestlers probably intended to represent Hercules and
finishes just beyond the circular perforation, where the sites they are often the only indication of a probable
‘TOT’, or slight variations thereof, are well known in Antaeus (Worrell 2008: 357, no. 7, fig. 11). Hercules
smooth surface may suggest that the back of the head kiln site (Swan 1984: 62). This is probably the case with
Lincolnshire and presumably this ring falls into this stands behind Antaeus with his arms wrapped around
was shaved. Dimensions: 34 x 21mm. Weight: 19.93g. the two new Leicestershire kiln bars. Kiln bars were
group (see discussion in 120). Antaeus’s thighs in the process of lifting him off the
Discussion: A total of sixteen bound captive figurines shaped by hand and their most popular arrangement
Disposition: Acquired by The Collection Lincoln; finder ground. The right foot of the raised wrestler rests on
are known with a distribution limited to the Rhine/ within the kiln was radiating from a central pedestal.
and landowner donated their share. a sub-spherical object. Down the back of the standing
Danube frontier and Britannia (Jackson 2005). This As kilns got deeper, the tapering ‘cigar-shaped’ bars
wrestler is a deep vertical slot into which the missing
A Daubney example is the seventh of Jackson’s Type II recorded with narrow ends were thrust into the wet clay of
blade would have fitted when folded, and which now
from sites in the north-west provinces of the Roman the kiln wall. Alternatively, bars of this type were
contains patches of iron corrosion. Dimensions: 56 x 23
Empire. Type II bound captives are characterised by permanently attached to the supports and kiln wall
x 14mm. Weight: 41.4g.
a diminutive size, the stylised facial features and and their ends luted with clay. ‘Cigar-shaped’ kiln bars
hairstyle, and the position of the vertical perforation have a concentrated distribution pattern focusing on
(Jackson 2005: 147, fig. 6). This find represents the the middle Trent Valley and other river valleys in south

82 ROMAN ROMAN 83
 Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, arms, each terminating in a loop containing a copper- Greek capital gamma characters), was widely used long various sites including a complete mount found at the
Northamptonshire, north-west Norfolk, north-east alloy pin, of uncertain function, possibly decorative. before the Christian period, possibly in pagan religious Swifts, Carlisle (Allason-Jones 1986); other examples
Buckinghamshire, and Bedfordshire (Swan 1984: 63). The outside edge of the loops have a rounded bar, contexts. It did however continue in use into the early are known from both military and civilian contexts
The kiln bar from Huncote has helped to identify a new upon which a copper-alloy strap fitting is attached. At Christian period as a veiled symbol of the Cross from Aldborough, North Yorkshire (Bishop 1996), and
kiln site on the edge of Leicester Forest, an area that the centre of the mount is a domed boss, which has (Hattat 1987: 222). Silchester, Hampshire (Boon 1974: 66f, fig. 8,3).
contains most of the known Roman kilns in the county. surviving traces of silvering. The rear of the central Deposition: Returned to finder. Disposition: On loan to Senhouse Roman Museum.
Disposition: Returned to finders. mount has a central perforation, the function of which
F McIntosh D Boughton & S Worrell
is uncertain. The unlooped arm of the mount has a
W Scott & S Worrell
rectangular ribbed panel before a hinge with an iron
axis bar. The fitting is hinged to a broken flat plate with 131. North Nibley, Gloucestershire: silver finger- 133. Cherington, Gloucestershire: limestone
128. Bures area, Essex: gold finger-ring curved sides. The bottom of the plate has an original, ring (PAS: GLO-EF3774; Treasure: 2007 T261) tombstone fragment (PAS: NMGW-552838)
(PAS: ESS-455767; Treasure: 2007 T386) unbroken edge. The plate would have been a harness Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 300). Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 300).
Date: Roman (probably c. AD 150–c. 250). pendant of crescentic form or teardrop shaped with Discovery: Found by Tim Stokes while metal- Discovery: Found by Brian Vaughan while metal-
Discovery: Found by Mick Mathews while metal- a central opening. Both faces of the plate are plain. detecting in January 2007, and reported to Kurt Adams detecting in 2007, identified by Mark Lodwick and
detecting in July 2007, and reported to Laura McLean Looped around the opposite side of the fitting is a (Gloucestershire FLO). Roger Tomlin (University of Oxford) and recorded by
(Essex FLO). simple copper-alloy strip. The strip is decorated with Description: Roman silver finger-ring of Henig Type Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
Description: A Roman gold finger-ring with oval hoop, raised concentric circles around perforations, which (1978) VIII. An oval hoop, rectangular in section, Description: A fragmentary slab representing a side
slightly distorted, which expands to form rounded, would have contained attachment rivets. At the base of expands via a sharp carination to triangular shoulders fragment from a Roman tombstone. The stone is a
keeled shoulders flanking a flat, slender, elongated the fragmentary strip is a surviving attachment rivet, with shallow mouldings and feathered edges. The coarse Jurassic limestone and was probably quarried
ovoid bezel incised with the Greek word ‘EUTYXI’ which may be a later repair. The fitting has variable flat ovular bezel is plain and undecorated. Diameter locally. The face of the stone has a raised vertical border
(Good fortune to you [the wearer], or May you [the surface preservation with a dark grey to green patina. (exterior): 24.9mm. Weight: 5.6g. with a rounded top. The remnants of three lines of
wearer] prosper (Tomlin 2008: 375, no. 8, fig. 8). The Dimensions: 40.9 x 36.6 x 5.9mm. Weight: 35.8g. Disposition: Acquired by the Museum in the Park, inscription survive on the fragment ‘[…] / […]VS / […]
size and spacing of the letters is a little irregular but Discussion: The fitting is unusual and would have been Stroud. N.XII / […] V / [.] perhaps [D(is) M (anibus) / …]us /
they are neatly cut with well-formed serifs. They retain a strap distributor with associated harness pendant, [vix (it) a]n(nos) XII / [m(enses)…d(ies)….V […]’ (To the
R Hobbs
much of their black niello inlay. Diameter (external): probably positioned on the breast of the horse. While shades of the dead. [….]us lived 12 years, …months,
21.7 x 15.3mm. Weight: 4.04g. Surface analysis: gold numerous examples of military harness fittings are 5(or more)days …) (Tomlin 2008: 370, no. 2, fig. 2).
content of 94–97% and confirmed the inlay material. known from the 1st and early 2nd century (Bishop 132. Maryport, Cumbria: copper-alloy mount Dimensions: 250 x 238 x 80mm. Weight: not recorded.
Discussion: For the ring type, though with different 1988), few later examples are recorded. During the (PAS: LANCUM-BA4D32) Discussion: The top line of the inscription denotes the
inscription, see Marshall (1907: no. 582, fig. 92). Antonine Period (mid-2nd century) there was a change Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 300). end of the name of the deceased, above [a]n(nos) XII,
Several gold finger-rings from Roman Britain bear from junction loops or phalerae with concealed Discovery: Found by Graham Ryan while metal- indicating the length of military service. The XV may
Greek inscriptions, including those from Corbridge, loops to phalerae with loops around the edge. This detecting in 2007, and recorded by Dot Boughton indicate part of the soldier’s age. The reverse of the
Northumberland, Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, and example is similar to examples from Newstead (Bishop (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO). stone has not been modified. The breaks on the stone
Stonham Aspal, Suffolk (Collingwood and Wright 1991: and Coulston 2006: 147, fig. 90) and Seven Sisters, Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy circular are all of some age but there has been some recent
nos. 2422.1, 12, 6 & 10). The niello inlay in Greek Glamorgan (Chapman 2005: 133, no. Tc01). mount of Allason-Jones (1986: 68–69) Type 1 depicting plough damage to the surface. The tombstone
lettering can be paralleled by a gold-plated silver finger- Disposition: Returned to finder. an eagle standing facing, looking to the left and with is unlikely to have travelled very far.
ring from Corbridge (RIB II, 3: no. 2422.43), while the its outstretched wings held away from its body with Disposition: Returned to finder.
M Lodwick the tips touching a thunderbolt. It is quite worn and
EUTYXI formula is quite often found either standing
M Lodwick & R Tomlin
alone or as part of a longer inscription on onyx and has no grooves or mouldings to indicate features such
sardonyx cameos (Henig 1990: nos. 29–39). British 130. Northwich, Cheshire: copper-alloy brooch as the eye or feathers. The outline of the eagle tapers
examples include an engraved sardonyx cameo set in (PAS: LVPL-F52FB5) towards a flat disc with broken-off sides, indicating a 134. Lacock, Wiltshire: silver finger-ring with
a gold ring found near the Roman villa at Keynsham, Date: Roman (c. AD 190–c. 260). thunderbolt. When complete, the eagle would have intaglio (PAS: WILT-6DF737; Treasure: 2007 T112)
Avon, and a relief-carved onyx cameo found at the Discovery: Found by John Watts while metal-detecting formed the centrepiece of a circular mount and would Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 300).
Roman villa at North Wraxall, Wiltshire (RIB II, 3: nos. in 2005, and recorded by Frances McIntosh (Cheshire, have been framed by the letters ‘OPTIME MAXIME Discovery: Found by Dave Crisp while metal-detecting
2423.10 & 11). Greater Manchester and Merseyside FLO) in 2007. CONSERVA’, no trace of which now survives. Extending in February 2007, and reported to Katie Hinds
Disposition: Acquired by Braintree Museum. Description: A complete copper-alloy brooch in the from the back is a plain, tapering spike at the centre (Wiltshire FLO).
form of a swastika with its arms turned to the right. which was probably used for attachment to a leather Description: A silver finger-ring with an ovular hoop,
R Jackson
The pin is hinged and mounted between two pierced strap or belt. Dimensions: 30.18 x 26.44 x 9.18mm. a flattened bezel and smoothly swelling profile of
lugs and has seized due to corrosion. The extended Weight: 7.84g. Henig (1978) Type XI. The bezel is set with an orange
129. Yscir, Powys: copper-alloy military horse catch-plate is in the same plane as the bottom edge of Discussion: This mount would originally have been carnelian intaglio, depicting a bird on a branch.
harness fitting (PAS: NMGW-8487B1) the brooch and has a slot cut for the pin. Dimensions: part of a set of three openwork mounts belonging to a The bottom of the hoop is broken with two loose
Date: Roman (c. AD 150–c. 300). 26 x 24.5 x 3mm. Weight: 12.5g. Roman balteus (military belt) which took the form of fragments, although complete. Diameter: 21.4 x
Discovery: Found by Mr Hingley while metal-detecting Discussion: Swastika brooches, or Hakenkreuzfibel, an inscription divided between three elements. The full 15.5mm. Weight: 5.19g.
in 2007, and recorded by Mark Lodwick (Finds Co- are not common in Britain, but are found along the motto was (circular): ‘OPTIME MAXIME CONSERVA’; Discussion: The intaglio on this finger-ring has parallels
ordinator, Wales). Rhine-Danube frontier. A swastika brooch, but with (rectangular): ‘NUMERUM OMNIUM’; (triangular): with a series of intaglios depicting a parrot standing
Description: An incomplete military fitting (phalera), a sprung pin, is known from Derby (Mackreth 1985: ‘MILITANTIUM’ (Jupiter Best (and) Greatest protect on a branch with two examples from Colchester and
comprising three surviving pieces that would have 297, no. 39, fig. 129) and a similar example is known (us) a troop of fighting men all). ‘Best and Greatest’ another from the Walbrook, London (Henig 1978: 268–
had two further strap loops. The central cruciform from Syria (Hattatt 1987: 222, no. 1145, fig. 70). The is an allusion to Jupiter, traditionally the god of the 269, nos. 685–687).
component has three loops composed of curved side swastika, or crux grammatica (a cross formed from four empire and the army. No complete set has been found Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
in Britain, but individual Type 1 mounts are known from
K Hinds & R Hobbs

84 ROMAN ROMAN 85
 135. South Oxfordshire: gold foil amulet 136. Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire: silver 138. Lacock, Wiltshire: silver finger-ring the line of the mouth, giving the impression that it
(PAS: BERK-0B6771; Treasure: 2007 T1) finger-ring with intaglio (PAS: CAMHER-94F877; (PAS: WILT-6D7DE7; Treasure: 2007 T54) is open. The function of these holes is unclear; they
Treasure: 2007 T131) may have originally held decorative inset gems and
Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 400). Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 400).
are not in an obvious place to be associated with the
Discovery: Found by David Livingstone while metal- Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 400). Discovery: Found by Dave Crisp while metal-detecting
suspension of the knife. The body of the panther is
detecting in November 2006, and reported to Fi Discovery: Found by Simon Ashford while metal- in October or November 2006, and reported to Katie
swollen and arched forwards. Moulding represents the
Hitchcock (Treasure Registrar). detecting in February 2007, and reported to Philippa Hinds (Wiltshire FLO) in 2007.
legs, which terminate in one large foot, which has four
Description: A Roman amulet comprising a rectangular Walton (Cambridgeshire FLO). Description: A base-silver finger-ring probably of Henig
paws and a suggestion of claws. The underside of this
sheet (lamella) cut from gold foil, with 16 lines of Description: A finger-ring lacking most of the hoop. (1978) Type VIII. The hoop is slightly squashed, but is
foot is slightly rounded. A longitudinal slot runs down
incised text along the short axis (width). Twelve magical One shoulder survives, in the form of the stylised head otherwise complete. The bezel is flat and circular and
the back of the handle for its entire length. The upper
‘characters’ on lines 1–3 are followed by the main text and upper curved neck of a water bird, a duck or swan, is supported on opposite sides by triangular shoulders
terminal, above the panther’s head, is rectangular with
on lines 3–16 in Greek cursive lettering. The lamella is with marked brow ridge and broad splayed bill which which are decorated with a groove flanking each outer
a transverse moulding at its top and base; there is
complete though with extensive rolling creasing and supports the bezel. The high-projecting box bezel has edge. Diameter: 21.1mm. Weight: 3.59g.
also a rivet hole. The iron blade was hinged and there
post-depositional crumpling. Height: 63.1mm. angled octagonal walls and a rubbed-over setting. It Disposition: Acquired by Wiltshire Heritage Museum.
are remains of the rectangular iron blade projecting
Width: 28.3mm. Weight: 1.41g. Surface analysis: gold contains an oval nicolo intaglio with black substrate
K Hinds from the upper terminal. Dimensions: 63.08 x 11.81 x
and silver contents of approximately 90–93 % and and light blue surface layer. The sides are bevelled and
16.81mm. Weight: 29.3g.
6–8% respectively. the surface is flat. Deterioration of the edges, especially
139. Chettle, Dorset: iron hipposandal Discussion: This folding knife is likely to have been
Discussion: This is the third such amulet (not including in the lower arc where two red-coloured inclusions
(PAS: DOR-002402) used ritually and folding knives are often found at
fragmentary examples) to be found in Britain. The (flaws) are revealed, combined with the ‘softened’
temple sites. This example is very similar to another
other examples are from Caernarvon (RIB 436) and nature of the impression, make it hard to identify the Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 410).
from Standon, Hertfordshire (BH-EIA355), which again
Billingford, Norfolk (TAR 2003, no. 67, where references image, which appears to show a standing, possibly Discovery: Found by Margaret Hamilton while metal-
depicts a standing panther and has three drilled holes
to the fragmentary examples from Britain are also male figure, possibly with a staff. Width (original, detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ciorstaidh Hayward
in the mouth area.
given). Another fragment, barely legible, was found by extension): 27mm approx. Bezel: 14.8 x 12.5mm. Trevarthen (Dorset FLO).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
in the Torksey area (TAR 2004, no. 71). The standard Weight: 6.2g. Description: Incomplete Roman iron hipposandal (type
corpus of precious-metal amulets of known provenance Discussion: Zoomorphic or ornithomorphic shoulders of horseshoe) of Manning’s (1985: 65, fig. 16) Type H1. F Minter
(Kotansky 1994) contains only 68 items, so they are are an occasional feature of later Roman rings, as, for The hooked heel and part of the plate remains. The
quite rare. example, in the Thetford Treasure, in which dolphins plate has incurved sides with the remnants of a flared 141. Ropley, Hampshire: copper-alloy folding knife
The 16 lines of text have been inscribed with a fine- and woodpeckers occur on rings 5–7 (Johns and Potter wing at one side. At the back the plate curves upwards handle (PAS: SUR-E90A93)
pointed stylus. Lines 1–3 consist of twelve magical 1983: 82–85). into a flared, convex heel plate with an incomplete
Date: Roman (c. AD 250–c. 410).
‘characters’, adapted from Greek letters or simple Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. backward projecting hook at the mid point of the
Discovery: Found by Mr D Chapple while metal-
geometrical figures, which can be paralleled in other upper edge. The hook is tapering and square sectioned.
R Jackson detecting in 2007, and recorded by David Williams
amulets; lines 4–5 are ‘magical names’ in Greek, but Dimensions: 104.5 x 80.9 x 44.1mm. Weight: 130g.
(Surrey FLO).
ultimately derived perhaps from Egyptian; lines 7–16 Discussion: Examples of the same type of hipposandal
137. Aldbrough area, North Yorkshire: gold finger- Description: A complete handle in the form of a hound
are a more grammatical appeal to the ‘holy names’ to (with a front hook at the top of a vertical triangular
ring (PAS: YORYM-1CD342; Treasure: 2007 T335) chasing a hare, from a folding knife. The handle is very
protect a pregnant woman called Fabia, the daughter of neck and with wings that are narrow at the rear of
well preserved and remains of the iron blade survive in
Terentia. They are written in Greek cursive, reasonably Date: Roman (c. AD 200–c. 400). the hook) are known from London (Manning 1985: 65,
a slot below the figures. Both animals are schematically
legible but not particularly accomplished. The text Discovery: Found by Jason Ashley while metal- fig. 16) and Colchester, Essex (Crummy 1983: 105, fig.
rendered; each has prominent ears and the hound’s
is formulaic, but its formulas are difficult to parallel. detecting in May 2007, and reported to Beth 108). This hipposandal is one of only four recorded on
nose touches the hare’s tail. There is a series of small
There are some vulgarisms of spelling, which reflect the Echtenacher (North & East Yorkshire FLA). the PAS database, with the other examples reported
notches on the lower sides adjacent to the folded
spoken language, and at least two errors. The amulet Description: A small, distorted finger-ring with an from Ilam, Staffordshire (WMID-1F5906), Takeley, Essex
blade; behind the hound is a plain rectangular extension
is apparently a charm to ensure safe childbirth. Like undecorated hoop of planoconvex cross-section, (ESS-8CE256), and Little Hadham, Hertfordshire
bordered by a pair of collars and on this is the iron pin
other examples of amulets, it was rolled up and was which swells towards the small flat bezel. The bezel is (BH-4827E4).
on which the blade pivots. Dimensions: 67.6 x 14.5mm.
probably worn in a cylindrical amulet-case from the ornamented with a simple granulated motif – a stylised Disposition: Returned to finder.
Weight: 20.86g.
neck. Whether it was inscribed in Britain or imported bunch of grapes in the form of a symmetrical diamond-
C Hayward-Trevarthen Discussion: The representation of the hound and hare
by the wearer is uncertain. To judge by its handwriting shaped cluster of nine pellets. Width (maximum):
hunting scene was a popular theme throughout Roman
the amulet probably dates as above (Roger Tomlin, 21.5mm. Weight: 3.1g.
140. Wickham Skeith, Suffolk: copper-alloy folding material culture, particularly in the 4th century. This
University of Oxford, personal communication). Discussion: Vine motifs, such as grapes, tendrils, leaves
knife handle (PAS: SF-CA2A74) form of folding knife is relatively common, and over 40
When found, the lamella was tightly rolled, and etc., were popular in various media in the Roman
such handles are recorded on the PAS database.
later completely unrolled in the Department of period. It is likely that many were of purely decorative Date: Roman (c. AD 250–c. 410).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Conservation, Documentation and Science at the intent but some may have incorporated or projected a Discovery: Found by Trevor Southgate while metal-
British Museum. specific link to the cult of Bacchus, god of wine. detecting in 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter D Williams
Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire. Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire. (Suffolk FLO).
Description: A copper-alloy folding knife handle in
R Jackson & R Tomlin R Jackson
the form of a three-dimensional standing panther,
depicted facing forward and with a deeply curved,
S-shaped form. The panther has a broad head with
small ears, moulded eyes, a short snout and rounded
nostrils; there are three circular drilled holes along

86 ROMAN ROMAN 87
 142. Bedford area, Bedfordshire: copper-alloy mount 144. Chenies area, Buckinghamshire: copper-alloy Discussion: This finger-ring represents a significant hole in the centre. The reverse of the buckle is flat and
(PAS: BH-22D0A3) dog figurine (PAS: BUC-3ECE21) addition to the corpus of early Christian symbols undecorated. Dimensions 58 x 36mm. Weight: 15g.
from Britain. In form, this ring is similar to a copper- Discussion: H W Böhme (1986, Liste 1, Abb. 5, Abb. 14)
Date: Roman (c. AD 250–c. 410). Date: Roman (c. AD 300–c. 410).
alloy example decorated with two fish flanking an studied buckles of this type as part of a survey of late
Discovery: Found by Peter Salvia while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Matthew Wildman while
anchor which was excavated at the villa at Moor Park, Roman artefacts. Although this type of buckle is found
in 2007, and recorded by Julian Watters (Hertfordshire using a metal-detector, and recorded by Ros Tyrrell
Hertfordshire (Henig 1987: 184–185, pls. 1–2). Other in small numbers in England and South Wales, it has
& Bedfordshire FLO). (Buckinghamshire FLO).
rings engraved with a chi-rho include a gold ring from a vast distribution along the European frontier of the
Description: A copper-alloy mount depicting a stylised Description: A small copper-alloy figurine of a dog
Brentwood, Essex, silver rings from Fifehead Neville, Roman Empire, along the Rhine and Danube rivers to
anthropomorphic head, perhaps from either a vessel or seated on its haunches and with its forelimbs raised
Dorset, and Thruxton, Hampshire, and a copper-alloy Pannonia. A similar buckle is known from Richborough,
a casket. The face is sub-oval in plan, tapering slightly in the air. The animal has a long snout and pointed
ring from Silchester, Hampshire (Mawer 1995: 67, Kent (Lyne 1999: 108, no. 65), and an example recorded
towards the chin and with a semicircular, hollow cross- ears, but no facial features are indicated, other than a
72–74, D3. Go. 3, D3. Si. 5, D3. Si. 10, D3. Br. 6). by the PAS was found at Hinton in the Hedges,
section. The hair is incised and depicted as short and horizontal incised line for the mouth. No attempt to
Disposition: Returned to finder. Northamptonshire (NARC-C6E5B8).
wavy; the large, almond-shaped eyes are defined by a represent the animal’s coat is visible, but the surface
Disposition: Returned to landowner.
groove. The flat, wedge-shaped nose is wide and the is pitted by corrosion. The legs are rather roughly W Scott & S Worrell
mouth is represented by a short, horizontal groove. The moulded with no joints shown. There is a scar where K Adams
reverse of the mount is hollow and contains a white the tail has broken off. Dimensions: 49.58 x 42.92mm. 146. Alcester, Warwickshire: silver spoon fragment
material which is probably a corroded solder or paste Weight: 29.33g. (PAS: WAW-D04DD6; Treasure: 2007 T352) 148. Gunthorpe, Norfolk: gold brooch
for attaching the mount to a bucket. Dimensions: 33.1 Discussion: In the Classical world the dog was the (PAS: NMS-E7D687; Treasure: 2007 T236)
Date: Roman (c. AD 300–c. 400).
x 30.4 x 11.6mm. Weight: 25.96g. traditional animal-emblem of Aesculapius, god of
Discovery: Found by Bob Laight while metal-detecting Date: Roman (c. AD 340–c. 380).
Discussion: Two almost identical examples found near medicine and healing, and of Diana the Huntress, and
between January and March 2007, and reported to Discovery: Found by Paul Buckenham while metal-
Upton Snodsbury, Worcestershire, are recorded on it also had links to the Underworld. In Britain, there
Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO). detecting in April 2007, and reported to Erica Darch
the PAS database (WAW-2EFFB6 & 2F4145; Worrell are several instances of non-iconographic evidence
Description: A spoon fragment consisting of the (Norfolk FLO).
2006: 442–443, no. 10, fig. 11). The striking similarities for an Underworld dog-cult, such as the burial of
offset, part of the bowl and the handle. The bowl has Description: An incomplete gold crossbow brooch with
between this piece and the Worcestershire examples, eight dog skeletons, seven of them puppies, interned
a concave upper surface, and the underside has a a sheath foot, probably of Keller (1971) Types 3–4. Its
in terms of their form, dimensions and the manner in urns in the Upchurch Marshes, Kent (Green 1977:
moulded rectangular ridge which leads to the stem. narrow upper bow is highly arched with a trapezoidal
of fixing, perhaps suggest that all three artefacts may 313; Hume 1956). Roman figurines of dogs are not
The offset forms a curvaceous L shape in profile. The section and broadens to a bifurcation. Both bifurcated
have originated from the same workshop. The facial common. A very fine figurine representing a lithe
stem continues from the upper edge of the junction, ends appear to have curved round the missing crossbar.
features and depiction of the hair of the three mounts animal which is naturalistic in style with long ears, a
and both the junction and stem are rectangular in The pin is also missing. On both sides of the bifurcation
recorded by the PAS resemble in style those of the long pointed muzzle, powerful legs and a collar around
section. The upper face of the stem is decorated there is chip-carved decoration with three V-sectioned
horned head on the bucket mount from West Hill, Uley, its neck is known from the temple of Nodens at
with two transverse grooves and a small spur which notches on both edges; between them is an engraved
Gloucestershire (Henig et al. 1993: 98, no. 2, figs. 83 Lydney, Gloucestershire (Wheeler and Wheeler 1932:
overhangs the junction. The opposite terminal of the saltire and single horizontal line. The foot is simply
& 85). 88–89, 114–120, pls. XXV–XXVI). Other dog figurines,
stem is broken, which appears to be recent damage. decorated with three faintly engraved, transverse
Disposition: Returned to finder. all probably intended as votives, are recorded from
Length: 30.52mm. Weight: 2.4g. median lines and both edges are lined with short
Aldborough, Carrawburgh and Kirkby Thore (Toynbee
J Watters Discussion: The shape of the offset and the remains of transverse and V-shaped notches. Length: 39mm.
1962: 126–127). The PAS has recorded four other dog
the bowl suggest that the bowl was originally oval in Width (foot): 7.5mm. Weight: 10.56g.
figurines, all of differing styles. The example found at
143. Mansfield Woodhouse area, Nottinghamshire: shape, which is a late Roman type. Discussion: Although incomplete, this brooch, with
Newchurch, Isle of Wight (IOW-B354E4), also depicts
lead amulet (PAS: DENO-120680) Disposition: Acquired by Warwickshire Museum. its highly arched bow and long, decorated foot, has
a seated hound, in a different pose to the Lydney dog,
several features in common with a complete developed
Date: Roman (c. AD 250–c. 410). but equally successful in its naturalism and with similar A Bolton
crossbow brooch excavated at Richborough, Kent
Discovery: Found by Daniel Pegg while metal- features. The Chenies dog is a much cruder piece, but is
(Bayley and Butcher 2006: 118, no. 321, fig. 91). Late
detecting in early 2007, and recorded by Anja Rohde still an interesting example of a rare type. 147. Horton, south Gloucestershire: copper-alloy bow brooches classed as sheath-footed brooches of
(Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder. buckle (PAS: GLO-FA9938) Hull’s (unpublished) Group 11 include all P-profiled
Description: A cast lead amulet depicting a human
R Tyrrell & S Worrell Date: Roman (c. 330–c. 400 AD). brooches with a sheath foot, in particular the range of
head. The object is pear-shaped and has a planoconvex
Discovery: Reported by the landowner who was given P-shaped brooches with a divided bow or crossbow.
section. It has moulded and incised facial features on
145. Narborough, Leicestershire: copper-alloy seal- the object by a local metal-detectorist in 2007, and The majority of the brooches that have had their
the upper surface representing the stylised hair, eyes,
ring (LEIC-5FC533) subsequently recorded by Kurt Adams (Gloucestershire composition analysed are of leaded bronze or leaded
nose, mouth, chin and cheeks. The back surface is flat
& Avon FLO). gunmetal (Bayley and Butcher 2006: 181–185, figs.
and undecorated. There is no means of attachment and Date: Roman (c. AD 300–c. 410).
Description: A copper-alloy buckle with a D-shaped 157–158). Only a very small number of high status
the object does not seem to be broken, suggesting that Discovery: Found by Wayne Gemmell while metal-
frame and integral, openwork triangular plate of late Roman brooches in solid gold or silver are known.
this is the original form of the object. Dimensions: 23 x detecting in 2007, and recorded with Wendy Scott
Hawkes and Dunning (1961) Type IIB. The buckle frame The only other gold crossbow recorded in Britain is
20.27mm. Weight: 10.62g. (Leicestershire FLO).
and plate have bevelled edges resulting in a trapezoidal an example with acorn-shaped terminals, impressed
Discussion: This object is very similar to another which Description: A copper-alloy seal-ring with the bezel
cross-section. The bar between the frame and the triangles decorating the bow and foot, and circular
was recorded on the PAS database in 2006 (DENO- engraved with a chi-rho motif (Worrell 2008: 361, no.
plate has a construction in the centre for the pin; the cut-outs and scalloped edges from Odiham, Hampshire
0E4A27). Discussing the earlier find, Martin Henig 10, fig. 14). The bezel has eight projecting lugs, four of
construction is circular in cross-section and the pin is (Kent and Painter 1977: 28, no. 20).
(University of Oxford) suggested that these may be which are at the shoulders creating an indented edge.
now missing. Flanking the plate just beyond the pin Disposition: Norwich Castle Museum hopes to acquire.
protective amulets intended to ward off evil. The bezel rises 3.5mm above the hoop and is engraved
bar are two semicircular lugs, each of which have a
Deposition: Returned to finder. with a chi-rho with serifs within a circular beaded A Rogerson & S Worrell
circular rivet hole in the centre; there is a third circular
border. Diameter (ring): 23mm. Diameter (bezel):
A Rohde lug at the apex of the plate, again with a circular rivet
13mm. Weight: 5.56g.

88 ROMAN ROMAN 89
 149. South Brent, Devon: copper-alloy brooch rectangular and circular terminals. Pairs of ring-and- with a centrally placed suspension hole. The eyes are
(PAS: DEV-E1A6A8) dot stamps in four rows decorate the plate between represented by ring-and-dot motifs and both sides of
the openwork areas. The reverse of the buckle plate the horses’ necks are decorated with three ring-and-
Date: Roman (c. AD 350–c. 380).
is undecorated. Dimensions: 30.9 x 29.42 x 4.32mm. dots and smaller annulets. The manes are indicated by
Discovery: Found by Semaj Dance while metal-
Weight: 12.4g. engraved V-sectioned grooves. Dimensions: 39.5 x 33.5
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Danielle Wootton
Discussion: There are many variations in the nature x 7.5mm. Diameter (suspension): 3mm. Weight: 16.97g.
(Devon FLO).
and combination of the decorative motifs used on Discussion: The spike is paralleled by that on a bird’s
Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy
buckles of Type IIA, although the rectangles and circles head pendant from Deopham (Gurney 2006: 117, fig.
developed crossbow brooch of Keller (1971) Types
which often run together are common. The buckle plate 3D). The horse-heads are very strikingly reminiscent
3–4. The highly arched upper bow is narrow and
discovered at the Roman villa at West Dean, Hampshire of those that project from late Roman military buckle
undecorated; both the bow and crossbar are of square
with late 4th-century coinage (Hawkes and Dunning frames of Hawkes and Dunning (1961) Type 1B of the
section. An onion-shaped head-knob and a similar
1961: 52, no. 8, fig. 17,h), is particular close in style to late 4th or early 5th century and considered to be
end-knob are intact on the upper bow. There are two
the Warmington buckle. The missing buckle is likely to an ‘exclusively British innovation’ (Clarke 1979: 275).
holes at the centre of the crossbar positioned at either
have been formed by a pair of confronted dolphins with Other examples recorded by the PAS include those
side of the head-knob. The lower bow and hinged pin
tails making involuted terminals of Type IA (Hawkes from Broadholme, Lincolnshire (LIN-C83398), and
are now missing; there are traces of iron corrosion
and Dunning 1961: 41–45, figs.13–14). Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire (BH-E44A46), both
on the crossbar and end knob from the iron axis bar.
Disposition: Returned to finder. of which have long spikes.
Dimensions: 37.5 x 29.5 x 4.5mm. Weight: 15.08g.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discussion: Features of developed crossbow brooches A Bolton & S Worrell
of Keller’s Types 3 and 4 include a highly arched upper A Rogerson
bow, a longer lower bow, elaborate foot decoration 151. Urchfont, Wiltshire: silver buckle
and terminal knobs on the ends of the crossbow (PAS: WILT-773952; Treasure: 2007 T590) 153. Vindolanda, Northumberland: silver ingot
and at the centre of the upper bow (Swift 2000: (PAS: NCL-62C367; Treasure: 2007 T111)
Date: Roman (c. AD 350–c. 450).
14–15, Table A). The two holes on the crossbar of this
Discovery: Found by Keith Palmer while metal- Date: Roman/Early Medieval (c. AD 400–c. 500).
example are unusual features suggestive of a further
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Katie Discovery: Found by the Vindolanda Trust during
decorative casting on what originally would have
Hinds (Wiltshire FLO). controlled archaeological excavation in July 2005, and
been an elaborate crossbar. A similar brooch found at
Description: The buckle consists of a D-shaped loop later realised through conservation work to be precious
Richborough, Kent, also has two holes in the crossbar
with the remains of two hinge loops attached to the metal, and subsequently reported as Treasure.
(Bayley and Butcher 2006: 117, no. 322, fig. 91). In
hinge bar. The base of the tongue has a raised square Description: Silver ingot, complete. Length: 92mm.
comparison to many other counties, there is not a
which is notched at the sides into an hourglass shape. Weight: 60g.
large quantity of Roman objects recorded in Devon and
The plate for attachment to a belt is missing. Height: Discussion: The ingot was discovered on the western
finds such as this brooch therefore contribute to our
19mm. Weight: 4.1g. rampart mound, near to a small stone-built cooking
understanding of the late Roman period in this region.
Discussion: The form of the loop and the lateral oven which may have been used to melt down defunct
Disposition: Returned to finder.
notches in the base of the tongue are typical of buckles Roman coinage to produce the ingot. This practice was
D Wootton & S Worrell of the very end of the Roman period in Britain, though not unknown in the 5th century as Roman coins were
continuing later on the Continent, e.g. a buckle with a worthless as currency apart from their silver content.
150. Warmington, Warwickshire: copper-alloy circular plate from a grave at Kingsholm, Gloucester, Disposition: Disclaimed, to be retained with main site
buckle plate (PAS: WAW-5AEF78) and another with a triangular plate, presumably also archive at Vindolanda; landowner donated his share.
from a British findspot (Hills and Hurst 1989: fig.
Date: Roman (c. AD 350–c. 425). A Birley
1, bottom left; Appels and Laycock 2007: 226, fig.
Discovery: Found by Keith Bennett while metal-
SL10.20). This type of buckle can be dated as above,
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Angie Bolton
and possibly reflects the presence of soldiers from
(Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO). The object was Section editor and further research: Sally Worrell.
eastern Europe serving in the Roman army here.
identified by Jenny Hall (Museum of London). Editor: Michael Lewis.
Disposition: Wiltshire Heritage Museum hopes
Description: An openwork buckle plate which also
to acquire.
features an integral half propeller belt stiffener with a
stamped ring-and-dot at its centre, and with circular B M Ager
rivet hole at each corner, of Hawkes and Dunning
(1961: 50–57, figs. 17–18) Type IIA. The plate is 152. Stiffkey, Norfolk: copper-alloy pendant
rectangular with four loops for the attachment of the (PAS: NMS-E0FC97)
missing buckle, which was held by an iron bar, traces
Date: Roman (c. AD 375–c. 425).
of which survive between the loops. Each loop is
Discovery: Found by Mr N Peel while metal-detecting
decorated with fine, transverse grooves. At the opposing
before May 2007, reported to Norfolk Museums
edge there is a pair of wide transverse ridges. The plate
and Archaeology Service and identified by Andrew
has a triple arcade of openwork perforations; at the
Rogerson.
centre there is a motif with a rectangular and circular
Description: Cast pendant in the form of a pair of
terminal and a detached circular perforation close to
addorsed horse-heads modelled in the round, above
the square end. At either side there is a motif with
a tapering, baluster moulded, circular-sectioned spike,

90 ROMAN ROMAN 91
 This has been an interesting year with some important internally dated. The lead cruciform brooch from East Discussion: Supporting arm brooches take their name
discoveries alongside the steady, ongoing, increase in Yorkshire (162) represents another type of object of from the wide head-plate which ‘supports’ the axis bar
knowledge that has been a feature of the PAS recording which the function, at present, is not understood but, and spring. These brooches date to the early to mid
of Early Medieval finds, and also those reported as in other areas, there is a good chance that future 5th century and were derived from Roman prototypes.
Treasure. The most significant discovery must be the finds will help resolve the mystery. They are uncommon in England, coming from northern
Viking hoard from the Vale of York (217). Coins allowed Germany between the mouths of the Elbe and Weser
this hoard to be dated to c. 928 and it was mostly 154. Newby Wiske, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy rivers – the traditional homelands of the Saxons. In
found within a remarkable Carolingian silver-gilt bowl. brooch (PAS: NCL-030777) recent years, however, increasing numbers of these
Other finds of Carolingian metalwork like the strap-end brooches have been recorded from England by the PAS.
Date: Early Medieval (c. 300–c. 600).
from North East Suffolk (186) and the Frankish sword Deposition: Returned to finder.
Discovery: Found by Michael Storey while metal-
scabbard chape from Greywell, Hampshire (155), allow
detecting in May 2007, and reported to Rob Collins A Daubney
British finds to be seen in their European context.
(North East FLO).
Description: Fowler (1960) Type G penannular brooch, 157. Ringlemere, Kent: six grave groups
While many of the finds were located by metal-
with a ribbed hoop and terminals, decorated to (Treasure: 2005 T395; 2006 T390; 2005 T452; 2006
detector users some important groups of material
produce a lozenge effect on each face, and a barrel pin. T30; 2006 T31; 2006 T32)
were recovered during archaeological excavations
Diameter: 27.4mm. Weight: 10.7g.
carried out prior to development. These included Date: Early Medieval (c. 450–c. 525).
Discussion: Type G penannular brooches are
grave assemblages from Ely, Cambridgeshire (185) Discovery: Found by Canterbury Archaeological Trust
uncommon finds in northern England, with the main
and Streethouse area, Redcar and Cleveland, grave between October and November 2005, during the
group distributed around the River Severn. These
assemblage (184). Other important cemetery finds course of controlled archaeological excavations, and
brooches are important as they point to a British
have been recorded by detectorists as at West Wight, reported to Andrew Richardson (Kent FLO).
survival in Anglo-Saxon England.
Isle of Wight (158), where 105 objects were recovered Description: With the kind permission of the
Deposition: Returned to finder.
from dispersed Anglo-Saxon graves. In both cases the landowners, the Smith family, the British Museum
material was rescued from destruction. R Collins in conjunction with Canterbury Archaeological Trust
carried out a research excavation at Ringlemere for
A type of object that is becoming more common 155. Greywell, Hampshire: copper-alloy sword several seasons. In 2004 the remains of an Anglo-Saxon
is copper-alloy dies for making Pressblech mounts scabbard chape (PAS: SUR-72CF23) cemetery were discovered, which in 2005 led to the
represented by the example from Carisbrooke, Isle of excavation of a number of graves containing objects
Date: Early Medieval (c. 400–c. 600).
Wight (175). These objects were previously rare but it qualifying as Treasure. These are Graves 34, 36, 39, 40,
Discovery: Found by Chris Lacey while metal-detecting
now appears that they, and the foil mounts made off 41 and 44.
in 2007, and recorded with David Williams
them, must have been more common than suspected. Precious metal objects discovered included a silver-
(Surrey FLO).
Various forms of gold pendant are being regularly gilt belt buckle, a number of silver brooches, one silver
Description: A cast copper-alloy openwork Frankish
reported, as are sword pyramids, all of which are filling bead, a small Roman silver plaque, several small silver
scabbard chape of Menghin (1983) Type 3a. The chape
out our knowledge of 7th-century England. (possible) dress-pins, a small number of silver studs
is decorated with a stylised human head, either side of
and fittings (of as yet unknown use), and numerous
which are what look like birds’ heads. Dimensions: 35.3
It is interesting to be seeing finds of Early Medieval silver slipknot necklace rings onto which glass or amber
x 24.7 x 9.6mm. Weight: 8.88g.
Celtic material from England, such as the silver hand beads were threaded. Other grave goods found in these
Discussion: This find was imported, demonstrating
pin-head from Chilton Trinity, Somerset (167), and graves include copper-alloy dress accessories, glass
links between England and Francia during the 5th or
the hanging bowl mount from Binbrook, Lincolnshire vessels and large numbers of glass and amber beads.
EARLY MEDIEVAL

6th century.
(173). Not all of the Celtic metalwork is British; objects Discussion: Post-excavation analysis, with a view to
Deposition: Returned to finder.
such as the enamelled hanging-bowl escutcheon from eventual publication of the site as well as conservation,
Broughton, Hampshire (182), and the copper-alloy D Williams is still underway at the British Museum. At present, it
mount from Whitchurch area, Shropshire (195), are seems that all graves date between the second half
likely to have originated in Ireland and were probably 156. North Kesteven, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy or late 5th century and the early 6th century but not
imported by the Vikings. supporting arm brooch (PAS: LIN-A5C801) later (for more information see Corke 2004; Parfitt and
Date: Early Medieval (c. 425–c. 475). Needham 2005; Marzinzik 2006; Needham et al. 2006;
Viking activity is being traced by Treasure finds with Discovery: Found by Rob Marshall while metal- Marzinzik 2007).
hack-silver becoming increasingly informative, for detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney Disposition: The British Museum hopes to acquire.
instance the brooch fragment from Snape with Thorpe, (Lincolnshire FLO). S Marzinzik
North Yorkshire (208), and the silver ingot fragment Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy
from Roxby cum Risby, North Lincolnshire (206). On supporting arm brooch of Mahndorf Type (Böhme
a larger scale the group of hack-gold, hack-silver and 158. West Wight, Isle of Wight (addenda): 110 gold,
1974: 13–14). The brooch’s two wings have a silver, copper-alloy and non-metal finds from a
other finds from the North Yorkshire area (197) help fill semicircular section and each ends in a circular plate,
out the record. group of dispersed Anglo-Saxon grave assemblages
perforated to support the spring mechanism. The foot (PAS: IOW-244C13; Treasure: 2007 T203)
is slightly splayed and bears long side facets and a
Not all of the interesting finds were Treasure, the Date: Early Medieval (c. 450–c. 600).
transverse moulding. Dimensions: 33 x 18mm.
lead vat from Corby area, Northamptonshire (207), Discovery: Found by Stewart Thompson and other
Weight: 7.82g.
is the first example of this type of object that can be members of the Isle of Wight Metal Detecting Club

92 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 93

 while metal-detecting in April 2007, and reported to slashes on the shoulder and traces of gilding. The 21. Silver fragment of the head-plate and bow of a 34. Copper-alloy buckle with D-shaped loop and
Frank Basford (Isle of Wight FLO). pommel is an example of Menghin’s (1983) Bifrons- miniature square-headed brooch decorated with two club-shaped tongue; the tip is missing. Length: 38mm.
Description and Discussion: Gilton Type, and the double slashes can be compared transverse bars. Length: 14mm. Weight: 1g. Weight: 20.7g.
1. Gold 6th-century Gallic imitative solidus in the with swords from Faversham, Dover and Sarre, in Kent 22. Copper-alloy radiate-headed brooch of ‘western 35. Copper-alloy buckle plate with two fragments of
name of the Roman emperor Anastasius I (r. 491–518) (Evison 1967: pl. 8a, figs. 3i, 4b & 10d). Length: 28mm. Hahnheim’ Type with stubs of five knobs round the a stout wire loop; probably of Frankish origin. Length:
(but the coin might post-date his rule). Diameter: Weight: 6.2g. head-plate, a broad bow and lozenge-shaped foot-plate 33mm. Weight: 13g.
21mm. Weight: 4.18g. 9. Silver ring from the pommel of a ring-sword with with traces of chip-carved decoration; the terminal 36. Copper-alloy tinned club-shaped buckle tongue
Obv: D N ANASTA-SIVS PP AVG (helmeted, diademed, gilding in grooves on either side and decorated with and lateral lobes are missing. A 6th-century Frankish and hinge-bar. Lengths: 24 & 18mm. Weight: 6.1g. Also
and cuirassed bust, facing, holding spear and shield). two rows of punched interlocking triangles round the import to Anglo-Saxon England; a fragment of a similar found was a possible brooch pin (36a), an empty collet
Rev: VICTORA-AAVG (GGAI) (Victory standing, left, edge, possibly associated with pommel fragment brooch was found at the Chessell Down cemetery, Isle (36b) and one unidentifiable fragment (36c).
holding long cross). (no. 7). Diameter: 15mm. Weight: 3.9g. of Wight (Koch 1998: map 16, pls. 29.8–31.6). 37. Copper-alloy fragment of a buckle tongue with a
Mintmark: *//CO(MOB) (Grierson and Blackburn 1986: 10. Silver fragment of bow from a brooch, with midrib Length: 65mm. Weight: 18.4g. basal square with a circular setting; comparable with
no. 343, pl. 17). and traces of gilding. Length: 18mm. Weight: 2.7g. 23. Copper-alloy gilded fragment from the centre of a Visigothic buckles, such as those from Majazala, Spain,
This coin is attributed to the Merovingians, and dates 11. Silver fragment of one end of the head-plate of a saucer brooch with remains of a central roundel and and France (Zeiss 1934: pl. 9,1). Length: 23mm.
to c. 500–580, but it is possible that the series was square-headed brooch, with an empty square collet indistinct ornament including a barred triangular panel Weight: 6g.
issued by the Visigoths or the Burgundians. The coin in one corner and remains of zoomorphic decoration (part of the same brooch as TAR 2004: 88 i). 38–41. Four copper-alloy club-shaped buckle tongues;
may have come from the nearby ‘warrior’ Grave 69 (this is a missing fragment of TAR 2004: no. 88 A). Width: 29mm. Weight: 3.5g. one is gilded and bears a median ridge, and one with a
(for the finds from the grave, see TAR 2004: no. 88 K & Length: 25mm. Weight: 4.1g. 24. Copper-alloy fragment of a small circular brooch hooked tip. Lengths: 23–32mm. Weights: 2.6g, 3g, 3.5g
vii). This was a Continental elite burial rite which rarely 12. Silver semicircular head-plate from a miniature bow decorated with around four concentric beaded ridges; & 5.5g.
occurs in England and would be in keeping with the brooch decorated with a zigzag ridge and a knob at the the edges damaged. This may represent a Frankish 42–50. Nine copper-alloy buckle tongues; eight with
possible Frankish origin of the occupant of the grave. top. The geometric decoration is typical of the western import related to a pair of brooches with concentric a basal shield, one of these with tip missing. Lengths:
2. Silver fragment of the bow and part of the variant of a southern English type and is similar to decoration from Rhenen, Netherlands (Böhme 1974: pl. 24–37mm. Weights: 2g, 4g, 4.6g, 4.9g, 5.8g, 6.4g, 6.7g,
semicircular head-plate of a miniature brooch; a a brooch excavated at Chessell Down (Parfitt and 64, 3–4). Diameter (surviving): 14mm. Weight: 1.5g. 7.4g & 10.4g.
semicircular collet in the centre of the plate contains Brugmann 1997: 39). Width: 19mm. Weight: 2.4g. 25. Copper-alloy fragment of a circular brooch with 51–53. Three copper-alloy fragments of buckle
a tiny fragment of red glass or garnet. This type of 13. Silver terminal from the foot-plate of a small central boss and projection on one side; traces of tongues. Lengths: 18–22mm. Weights: 2.1g, 3.8g & 5g.
brooch occurs with or without lobes in both Kent and square-headed brooch with traces of niello and gilding survive. Diameter: 9mm. Weight: 0.9g. 54–62. Nine copper-alloy D-shaped buckle loops.
France. Length: 17mm. Weight: 1.52g. Surface analysis: gilding. It is tongue-shaped with a raised circular frame 26. Copper-alloy head-plate of a cruciform brooch of Lengths: 20–38mm. Weights: 4.3g, 5.3g, 6g, 6.5g, 6.7g,
silver content over 95%. decorated with punched triangles projecting along the Åberg’s (1926) Group II or III, with two of three half- 8g, 17.4g, 34.4g & 43.7g (uncleaned).
3. Silver fragment of a gilt square-headed brooch sides. Length: 23mm. Weight: 2.7g. round knobs remaining. Width: 37mm. Weight: 17.9g. 63–69. Seven copper-alloy oval buckle loops. Lengths:
consisting of the hollow-backed bow and the upper 14. Silver fragment of the head-plate and bow of a 27. Copper-alloy fragment of miniature square-headed 20–44mm. Weights: 4.1g, 5.3g, 6.2g, 7.3g, 10.4g, 14.2g
end of the foot-plate. The bow is indistinctly decorated miniature square-headed brooch, with a raised border brooch consisting of the head and the top end of the & 15.7g.
with panels of close transverse ribbing flanking a enclosing a quatrefoil scroll and half a circle (this joins bow, with traces of gilding and decorated with four 70–77. Eight incomplete or fragments of copper-alloy
median rib and perhaps derives from a Continental to the other half of the head-plate in TAR 2004: no. 88 vertical bars in a central rectangle. A similar example buckle loops. Lengths: 19–28mm. Weights: 1.6–15.4g.
imitation of a Scandinavian type. Length: 35mm. E). Length: 24mm. Weight: 3.1g. was found at the Chessell Down cemetery (Arnold 78. Fragment of a copper-alloy strap-end with incised
Weight: 7.23g. Surface analysis: silver content of 15. Gilded silver bow fragment from a miniature 1982: fig. 26, 17). Length: 15mm. Weight: 1.5g. saltire and double lines across wide end. Length: 23mm.
over 90%. square-headed brooch, with midrib. Length: 13mm. 28. Copper-alloy head-plate and bow of a miniature Weight: 3.2g.
4. Fragment of a silver miniature square-headed Weight: 1.7g. square-headed brooch with milled frame round a 79. Fragment of a copper-alloy tongue-shaped strap-
brooch with punched decoration (this possibly joins 16. Silver bow of a square-headed brooch with raised central panel of vertical bars; traces of gilding survive. end with median ridge. Length: 34mm. Weight: 4.1g.
TAR 2004: no. 88 D). Length: 20mm. Weight: 1.7g. oval panel enclosing a face mask and traces of mercury Length: 23mm. Weight: 5g (uncleaned). 80. Fragment of a copper-alloy tubular strap-mount of
5. Silver fragment from the foot-plate of a (probable) gilding. Length: 25mm. Weight: 4.57g (uncleaned). 29. Copper-alloy gilded button brooch decorated with D-shaped section, of 5th-century Quoit Brooch Style
miniature square-headed brooch. Length: 17mm. Surface analysis: silver content of approximately 90%. a profile human head; its rim is missing. An example Type. Length: 33mm. Weight: 12.5g (uncleaned).
Weight: 2.42g. Surface analysis: silver content of 17. Silver fragment, roughly trapezoidal, possibly from of Avent and Evison’s (1982) late 5th- to early 6th- 81. Copper-alloy heart-shaped belt mount with three
approximately 95%. the head-plate of a square-headed brooch, with double century Class L, occurring also at Chessell Down. dome-headed rivets. Length: 18mm. Weight: 3.4g
6. Silver fragment of miniature bow brooch with part zigzag border along straight edge. Length: 14mm. Diameter: 14mm. Weight: 1.3g. (uncleaned).
of a plain, semicircular head-plate, bow with midrib, Weight: 1.8g. 30. Copper-alloy gilded fragment of a button brooch 82. Copper-alloy convex ovoid mount with crudely
and top end of an expanding foot-plate remaining. This 18. Silver mushroom-shaped knob with milled collar decorated with a sharply featured human face. An cast details of a bearded man’s head. Height: 22mm.
is probably a 5th- or 6th-century Continental import, round the base. This is possibly from the head-plate example of Avent and Evison’s (1982) Class Ai of the Weight: 7.7g.
but with the foot missing it is difficult to assign it to of a 6th-century brooch of Lombardic Type, but late 5th or early 6th century. Width: 16mm. 83. Copper-alloy disc with damaged edges and stub of
a particular type. Length: 25mm. Weight: 1.9g. Surface there are no other fragments of such a brooch from Weight: 1.1g. a rivet on the back; possibly from the boss or handle
analysis: silver content of approximately 95%. the cemetery. Height: 14mm. Weight: 4.23g. Surface 31. Copper-alloy button-type brooch with indistinct of a shield. Diameter: 18mm. Weight: 2.8g.
7. Silver fragment of one end of a sword pommel with analysis: silver content of approximately 90%. raised square possibly with projecting corners enclosing 84–88. Five copper-alloy rivets; three disc-headed and
traces of gilding and borders of nielloed interlocking 19. Silver fragment possibly from the foot-plate a central boss; its rim missing. Similar to a brooch from two domed. Diameters: 10–26mm. Weights: 2.4g, 2.9g,
triangles. There are three elongated tear-shaped slashes of a miniature square-headed brooch with a raised Marchélepot, France (Avent and Evison 1982: pl. 18d). 2.9g, 3g & 6.5g.
on the shoulder. This object is possibly associated with S-scroll to one side of a rib decorated with interlocking Diameter: 17mm. Weight: 3.1g. 89–90. Two copper-alloy studs; one circular, one sub-
the sword-ring (no. 9). The pommel is an example of punched triangles. Length: 11mm. Weight: 0.8g. 32. Copper-alloy button brooch with indistinct design; triangular. Diameters: 10–22mm. Weights: 0.8g & 1.2g.
Menghin’s (1983) Kentish Bifrons-Gilton Type. 20. Silver fragment from the centre of the foot-plate of its rim is missing. Diameter: 18mm. Weight: 2.2g. 91. Copper-alloy ring with a ridge round the girth,
Length: 26mm. Weight: 4.2g. a miniature square-headed brooch, with a raised cross 33. Copper-alloy D-shaped buckle with a tongue with a incised with radiating grooves on one side and a
8. One end of a silver sword pommel, with two lentoid motif. Width: 17mm. Weight: 2.1g. basal shield. Width: 30mm. Weight: 17.8g (uncleaned). criss-cross pattern on the other. Diameter: 13mm.
Weight: 1.2g.

94 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 95

 92–93. Two copper-alloy rings; one ovoid, one with the lozenge has carved decoration in the form of 162. East Yorkshire: A lead-alloy cruciform brooch 164. Worth, Kent: gold coin pendant (PAS:
remains of tinning. Diameters: 22 & 29mm. two concentric lozenges around a central quatrefoil. (PAS: SWYOR-B40A88) KENT-C37138; Treasure: 2007 T673)
Weights: 3.5g & 9.6g. Traces of gilding survives on the upper surface.
Date: Early Medieval (c. 500–c. 570). Date: Early Medieval (c. 500–c. 625).
94. Copper-alloy bracelet fragment of rod. Dimensions: 41.7 x 15mm.
Discovery: Found by Mark Bell while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Andy Sales while metal-detecting
Length: 34mm. Weight: 2.7g. Discussion: This brooch is difficult to parallel but is
in 2007, and recorded with Amy Cooper (South & West in October 2007, and reported to Andrew Richardson
95–96. Two copper-alloy joining fragments of strip. an unusual variant of the Early Anglo-Saxon equal
Yorkshire FLO). (Kent FLO).
Length: 70mm. Weights: 10g (in total). armed brooch.
Description: Fragments of a lead-alloy cruciform Description: A gold pendant, incorporating a
97. Copper-alloy curved strip with median groove on Disposition: Returned to finder.
brooch of ‘Florid Style’, decorated with devolved Visigothic gold tremissis in the name of the Roman
one side. Length: 63mm. Weight: 6.1g.
R Tyrrell zoomorphic motifs. On the back of the brooch are two emperor Anastasius I of Byzantium (r. 491–518).
98. Copper-alloy sub-rectangular fragment decorated
unperforated, semicircular lugs which, on a copper- The workmanship suggests that this is a Visigothic
with two transverse beaded lines. Length: 22mm.
160. Mildenhall, Wiltshire: copper-alloy bowl with alloy brooch, would have been pierced to hold the pin imitation, probably minted in Toulouse or Narbonne,
Weight: 3.7g.
an iron handle (PAS: WILT-7E5176) mechanism (as on 165). On the lead brooch these lugs rather than an official Byzantine issue.
99–100. Two copper-alloy sheet fragments of vessel,
are not pierced showing that it could not have fitted Obv: DN ___STASIUSPPAVG, diademed bust right
one with remains of repoussé decoration possibly Date: Early Medieval (c. 475–c. 600).
with a pin or attached to clothing. Dimensions: 78.7 x Rev: VICT____VGOSTORVM____, Winged Victory, facing
representing a bust and possibly late Roman in date Discovery: Found by David Phillips while metal-
66.1 x 8.5mm. right, holding wreath
with later re-use. Lengths: 21 & 87mm. Weights: 0.7g detecting in 2007, and recorded with Katie Hinds
Discussion: Lead-alloy cruciform brooches are Diameter: 14.5mm. Weight: 1.39g. Die axis 180˚.
& 10.2g. (Wiltshire FLO).
becoming increasingly common finds and there is Discussion: The coin has been made into a pendant,
101. Lentoid artefact of sheet copper-alloy with a Description: Globular sheet copper-alloy bowl with
some debate over their function. Leahy (2005: 337) showing the Victory reverse, probably in England in
central oblique slot; perhaps from a knife. Length: a flat-sectioned, iron handle, attached by way of two
describes other discoveries of lead alloy cruciform the 6th or early 7th century, when coin-jewellery of
25mm. Weight: 0.79g. triangular lugs on the upper rim. Dimensions: 210 x
brooches. It has been suggested that the lead-alloy this type was fashionable. It shows two suspension
102–104. Three further copper-alloy fragments. 115mm, excluding the lugs. Weight: 310.31g.
examples were patterns or models used in the casting points, which may have been made at the same time.
Lengths: 15–29mm. Weights: 5g, 5.8g & 7.1g. Discussion: Bruce Eagles (1986: 106 & 117, no. 133)
process of copper-alloy brooches. The evidence for It appears to have a gold suspension loop, but only a
105–106. Two fragments of an iron buckle loop, inlaid dated such bowls found in England to the late 5th or
this is the unfinished pin lugs and catch-plates which small piece now survives; this is plainer than is usual for
with keystone-shaped garnets on grid-patterned foils, 6th century, noting ‘this type of cauldron belongs to
make the brooch unusable. However, some examples the period, being a simple flat bar soldered to one side
once possibly joining one another; one is about half the widely distributed Vestland-Kessel Group, a form
bear incised decoration which was usually done after of the coin only, and unattached on the other. Below
the buckle and has the corroded remains of silver which appears to have originated in northern Gaul in
casting, and imply an object beyond the stage of a this are two holes, around which are signs of wear and
cloisons. This is a Frankish import dating to the early the late 4th century and to have been manufactured
rough model. Lead brooches have been found on what damage; it is not apparent whether the damage is a
6th century and can be compared with buckles from throughout the 5th’. Examples have been recorded
are likely to be cemetery sites, although one is yet to result of wear, or caused when the suggested rivets
Caours and Barleux, Somme, France (Bayard et al. 1986: in later burials in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and
be found in a grave. It is possible that lead brooches were removed.
figs. 70 & 91). Length of each: 30mm. Weights: 7.4 & Warwickshire. This is probably only the third known
had some sort of symbolic use. Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire.
6.8g (uncleaned). in Wiltshire.
Deposition: Returned to finder.
107. Iron shank of nail or pin of uncertain date. Disposition: Returned to landowner. G Williams
Length: 35mm. Weight: 1.8g. A Cooper
K Hinds
108. Domed lead stud with circular indentations. 165. Treswell, Nottinghamshire: gilt copper-alloy
Diameter: 7mm. Weight: 1.7g. 163. Marham, Norfolk: silver brooch fragment cruciform brooch (PAS: DENO-4EF591)
109–110. Two annular glass beads; one is blue, the 161. Haversham, Buckinghamshire:
(PAS: NMS-1E5E68; Treasure: 2007 T552) Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 600).
other green with white zigzag trail. Diameters: 10 & copper-alloy belt mount (PAS: BUC-215ED8)
Date: Early Medieval (c. 500–c. 625). Discovery: Found by Daniel and Christopher
16mm. Weights: 0.5g & 3.1g. Date: Early Medieval (c. 480–c. 570).
Discovery: Found by Ian Goodger while metal- Healey while metal-detecting in November 2007,
Discussion: The majority of the above finds are early Discovery: Found by Ivan Clark while metal-detecting
detecting between July and September 2007, and and recorded with Anja Rohde (Derbyshire &
Anglo-Saxon, with a few contemporary imports from some years ago, and recorded with Ros Tyrrell
reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). Nottinghamshire FLO).
the Continent. They predominantly date to the 6th (Buckinghamshire FLO) in 2007.
Description: A silver knob, probably from a radiate- Description: Cast copper-alloy cruciform brooch in
century, though one or two objects are possibly of the Description: Rectangular copper-alloy mount, with
headed brooch, its face decorated with a mask ‘Florid Style’. This large brooch was cast in one piece
5th century (see the original find and first addenda in fine, chip-carved decoration. At each end is a thin tab
consisting of two pairs of eyes in counter relief, and and bears elaborate zoomorphic designs. In addition to
TAR 2004: no. 88; TAR 2005/6: no. 221). with a rivet through it. The decorative panel contains
with ribbed eyebrows. In the absence of a rivet hole the animal art, the face of the brooch was gilded and
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. the figure of a crouching animal in Anglo-Saxon Style
in the flat end, it is difficult to see how the knob was pieces of sheet silver attached to panels on the ends
I; its head is to the right and leaf-like legs or feet can
B M Ager & R Abdy attached to the head-plate, however knobs of this type of its arms, foot-plate and the lappets on either side
be seen along the lower edge. Dimensions: 37 x 14 x
are found on some Lombardic brooches, and this could of the foot. On the back of the brooch are two lugs,
2mm.
159. Wendover, Buckinghamshire: be an unfinished piece. There is a protruding ledge at perforated to hold the iron pin and spring and a catch-
Discussion: This is a lovely example of early Anglo-
gilded copper-alloy brooch (PAS: BUC-1FB411) the back on the flat end of the object and its underside plate to secure the end of the pin. Dimensions: 155.4 x
Saxon zoomorphic decoration. The animal is crisply cut
is hollow. Dimensions: 14.5 x 6mm. Weight: 1.99g. 90.1 x 13.1mm. Weight: 144.1g.
Date: Early Medieval (c. 470–c. 570). and has been skilfully fitted into the rectangular panel.
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. Discussion: The use of gilding and silvering gave
Discovery: Found by Martin Whaley while metal- Disposition: Returned to finder.
this brooch a striking bichrome appearance. While
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ros Tyrrell A Rogerson
R Tyrrell its decoration is complex it is not unique bearing a
(Buckinghamshire FLO).
close resemblance to the brooch from near Bingham,
Description: Gilt copper-alloy brooch of unusual
Nottinghamshire (DENO-2AB607).
form. Lozenge-shaped with circular terminal, set
Deposition: Returned to finder.
slightly lower at each end. The back is flat and bears an
integrally cast pierced lug and catch plate. The face of A Rohde

96 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 97

 166. North Hertfordshire: silver-gilt pyramidal fragment is an interesting addition to a small group of 170. Otford, Kent: silver-gilt zoomorphic pin-head Disposition: Acquired by Colchester & Ipswich
mount (PAS: BH-460DE6; Treasure: 2007 T25) distinctive post-Roman native dress-pins. It may have (PAS: KENT-020610; Treasure: 2007 T421) Museums Service.
been preserved as a decorative trinket or bead strung
Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 600). Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 700). S Marzinzik
on a thread.
Discovery: Found by Luke Denham while metal- Discovery: Found by Lesley Burr while metal-detecting
Disposition: Acquired by Somerset County Museum.
detecting in December 2007, and reported to Julian in August 2007, and reported to Andrew Richardson 172. Ramsgate, Kent: gold annular pendant
Watters (Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). N Payne & S Youngs (Kent FLO). (PAS: KENT-F5A964; Treasure: 2007 T502)
Description: A silver, parcel gilt Anglo-Saxon pyramidal Description: A flat, openwork relief-decorated head
Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 700).
mount, presumably from a sword scabbard. Each side 168. Fransham, Norfolk: silver-gilt fragment, from a pin. It is parcel gilt, with niello inlay and two
Discovery: Found by James Cooper while metal-
of the pyramid is decorated with two chip-carved probably from a brooch (PAS: NMS-41D482; garnet roundels set back to back. It is damaged,
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Andrew
standing triangles, with a small hanging one between Treasure: 2007 T674) missing about one third, but with part of the pin shaft
Richardson (Kent FLO).
them. The ridges separating them are decorated with preserved. The decoration originally consisted of two
Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 625). Description: A round, Anglo-Saxon gold pendant
incised lines and the triangles themselves are gilt. birds, one now lost, executed in niello inlay framed by
Discovery: Found by Vincent Butler while metal- with damaged attachment loop. The annular pendant
A rectangular, deep cell in the apex of the pyramid a fine gold border. The preserved bird has an open beak
detecting in October 2007, and reported to Erica Darch is formed by three spiral turns of gold wire fused
would have contained a setting, perhaps a garnet. The and seems to hold it above a gilt motif, perhaps a small
(Norfolk FLO). together; the wire is beaded for most of its length but
pyramid is hollow and the original transverse bar for figure. Between the birds is a garnet roundel enclosed
Description: A detached knob with a simple cast with some plain sections for contrast. The attachment
attachment has broken off, leaving only two opposing by a plain and a beaded frame. The decoration on the
animal head motif inlaid with niello. The object is loop resembles the tubular fittings on bracteates, but
stumps behind. Dimensions: Base: 13 x 13mm; back of the pin is similar to the face. About 7mm of the
hollow-backed and both the straight ends are pierced. is damaged. On one face of the attachment loop is a
Height: 10mm. Weight: 2.3g. round, grooved, nielloed pin shaft are preserved, which
Probably from an Anglo-Saxon radiate brooch of small, flattened, gold pellet, probably indicating the
Discussion: Sword pyramids are small fittings used in still shows traces of gilding. Length: 22.5mm. Weight:
Lombardic type (see Ashley et al. 1990: fig. 1 no. 3; pendant’s front. The loop is more abraded on the other
connection with the straps on a sword scabbard. They 3.9g. Surface analysis: silver content of approximately
also Åberg 1923: fig. 89). Dimensions: 10 x 4.5mm. side and there are traces of wear around the edge.
are now relatively common finds (some 11 having 94%, confirming mercury in the gilding, and that the
Weight: 1.64g. Diameter: 13mm. Weight: 2.5g.
been reported Treasure between 1998 and 2004) stones were garnets and probably set on foils.
Discussion: While only a fragment survives it does Discussion: Round pendants commonly formed part of
and were apparently very prone to loss. The present Discussion: The arrangement of the birds can be
provide further evidence of cross-channel links necklaces in the Anglo-Saxon period, especially in the
piece is close in appearance to the recent find from compared to Frankish garnet-inlaid or gilt bird and
during the Early Medieval period. late 6th to 7th centuries. They were often set with gem
Cambridgeshire (see 169) and to others from Flixton, bird-headed pins with very similar shafts (for example,
Disposition: Norwich Castle Museum hopes stones, but there is no sign of the present object having
North Yorkshire (TAR 2002: no. 67), which, however, Menghin 2007: nos. VII.10.23 & VII.48.31). Kentish
to acquire. had a setting and/or backing plate. Slightly larger, and
was niello-inlaid and gilt around the lower edge; and examples of bird and bird-headed pins can also be
more elaborate pendants, with a cross inscribed into
Headbourne Worthy, Hanmpshire (TAR 2003: no. 116). E B Darch cited, such as a 7th-century example from Wingham,
the centre, were found in Grave 28 at Harford Farm,
They are widespread on the Continent, usually made now in the British Museum. An example of a single, late
Norfolk (Penn 2000: fig. 93, pl. XVIII), and at several
from silver or copper-alloy (Menghin 1983: 169. Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire: 5th- to 6th-century, bird-headed pin terminal from
Kentish sites. Such cross-in-circle pendants are also
map 22). silver-gilt pyramidal mount (PAS: CAMHER-9583E3; Nottinghamshire was recorded in 2002 (TAR 2002: no.
known from Scandinavia and France, where about
Disposition: North Hertfordshire Museums Service Treasure: 2007 T188) 46). The Otford pin, however, differs from many other
a dozen examples have been found (Penn 2000: 51;
had hoped to acquire but withdrew; returned to finder. finds in that it has decoration on both sides. Also it has
Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 700). Menghin 2007: nos. V.3.4.3 & V.3.6.2).
S Marzinzik Discovery: Found by Len Eeles while metal-detecting two complete antithetic birds, rather than just paired
Disposition: British Museum originally hoped to acquire
in April 2007, and reported to Philippa Walton bird heads.
but withdrew; returned to finder.
(Cambridgeshire FLO). Disposition: Acquired by Maidstone Museum; both
167. Chilton Trinity, Somerset: silver hand pin-head landowner and finder donated their share. S Marzinzik
(PAS: SOMDOR-D60932; Treasure: 2007 T109) Description: A parcel gilt Anglo-Saxon pyramidal
mount, presumably from a sword scabbard, each side S Marzinzik
Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 625). 173. Binbrook, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy hanging
decorated with two chip-carved standing triangles
Discovery: Found by Tim Phillips while metal-detecting bowl mount (PAS: NLM-A6E546)
with a small, hanging triangle between them. The 171. Diss area, Norfolk silver-gilt pyramidal sword
in September 2006, and reported to Naomi Payne
ridges separating them bear incised lines and the mount (PAS: SF-9242E2; Treasure: 2007 T477) Date: Early Medieval (c. 580–c. 660).
(Somerset FLO) in 2007.
triangles themselves are gilt. A deep, rectangular cell Discovery: Found by Stanley Little while metal-
Description: Cast head of a silver dress-pin of the form Date: Early Medieval (c. 575–c. 700).
in the apex of the pyramid would have contained a detecting in 2007, and recorded by Lisa Staves
known as a ‘hand pin’ from their resemblance to a fist Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in August
setting, perhaps a garnet. The pyramid is hollow and (North Lincolnshire FLO).
with the fingers sticking out horizontally. The missing 2007, and reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO).
has a transverse bar for attachment across the back. Description: Complete cast copper-alloy mount
pin-shaft had a circular section and was offset from the Description: A parcel gilt Anglo-Saxon pyramidal
Dimensions: 13 x 13 x 7mm. from an Anglo-Saxon hanging bowl. The disc is
head by a short arm projecting at right angles to the mount, probably from a sword scabbard, each side
Discussion: See 166, which provides further discussion slightly planoconvex, its face silvered and inlaid with
plate. The lower plate has a reserved pattern with three decorated with a large garnet-inlaid field in what is
and parallels. champlevé enamel. On its back are traces of what
interlocking scrolls each ending in pairs of dotted lobes. likely to be a gold frame. The square cell at the apex
Disposition: Ely Museum hopes to acquire. appear to be solder. The decoration is divided by a
The larger motif ends in single lobed terminals in the of the pyramid is also framed by narrow gold wire.
three-armed, concave-sided device, in the centre of
upper corners of the plate. The dots and background S Marzinzik No backing foils are visible beneath the garnets. There
which is an annulet. Each arm has an anchor-shaped
originally held opaque red enamel, some of which is a transverse bar across the underside of the object
terminal made up of a pair of two strand whorls.
remains. Dimensions: 17.4 x 16.1mm. Weight: 5.12g. which is slightly higher towards its middle, possibly
Between each of the arms is a further whorl, in
Surface analysis: silver content of 87–91%. as a consequence of wear. Dimensions: 13 x 10mm.
the centre of which is a claw-like terminal. It is not
Discussion: The lobes or ‘dodo heads’ are a motif of Weight: 3.2g.
possible to define the original colour of the enamel
considerable antiquity in Celtic ornament and the Discussion: See 166, which provides further discussion
but it appears that both red and green were used.
use of red enamel is also in the Celtic tradition. This and parallels.
Dimensions: 40.2 x 2.9mm. Weight: 27.8g.

98 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 99

 Discussion: Three fragments of a copper-alloy sheet If this die were complete, it would be about the right and appear on objects such as the helmet from Sutton plate has been set an oval arrangement of cloisonné
hanging bowl were found by the same finder in close size for the foil from the Taplow buckle plate, which is Hoo. However, no Anglo-Saxon or Viking Age horned cells. Four of these still contain garnets and it appears
proximity to the mount. As is typical of hanging bowl about 40mm long. helmets are known and the mount may represent a that only two of them are set onto a backing foil. The
mounts the decoration is, with its spirals, late Celtic Disposition: Returned to finder. god, perhaps Woden. back shows a raised rim, to which the horizontal flange
in style. Many of these bowls have been found in Disposition: Returned to finder. of the object is fixed. In the middle of the back-plate
F Basford
Lincolnshire and this find represents a useful addition is a large opening, presumably a rivet hole and a small
W Scott
to the corpus. opening, perhaps also a rivet hole, towards the edge.
Disposition: Returned to finder. 176. Mileham, Norfolk: silver-gilt sword pommel Dimensions: 21 x 9mm. Weight: 1.06g.
cap (PAS: NMS-BE3EB3; Treasure: 2007 T9) 178. Tuxford area, Nottinghamshire: silver and glass Discussion: Most gold and garnet settings are in the
L Staves setting (PAS: DENO-633A60; Treasure: 2007 T78)
Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 700). form of round, dome-headed studs, rather than this
Discovery: Found by Andrew Athow while metal- Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 700). flat piece. The function of such settings is unknown.
174. Woodbridge area, Suffolk: silver-gilt sword detecting in October 2006, and reported to Erica Darch Discovery: Found by Clifford Hancock while metal- They may have come from disc brooches or pendants,
pommel fragment (PAS: SF-DB2F43; Treasure: (Norfolk FLO). detecting in October 2006, and reported to Anja Rohde but due to the size of the present object, that seems
2007 T292) Description: The pommel cap is hollow with an (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO). unlikely. The possibility that the mount belonged to a
Date: Early Medieval (c. 600) elliptical plan, and a tapering, ogival, section. There is Description: An Anglo-Saxon glass cabochon in a belt buckle of late 5th-century Type cannot entirely
Discovery: Found by James Burvill while metal- a perforation in the top for the tang, and a small hole silver setting. The cabochon is made from green, be discounted, although too little of the object is
detecting in April 2007, and reported to Faye Minter on each of its two faces, one of which is filled with translucent, bubbly glass, with three twisted, opaque, preserved to substantiate this suggestion and the
(Suffolk FLO). hard grey material. Ribbon-like zoomorphic decoration, blue-and-white cable trails fused into its slightly potentially mushroom-shaped cell in the centre of
Description: Part of a sword pommel, silver, parcel in Anglo-Saxon Style II, has been lost through wear pitted surface. The oval silver setting consists of a plain the fitting would counter an early dating.
gilt. The pommel is decorated with three parallel, gilt from the top and almost all of one face. On the upstanding frame inside of a fine twisted cable border. Disposition: Chelmsford Museum hopes to acquire.
ridges framing its lower edge and with two gilt slashes better preserved face, two interlacing beasts, with a Approximately half of the back-plate is missing; the
S Marzinzik
on its side. Remains of gilding are also visible around head and a tail at both ends, arch over a semicircular remainder is plain and very fragile. There is no obvious
the two rivet sleeves in which the side of the pommel border, framing a space around the small hole. On means of attachment, but the metal setting shows the
terminates. Dimensions: 46 x 15mm. Weight: 9.3g. the other face only one small area of decoration remains of a possible tab on one of its rounded ends, 180. Hatton, Lincolnshire: gold gem-set setting
Discussion: This shape of ‘cocked hat’ pommel survives, consisting of a three-toed foot and a tail. perhaps representing an attachment hoop. Dimensions: (PAS: LIN-0FB775; Treasure: 2007 T505)
is a good example of Menghin’s Type Beckum- This face bears deep scratch marks suggesting that the 17 x 6mm. Weight: 1.8g. Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 700).
Vallstenarum. Fischer (n.d.: Carte 13) categorises decoration has been obliterated. The holes in the two Discussion: This setting is likely to represent an Discovery: Found by Jethro Carpenter while metal-
pommels of this form as Type Bifrons-Gilton à faces lie in roughly circular recesses which may have Anglo-Saxon pendant of a type popular in the 7th detecting in September 2007, and reported to Duncan
échancrures and has mapped examples with this held decorative inlays. These holes probably contained century. Pendants with a cabochon-cut stones occur Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
typical slashed decoration on the sides. English finds rivets securing the cap to the organic material of in women’s graves of the period, and, although often Description: A square jewel, which is damaged on one
are known from several sites in Kent, while there are the hilt. However, the cap may have been held by made of garnet with gold mounts, glass with either corner. It is set with a square, dark-coloured cabochon
further examples from both Germany and France. simply expanding the tang with the rivets being only silver or copper-alloy mounts are also known. These glass gem set within a multiple frame made up of an
Disposition: Acquired by Woodbridge Museum; decorative. Dimensions: 23.5 x 11.5mm. Weight: 6.54g. pendants may represent the introduction of a Frankish upstanding plain rim edged by two rows of beaded
landowner donated his share. Discussion: No parallel for the form has been noted, custom, based on Mediterranean fashions. wire. The whole is mounted on a square base-plate. Its
the large majority of contemporary pommel caps being Disposition: Acquired by Bassetlaw Museum, Retford. back is plain but has an elongated metal tab running
S Marzinzik
of ‘cocked hat’ type. The style of animal ornament diagonally from the damaged corner to the mid point.
S Marzinzik
suggests the above date. There is also a single rivet hole through the back-
175. Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight: Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. plate. Dimensions: 11 x 11mm. Weight: 2.36g. Surface
copper-alloy Pressblech die (PAS: IOW-3AB946) 179. Chelmsford area, Essex: gold and garnet analysis: gold and silver content of approximately
A Rogerson cloisonné setting (PAS: ESS-458378;
Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 625). 61–66% and 30–33% respectively, and confirms the
Discovery: Found by Pete Sivell while metal-detecting Treasure: 2007 T149) gem as glass.
in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle of Wight 177. Frisby and Kirby, Leicestershire: Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 700). Discussion: It is not clear what this object is. It may
FLO). copper-alloy mount (PAS: LEIC-40DB05) Discovery: Found by Rob Abbott while metal- have been a pendant, with an attachment loop on the
Description: A copper-alloy plate with damaged sides. Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 700). detecting in March 2007, and reported to Laura missing corner. Square Anglo-Saxon pendants with
On its face is a panel decorated in Anglo-Saxon Style Discovery: Found by Chris Bursnall while metal- McLean (Essex FLO). similar settings occur elsewhere, as on the Desborough,
II interlace executed in low relief and showing two detecting in August 2007, and recorded by Description: A fragment of a cloisonné gold setting, Northamptonshire, necklace (Webster and Backhouse
interlaced serpents, their heads at the broader end Wendy Scott (Leicestershire & Rutland FLO). still containing some of the original garnets. The setting 1991: 28). The rivet hole in the base-plate, the slight
of the plate. On each side of the plate is a small, flat Description: A mount in the form a horned head, with appears to have been one end of an oval object, but edge damage in the middle of one side and the
roundel. Close to the edge of the wider end are three a raised angular nose (or perhaps nasal guard) flanked is distorted with the wider end of the oval torn off, warping of the base-plate on the opposite side may
circular holes, one at the centre and one at each side. by raised circular eyes. The face has a long moustache severely damaging the object and leaving a jagged suggest that the stud was originally fixed to something
Dimensions: 33 x 24.1 x 3.4mm. Weight: 27.28g. protruding slightly out at each side; this sits above an edge. Set on an open, horizontal flange are a number and torn off.
Discussion: The thickness of this find and its distinctly open lentoid mouth and a triangular bearded chin. On of cells, one of them still containing a grid-patterned Disposition: British Museum hoped to acquire, but
unfinished appearance, suggest that it was probably other mounts of this type the helmet horns terminate gold foil which lines the back and sides of the cell. The withdrew; to be returned to finder/landowner.
used in producing gold Pressblech foils of the sort in Anglo-Saxon Style II birds’ heads, which may have setting may have been fitted inside another, larger
S Marzinzik
used on the triangular buckle plate from Taplow, Essex once been present on this object. Dimensions: 35 x 24 object, as it is not clear how inlays on the outer flange
(Speake 1980: pl. 7f) and similar objects. The foils, x 3mm. Weight: 5.44g. could have held fast. Inside the flange, and above
pressed from the die, would then have filigree soldered Discussion: Warriors wearing horned helmets, like this it, there is what appears to be a plain rim, which is
to the top of the ridges to complete the decoration. example, are a well known motif in Early Medieval art actually the back-plate of the object. Onto this back-

100 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 101

 181. Newark area, Nottinghamshire: gold and 182. Broughton, Hampshire: copper-alloy enamelled 184. Streethouse area, Redcar and Cleveland 185. Ely, Cambridgeshire: grave assemblage
garnet cross-pendant (PAS: DENO-89E427; hanging-bowl escutcheon (PAS: WMID-B145A3) (addenda): grave assemblage with a gold pendant including a gold necklace, silver pin and chain and
Treasure: 2007 T594) Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 800). (PAS: NCL-A09134; Treasure: 2007 T498) other grave goods (PAS: CAMHER-9C4BA8; Treasure:
Date: Early Medieval (c. 600–c. 700). Discovery: Found by Patrick Dunne while metal- Date: Early Medieval (c. 630–c. 650). 2007 T349)
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in September detecting in December 2007, and recorded by Duncan Discovery: Found by Stephen Sherlock Services Ltd Date: Early Medieval (c. 650–c. 700).
2007, and reported to Anja Rohde (Derbyshire & Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO). during the archaeological excavation of a site (prior to Discovery: Found by the Cambridge Archaeological
Nottinghamshire FLO). Description: A hanging bowl escutcheon, with a flat development), with Iron Age buildings and an Anglo- Unit during excavation (prior to development) of a
Description: A damaged gold Anglo-Saxon cross- sub-oval body, broken at the base, with an integral Saxon cemetery, in August 2007, and reported to small Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery in December
pendant, set with five garnets, one of which is missing. hook at its apex. The hook terminates in a head – Fi Hitchcock (Treasure Registrar). 2006, and reported to Philippa Walton (Cambridgeshire
The cross’s arms are of almost equal length and have possibly that of a bird – with recessed eyes and a Description: FLO) in 2007.
concave ends. Each arm bears a round setting, two beak or snout, which is bent downwards to rest on Grave no. 70: Description: Objects found with the supine
containing small cabochon garnets, a third a flat the rim of the bowl; a similar escutcheon was found 1–2. Gold pendant and chain fragment. The pendant inhumation of a (presumed) female, aged 10–12 years
garnet. A fourth, larger stone is crudely mounted at at St Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln (Bruce-Mitford 2005: is decorated with filigree and garnet inlay. Its central old; the grave was aligned west to east.
the centre of the cross. The cross’s arms are filled with 191, fig. 202). The face of the escutcheon has recessed setting is surrounded by a ring of garnet-filled cells 1. A necklace comprising a gold pendant in the form
filigree wire, while a grooved gold band runs around the cells containing traces of champleve red enamel. from which extend four parabola-shaped settings at of a cross; the original garnet settings from the arms
sides of the cross. The back of the object is plain and Dimensions: 45.1 x 25.8mm. Weight: 15.17g. the end of each is a circular setting. One of these still and centre are now missing. Also a gold pendant with
concave, with a tear in one of the cross angles. There is Discussion: The function of hanging bowls has been contains a garnet, and two small fragments of others a D-shaped cabochon garnet setting. One gold bulla
some slight distortion, as the grooved gold band is torn the subject of much discussion. While they often bear were found in the grave fill. The garnets are much pendant. Six silver bullae.
in one of the cross angles and the attachment loop Celtic-style decoration, they are commonly found in smaller than the settings, leaving an empty annular 2. A silver pin and chain (found laid across the chest).
is missing. Traces of the latter can still be seen on the Anglo-Saxon graves. Their function is also a mystery. zone around them. This must have contained a material 3. Iron fittings from a wooden box; also identified by a
face and in a triangular attachment on the back of the Jane Brenan (1991: 134–135) considered that the that is now missing. Each of the garnets was set on a stain in the earth.
cross. Dimensions: 28.5 x 4.9mm. Weight: 5.8g. Surface earliest hanging bowls were made for some practical small piece of grid-marked gold foil. The area between 4. Two blue-green glass palm cups; both plain and with
analysis: gold and silver contents of approximately 77– purpose (or purposes) and it was only during the 7th each circular setting is decorated with two panels of out-folded rims (once contained in the box).
81% and 17–19%, and confirms the stones as garnet. century that they became associated with wealth Anglo-Saxon Style II filigree, made up of reeded gold 5. A bone, single-sided comb with slightly curved back,
Discussion: All four garnets are poorly mounted; the and status. Susan Youngs (formerly British Museum, wire. The pendant is divided into four fields by three and with a small copper-alloy ring through one end,
settings are squeezed around stones which were too personal communication) commented that while cell radial lines of granulated pellets, either side of which probably for suspension (once contained in the box).
small. The empty setting has a regular, unsquashed work similar to this escutcheon is found on British is a strip of filigree. At the top of the pendant this is 6. Iron chatelaine, or keys, and knife (both probably
frame. This, together with the unsuitable size of the metalwork of the 7th century, it is a feature of Irish replaced by a narrow trapezoid panel, also filled with once suspended from the belt).
other stones and the presence of a flat, rather than enamelling of the 8th century. Both Youngs and Kevin granulation. Above this is a sheet-gold suspension 7. An iron fitting with attached chains (found placed
cabochon gem, suggests that the garnets may be Leahy (National Finds Adviser) feel that the escutcheon loop. The back of the pendant is plain but with a thin above the head).
replacements or that the goldsmith could not obtain may therefore be from the tail end of British bowl L-shaped strip of gold sheet in the area of the loop Discussion: Bullae pendants are widespread across
appropriate stones. The low gold content of the object manufacture, or an import from Ireland. which probably represents a repair. Diameter: 44mm. England, and usually dated to the second half of
is notable and may be connected to the debasement of Disposition: Returned to finder. Weight: 11g. the 7th century (Geake 1997: 36). Gold and garnet
Merovingian gold coinage during the 7th century, these 3. A small fragment of folded gold wire, which could pendants are also found in many other 7th-century
D Slarke
coins providing the metal for jewellery. be part of the chain from which the pendant was burials. The most elaborate necklace recorded is that
A number of cross-pendants are known from suspended or may have been part of a fastening device from Desborough (Webster and Backhouse 1991: fig.
early Anglo-Saxon contexts and have been found 183. Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey (addenda): from a simpler fabric chain. 13). The Ely pendant is odd in that it is missing the
on necklaces, most notably at Desborough, Hack-silver and other finds (PAS: NMGW-9C0D76; 4. A glass bead wrapped with gold wire. fourth arm, suggesting the shape of a ‘Tau’ cross, but
Northamptonshire (Webster and Backhouse 1991: 28). Treasure: Wales 07.15) 5. A long gold cylindrical tube used as a bead. it may have been damaged and the suspension loop a
Other prime examples are finds from Ixworth, Suffolk, Date: Early Medieval (c. 850–c. 1000). Length: 11mm. replacement. If this is the case then it takes the shape
and Wilton, Norfolk (Webster and Backhouse 1991: Discovery: Found by Archie Gillespie in 2007 during 6–7. Two blue glass submelon beads; a green barrel- of a Celtic-style cross, like other more elaborate gold
nos. 11 & 12). The most closely related are a pendant a metal-detecting survey, as part of continuing shaped glass bead, and a glass annular bead with a and garnet pendants, such as Ixworth (Webster and
cross with intact loop, set with filigree and one garnet archaeological project. black background and a green cable pattern, broken Backhouse 1991: fig. 11). An intriguing aspect of this
from Winster Moor, Derbyshire (Campbell 1982: fig. Description: in antiquity and perhaps worn as an amulet, possibly site is the elaborate burial of a young (presumably
41), and a possible reliquary cross-pendant with a 1. Drop of silver waste. Weight: 1.3g. suspended from the waist. female) member of the community, among other older
cross-shaped opening on the back from Newball, 2. Silver casting waste. Weight: 1.8g. 8. Ironwork in very poor condition, thought to female and male individuals in the cemetery which are
Lincolnshire (TAR 2005/6: no. 272). 3. Hack-silver ingot section, cut both ends, with one represent part of a chatelaine or ladies’ key set. barely furnished, or are buried unaccompanied.
Disposition: Newark Museum hopes to acquire. hesitant cut mark across one end. Weight: 3.3g. 9. A small sherd of coarse fired pottery. Silver or copper-alloy pins linked by chains are known
4. Hack-silver ingot section, cut both ends. Discussion: The dress accessories are of a type worn by from 7th- and 8th-century burials and settlement
S Marzinzik
Weight: 3.5g. a woman in the mid-7th century. As no human bones contexts. At Harford Farm (Penn 2000), linked pins
5. Disc, cut in half with perforation; uncertain function. survived on the site it was not possible to verify the were found in Grave 18, together with a workbox,
Weight: 1.2g. sex of the individual in the grave. Objects of this type pendants and coins.
Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum are rare in north-east England but other burials in the Disposition: To be determined.
of Wales. cemetery contained high status items (see TAR 2005/6:
C Hills & S Lucy
M Redknap no. 226 for the previous finds from the site).
Disposition: Kirkleatham Museum hopes to acquire
with the main site archive.
S J Sherlock & K A Leahy

102 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 103

 186. North East Suffolk: silver strap-end 189. North Tuddenham, Norfolk: silver brooch Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. each end – Hommersåk, Rogaland, and Løland, Vest
(PAS: SF-1E8422; Treasure: 2007 T245) fragment (PAS: NMS-412F26; Treasure: 2007 T464) Agder. These date to the late 8th or 9th century on
F Minter
the basis of end-use, enamelling and art-historical
Date: Early Medieval (c. 700–c. 800). Date: Early Medieval (c. 700–c. 900).
elements, and show that late hanging-bowls from
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in April 2007, Discovery: Found by Ronald Nelson while metal- 192. Southampton area, Hampshire: silver strap- the Irish series were clearly much liked by the
and reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO). detecting in July 2007, and reported to Erica Darch end (PAS: HAMP-ECE595; Treasure: 2007 T265) Norwegian Vikings’.
Description: An incomplete silver strap-end, with half (Norfolk FLO).
Date: Early Medieval (c. 775–c. 900). Disposition: Returned to finder.
of the attachment end missing. It is rectangular with Description: Fragment of silver ansate brooch, with
Discovery: Found by Mark Duell while metal-detecting
a raised panel bearing reserved decoration consisting a flat terminal in the form of a rectangular panel K Hinds
the spoil heap from the construction of a patio in May
of a highly devolved leaf design of Carolingian origin. containing a moulded twelve-petalled flower. The
2007, and reported to Rob Webley (Hampshire FLO).
The strap-end was attached to the belt by means slightly narrowed rectangular sectioned bow is broken 194. Crawley, Hampshire: silver hooked-tag
Description: A strap-end with four rivet holes; two
of separate top-plate secured by four silver rivets. across the beginning of its central expansion, probably (PAS: SUSS-69F7E8; Treasure: 2007 T281)
at one end, the others along the axis of the body, but
Dimensions: 29.5 x 18mm. Weight: 8.92g. losing a central decorative rectangle, matching that
only one flat-headed silver rivet survives. The face of Date: Early Medieval (c. 775–c. 1000).
Discussion: This strap-end is characteristic of on the terminal. There is an incomplete narrow catch-
the strap-end bears incised geometric ornament and Discovery: Found by Tim Chandler while metal-
Carolingian work and represents a useful addition plate on reverse of the terminal. Length: 20mm.
curvilinear scrollwork resembling floral fronds along its detecting in April 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews-
to the corpus of imported material of middle Anglo- Weight: 4.28g.
edges. No trace of inlay remains, but niello may have Wilson (Sussex FLO).
Saxon date. Discussion: This piece is similar to an example in
been used. Impressions on the back of the strap-end Description: A silver hooked-tag with a circular head
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. Thörle (2001: taf. 57, 4).
around the two axial rivet holes suggest that there was and two semi-circular attachment loops. The hook
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum, following
K Leahy a large washer around each of the openings. The tip of is intact and is linked to the head through a small
withdrawal by Norwich Castle Museum.
the strap-end is worn thin and damaged, as is the top rectangular plate. The head is decorated with a circle,
187. Denton with Wootton, Kent: silver hooked-tag E B Darch of the strap-end above the left rivet. Length: 42mm. within which there is a stylised floral motif inlaid with
(PAS: KENT-C30984; Treasure: 2007 T578) Weight: 3.3g. niello. The reverse is undecorated. Dimensions: 24.2 x
190. Long Sutton, Somerset: silver hooked-tag Discussion: With its split end, convex sides and 17.6mm. Weight: 2.63g.
Date: Early Medieval (c. 700–c. 900).
(PAS: SOM-D90C24; Treasure: 2007 T431) geometric patterning this strap-end belongs to Discussion: Hooked-tags were an all-purpose fastener
Discovery: Found by Dale Smith while metal-detecting
Thomas’s (2003) Class A, Type 2. The two rivet holes on used to secure clothing and purses.
in October 2007, and reported to Andrew Richardson Date: Early Medieval (c. 700–c. 900).
the strap-end’s body are unusual, perhaps a sign that it Disposition: Acquired by Winchester Museums Service.
(Kent FLO). Discovery: Found by Nigel Peters while metal-
was reused at some point or that some supplementary
Description: A hooked-tag with a round head-plate detecting in May 2007, and reported to Naomi Payne L Andrews-Wilson
decoration had been applied.
and a rectangular extension to the head-plate, which (Somerset FLO).
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
contains one rivet hole. The front is decorated with tiny, Description: A late Anglo-Saxon hooked-tag, 195. Whitchurch area, Shropshire: copper-alloy
irregular dots arranged in a circle along the edge of the sub-triangular-to-round head-plate, with two lugs. S Marzinzik mount (PAS: HESH-E9D295)
head-plate. Length: 17mm. Diameter: 7.5mm. Weight: The back and front are both plain, the hook intact.
Date: Early Medieval (c. 780–c. 920).
0.44g. Surface analysis: silver content of 92–97%. Length: 16mm. Weight: 0.7g. 193. Urchfont, Wiltshire: copper-alloy mount from Discovery: Found by Peter Williams using a metal-
Discussion: Hooked-tags are all-purpose fasteners, Discussion: see 188. a hanging bowl (PAS: WILT-1E76E1) detector in 2007, and reported to Peter Reavill
used to secure small bags or purses and also clothing. Disposition: Somerset County Museum hopes
Date: Early Medieval (c. 775–c. 900). (Herefordshire & Shropshire FLO).
Disposition: Acquired by Canterbury Museum. to acquire.
Discovery: Found by Mike Apps while metal-detecting Description: A cast copper-alloy Irish mount with an
S Marzinzik S Marzinzik in 2007, and recorded with Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO). original diameter of c. 49mm, now broken; only about
Description: Copper-alloy mount from a hanging quarter survives. The face of the mount had chip-
188. Coberley, Gloucestershire: silver hooked-tag 191. Woodbridge area, Suffolk: silver polyhedral pin bowl in the form of two opposed bearded heads, carved zoomorphic decoration and glass inserts. This
(PAS: BERK-BB9E23; Treasure: 2007 T500) (PAS: SF-E0A036; Treasure: 2007 T210) separated by a length of plain U-shaped bar. The back decoration was symmetrical, consisting of a central
of the mount is hollow and divided into three boxes cross and recessed panels. The arms of the cross are
Date: Early Medieval (c. 700–c. 900). Date: Early Medieval (c. 700–c. 925).
by transverse plates at the bases of the heads. The two decorated with incised horizontal lines creating a rope-
Discovery: Found by Brian McIntyre while metal- Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in April 2007,
heads extend back, behind the line of the central bar, like pattern. At its centre is a large setting forming a
detecting in September 2007, and reported to and reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO).
to form a gap between them and the side of the vessel. boss. On the face of the mount were four recessed
Charlotte Burril (Berkshire & Oxfordshire FLO). Description: An incomplete Anglo-Saxon silver pin,
One of the heads has a flat back and would have fitted panels set between the arms of the cross. The surviving
Description: An Anglo-Saxon hooked-tag of sub- its circular shaft broken in antiquity. The head is
tightly against the side of the vessel. The other has a panel has an intricate chip-carved design showing an
triangular shape, with incised interlace decoration. polyhedral with 13 faces, the upper face and the four
recess into which the rim of the vessel could be fitted. interlaced animal with open mouth and protruding
There is some damage at the left-hand top corner and main faces are lozenge-shaped with a raised border.
There are holes for three rivets. Dimensions: 41.7 x.11.7 tongue. On the outer edge of the mount were
left side. Two attachment holes are preserved; a third A grid of recessed grooves divides each face into four
x 11.9mm. Weight: 14.11g. originally four circular, cup-like settings, probably for
hole is damaged. The back is plain and the short hook lozenges and there are traces of niello within the arms
Discussion: Susan Youngs (personal communication, glass ‘jewels’, two of which survive without the jewels.
preserved, although its tip is blunted. Length: 17mm. of the cross. There is a collar where the head joins the
formerly British Museum) comments there is a strong Traces of gilding are present over most of the reserved
Weight: 0.6g. shaft. Dimensions: Length: 18.9mm; Head: 7.8 x 8.2mm.
similarity between this mount and those from the areas of this object. On the back of the mount is what
Discussion: Hooked-tags are all-purpose fasteners, Weight: 3.13g.
bowl at Myklebostad, Sogn og Fjordanen, Norway. may be the remains of a single stud. Dimensions: 45.4
used to secure small bags or purses and also clothing. Discussion: Silver pins with faceted heads are believed
These mounts feature a single head, but the profile x 34.9 x 4mm. Weight: 11.59g.
They occur in various forms from the 7th century to be later Anglo-Saxon. This example is similar to
for the reverse is the same. A double-headed detached Discussion: Parallels for this mount have not been
onwards, but those with a triangular head-plate seem others from Suffolk and most similar to one from Bury
mount, found near York, is a cruder version of this find. found, but both the form of the interlaced animal and
to become popular only from the 9th century. St Edmunds area (TAR 2004: no. 126), which also has a
Youngs noted, ‘there are two more bowl mounts from the use of (possible) glass settings have led Kevin Leahy
Disposition: Corinium Museum hopes to acquire. geometric design in niello in the form of a St Andrew’s-
Norwegian Viking contexts which also have a head at (Finds National Adviser) to suggest an Irish origin and a
type cross within each lozenge-shaped face.
S Marzinzik

104 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 105

 9th-century date. The mount may have originally been Lengths: 5–9mm. Weights: 0.27–1.6g. 198. Willington area, Derbyshire: two silver nielloed no. 96). Like the latter, the Willington mounts do not
part of a casket or shrine. It is likely that this object 36–51. Six hack-silver fragments of ingots; three mounts (PAS: DENO-838F80; Treasure: 2007 T194) feature the beaded ornament or stippled backgrounds
was brought from Ireland to Shropshire by the Vikings of which bear testing nicks and one of which has often associated with Trewhiddle Style, as featured on
Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900).
and, if this is the case, this artefact joins a small but unusually high copper content. Lengths: 5–21mm. other pieces from the eponymous hoard and much
Discovery: Found by Keith Parker while metal-
growing collection of finds hinting at Viking activity in Weights: 0.74–11.18g. of the mid-Saxon metalwork recently discovered.
detecting around 1990, and reported to Rachel
the county during the 9th to 10th centuries. 52–53. Two hack-silver sheet fragments, joining Traditionally, a 9th-century date has been ascribed to
Atherton (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO) in 2007.
Disposition: Shropshire County Museum Service hopes together and lightly incised with circles on the Trewhiddle Style metalwork. Given the similarity of the
Description: Two engraved silver mounts with remains
to acquire. inner side. These fragments possibly derive from an present fittings to the mount from Trewhiddle, there
of niello inlay. One of the mounts is a flat, oval plaque,
ornamental disc of a type found in Viking hoards in is no reason to assume that this date would not fit
P Reavill the other one consists of a silver band forming an oval
Sweden, such as that from Assartorp and Ö. Herrestad for Willington, even if the date range for the Style has
and cracked at one of the narrow ends of the oval. The
(Hårdh 1976: pls. 33, 9 & 52: I, 8). Lengths: 14 & 13mm. recently been extended (Thomas 2006: 156f).
196. South Gloucestershire: copper-alloy strap-end band is lacking a portion at this end and further, fine
Weights: 0.5g & 0.35g. Disposition: As this object was found prior to the
(PAS: GLO-922543) cracks in the metal are visible here and in other places,
54–57. Four hack-silver fragments, cut from band- Treasure Act 1996, it was considered not to be Treasure
running perpendicular to the edge. Four rivet holes are
Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900). shaped arm-rings with punched decoration. Lengths: Trove and was returned to the finder.
visible close to one edge of the band. The cross-section
Discovery: Found by Peter Twinn while metal- 11–12mm. Weights: 0.63–1.46g.
of the band here is slightly wider than that on the S Marzinzik
detecting in 2006, and recorded by Kurt Adams 58. Silver tongue from a buckle or pin of a brooch.
other edge. This thinner edge is abraded in a number
(Gloucestershire & Avon FLO) in 2007. Length: 2mm. Weight: 1.2g.
of places; due to the shiny nature of the abrasions, 199. Milborne Port, Somerset: silver hooked-tag
Description: Sub-rectangular strap-end, gently 59–61. Three hack-silver fragments, cut from angular-
presumably these are recent. The inside of the band is (PAS: SOM-65C991; Treasure: 2007 T528)
narrowing towards its forward edge. The strap-end is sectioned arm-rings, all with testing marks. Lengths:
plain, with accretions in some places near the thinner
decorated with the face of an animal with a pointed 22mm, 24mm & 15mm. Weights: 7.95g, 3.05g & 4.77g. Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900).
edge, perhaps traces of solder.
snout and ears, represented by two crescents separated 62. Silver ball-headed pin with collar and broken shaft, Discovery: Found by Hugh Vincent while metal-
The oval plaque fits rather well over the opening of the
by a line, but lacking eyes and other facial features. The comparable with 9th-century bronze examples from detecting in August 2007, and reported to Naomi
band, but as the band is broken it is not now possible
main decoration consists of a chip-carved knotwork Whitby monastery, North Yorkshire. Length: 24mm. Payne (Somerset FLO).
to say whether the plaque would have fitted better
motive with an incised line running down either side. Weight: 2.36g. Description: A triangular hooked-tag, with two rivet
over one side of the band or the other. The back of the
Dimensions: 35 x 8 x 4mm. Weight: 2.42g. 63. Silver fragment of uncertain date that is dumbbell holes on its top edge and intact hook. The object’s face
plaque is plain. The middle of the mount is shiny and
Discussion: Prior to the inception of the PAS no strap- shaped with pierced ends. Length: 12mm. bears two simple incised lines running along each of
shows blunt grooves, perhaps tool marks. Around the
ends of this type had been recorded with Bristol City Weight: 0.74g. the long sides of the triangle. A deep notch separates
edge, there are accretions, including apparent traces
Museum and Art Galley or South Gloucestershire Sites 64. Hack-silver fragment, cut from a lozenge-sectioned the lower edge of the triangle from the hook. The back
of solder. Both mount and plaque are decorated with
and Monuments Record. Over the past four years Mr ring. Width: 5mm. Weight: 0.65g. is plain. Length: 27.5mm. Weight: 2.2g.
elaborate ornament. Roundels at the four compass
Twinn has donated six of them to the museum. His 65. Hack-silver fragment of cylindrical rod, possibly cut Discussion: Hooked-tags are all-purpose fasteners,
points of the mount contain equal-armed crosses
generosity with these and other finds has more than from the shank of a pin. Length: 13mm. Weight: 0.86g. used to secure small bags or purses and also clothing.
and are flanked by backward-looking quadrupeds and
doubled the museum’s collection of Late Anglo-Saxon 66. Silver fragment with incised geometric ornament, They occur in various forms from the late 8th century
intricate knotwork. The ornament is abraded in places
non-ferrous metalwork, resulting in a collection that broken from a spherical object of possibly Late Anglo- onwards, but those with triangular head plate seem to
and some of the niello has fallen out, while where
has inspired MA students at Bristol University to study Saxon date. Width: 12mm. Weight: 0.78g. become popular only from the 9th century.
it is still preserved it has sometimes turned to a
this period. 67–69. Three silver droplets, or pinheads. Although Disposition: Somerset County Museum hopes to
silvery appearance.
Disposition: Donated to Bristol City Museum and Art not certainly Viking Age, it is likely that they are acquire.
The plaque features an equal-armed cross inscribed
Gallery. contemporary with the above finds. Diameters:
into a square with concave sides, which is surrounded S Marzinzik
8–9mm. Weights: 1.65–2.05g.
K Adams by geometric ornament filling a circular field.
70. Silver pinhead, with stub of bronze shank.
Antithetically set scrolls frame the circular field at the 200. Charminster, Dorset: silver hooked-tag
Diameter: 8mm. Weight: 1.32g.
197. North Yorkshire: group of hack-gold, hack- narrow ends of the oval plaque. Again, some of the (PAS: DOR-36DDA4; Treasure: 2007 T531)
71. Broken silver pinhead, with stub of iron shank.
silver and other finds (PAS: YORYM-68FFE3; niello is missing and the ornament is partly obscured Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900).
Diameter: 11mm. Weight: 2.37g.
Treasure: 2007 T186) by adhering soil and, in places, possibly by corrosion. Discovery: Found by Martin Savage while metal-
72. Corroded fragment of a small Late Anglo-Saxon
Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900). One section of the plaque’s edge appears to be freshly detecting in September 2007, and reported to Claire
silver finger-ring, with a circular bezel engraved with a
Discovery: Found by Geoff Bambrook and partner abraded. Dimensions: Band: 26 x 17mm. Weight: 3.38g. Pinder (Senior Archaeologist, Dorset County Council).
back-turned animal in 9th-century Trewhiddle Style.
while metal-detecting in 2007, and reported to Simon Plate: 22 x 17mm. Weight: 2.4g. Surface analysis: silver Description: A solidly made Late Anglo-Saxon double
Length: 14mm. Weight: 0.4g.
Holmes (North & East Yorkshire FLO). content (for both pieces) approximately 95%, and hooked-tag with trapezoid plate, scalloped upper edge,
Discussion: The find comprises 72 individual finds of
Description: A series of mostly Viking Age or Late confirmed the identity of the inlay and solder. three rivet holes. The front is decorated with a vase
precious metal from a productive site, rather than a
Anglo-Saxon finds from a productive site. Discussion: The band and plaque are likely to have containing a flower. Some of the curving leaves and
hoard. They derive from the same 9th-century Viking
1–2. Two hack-gold fragments of round and square- formed part of one object, perhaps decorating a handle flower stems of the plant are decorated with fine dots
Age or Late Anglo-Saxon period cultural horizon, with
sectioned rods. Lengths: 13mm & 7mm. Weights: 2.49g of some sort. These mounts compare closely with and incisions. A dotted and a beaded bar frame the
the exception of part of a Medieval buckle or brooch
& 0.86g. objects from the Trewhiddle Hoard from Cornwall, composition on either side. Below are two stylised
(no. 58). James Graham-Campbell has helped in
3–5. Three hack-silver fragments of rods of angular dated to c. 868. A very similar mount with a separate animal heads that extend into hooks, one of which
identifying the finds, which, along with other objects
section. Lengths: 8mm, 8mm & 11mm. Weights: 0.27g, (possible) lid was found there and it also relates well to has lost its tip. The back of the object is plain.
from the site, will be published in more detail as part
0.7g & 1.94g. the Willington mounts in size (Webster and Backhouse Length: 35mm. Weight 4.81g. Surface analysis: silver
of a collaborative project between the British Museum
6–28. 23 droplets and fragments of silver 1991: no. 246d). The ornament on the present mounts content of approximately 94%, and no evidence for
and the York Archaeological Trust.
metalworking debris. Lengths: 4–20mm. is comparable to the animals on the arcaded mounts as either gilding or inlay.
Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire.
Weights: 0.18–3.96g. well as a flat silver strip from the hoard (Wilson 1964: Discussion: Hooked-tags are all-purpose fasteners,
29–35. Seven hack-silver fragments, unidentifiable. B M Ager & G Williams

106 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 107

 they occur in various forms from the late 8th century Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. commented (personal communication) that the perhaps wearing a bridle. A curved band of rope
onwards. The animal heads forming the base of decoration on this strap-end recalls features seen on pattern separates this motif from a small panel of
A Rogerson
the hooks on this example can be paralleled on a Continental examples, though normally acanthus leaf what is likely to be zoomorphic interlace depicting a
hooked-tag from Hampshire, which is dated to the ornament is also used. This strap-end may therefore double-headed serpent. At the foot of the panel is an
10th century on the basis of its Winchester Style 203. Brampton Abbotts, Herefordshire: silver be an English copy, or perhaps a product of a workshop animal’s head that closely resembles the terminals
ornament (TAR 2000: no. 50). The beaded border and hooked-tag (PAS: NMGW-A96F63; Treasure: 2007 located on the fringes of the Carolingian Empire, seen on Trewhiddle Style strap-ends. The panel is edged
finely stippled ornament of the Charminster piece T511) perhaps somewhere like Domburg on the coast with a raised, cabled, band. The second panel is edged
are characteristic of the Trewhiddle Style, which is Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900). of Frisia. with a band bearing opposed chevrons surrounding a
commonly dated to the 9th century, although the date Discovery: Found by Maxine Jones while metal- Disposition: Originally the finder applied for an export standing human figure. He wears a skirted garment
range for the style has recently been extended (Thomas detecting in June 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick licence, but donated the find to Colchester and Ipswich and no sign of any head-gear. His right hand is raised,
2006: 156f). Its larger size, ornament and the presence (Finds Co-ordinator for Wales FLO). Museum Service after realising its archaeological value. while his left is lowered. Obliquely across his waist is
of two hooks distinguish this object from the majority Description: Complete silver hooked-tag with a flat, a sword; this has the curved cross-guard characteristic
L McLean
of hooked-tags. circular plate and two attachment holes. The plate is of the later Anglo-Saxon period. Below the figure
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. decorated with an irregularly shaped blossom with there is a quadruped (possibly a dog) with a long tail
eight petals of varying sizes and shapes, the reverse is 206. Roxby cum Risby, North Lincolnshire: silver and slender snout, which may be associated with
S Marzinzik ingot fragment (PAS: NLM:683755; Treasure: 2007
plain. Length: 21.4mm. Weight: 0.9g. other, incomprehensible elements beneath. The tip of
Discussion: Hooked-tags are all-purpose fasteners, T682) the panel is again decorated with a stylised head in
201. Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire: silver used to secure small bags or purses and also clothing. Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 1000). Trewhiddle Style. Dimensions: 404 x 365 x 189mm.
strap-end fragment (PAS: CAMHER-9B5D02; Disposition: Hereford Museum and Art Gallery hopes Discovery: Found by Stanley Little while metal- Weight: 15kg.
Treasure: 2007 T536) to acquire. detecting in November 2007, and reported to Lisa Discussion: There are a number of similar lead vats
Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900). Staves (North Lincolnshire FLO). or tanks known from the Middle Anglo-Saxon period,
S Marzinzik
Discovery: Found by Len Eeles while metal-detecting in Description: One end, obliquely cut, from a cigar- such as Flixborough, Lincolnshire, Stidriggs, Dumfries,
September 2007, and reported to Sarah Poppy (Senior shaped ingot with an ovoid section. Its top is smooth. and Westley Waterless, Cambridgeshire. There are three
Archaeologist, Cambridgehsire County Council. 204. Newark area, Nottinghamshire: gold finger- Its under-surface is slightly pitted and flattened at the examples from near Garton, Yorkshire (Leahy 2003:
Description: Fragment of an Anglo-Saxon strap-end, ring (PAS: DENO-9A6C17; Treasure: 2007 T254) cut end. There are around five nicked testing marks 165–166), and also from Riby Crossroads, Lincolnshire
missing both its tip and the strap attachment. Its Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 1000). along each side. Length: 23mm. Weight: 10.07g. (Cowgill 1994: 267–271), Lewes, Sussex, and Nazeing,
convex edges are beaded, and inside a framing line is a Discovery: Found by Bill Severn while metal-detecting Discussion: The form is typical of Viking Age ingots Essex (Leslie Wesbster, personal communication). There
long-eared quadruped, apparently running. The back is in April 2007, and reported to Rachel Atherton found both singly and in hoards, mainly of the late 9th are also two from Willingham, Cambridgeshire, and one
slightly concave and heavily scratched. Length: 20mm. (Derbyshire & Staffordshire FLO). and 10th centuries in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, from Maidstone, Kent (Bartlett 1984).
Weight: 3.01g. Surface analysis: silver content of 91– Description: A Viking Age ring consisting of a broad, as well as in the British Isles, such as the hoard from The purpose of these vats or tanks is not known. Some
97%, with no evidence of inlay in the engraved design. punch-decorated band, tapering sharply at each end Cuerdale, Lancashire (in the British Museum), deposited have been deposited with iron tools within them,
Discussion: The shape, beaded edge and depiction of to form wire terminals, originally twisted together. On around 905. Such ingots could have been cut up for use as at Flixborough, Stidriggs and Westerley Waterless
the animal suggest that this object is a strap-end of either side of a worn beaded median rib are two rows as bullion in payments or trade transactions. (Leahy 2003). Other suggestions include holding
Thomas’s (2003) Class A, Type 1, characterised by a of interlocking punched triangles with triple pellets in Disposition: Acquired by North Lincolnshire Museums fluids as a portable font (Bartlett 1984), but Cowgill
split end and Trewhiddle Style decoration. each. Width: 26mm. Weight: 6.1g. Service; finder donated his share. (1994) commented that the construction of the Riby
Disposition: Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge hopes Discussion: Both the form of the ring and the punched Crossroads vat was quite poor and would not have
B M Ager
to acquire. decoration are typical of Viking Age jewellery of the 9th been a watertight vessel. This might also be true of the
to 10th century. Triple-pelleted triangles were used on Corby example as the base did not appear to fit very
S Marzinzik 207. Corby area, Northamptonshire: lead vat or
a Viking silver ring from Moreton Bagot, Warwickshire well. The Corby find is the most highly decorated lead
(TAR 2002: no. 53). tank (PAS: WAW-A4D8D4) vat; on other examples the decoration is restricted to
202. West Acre, Norfolk: silver polyhedral pin Disposition: Newark Museum hopes to acquire. Date: Early Medieval (c. 875–c. 925). lines or, at most, incised stars. Leslie Webster (personal
(Treasure: 2007 T687) Discovery: Found by Brian Caddy while metal- communication) compared the animals on the Corby
B M Ager
Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 900). detecting in 2007, and recorded with Angie Bolton vat with the animals seen on Mercian sculpture. She
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in October (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO). also observed that one of the quadrupeds ‘has a very
2007, and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). 205. North of Colchester, Essex: Description: The lead vessel is two-thirds complete, distinctive leaf protruding from its mouth, of a kind
Description: An Anglo-Saxon silver pin with a copper-alloy strap-end (PAS: ESS-D80727) with the remaining portion in pieces. Its base is oval which appears on late 9th- or early 10th-century
polyhedral head, separated from its bent round- Date: Early Medieval (c. 800–c. 1000). but incomplete and slightly crumpled. The wall of the sculpture such as at East Stour, Dorset, and Colyton,
sectioned shank by a collar. The head is inlaid with Discovery: Found by Andy Angus while metal- vessel was made up of one large sheet of lead, rolled Devon’.
niello. The decorations consist of a saltire within a detecting in 2007, and reported to Laura McLean around to form a cylinder; the base was then joined to Disposition: Returned to finder; subsequently sold at
lozenge on the top side and on two opposing lateral (Essex FLO). the sides with a separate fillet. There are locations for Bonhams (1 May 2008, Lot 280).
sides, and with a cross within a lozenge on the other Description: Copper-alloy strap-end, its face decorated iron suspension rings on each side of the vessel. These
with a raised design made up of projecting bosses A Bolton
two. The smaller faces and the underside are left blank. were secured by sandwiching the fitting between the
The shank, bent just below the collar and again above linked by bars and its back covered with incised ringed- exterior of the vessel and a plain triangular pad. The
the mid-length, is not hipped and tapers abruptly to dots. The strap-end was originally attached to the belt exterior of the vat is decorated with eight triangular
a blunt point. Length: 42mm. Head width: 7–7.5mm. by a strip of decorated copper-alloy secured by three panels using two designs which alternate, point up
Weight: 4.40g. rivets. Dimensions: 34.9 x 18.6 x 6.7mm. and point down. One panel contains two confronted
Discussion: Such pins are common finds but most are Weights: 18.28g. animals, looking down, their mouths open and their
made from copper-alloy; examples in silver are rare. Discussion: Gabor Thomas (University of Reading) tongues pointed outwards. Below them is a quadruped,

108 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 109

 208. Snape with Thorpe, North Yorkshire: hack-silver 210. Grindale, East Yorkshire: silver finger-ring 212. Kirk Deighton area, North Yorkshire: gold slicing, pecking or bending - interventions sometimes
brooch fragment (PAS: YORYM-C89482; Treasure: (PAS: YORYM-8F9D92; Treasure: 2007 T180) finger-ring (PAS: YORYM-32E6E6; Treasure: 2007 undertaken in antiquity to test purity. Dimensions:
2007 T445) T334) 43.45 x 8.1 x 5.3mm. Weight: 10.2g. Surface analysis:
Date: Early Medieval (c. 875–c. 1000).
approximate metal content of 97% silver and
Date: Early Medieval (c. 875–c. 950). Discovery: Found by Robert Booth while metal- Date: Early Medieval (c. 900–c. 1000).
3% copper.
Discovery: Found by Vincent McLaughlin while detecting in February 2007, and reported to Dave Evans Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in May 2007,
Discussion: Ingots of this form can be difficult to date
metal-detecting in August 2007, and reported to Beth (North & East Yorkshire FLA). and reported to Beth Echtenacher (North & East
with precision. It is likely however, that this ingot is
Echtenacher (North & East Yorkshire FLO). Description: A Viking Age ring made from a strip of Yorkshire FLA).
at least 500 years old, and probably older in date.
Description: An irregular four-sided fragment of cast silver, its outer surface bearing incised decoration Description: A damaged and distorted gold finger-ring,
In form the ingot displays features (size, shape, and
plate cut from the terminal of a Viking Age bossed consisting of a series of overlapping forked shapes with an oval hoop narrowing down to a parallel-sided
casting technique) that are consistent with a Viking Age
penannular brooch with incised decoration, which lying on their sides and joined by short vertical grooves hoop at both sides. Its bezel carries a damaged central
date, as seen in examples from the Viking hoards from
includes zoomorphic motifs. Length: 20mm. Weight: to grooved borders above and below. The ground is glass cabochon (now dark brown) in a dog-tooth
Cuerdale, Lancashire (c. 905) and Chester (buried c.
4.67g. Surface analysis: silver content of over 90%. decorated with corresponding lines of punched dots. setting surrounded by a fine beaded wire. Around the
970; Webster 1953). Parallels from Wales include Early
Discussion: Hack-silver is a common feature of Dimensions: 21 x 7mm. Weight: 3.03g. Surface analysis: cabochon, 14 gold pellets are placed inside beaded wire
Medieval ingots and fragments thereof found during
hoards of this period and represents the Vikings’ silver content of approximately 94%. filigree. Originally there was at least one more pellet on
excavations at Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey (dated to the
bullion economy. This brooch belongs to Johansen’s Discussion: The pattern represents a simple two- one of the shoulders of the ring. The bezel is edged by
9th or 10th century), and a silver ingot of similar size
(1973) subgroup A of the Type, which is of Irish origin. dimensional imitation of a pattern of deep undulating a gold ribbon, which is now damaged. Its back is plain
found during the 1976 excavations at Dinorben (NMW
A complete example from Ireland is illustrated by grooves that is typical of many Scandinavian Viking but scratched.
Acc. No. 93.84H).
Johansen (fig. 35). Scattered finds of these brooches arm-rings of thick cast silver, and occurs occasionally A central two-stranded braid runs around the hoop and
The silver content compares to surface analysis of
from northern England are a result of Norse contacts on finger-rings too (Graham-Campbell 1980: nos. butts onto the cabochon’s setting. The braid is edged
silver rods from the Skaill hoard, Orkney (94.4–98.3%;
with Ireland. 227–229 & 237). with strips of gold ribbon with a third ribbon placed on
Graham-Campbell 1995: 78–9). Its weight (10.2g)
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. Disposition: Acquired by East Riding Museums Service. top of the braid. This arrangement is heavily damaged,
falls within the lower end of the range for the type,
abraded, and missing in places. Length: 44mm. Width
B M Ager B M Ager and comparable to that of complete ingots found at
(bezel): 22mm. Width (band): 8mm. Weight: 11.99g.
Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire (10.62g; TAR 2003, no. 82),
Surface analysis: the cut end of the ring indicates gold
209. Maunby, North Yorkshire: triple-coiled gold ring 211. Ringshall, Suffolk: silver ingot (PAS: SF-E8A3A6; Eccleston, Cheshire (10.5g; TAR 2001, no. 66), Wickham
and silver contents of approximately 65% and 33%
(PAS: NCL-FEC824; Treasure: 2007 T19) Treasure: 2007 T714) Skeith, Suffolk (10.35g; TAR 2001, no. 67) and Over
respectively, and confirms the cabochon as glass.
Compton, Dorset (10g; TAR 2000, no. 68).
Date: Early Medieval (c. 875–c. 950). Date: Early Medieval (c. 875–c. 1000). Discussion: This ring belongs to a small group of
Disposition: Brecknock Museum hopes to acquire.
Discovery: Found by Andrew Swan while metal- Discovery: Found by Jenny Wilding while metal- probably Anglo-Saxon (culturally, not chronologically)
detecting in January 2006, and reported to Rob Collins detecting in November 2007, and reported to Faye rings characterised by the use of filigree and M Redknap
(North East FLO). Minter (Suffolk FLO). granulation. It resembles a silver and gold ring with
Description: The ring consists of a triple coil of thick Description: A cast ingot of sub-rectangular form with lozenge-shaped bezel from Iona, which also has a 214. Plumpton, East Sussex: copper-alloy cloisonné
lozenge-section wire, its face and edges decorated with rounded terminals. The upper face is rounded and the central glass cabochon inside a dog-tooth setting enamelled brooch (PAS: SUSS-577951)
punched back-to-back crescents and small triangles underside flatter and rough, probably due to casting in (Graham-Campbell 1995: pl. 68b) and a considerably
Date: Early Medieval (c. 900–c. 1050).
at the tapering ends of the coil. The ends are drawn an open mould. The ingot appears to have been worked, more elaborate gold ring from Hitchin, Hertfordshire,
Discovery: Found by Steve Cole while metal-detecting
into thin wires wound around the coil in eight turns at with tiny hammer marks on the surfaces giving it a with an intaglio set in such a frame (Graham-Campbell
in 2007, and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson
the back of the hoop. Dimensions: 22 x 8mm. Weight: faceted appearance. Length: 24.7mm. Weight: 12.64g. 1995: fig. 27). The former has been assigned to the
(Sussex FLO).
12.35g. Surface analysis: gold content of 95–98%. Discussion: Simple cast ingots can be difficult to 10th century, while the latter dates to the 9th (Webster
Description: The face is decorated with a floral
Discussion: The form of the ring is closely comparable date; although often found in Viking Age hoards they 1995: 50); the occurrence of dog-tooth settings on
geometric motif executed in cloisonné enamelling,
with two Viking Age examples, also of gold (in the must also have been used at other times. However as Ottonian brooches supports a 10th-century date.
with the inlay applied into interlocking cells formed
British Museum), from Saddleworth Moor, Greater its form is similar to other Viking Age examples, such Closely related combinations of granulation and
from metal strips. The enamelling is held in place by a
Manchester (Acc. no. PE 1915,12-6,1), and Ireland as Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire, and Aston, Cheshire filigree work are also found on Viking jewellery,
folded-over strip of copper-alloy. Each of the circular
(Acc. no. PE 1849,3-1,27). The form is further paralleled (TAR 2003: nos. 82–83), it is likely to be of Viking Age especially brooches.
projecting lobes would have held a glass setting, none
by a distinctive type of coiled silver arm-ring made date. It has been calculated that a Viking ounce (eyrir) Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
of which survive. Traces of gilding can be seen on the
in Ireland in the late 9th or early 10th centuries and is equivalent to either around 24g or 26.6 g (opinions
S Marzinzik collar around the enamelled face and on the reverse.
developed from a simpler Viking Age type (Sheehan vary), and so the Ringshall ingot may have been made
The reverse is plain but retains the remains of the lug
1991–2). to weigh half a Viking ounce.
213. Talgarth, Powys: silver ingot (PAS: NMGW- attachment and the catch-plate. Dimensions: 25.1 x
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum following Disposition: Moyse’s Hall Museum, Bury St Edmunds,
9C2070; Treasure: Wales 07.17) 23.5 x 5.3mm. Weight: 4.5g.
withdrawal by York Museums Trust. had hoped to acquire but withdrew; returned to finder.
Discussion: A number of brooches of this type have
Date: Early Medieval (perhaps c. 900–c. 1000).
B M Ager F Minter been recorded by the PAS. Attractive and skilfully made,
Discovery: Found by Rodney Holt, while metal-
they appear to have been produced in England.
detecting during June 2007 and reported to Mark
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
Description: A complete finger-shaped metal ingot L Andrews-Wilson
with rounded ends of silvery-grey appearance, with an
irregularly pitted underside. The uneven state of the
upper surface is consistent with the ingot having been
cast in an open mould. There is no evidence for nicking,

110 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 111

 215. Fylde, Lancashire: copper-alloy sword pommel 1. Silver-gilt cup of globular form with plain flat base, The hoard also contained the following silver objects pelleted triangles and two hollow bosses.
cap (PAS: LANCUM-FF48A2) short, slightly convex neck, and thickened flat rim. The which include hack-silver, cut-up pieces of jewellery Length: 33mm. Weight: 3g.
sides are decorated with six roundels enclosing running and ingots used as bullion in payments or trade 11. Upper end of pin from a penannular brooch with
Date: Early Medieval (c. 900–c. 1100). animals in front of a bush or tree: apparently a stag, a transactions: broad, plain, looped head. Length: 67mm. Weight: 26.3g.
Discovery: Found by David Hall while metal-detecting large feline, a doe and a deer, a lion, and a horse. There 3. Penannular arm-ring of thick, circular-section rod. 12. Lower end of brooch pin with long, flattened end
in 2007, and recorded by Dot Boughton (Lancashire & are collared, foliate sprays in the fields between the Diameter (max): 74mm. Weight: 98.3g. Surface analysis: bent back on itself and incised with a zigzag pattern;
Cumbria FLO). roundels and collared vine scrolls run in bands round silver content of approximately 90%. Similar examples, probably from no. 11 above. Length: 72mm.
Description: Cast copper-alloy sword pommel cap of a the neck and base. There are remains of gilding both some with tapering ends, occur in 10th-century Insular Weight: 15.1g.
hollow cast lobed type. There are no rivets and the cap inside and out, although the extent is obscured by soil. and Scandinavian hoards, such as from Ballaquayle, 13. Coiled-up length of neck-ring* of (possibly)
was presumably held in place by hammering to expand Dimensions: 120 x 92mm. Weight: 380.2g. Surface Isle of Man, Skaill, Orkney, and Slemmedal, Norway six plaited wires with one long, plain, hook-ended
the tang. However, flat crescent-shaped recesses at analysis: silver content of approximately 75–78% and (Graham-Campbell 1980: cat. 235; Roesdahl and Wilson terminal surviving. Length: 103mm. Weight: 113.3g.
the base of each end may have also played a part in traces of mercury gilding on the outside of the vessel. 1992: cat. 141). This was a long-lived Viking Age form, occurring in both
securing the cap. Dimensions: 57 x 22.5 x 22.1mm. The cup’s closest parallel in both form and design is 4. Plate fragment cut from the triangular terminal Scandinavia and the British Isles; see examples from
Weight: 101.81g. with the cup from the Halton Moor hoard, Lancashire of a bossed penannular brooch, with three bosses Ballacamaish, Isle of Man, and the Cuerdale Hoard
Discussion: Late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian (in the British Museum). It is certainly from the surviving and decorated with an interlaced animal (Roesdahl and Wilson 1992: cat. 141 & 361; Bjørn 1940,
swords were studied by Petersen (1919). This one same workshop, if not made by the same hand, so motif. Width: 52mm. Weight: 39.4g. The floruit of this fig. 22; Hawkins 1847: figs. 58–59).
is a Petersen L Type VI pommel, a fusion of Anglo- the two vessels may have formed a pair, or part of mainly Irish type of brooch was the later 9th century, 14. Hook-ended terminal of a neck-ring of flattened
Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon fashions. a larger set. Although the Halton Moor hoard was although production continued into the 10th; a similar rectangular section; plain, with testing nicks on edges.
Disposition: Returned to finder. deposited c. 1025, the cup from it was produced earlier brooch from Ireland is illustrated by Johansen (1973: Length: 43mm. Weight: 8g.
D Boughton in a Carolingian workshop in the mid 9th century 63–124, fig. 35; for production and dating see Graham- 15–16. Two folded-up lengths of two wires twisted
(Lennartsson 1999: 54–55, 431–619, at 565, n. 54). Campbell 1975: 33–47). together; from neck- or arm-rings. Length: 92mm and
216. Bridlington area, East Yorkshire: silver finger- Both cups are related to a group of six late 8th- to mid 5. Plate fragment cut from the triangular terminal of 68mm; Weight: 25g and 28.1g.
ring (PAS: NCL-40E866; Treasure: 2007 T599) 9th-century vessels from the Continent and southern a bossed penannular brooch, with one boss surviving 17. Curved, L-shaped length of rod with finely twisted
Scandinavia by their form and size, and especially by enclosed by a ring knot; the back is decorated with part appearance, except where plain at one end; from an
Date: Early Medieval (c. 900–c. 1100).
their design, to the example from Włocławek, Poland. of a double ring and a dotted ribbon. Length: 25mm. arm-ring of twisted rod of Permian type of the 9th
Discovery: Found by Paul Rennoldson while metal-
Internal gilding and lids in some cases suggest they Weight: 9g (for the type, see no. 4 above). Surface or early 10th century, found both in the British Isles
detecting in October 2007, and reported to Rob Collins
were made for liturgical use (Wilson 1960: 147–173, analysis: silver content of approximately 90%, with no and Scandinavia, although probably of Russian origin,
(North East FLO).
fig. 15a–b; Wamers 1991: 97–152). traces of gilding. such as fragments from the Cuerdale Hoard (Graham-
Description: A silver ring made of two plain rods and
The vine motif of the Vale of York cup was most likely 6. Half of a plain, hollow, spherical terminal for a Campbell 2006: 73–81). Length: 101mm. Weight: 26.1g.
two finely twisted wires twisted together, and tapering
intended as the emblem of Christ the True Vine, and ball-type penannular brooch with a knobbed collar. 18. Arm-ring of two wires twisted together and
at the back where they are hammered together.
the six roundels possibly represent the number of Diameter: 24mm. Weight: 16.5g. Surface analysis: tapering at back. Diameter: 71mm. Weight: 29g. The
Diameter: 25mm. Weight: 5.87g. Surface analysis:
days of the Creation, but the symbolism of the animal silver content of approximately 90–95%. A brooch form is typically Viking, originating in the 9th century,
silver content of approximately 98%.
motifs is uncertain. It has long been suggested that the with similar terminals comes from a hoard from Skaill, such as from Fyrkat, Denmark (Graham-Campbell
Discussion: The ring is a miniature version of Viking
Halton Moor designs reflect Oriental influence, possibly Orkney, which was deposited c. 950; hollow terminals 1980: no. 218).
Age gold and silver neck and arm-rings of the 10th
through the medium of Byzantine textiles, and there is replaced smaller solid forms in the early to mid 10th 19–20. Two arm-rings of rod, with long tapering ends,
to 11th centuries, like those from Skaill, Orkney, and
certainly a striking similarity between the lion and ‘tree’ century (Graham-Campbell 1980: cat. 197; 1987: probably originally knotted. Widths: 97 & 80mm.
Wipholm, Germany. This type of ring appears to have
roundel and the design of a Sasanian silver dish in the 231–246). Weight: 24.1g & 21g. Complete examples occur in the
continued in use somewhat later in Denmark at least
Hermitage Museum (Battiscombe 1956: 419–421, pl. 7. Arm-ring* consisting of a broad penannular band, Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins 1847: figs. 53–54).
(Graham-Campbell 1980: nos. 217 & 221).
37, fig. 16). Also, a degree of similarity of form may be with square terminals and punched decoration of 21. Narrow, U-shaped length of lozenge-sectioned rod,
Disposition: Acquired by East Riding Museum Service;
observed with broad-bellied Sasanian silver vessels with rows of triple-pelleted rounded triangles and a median probably from an arm-ring, or perhaps from a brooch
landowners donated their share.
raised necks (Marschak 1986: figs. 20–21, 57, 59 & 81). double row of square/triangular dots. Dimensions: 113 pin (possibly joins no. 8). Length: 43mm. Weight: 11.9g.
B M Ager The cup from the Vale of York Hoard possibly represents x 22mm. Weight: 131g. Surface analysis: silver content Examples of simple knotted arm-rings of lozenge-
loot from a church or monastery in the northern of approximately 90%. A plain example of the type was sectioned rod occur in the Cuerdale Hoard (Hawkins
217. Vale of York, North Yorkshire: silver-gilt cup Frankish Empire, which was often raided by the Vikings found in the Cuerdale Hoard, deposited c. 905–910 1847: figs. 48–50).
with a gold arm-ring, five silver arm-rings, 62 during the 9th century, or may have been given (see no. 2). 22–24. Three lengths of wire from neck-rings and arm-
further pieces of hack-silver, 617 silver coins and a as tribute. 8. Doubled-back length cut from an arm-ring* of rings. Lengths: 30–47mm. Weights: 2.6–3.8g.
fragmented lead sheet cover or container 2. Gold arm-ring consisting of a narrow strip with lozenge-sectioned rod with a scrolled, tapered terminal; 25–57. 32 ingots and ingot fragments, mainly of
(PAS: SWYOR-AECB53; Treasure: 2007 T2) tapering ends which have been drawn into wires several testing nicks on the edges (might join no. 21). typical cigar shape. Lengths: 9–133mm. Weights:
and twisted round each other. It is decorated with Length: 144mm. Weight: 11.1g. Scroll-ended arm-rings 2.6–233.5g. Silver ingots and ingot fragments often
Date: Early Medieval (deposited in c. 928).
punched V-shapes, each enclosing a small triangle. are common in Scandinavian Viking contexts, such as occur in Viking Age hoards in Scandinavia, Ireland and
Discovery: Found by Andrew and Dave Whelan while
Diameter (max): 75mm. Weight: 46.7g. Surface analysis: from Gotland, Sweden (Stenberger 1947: figs. 35, 2–4; the Netherlands, as well as in Britain, such as in the
metal-detecting in January 2007, and reported to Amy
gold content of approximately 94–97%. The form is 39, 9; and 173, 14–15). Cuerdale Hoard.
Cooper (South & West Yorkshire FLO). James Graham-
comparable with certain Insular and Scandinavian 9. Barrel-shaped pendant bead* with filigree wire 58–66. Eight lengths of rod of circular and lozenge-
Campbell helped identify the jewellery, and St. John
Viking arm-rings of the 10th to 11th centuries, such as decoration, linked by a loop-in-loop chain to the pin shaped sections. Lengths: 9–32mm. Weights: 1.6–11.8g.
Simpson assisted with the discussion of Sasanian silver
that from the Cuerdale Hoard, Lancashire, deposited c. from a brooch, of which only the hinge attachments for 67. Length of bar of low triangular section with testing
vessel forms and decoration.
905–910, and Tolstrup, Denmark (Hawkins 1847: 110– the pin survive. Length: 215mm. Weight: 16.4g. nicks. Length: 34mm. Weight: 6g.
Description and Discussion (objects found outside the
130, fig. 22; Skovmand 1942: 49–54, fig. 9). Examples 10. Sheet fragment possibly from a disc brooch, with 68. Lead fragments of sheet covering or container*.
cup are asterisked):
of gold arm-rings found in hoards are rare. curved outer edge, punched decoration of triple- Total weight: 2.15 kg (approx).

112 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 113

 69–76. Possible lead scraps from all nine levels in the (r. 924/5–939). This agrees with the fact that all of the probably have been identical and set parallel to it, top. This decoration is in the late Viking Age Ringerike
cup. Total weight: 27g (approx). dateable Anglo-Viking issues are of types which can with a gap separating them. The decoration depicts Style, which was current during the time of Cnut (r.
be dated to the 920s (Blackburn 2006: 204–226), the a quadruped standing left; its facial features are 1016–1035) and perhaps continued later in England.
The hoard also contains a total of silver 617 coins, majority of which appear to be comparatively freshly clearly shown, and it appears to wear a pointed hat. Dimensions: 86.9 x 24.5 x 24.1mm. Weight: 63.68g.
dating from the late 9th and early 10th centuries, struck. The latest coin which is assumed to be of A decorative openwork pattern surrounds the central Discussion: Helen Geake (National Finds Adviser)
terminating in the reign of Æthelstan (r. 924/5–939). Danelaw type is an imitation of the so-called ‘Church’ design and there are cross-hatched mouldings and suggests that this object is possibly the upper guard
Summary totals are as follows: type of Æthelstan, with a blundered inscription, which ridges on the vertical outer edge. Dimensions: 31 x 29.1 of a sword, which fitted beneath the pommel cap.
appears to very freshly struck. The prototype for this is x 3.2mm. Weight: 7.96g. Petersen (1919) sword Types L and Z and their variants
Anglo-Saxon regarded as one of the earliest issues of Æthelstan after Discussion: This chape would appear to be an early offer the best parallels for this example as they appear
Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) his capture of York in 927 (Blunt 1974: 89–92). example from this distinctive series of artefacts. Later to have an upper-guard which is curved upwards and
London monogram (c. 880) 3 Together with the Danelaw issues, the different types examples (BH-C0EBC5 & -06B7C1) are probably is riveted to the pommel (Pierce 2002: 74–83 & 127).
Two-line (c. 880–899) 47 of Æthelstan provide an approximate terminus ante heavily devolved versions of the original design. However, there is no evidence that these upper-guards
Rex Doro (c. 880–899) 1 quem for the deposition of the hoard. The ‘Church’ Disposition: Returned to finder. were made separately, as this example was, and there
Edward the Elder (r. 899–924/5) type is extremely well represented in the hoard, and is no parallel for the decoration or the form of the
J Watters
Two-line 340 the majority of the coins of this type carry a York mint holes through its base. This difference perhaps indicates
Bust 48 signature, and appear freshly struck. As mentioned that this object is not a sword fitting at all, but instead
Floral varieties 3 above, this type was probably introduced fairly quickly 219. Little Laver, Essex: copper-alloy strap-end some other kind of decorative mount.
Burh 2 following Æthelstan’s capture of Viking Northumbria (PAS: ESS-8CA327) Disposition: Returned to finder.
‘Rose’ 9 in 927. This type was apparently followed fairly closely Date: Early Medieval (c. 1000).
F Minter
Æthelstan (r. 924/5–939) (probably c. 927–928) by the introduction of a type Discovery: Found by John Covill while metal-detecting
Two-line 67 giving Æthelstan the title (in various abbreviated in October 2005, and recorded by Laura McLean in
Bust 1 forms) Rex Totius Britanniae, which is normally 2007. 221. Ringland, Norfolk: copper-alloy staff terminal
‘Church’, with York signature 22 considerably more common than the ‘Church’ type Description: Cast copper-alloy doubled-faced strap- (PAS: NMS-F28FF6)
‘Church’, moneyer only 14 (Blunt 1974: 55–57); however, the Rex Totius Britanniae end of Thomas (2004) Class E Type 2, the end of Date: Early Medieval or Medieval (c. 1000–c. 1100).
Rex Totius Britanniae 1 type is represented here by only a single coin. This the belt being secured by a small top plate, now Discovery: Found by Alex Banrock while metal-
Archbishop Plegmund (890–923) 8 combination very clearly suggests that the hoard was missing. The strap-end is decorated with a highly detecting, and recorded with Norfolk Museums
deposited very shortly after the introduction of the Rex stylised human figure, with its arms outstretched, and & Archaeology Service in July 2007, where it was
Anglo-Viking Totius Britanniae type (therefore in c. 928), and this flanked by two interlaced beasts. Both faces are worn. identified by Steven Ashley.
Sihtric I (921–926/7) 2 corresponds very closely with the dating suggested by Dimensions: 55.4 x 27.1 x 5.9mm. Weight: 24.82g. Description: Cast copper-alloy staff or sceptre
Sword St Peter (Cross reverse) (c. 921–927) 22 the Danelaw coinage. The Carolingian and Islamic coins Discussion: While based on an earlier central motif, terminal with a hollow openwork body set on a
St Martin (c. 925–930) 1 are also consistent with this dating. this strap-end appears to combine feature of both rectangular socket. One face is decorated with the
Other Sword (c. 921–927) 1 The Vale of York hoard is the latest in a growing group Anglo-Saxon and Viking Age art. figure of a lion, its head arched over above his back to
Danelaw imitation, Edward Two-line 4 of Viking hoards dating from the mid to late 920s, Disposition: Returned to finder. grip its tail, which is curled up from between its legs.
Danelaw imitation, Athelstan Church 1 including Warton (Carnforth), Lancashire (c. 925), Cast and engraved decoration picks out the mouth,
L McLean
Carolingian 4 Thurcaston, Leicestershire (c. 925), Goldsborough, North eye, limbs and paws, emphasising the three prominent
Yorkshire (c. 925), Flusco Pike 2, Cumbria (c. 925), and curls representing the mane. The other openwork face
Islamic Bossall/Flaxton, North Yorkshire (c. 927). It is also the 220. Risby, Suffolk: copper-alloy (possible) upper shows an eagle, with its neck arched up and over, with
Nasr b. Ahmad I (r. 864–892) 1 largest of these hoards by a distinct margin, although sword-guard (PAS: SF-1AA037) its open-beaked head resting against the back of its
Ismail b. Ahmad I (r. 892–907) 3 it is considerably smaller than the better-known hoard Date: Early Medieval (c. 1000–c. 1050). neck. Cast and engraved detail represents the beak,
Ahmad II b. Ismail (r. 907–914) 4 from Cuerdale, Lancashire (c. 905–910); see Williams Discovery: Found by Gary Phillips while metal- eyes and feathers on the wings and tail. The openwork
Nasr II b. Ahamad II (r. 914–943) 2 (forthcoming) for a fuller discussion of the coins, Ager detecting in 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter sides have two S-shaped wyverns with foliate tails.
Nasr b. Ahmad (I or II) (forthcoming 2009) for the other objects, and Williams (Suffolk FLO). Dimensions: 50 x 66 x 23mm. Weight: 118.59g.
(r. 864–892 or r. 914–943) 1 (forthcoming 2009) on the wider significance of the Description: Cast copper-alloy object, possibly an Discussion: A similar openwork terminal decorated
Caliph Al Mu’tamid (r. 870–892) 1 hoard. upper sword-guard, incomplete with fragments missing with birds flanking a central tree or scrolling foliage
Uncertain Samanid (c. 819–999) 3 Disposition: Acquired jointly by the British Museum from its upper edges. The object is hollow with an and containing lead, described as a sword pommel, is
and Yorkshire Museums Trust. open top. There are three rectangular holes through discussed by Thomas Kendrick (1938: 377–381, pl. 74,
Total 617 the lower face; these are crude, irregular and appear no. 5) and is dated to the 12th century. Two further
G Williams & B M Ager unfinished. Casting seams also survive on this face, all examples in the British Museum were also identified
Typical of Viking mixed hoards of the early 10th implying that it was not meant to be seen when the as sword pommels (Ward-Perkins 1940: 25, fig. 2, nos.
century, the Vale of York Hoard contains a mixture of 218. North Hertfordshire: copper-alloy openwork object was in use. 1–2) but these, and two more recently discovered finds,
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Viking, Islamic and Carolingian knife chape (PAS: BH-96B701) Both sides of the object bear incised decoration are now thought to be terminals from cross-staffs or
coins, together with a range of silver objects from Date: Early Medieval or Medieval (c. 950–c. 1100). showing two beasts’ heads in profile. Both face sceptres (Bailey 1994: 171–173). The late ‘Winchester
around the Viking world (Graham-Campbell 2001: Discovery: Found by Dave Mance while metal- outwards, their snouts being in the narrower terminal Style’ or early Romanesque decoration employed
212–229). However, the mixture of coins in the hoard detecting in 2007, and recorded by Julian Watters ends. Each beast has open jaws and oval-shaped eyes. on the Ringland terminal has been provisionally
permits an unusually close dating for the deposit. The (Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). Behind their heads are curvilinear spiral-like grooves, ascribed to c. 1050–c. 1060 (Sandy Heslop, personal
Anglo-Saxon types in the hoard begin with Alfred’s Description: A cast copper-alloy openwork object, which could represent ears or bodies; these flank a communication).
London monogram type of c. 880, but ends strongly probably part of a chape from a dagger sheath. Less central vertical motif with a triangular point at its Disposition: Returned to finder.
(17% of the coins) early in the reign of Æthelstan than a half of the chape survives; the other part would
S Ashley

114 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 115

 222. East Kirkby, Lincolnshire: Description: The coin used to make this brooch is a 226. Eye, Suffolk: silver probable pendant
copper-alloy strap-end (PAS: NCL-C53CC3) silver miliaresion of the Byzantine emperor Romanus (PAS: SF-3465C7; Treasure: 2007 T653)
III (r. 1028–1034), which has been gilded and mounted
Date: Early Medieval (c. 1000–c. 1200). Date: Early Medieval (uncertain date).
as a pendant by the addition of a ring, attached via
Discovery: Found by Paul Gibson while metal- Discovery: Found by Suffolk County Council
a ribbed suspension loop riveted to the coin. Both
detecting in September 2007, and recorded by Archaeological Service while conducting systematic
the ring and the loop have been gilded. The coin had
Rob Collins (North East FLO). metal-detecting as part of the excavation of an early
previously been pierced for suspension leaving a small
Description: A copper-alloy strap accessory. It has a Anglo-Saxon site, in advance of development, in
hole immediately adjacent to the suspension loop. This
flat attachment plate with two rivet holes, which is September 2007. Reported to Faye Minter
was drilled prior to the gilding of the coin, as the gilding
defined from the decorative part by a transverse ridge. (Suffolk FLO).
seals the pierced hole. The coin has been mounted so
This has eight perforations encircling a rough lozenge, Description: A pendant in the form of an open stylised
that the reverse design, showing a standing figure of
and central cross in relief, which avoids a central, sub- hand; incomplete with the suspension loop broken
the Virgin and Child, is vertical. This parallels Anglo-
square perforation. This motif and the corners of the and the thumb detached. A roughly circular flat sheet
Saxon and Anglo-Norman coin jewellery of the 11th
main plate have punched ring-and-dot decoration. The represents the palm from which project four fingers,
century, which generally show the reverse side with a
pointed terminal and its flanking outside corners have cut into a rectangular plate; the detached fragment
cross, rather than the royal bust on the obverse.
raised knops. The reverse is covered with punched ring- represented the thumb. The back of the pendant is flat
Discussion: Although Byzantine coins of this period
and-dot motifs. The object is slightly convex in section and undecorated. Length: 21.6mm. Weight: 0.47g.
are rare as British finds (and this is, in any case, a
lengthways. Dimensions: 49.29 x 23.56 x 5.16. Discussion: Other Anglo-Saxon hand-shaped pendants
comparatively rare coin), coins of this type made their
Weight: 15.6g. are known, for example a smaller and less crude
way to Scandinavia in the 1040s, where they influenced
Discussion: No parallel has been traced. example from Faversham, Kent (MacGregor and Bolick
the design of coins of the Danish king Sven Estridsen
Disposition: Returned to finder. 1993: 164, 25.11).
(r. 1047–1074). Given the contacts between England
Disposition: Disclaimed; to remain with the site
R Collins and Scandinavia during this period, the coin (if not
archive at Suffolk County Archaeological Store.
the whole pendant) may well have come to England
223. Worfield area, Shropshire: copper-alloy single via Scandinavia. The coin itself is cracked and broken, F Minter
looped buckle and plate (PAS: HESH-35BB80) with somewhere between a third and a half of the coin
surviving.
Date: Early Medieval or Medieval (c. 1000–c. 1250).
Disposition: Acquired by Hertford Museum; the finder Section editor and further research: Kevin Leahy.
Discovery: Found by Frank Taylor while metal-
donated his share. Editor: Michael Lewis.
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Peter Reavill (FLO
Herefordshire & Shropshire). G Williams
Description: The buckle frame is roughly D-shaped and
decorated with stylised animals’ heads. It was perhaps 225. Tarrant Rushton, Dorset: copper-alloy stirrup
originally tinned. Riveted to it is a folded cast metal terminal (PAS: DOR-665D58)
buckle-plate decorated with a pattern of interlocking
Date: Early Medieval or Medieval (c. 1050–c. 1100).
T-shapes, inlayed with niello. Traces of leather survive
Discovery: Found by David Cobb while metal-
between its two leaves. The animal heads were cast
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Ciorstaidh
and each shows two oval ears, and eyes and pellets
Hayward-Trevarthen (Dorset FLO).
representing the nostrils. Dimensions: 56.1 x 16.4 x
Description: A cast copper-alloy stirrup terminal
5mm. Weight: 7.66g.
with zoomorphic decoration. The terminal would have
Discussion: The stylised dog-like terminals are often
formed the junction between one side of the stirrup
associated with the Romanesque period; however,
and the tread. It is in the form of a crested animal,
the motif is likely to have lasted much longer. David
with its head on the side of the stirrup and is curled
Williams (Surrey FLO) has suggested that the use of
around to look up. The crest at the base is decorated
niello is common in the 11th century but the repeating
with stylised tendrils and lobes. Within the terminal
interlocked design on the plate is most unusual. In view
is corrosion product from the missing iron stirrup.
of the length of its plate, it perhaps functioned as a
Dimensions: 43.7 x 26.4 x 13.4mm. Weight: 32.45g.
horse harness link.
Discussion: This is an unusual find for Dorset but
Disposition: Returned to finder.
represents the increasing number of late Anglo-Saxon
P Reavill and Anglo-Scandinavian stirrup fragments recorded
by the PAS. A similar more decorative example can be
224. Ware area, Hertfordshire: gilded silver Anglo- seen in Williams (1997: 2, fig. 3).
Saxon or Scandinavian coin-pendant (PAS: BH- Disposition: Returned to finder.
E11856; Treasure: 2007 T287) C Hayward-Trevarthen
Date: Early Medieval or Medieval (c. 1040–c. 1100).
Discovery: Found by Kevin Easton while metal-
detecting in May 2007, and reported to Julian Watters
(Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO).

116 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 117

 Dress accessories are well represented amongst the Lower Dean, Bedfordshire (250), is inscribed with the a lead ampulla found at Gatcombe area, Isle of Wight
objects found in 2008, including ornate buckles from name of Christ and one from Finchingfield, Essex (256), is one of several similar pilgrim souvenirs
South Gloucestershire (227), Betchworth, Surrey (231), (275), has the common alternatives ‘IHC’ and ‘Jesus originally from the Holy Land. Further religious
and Ilam, Staffordshire (260), mounts – though possibly Nazarenus…’ Another, just with relief decoration and brooches include a copper-alloy octagon engraved
not for straps – from Hound, Hampshire (299), and apparently unfinished, from Wingfield, Wiltshire (283), with the crucifixion from Elmstead, Essex (314),
Cerne Abbas, Dorset (311), as well as strap-ends, such is an unusual find. Signets include an example from and a roundel for the Montpellier-based cult of St
as that from Maiden Newton area, Dorset (287). The Langley with Hardley, Norfolk (252), which has a Roche, France, found in Lund, East Yorkshire (313). A
precise function of a copper-alloy item, probably for Roman intaglio and a legend identifying it as a secret remarkable group of at least 30 crude, anonymous
dress, from Ogbourne St Andrew, Wiltshire (228), is seal. Another, from Stoughton area, West Sussex (307), ampullae, probably from the very end of the Middle
unknown. Similarly complex to understand is an ornate has a probable heraldic motif. Mainly from the top Ages, some possibly unfinished, comes from Penllyn,
high-quality buckle frame from Bradfield, Essex (288), end of the market (and comparatively late in date) the Vale of Glamorgan (312). In the ecclesiastical realm
which has parts of two common religious mottoes is a range of relatively heavy, gem-set, iconographic are enamelled panels from a processional cross from
– ‘Jesus Nazarenus’ and ‘Ave Maria…’ –erroneously examples, in gold or silver gilt, with ornate designs Kingston St Michael, Wiltshire (241), a figure of Christ
combined. The very small number of silver mounts emphasised by niello or enamel. Examples include crucified from Portskewett, Monmouthshire (243), a
definitely for straps (which have two ‘bars’) include those from Winwick, Cheshire (290), South Wingfield, 14th-century enamelled pyx lid from Arncliffe, North
two from near Winchester, Hampshire (259 & 273), Derbyshire (292), Bonby, North Lincolnshire (295), and Yorkshire (270), a gold mount engraved with the Trinity
and strap-ends from Charminster, Dorset (291), and Diss area, Suffolk (298); one from Lydd, Kent (308) has from Great Gaddesen, Hertfordshire (316), and another
Tower Hamlets, London (315); these objects emphasise a legend suggesting it was a new-year gift. There are of silver with the Annunciation scene from Barham,
the disproportionate rarity of such items in the also some ‘fede’ rings with the motif of clasped hands, Kent (318). Also an elaborate silver-gilt pendant with
later Medieval period when it was sought to restrict presumably amatory, from Coberley, Gloucestershire the scene of Christ’s Passion, opening to reveal the
precious-metal versions of dress accessories to great (300), Vernhams Dean, Hampshire (322) (with the figures of John the Baptist, St Catherine and Mary
landowners and the aristocracy, which abroad resulted hands crowned), and two from Brookland, Kent Magdalene, found in Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire (321),
in more frequent sumptuary laws than the few enacted (255 & 280). Similarly ornamented brooches from is an impressive three-dimensional devotional aid.
in England. Kelvedon, Essex (274), and Boxley, Kent (246), have
uninterpretable legends (again, presumably magical) An ornate copper-alloy tap housing featuring a man’s
Brooches recorded, almost all circular, have a greater – the hands in several cases holding, or originally head from Callow, Derbyshire (253), must have been
spread of copper alloys, silver and gold, and include holding, gems. Inscribed rings include a few with from an affluent milieu. More humble is a late Medieval
examples from Wherwell, Hampshire (245) (which has amatory legends, from Thurlaston, Leicestershire (301), rectangular lead container, perhaps for holding ink,
a zoomorphic frame of distinctive type), Crimplesham, Harlaston, Staffordshire (286), and Naburn, Yorkshire from Brill, Buckinghamshire (306). A possible tool
Norfolk (258), and Lladdewi, Gower, Swansea (249). (304); the example from Naburn has the back of the handle of copper alloy from Bedford area, Bedfordshire
Notable this year is one from North Somerset (272) bezel open to the skin, allowing the gem it once held to (230), has the attractive form of a stylised animal
of copper alloy with the added feature of a pendent transfer directly the virtue with which it was believed head. Likewise, an antler gaming piece from the City
bird. A silver find from Binbrook, Lincolnshire (279), to be endowed. Another, from Dinas Powys, the Vale of London (229) has the enigmatic carved motif of
has an amatory legend, and another (that is gilt) from of Glamorgan (302), has English wording apparently an exotic, bearded head, while a bone chess piece from
Dunstable, Bedfordshire (268), is in the uncommon influenced by Welsh pronunciation. Beckingham, Lincolnshire (235), is either a king or
form of a finger-ring, appropriate for a betrothal or a queen.
wedding gift. Another from Old Kirk Field area, County A silver pendant with a green intaglio from Osmington,
Durham (278), has the common ‘Ave Maria…’ together Dorset (251), like the Naburn ring, has the back of the Among the seals found are lead Papal bullae of
with ‘Jesus Nazarenus…’ legends. Silver-gilt brooches stone exposed for direct contact with the wearer. This, Celestine III (r. 1191–1198) from Rock, Worcestershire
from Kelvedon, Essex (274), and South Gloucestershire as well as a finger-ring from Theydon Garnon, Essex (242), and Clement VI (r. 1342–1352) from
(276) have legends which defy interpretation, (254), has the magical formula against fever, AGLA. Tywardreath, Cornwall (284). Matrices of lead/tin,
presumably magic formulae (see ‘fede’ rings, below). Another silver pendant from Great Smeaton, Yorkshire copper alloy and silver feature personal names (one
An elaborate, enamelled copper-alloy brooch from (293), has ‘IHC’ together with the Marian monogram, from Leatherhead, Surrey (244), has that of a family
Worksop, Nottinghamshire (305), with the striking and one from Urchfont, Wiltshire (294), is in the form recorded at Leatherhead), heraldry (see Nether Wallop,
motif of a ‘family’ of genitalia, is a notable new addition of an ivy leaf. Also mentioned in this report are four Hampshire (271)) and amatory mottoes (see Leziate,
to the repertoire – a fertility charm. silver pendent crucifixes (some abraded from years of Norfolk (261)), while one found in Sealfield, North
wear) from south-east Norfolk (247), Lancaster area, Yorkshire (267), depicts the martyrdom of Becket with
MEDIEVAL

A number of finger rings, both in base and precious Lancashire (317), Long Marston, North Yorkshire (281), a prayer for his intercession, complementing the pilgrim
metals (the majority being of one metal only), but with and Pontefract, West Yorkshire (296). souvenir from Wragby area, Lincolnshire (265), also
niello or enamel have been recorded from Rampisham, Other finds of interest include a copper-alloy purse associated with this very popular saint.
Dorset (240), Long Whatton, Leicestershire (233), bar from Telford area, Shropshire (320), which has the
Diss area, Suffolk (236), Beverley area, East Yorkshire niello-inlaid, conventional inscription ‘Ave Maria ...’, and Copper-alloy sword pommels from Blore with Swinscoe,
(237), Port Eynon, Gower, Swansea (232), and Rhoose a complete copper-alloy mirror case from Wressle, East Staffordshire (262), and Wetheringsett cum Brockford,
and Llanfair, both in the Vale of Glamorgan (234 & Yorkshire (257), which is an unusual find in this state. Suffolk (269), have (respectively) engraved heraldic
238). There are also gem-set versions of the common A lead/tin pilgrim’s souvenir badge from Wragby devices and fine, grotesque monsters. Silver scabbard
‘stirrup’ form, such as those from Diss area, Suffolk area, Lincolnshire (265), featuring Becket’s head in an chapes are unusual finds, and include examples
(248), as well as other designs, including that from incomplete frame, is a reminder of the widespread from Wonston, Hampshire (277), and Walgrove,
Beverley area, East Yorkshire (237). A silver one from popularity of this Canterbury-based cult. In contrast, Northamptonshire (282). Heraldic horse pendants

118 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 119

 include one apparently with the arms of the earls of recessed to form a narrow strap bar, and linked by a 230. Bedford area, Bedfordshire: copper-alloy 233. Long Whatton, Leicestershire: silver finger-ring
Gloucester and Hereford, found in Middleton on Sea central area with an animal head standing proud. To possible tool handle (PAS: BH-5DDC06) (PAS: DENO-2C0235; Treasure: 2007 T294)
area, West Sussex (239), and another from Churton by either side are what could be stylised rectilinear limbs.
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1200). Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1200).
Aldford, Cheshire (289), which has the unusual heraldic The lower loop is formed from two animals’ bodies,
Discovery: Found by Peter Salvia while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by John Wardle while metal-
motif of a moth. A copper-alloy harness boss from each with one or two longitudinal grooves, turning to
in 2007, and reported to Julian Watters (Hertfordshire detecting in February 2007, and reported to Anja Rohde
Bletchingley, Surrey (319), is engraved with initials that end in a pair of opposed heads which hold the narrow
& Bedfordshire FLO). (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO).
are probably those of Henry Stafford, second duke of bar between their open jaws. The other loop comprises
Description: A copper-alloy object, probably a tool Description: A silver finger-ring, now slightly distorted.
Buckingham in the late 15th century. two tendrils curling outwards, then inwards at the top,
handle. The terminal takes the form of the head of a The ring has three oval bezels, each bearing a cross
each ending in a circular knop; between the knops is
sea monster, with large ears and an open mouth in against a niello background. The niello is now worn and,
A stylised horse-form copper-alloy object from the second bar. An outer tendril emerges from each side
which is held a small fish. A moulded collar separates in some areas, does not survive. Two of the bezels are
Ludgvan, Cornwall (266), is the first recognised example of the central animal head and runs alongside the first
the terminal from a curved handle of circular section. cracked on the inside surface. Diameter: 27mm.
in Britain of a distinctive series of what are thought to before curling outwards to end in a circular knop. On
Dimensions: 80.4 x 9.5 x 11.45mm. Weight: 21.43g. Disposition: Leicestershire County Council Heritage
be weights, perhaps of 14th-century date, which were the flat reverse is a central blind hole.
Discussion: The suggested dating of this piece is based Services hopes to acquire.
previously known only in Scandinavia. Also of interest Weight: 8.26g.
on the Romanesque style of the animal. Although no
is a sheet-silver representation of an armour-covered Discussion: Kevin Leahy (Finds Adviser) comments that B Nenk
exact parallel could be found, similar pieces, often
arm from Coberley, Gloucestershire (309), presumably the object looks Romanesque, although some of its
depicting wolves holding human heads, are known.
from some kind of figurine, though its specific context features are reminiscent of late Viking Age art. The eyes 234. Rhoose, Vale of Glamorgan: gold finger-ring
Disposition: Returned to finder.
is enigmatic. look like those on Urnes Style animals and the tendrils (PAS: NMGW-9D9A68; Treasure: Wales 07.19) 
look like Ringerike Style. A similar item, also with a J Watters
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c.1200).
227. South Gloucestershire: copper-alloy buckle central animal head, has been found in Lincolnshire
Discovery: Found by John Pugh while metal-detecting
with integral plate (PAS: GLO-927993) (LIN-DD4333). The style of the head appears to be 231. Betchworth, Surrey: gilded copper-alloy buckle in September 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick
related to those on Williams’ (1997) Class-B stirrup- plate (PAS: SUR-C27225)
Date: Medieval (c. 1050–c. 1125). (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
strap mounts, which probably date to the 11th century.
Discovery: Found by Peter Twinn while metal-detecting Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1200). Description: Decorative gold ring with a projecting
Disposition: Returned to finder.
in 2007, and recorded by Kurt Adams (Gloucestershire Discovery: Found by Nick Green while metal-detecting facetted rectangular bezel, set with a small cabochon
& Avon FLO). K Hinds in 2007, and recorded with David Williams purple stone, probably rose quartz. Dimensions: (bezel)
Description: A copper-alloy openwork buckle. One end (Surrey FLO). 10 x 8.7mm; (hoop, now distorted) 13.2 x 20.7mm.
of this looped object is shaped like a dragon, with its 229. City of London: bone counter Description: A high quality gilded buckle-plate, Weight: 3.6g. Surface analysis: approximately 92% gold,
head, which has a narrow snout, arched eyebrow ridge (PAS: LON-02C8B8) depicting a finely modelled dragon with additional 7% silver and 1% copper.
and a small ear, on the outside. The body runs at an punched decoration on the body. Dimensions: 32.16 x Discussion: Similar in form and size to a ring from
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1200).
angle to the waist and then recurves, forming a loop. 21.46mm. Weight: 8.78g. a grave (perhaps that of Bishop Ranulf Flambard,
Discovery: Found by Sybil Hunot while searching
There is a row of dots along the neck and body. A wing Discussion: The dragon is reminiscent of similar r. 1099–1128) Chapter House site, Durham Cathedral;
the Thames foreshore in 2007, and recorded by Kate
protrudes on one side and on the other are two legs, creatures found on Romanesque sculpture, for also paralleled by three rings from the Lark Hill Hoard,
Sumnall (London FLO).
between which is a vestigial tail. One leg is gripped in example those on the lintel at St Bees Priory church, Worcester (c. 1173–1174).
Description: A Medieval antler gaming piece with a
the beast’s mouth to form a smaller loop. A central hole Cumbria, and the tympanum at Southwold Minster, Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum
human bust. The antler has been carved to form an
at the junction of the two loops is where a pin would Nottinghamshire. Both have a scaled body and a of Wales.
irregular disc; the reverse is flat, the front is convex.
have been attached if this were a buckle. On the back scrolling tail, although neither tail bifurcates; these both
The front is carved with the linear bust of a bearded M Redknap
is an integral, square-section rivet. Dimensions: 35 x date to c. 1120.
figure facing left and wearing a domed headpiece.
18mm. Weight: 5.5g. Disposition: Donated to Guildford Museum.
There are three curving lines radiating from the back of 235. Beckingham, Lincolnshire: bone chess piece
Discussion: Similar items have been found in
the headgear, presumably ribbons or ties, and a carved D Williams (PAS: LIN-BC6858)
excavations from Gotland, Sweden, in the Ringerike and
line forms a border around the edge of the counter.
Urnes Styles, which dates them to c. 1050–c. 1125, Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1300).
Diameter: 36.94mm. Thickness: 7.48mm. 232. Port Eynon, Swansea: silver finger-ring
although none of these has an integral rivet. It is likely Discovery: Found by Brian Hillier while metal-
Weight: 10.99g. (PAS: NMGW-9D92B2; Treasure: Wales 07.02)
that this object represents trade with Scandinavia. detecting in 2007, and recorded with Adam Daubney
Discussion: A similar gaming piece found in Southwark
Disposition: Donated to Bristol City Museum and Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1200). (Lincolnshire FLO).
is illustrated in MacGregor (1985: 130, fig. 71). The
Art Gallery. Discovery: Found by Ronald Sanders while metal- Description: A gaming piece, which appears to be an
Southwark example is carved on both sides with a
detecting in December 2006, and reported to Mark early form of king or queen, made from a hollowed
K Adams pattern. Geoff Egan (Finds Adviser) suggests a 12th-
Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales) in 2007. out tibia or metapodial. In section it is nearly square
century date; the figure is difficult to interpret though.
Description: Decorative silver finger-ring with six fields with rounded edges. At the (probable) lower end, in the
228. Ogbourne St Andrew, Wiltshire: copper-alloy With broad dating to the period of the Crusades, it
of crudely engraved ornament. A possible interlace front, are two deeply cut diagonal facets, presumably
probable strap union or junction looks more like some kind of Eastern official or military
motif, radiating lines and four fields with saltire and to represent a throne canopy. At the (probable) top, the
(PAS: WILT-266B84) personage than a mitred, high-ranking member of the
cross patterns. Now broken and flattened. Width natural central cavity is plugged with a flush-fitting,
English Church.
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1200). (hoop): tapers at the shoulder from 5.4–4mm. Weight: tapering cylindrical bone insert with a globular knop to
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discovery: Found by Mark Gillett while metal- 2.42g. Surface analysis: approximately 97% silver and represent the head. This fits in the other end too, but
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Katie Hinds K SuMNALL 3% copper. does not sit flush there.
(Wiltshire FLO). Discussion: Parallels include a ring from the Lark Hill Discussion: This piece can be compared to a number of
Description: A copper-alloy accessory in the form Hoard, Worcester, buried in c. 1173–1174. published examples like one from Old Sarum, Wiltshire
of two roughly triangular loops, with each end being Disposition: Acquired by Swansea Museum. (MacGregor 2001: 15 & 17, fig. 1, no. 1). Others
come from South Witham, Lincolnshire and Coventry,
M Redknap

120 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 121

 associated with 14th-century pottery; other examples Dimensions: (bezel) 7 x 5.6mm; (hoop, now distorted) 241. Kington St Michael, Wiltshire: gilded copper- 243. Portskewett, Monmouthshire: copper-alloy
have been dated earlier, to the 12th century. 14.6 x 23.7mm. Weight: 2.5g. Surface analysis: alloy enamel panel from a processional cross figurine of Christ (PAS: NMGW-2DDF30)
Disposition: Returned to finder. approximately 96% gold, 2% silver and 2% copper. (PAS: WILT-45FC93) Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1300).
Discussion: The engraved steps either side of the bezel
A Daubney Date: Medieval (c. 1175–c. 1300). Discovery: Found by Steven King while metal-
are a feature found on rings dated to the 12th and 13th
Discovery: Found by Tim Storer while metal-detecting detecting in 2007, and recorded by Mark Lodwick
centuries. One with engraved decoration on the bezel
236. Diss area, Suffolk: gold finger-ring in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO). (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
and hoop shoulders from Houghton, West Sussex
(PAS: SF-89F2D6; Treasure: 2007 T234) Description: The right-hand arm panel from a Description: The figure is almost complete, but lacks
(TAR 2004: no. 169) is attributed to the 12th century.
cross made in Limoges, France. One corner is bent and both lower arms. The crucified Christ has the head
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1300). Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum of
a little torn. It depicts a winged bull, facing left, on a angled to the right. The facial features are eroded but
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in April 2007, Wales.
dark blue enamel background within a border of gilding; the eyes appear to be closed. The hair is swept back and
and reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO).
M Redknap this is flanked by a band of green enamel and a gilded falls onto the shoulders. The arms are perpendicular to
Description: The hoop is narrow and D-shaped in
zigzag border along the edge. The bull has reddish the body, and the shoulders, chest, ribs and abdomen
section and has an oval bezel with an oval-shaped
239. Middleton on Sea area, West Sussex: body and wings (probably cuprous oxide caused by the are detailed using incised marks. The loincloth has
setting of a dark blue stone, which is perhaps most
copper-alloy heraldic horse harness pendant gilding process) and has a halo with traces of red and deep folds at the front and back (moulded by V-shaped
likely to be a sapphire. The bezel stands proud of the
(PAS: SUSS-78B4F0) blue enamel. Gilding covers much of the wings and grooves) and is secured with a knot, tied on the left hip.
hoop and has moulded shoulders either side of it.
face, as well as the outline of the body. One corner has It extends below the slightly bent knees. The right foot
Dimensions: 21.1 x 20.2mm. Weight: 1.80g. Date: Medieval (c. 1125–c. 1350).
a lozenge outline, missing its enamel and surrounded is on top of the left one, with a perforation positioned
Discussion: A very similar gold finger-ring was found Discovery: Found by Seamus Lavery while metal-
by the dark-blue enamel field. The features of the above the incised toes. Dimensions: 43.2mm.
at Kington St Michael, Wiltshire (TAR 2003: no. 169). detecting in 2007, and recorded with Laura Burnett
bull and the wings are picked out with light grooves. Weight: 44.7g.
Disposition: Acquired by Colchester and Ipswich (Sussex FLO).
An area of enamel between the two wings is missing Discussion: The figure can be very closely paralleled
Museum Service. Description: A copper-alloy shield-shaped pendant
and was presumably a dark blue. There are four rivet with an example excavated over 100km to the west at
with a suspension loop at the top and enamelled coats
F Minter holes in line with the central stem of the T. On the Carmarthen Greyfriars, Carmarthenshire. That example
of arms on both sides, with tinctures in red enamel
reverse between two of the rivet holes is a scratched, was found below an early 14th-century floor and has
and the gold colour of the metal. One face has or
237. Beverley area, East Yorkshire: gold finger-ring downwards-pointing arrow, presumably to align the a suggested mid 13th-century date. The figures appear
three chevrons gûles (three red chevrons on a gold
(PAS: YORYM-59F421; Treasure: 2007 T561) panel on the crucifix from behind. Dimensions: 53.2 x similar enough to be considered as originating from the
background) – the arms of the Earls of Gloucester and
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1300). 36.6 x 1.6mm. Weight: 16.77g. same workshop, if not the same mould.
Hereford (Ashley 2002: 11, no. 59). The other face has
Discovery: Found by Keith Scott while metal-detecting Discussion: The winged bull represents St Luke, one of Disposition: Returned to finder.
gûles ten bezants or (ten gold balls on a red background,
in September 2007, and reported to Beth Echtenacher the four set on the points of the cross; the lowermost
arranged four, three, two, one) – the arms of Lord de la M Lodwick
(North & East Yorkshire FLA). one being placed somewhat up the stem. A similar
Zouch. Dimensions: 42.35 x 26.68 x 28mm.
Description: A gold finger-ring with a small green panel (DOR-C06CB4) was found in 2007 at Frampton,
Weight: 10.78g. 244. Leatherhead, Surrey: lead seal matrix
setting, of very delicate design. Either side of the bezel Dorset.
Discussion: While many enamelled horse harness (PAS: SUR-419757)
there is a rectangular shoulder collar, both of which are Disposition: Returned to finder.
pendants have been recorded by the PAS, some double
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1300).
undecorated. At the apex of the pyramidal bezel there sided, this one is unusual in have different coats of K Hinds
Discovery: Found by Kevin Grainger while metal-
is a small oval setting, which holds a small, crudely cut arms on each side. It may relate to Eleanor de Clare,
detecting in 2007, and recorded by David Williams
gem stone. The reverse of the bezel is flat but the edges co-heiress to Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and 242. Rock, Worcestershire: lead papal bulla of (Surrey FLO).
are chamfered. The rectangular-sectioned hoop is bent Hereford, who married William de la Zouch in 1329. Celestine III (PAS: WAW-29A963) Description: A circular lead seal, displaying
slightly out of shape, and the bezel has also distorted Disposition: Returned to finder.
Date: Medieval (c. 1191–1198). a central octofoil surrounded by the legend
out of its position. Dimensions: 21.3 x 19.4mm.
L Burnett Discovery: Found by Ivor Wills while metal-detecting ‘S’IOHANNPINCHVN’ (the seal of John Pinchun).
Weight: 1.25g.
in 2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & Diameter: 31.55mm. Weight: 18.94g.
Disposition: Acquired by East Riding Museums Service:
240. Rampisham, Dorset: gold finger-ring Worcestershire FLO). Discussion: Medieval lead seals are fairly frequently
landowner donated his share.
(PAS: DOR-B88E77; Treasure: 2007 T296) Description: The designs of the stamps are the found but can rarely be related to a historical family.
L Andrews-Wilson conventional ones for papal bullae of the later Medieval In the case of the surname Pinchun (from which
Date: Medieval (c. 1150–c. 1300).
period. The obverse depicts the faces of Saints Peter the modern surname Pinsent derives), the Medieval
Discovery: A chance find, reported to Claire Pinder
238. Llanfair, Vale of Glamorgan: gold finger-ring and Paul with a patriarchal cross between them and document known as the 1235 Surrey Eyre indicates
(Senior Archaeologist, Dorset County Council).
(PAS: NMGW-9DC905; Treasure: Wales 07.18) the legend SPASPE above (an abbreviation for St Paul that a William and a Thomas Pinchun were living in
Description: A finger-ring consisting of a thin wire
Date: Medieval (c. 1100–c. 1300). and St Peter); the reverse has the name of the Pope Leatherhead in that year. John is likely to have been
band widening at the bezel to accommodate a deep red
Discovery: Found by Albert Whyman while metal- (Celestine III, r. 1191–1198) with his abbreviated title from the same family and it is interesting to see that
oval stone, probably a garnet. The shape approximates
detecting in July 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick (Pastor Pastorum) – CELE/STINVS/PP• III – within a the seal has not travelled far from where the Pinchun
to that of the stirrup ring, which was widespread in the
(Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). beaded border. Dimensions: 39.59 x 36.95 x 6.33mm. family lived.
13th century. Diameter: 19mm.
Description: Decorative ring with a projecting Weight: 48.7g Disposition: Donated to Guildford Museum.
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
oval bezel of floriate form with eleven ‘petals’, Discussion: Papal bullae were originally attached to
D Williams
J P Robinson documents issued by the papacy. This is the first papal
each engraved with a central dot, set with a small
cabochon almandine garnet. Small transverse ridges bulla of Celestine III to be recorded by the PAS, though
either side of the bezel are engraved with transverse two others, from Norfolk and Suffolk, are known
lines. The shoulders are engraved with short lines in in England (Tim Pestell, Norfolk Museums Service,
a diaper pattern creating lozenges with central dots. personal communication).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
A Bolton

122 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 123

 245. Wherwell, Hampshire: copper-alloy zoomorphic against fever in the Medieval period. A large suspension 251. Osmington, Dorset: silver-gilt pendant with been the means of opening and closing the channel
annular brooch (PAS: HAMP-384B46) loop is soldered to the top terminal. Height: 35mm. intaglio (PAS: DOR-B80705; Treasure: 2007 T126) by releasing or blocking the flow of the water. The unit
Width: 26mm. is broken off at the back of the neck of the housing.
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1300). Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1350).
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. Dimensions: 87.7 x 33.5 x 34.7mm. Weight: 253.1g.
Discovery: Found by Martin Hams while metal- Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in March
Discussion: This is a high quality item, probably
detecting before 2007, and recorded with Rob Webley J P Robinson 2007, and reported to Claire Pinder (Senior
imported from the Low Countries. It would most likely
(Hampshire FLO) in 2007. Archaeologist, Dorset County Council).
have come from a high status or religious site, such
Description: Part of the frame of a cast copper-alloy 248. Diss area, Suffolk: gold finger-ring Description: A silver-gilt pendant set with an intaglio
as the lavatorium of a monastery. A wide range of
annular brooch, originally formed of two dragons or (PAS: SF-89B470; Treasure: 2007 T233) of green stone. The mount frames the stone leaving the
decorated taps and spouts are known from the High
wyverns, survives. The upper surface is finely decorated reverse exposed. The front is inscribed ‘+: A: +: G: +: L:
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1300). Medieval period, a comparable example being a female-
through punching and engraving. Dimensions: 37.95 x +: A:’. The reverse of the mount has scalloped edging. 
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in April 2007, headed ‘tap handle’ part from Lewes Priory (Dunning
32.6 x 9mm. Weight: 9.93g. Length: 35mm. Width: 17mm.
and reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO). 1968).
Discussion: Zoomorphic annular brooches are not Discussion: The stone is exposed deliberately to
Description: A gold finger-ring of stirrup shape. The Deposition: Returned to finder.
common. An example in gold of a similar design, provide contact between it and the skin of the wearer.
hoop is D-shaped in section and expands into a bezel
including the openwork quatrefoil, and said to be The stone, along with the inscription (see 247), is likely A Rohde & G Egan
with an oval shaped setting of a dark blue stone, which
from Hertfordshire, gives some idea of its original to have had magical significance.
is perhaps most likely to be a sapphire. Dimensions:
appearance (Alexander and Binski 1987: 483, no. 641). Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum (Reg. No. 254. Theydon Garnon, Essex: silver finger-ring
24.4 x 21.1mm. Weight: 4.18g.
The upper surface of this brooch is finely decorated 2009, 8002.1). (PAS: BH-C5AF24; Treasure: 2007 T175)
Discussion: Very similar gold stirrup-shaped finger-
through punching and engraving. J P Robinson & B Nenk
rings have been found in Norfolk, from Norwich and Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1350).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Thornham (TAR 2004: nos. 180–181). Another from the Discovery: Found by Ruth Cattermole while metal-
R Webley Littleton area, Hampshire (HAMP-6EC8B4), has a semi- 252. Langley with Hardley, Norfolk: silver signet detecting during 2007, and reported to Julian Watters
precious stone of irregular shape (Egan and Pritchard ring (PAS: NMS-1E07E1; Treasure: 2007 T483) (Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO).
246. Boxley, Kent: gold oval brooch 1991: nos. 1608–1609). Description: A Medieval silver finger-ring with a plain
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1350).
(PAS: KENT-984E65; Treasure: 2007 T389) Disposition: Acquired by Colchester and Ipswich hoop of rectangular section. The ring is engraved
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in August
Museum Service. with the inscription, now worn and difficult to read:
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1300). 2007, and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO).
‘+:A:+:G:L:+:A:’. Diameter: 24mm. Weight: 2.87g.
Discovery: Found by John Millin while metal-detecting F Minter Description: An incomplete signet ring, incorporating
Discussion: See 247 for the significance of the letters,
in August 2007, and reported to Andrew Richardson a late Roman intaglio engraved with the figure of Fides,
and TAR: 1998–1999, no. 118 for a similar ring with the
(Kent FLO). 249. Llanddewi, Gower, Swansea: silver brooch standing and holding corn ears and a basket of fruit.
same inscription.
Description: A miniature brooch, roughly oval in shape, (PAS: NMGW-9C2734; Treasure: Wales 07.09) The bezel is oval in shape and has the following legend
Disposition: Acquired by Epping Forest District
and terminating in two joined hands. It has two facets around the stone ‘+  SIGNV-  SECRETIC  ELA’ (The
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1325). Museum.
which carry an enigmatic inscription, punctuated by secret sign of Ela). The hoop of the ring is broken, but
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in 2006, and
flowers and colons. Reading clockwise from the pin, a fragment remains on the right side, which shows an B Nenk
reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales)
the letters are: (on the inner band) ‘N V I    V N:   I I area of punched decoration within four half-lozenges,
in 2007.
M    I N I’ and (on the outer band) ‘V I I I T    I: I: I   - I I creating a criss-cross effect. Dimensions (bezel): 19.5 x 255. Brookland, Kent: silver-gilt finger-ring
Description: Annular brooch, plain and of circular
V    L V I (?)I’. The meaning of this is unclear, but may 15.5mm. Weight: 4.12g. (PAS: KENT-299A33; Treasure: 2007 T493)
cross-section; the pin has a D-shaped cross-section,
have magical or amuletic significance. The two hands Discussion: The ring was used as a counter-seal,
with a ridge next to the loop. Diameter: 12.2mm. Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1400).
may once have held a pearl, which is customary for probably in financial transactions or to seal closed
Weight: 0.9g. Discovery: Found by Mick Allen while metal-detecting
brooches of this type (the equivalent of ‘fede’ rings). correspondence. The intaglio is probably from the 2nd
Disposition: Swansea Museum hopes to acquire. in August 2007, and reported to Andrew Richardson
Dimensions: 19.97 x 13.1 x 3.99mm. Weight: 0.9g. century AD.
(Kent FLO).
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. M Redknap Disposition: Norwich Castle Museum hopes to acquire.
Description: A silver-gilt finger-ring, the bezel being
J P Robinson J P Robinson, A Rogerson & A B Marsden a quatrilobe engraved with a cross against a hatched
250. Lower Dean, Bedfordshire: inscribed silver-gilt ground. The centre of the cross may bear an inscribed
finger-ring (PAS: NARC-7742D7; Treasure: 2007 T62) letter, but this is unclear. The hoop of the ring is
247. South-east Norfolk: silver-gilt pendant cross 253. Callow, Derbyshire: copper-alloy tap-housing
(PAS: NMS-4180B3; Treasure: 2007 T520) Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1350). with spout (PAS: DENO-E09322) engraved with a series of vertical lines separated by
Discovery: Found by William Huckle while metal- areas of cross-hatching; the back of the hoop bears a
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1300). Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1400).
detecting in January 2007, and reported to Steven crude representation of clasped hands (a ‘fede’ ring).
Discovery: Found by Gerry Casey while metal- Discovery: Found by Peter Needham while metal-
Ashby (Northamptonshire FLO). Diameter: 25mm. Bezel (diameter): 11mm.
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Laura detecting in early 2007, and recorded by Anja Rohde
Description: A silver-gilt finger-ring tapering into Discussion: Fede (Italian, meaning ‘faith’) rings were a
McLean (Essex FLO). (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO).
a pointed bezel, which has been sheared off. The popular love token from the 12th century and the design
Description: Medieval pendant cross, with a central Description: The tap spout is fitted into an elaborate
shoulders are decorated with what appear to be two remains popular today. The joined hands symbolise the
roundel which is inscribed on the front with the letters housing – a large block cast in the form of a male
animal heads conjoined at the snout. The back of the faithful love.
‘A G’ and on the back ‘L A’. Each arm of the cross has a human head. The spout passes through this housing
ring carries an inscription which reads ‘I E S V S C R I S Disposition: Canterbury Museum hopes to acquire.
bulbous terminal. ‘AGLA’ was a popular amuletic charm and emerges from the crown of the head. It curves
T’ (Jesus Christ). Diameter: 19mm.
in the Middle Ages. These letters are derived from the over and its terminal is moulded to represent the head B Nenk
Disposition: Acquired by Bedford Museum.
Latin version of the initial letters of the Hebrew words of a beast, possibly a dog. The curve of the spout is
‘Ata gibor le’olam Adonai’ (You are mighty forever J P Robinson asymmetrically placed in the human-head housing,
O Lord), and were believed to be a powerful charm suggesting that it originally swivelled. This may have

124 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 125

 256. Gatcombe area, Isle of Wight: recorded by the PAS (Bayley et al. 1984), but to find front with its legs and probably its tail stretched out 263. Old Buckenham, Norfolk: silver coin-brooch
pilgrim’s lead ampulla (PAS: IOW-083774) one complete with parts of the mirror still attached is behind. The beast is encompassed within a border of or mount (PAS: NMS-BEA416; Treasure: 2007 T12)
unusual. single incised parallel lines. The back of the plate, which
Date: Medieval (c. 1200–c. 1500). Date: Medieval (c. 1275–c. 1280).
Disposition: Returned to finder. has a dark green patina, is also flat and undecorated.
Discovery: Found by Jeremy Wilber-Smith while metal- Discovery: Found by David Bailey while metal-
Dimensions: 59 x 18.5 x 3.5mm. Weight: 5.3g.
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle L Staves detecting in December 2006, and reported to Erica
Discussion: A similar buckle frame of this common
of Wight FLO). Darch (Norfolk FLO).
form is illustrated by Egan and Pritchard
Description: A damaged lead ampulla, with a distorted, 258. Crimplesham, Norfolk: silver-gilt brooch Description: A demi-gros struck at Valenciennes for
(1991: 73, no. 297).
circular body; the neck is incomplete and the mouth (PAS: NMS-026E35; Treasure: 2007 T72) Margaret of Constantinople, countess of Hainaut,
Disposition: Returned to finder.
is missing. Two suspension lugs, one at either side of between 1275 and 1280. The reverse has been fitted
Date: Medieval (c. 1250–c. 1300).
the neck, are also missing apart from stubs. The body D Slarke with a silver attachment; this is most likely to be a
Discovery: Found by Keith Underdown while metal-
has particularly thick walls. The edges are bevelled and catch-plate for a brooch but the angle at which it is
detecting in January or February 2006, and reported to
decorated with raised diagonal hatching. One side 261. Leziate, Norfolk: silver seal matrix affixed to the coin makes it possible that it represents
Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO) in 2007.
has a ‘compass-drawn’ sexfoil, with the outer points (PAS: NMS-BFE0C6; Treasure: 2007 T34) one of a paid of grips by which the coin was fastened
Description: A silver brooch. Two ends of the loop,
of the petals joined by an arc line in a plain circle. The to a leather strap as a mount. Diameter: 22.5mm.
one of which is in the form of a very simple snake Date: Medieval (c. 1250–c. 1400).
other side has a fleur-de-lis with the petals and stalk Weight: 2.93g.
head with two pellets for eyes, are joined by being Discovery: Found by Albert Burkinshaw while metal-
emanating from a central pellet and the stem flares Discussion: This work would have been carried out
twisted around each other so that the snake’s own tail detecting in October 2006, and reported to Erica Darch
outwards at the base. The area between each side soon after striking, at a period when, owing to the
is wrapped around its neck. A separate piece of silver (Norfolk FLO) in 2007.
petal and the stem is filled with cross-hatching (less lack of large English silver coins. Continental coins of
wrapped around the frame forms a second, smaller, Description: A concave-sided, hollow composite seal
conspicuous on the left side). Dimensions: 54 x 39 x suitable size were being adapted into coin-brooches.
snake, twisted around the first on one half of the frame matrix, set with a classical intaglio of carnelian (broken
9.6mm. Weight: 60.92g. Disposition: Donated by the finder and landowner to
only. The outside edge is decorated with very worn obliquely) and with a separate, D-section loop and
Discussion: This is one of very few pilgrim souvenirs Norwich Castle Museum.
stamped dots, and there are traces of gilding. The pin is sexfoil on the narrowed reverse. The intaglio is oval,
that can be assigned an origin in the Holy Land itself
intact and has a transverse ridge. Diameter: 17–19mm. with a standing Mercury carrying a caduceus and A Marsden
from the discovery of an ampulla mould with a similar
Weight: 2.14g. holding a moneybag. The inscription reads: ‘* I · A ·
sexfoil motif at a workshop excavated in Akko (Acre),
Disposition: Acquired by Lynn Museum; the finder and ODOR · DVLCIS · AMOR’ (I am the perfume of sweet 264. Paull, East Yorkshire: gilded coin brooch
Israel (Danny Syon, Israeli Archaeology Service, personal
landowner donated their share. love). Dimensions: 21 x 19mm. (PAS: YORYM-60FCA5; Treasure: 2007 T626)
communication). Similar examples have been recorded
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum.
from London (Spencer 1998: 205–206, fig. 214b) and E Darch Date: Medieval (c. 1292–c. 1317).
Binsted, Hampshire (BERK-E3B315). S J Ashley Discovery: Found by Dave Everingham while metal-
Disposition: Returned to finder. 259. Winchester area, Hampshire: silver bar-mount detecting in September 2007, and reported to Liz
(PAS: HAMP-4D35C0; Treasure: 2007 T264) 262. Blore with Swinscoe, Staffordshire: copper/ Andrews-Wilson (North & East Yorkshire FLO).
F Basford & G Egan
Date: Medieval (c. 1250–c. 1350). lead-alloy sword pommel (PAS: WMID-426D04) Description: A silver coin converted into a brooch
Discovery: Found by Terry Hinde while metal-detecting Date: Medieval (c. 1250–c. 1500). by having a pin attached to one side (the pin has not
257. Wressle, East Yorkshire: mirror case survived, but the attachment is partially present) and
(PAS: NLM-E452C5) in October 2006, and reported to Rob Webley Discovery: Found by Paul Flowers while metal-
(Hampshire FLO). detecting in 2007, and recorded by Duncan Slarke with one side gilded. The gilded side is, as usual, the
Date: Medieval (c. 1250–c. 1300). side showing the cross.
Description: A bar-mount, with a central aperture. (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
Discovery: Found by Robert Franey while metal- Discussion: The coin is a silver gros tournois type, a
The bar is chamfered and has two studs on the reverse. Description: A cast hollow pommel which is sub-
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Lisa Staves (North relatively large silver coin of the late 13th and early
Length: 9mm. Width: 5mm. Weight: 0.38g. circular, with two flat faces, and a chamfered, flat
Lincolnshire FLO). 14th century. Many of these coins have been found in
Discussion: For similar examples in copper alloy, see perimeter. Rectangular perforations in the base and top
Description: A cast copper-alloy mirror case England converted into brooches in this way, alongside
Egan and Pritchard (1991: no. 1157). would have held the end of the iron tang of the sword.
comprising a pair of identical, shallow circular sides, similarly treated groats of Edward I (r. 1272–1307),
Disposition: Acquired by Winchester Museums Service; The two faces are decorated with copper-alloy shield-
both with a pair of integral lugs at one end and a single England’s own first large silver coin, introduced in
both finder and landowner donated their share. shaped panels. The more complete one is engraved
lug at the other. They are joined by a hinge in the form 1280. Most examples of such coin-brooches are of gros
with a rough chequer design (the surface of the second
of a copper-alloy rivet which passes though the two J P Robinson tournois of the French kings of the period, particularly
is not visible). The area around both panels is also
lugs of one case and the single lug on the other (the Philip III (1270–1285) and Philip IV (1285–1314), but
decorated with linear tooling. Dimensions: 43.4 x 47.1 x
opening side has the same arrangement, but with no 260. Ilam, Staffordshire: copper-alloy oval buckle a number are of the lesser rulers of the Low Countries
29.4mm. Weight: 83.22g.
means of securing the two parts together, as the lugs (PAS: WMID-4E9183) region who also used the tournois design for their own
Discussion: This is a ‘wheel’ pommel (Ward Perkins
here are not pierced). The outside of both cases is Date: Medieval (c. 1250–c. 1400). early issues of large silver coins.
1940: 22, fig. 1, Type VIII, & 28). This form appears to
decorated with the standard design of an open cross Discovery: Found by Kevin Blackburn while metal- This specimen is one such piece, a gros au portail of
have evolved during the later 13th century from the
of punched triangles in four arched lines. In one side a detecting in 2006, and recorded with Caroline Johnson Gui IV, Count of Saint-Pol (r, 1292–1317), issuing coins
simple disc pommel. Throughout the 14th and 15th
fragment remains of a corroded, convex glass, backed (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO) in 2007. centuries the cruciform sword with a wheel pommel ˙
at his lordship of Elincourt in the Cambrésis, a region
with a thin foil of lead (now a deep red colour). The Description: An incomplete cast copper-alloy oval belonging to the Holy Roman Empire and technically
and a straight double-edged blade was the basic type in
glass was held in place by a ring of white material, buckle with ornate outside edge and attached sheet under the suzerainty of the bishops of Cambrai. Gui IV
common use.
probably a calcium carbonate putty, which can be seen copper-alloy buckle plate. On the back of the buckle Disposition: Returned to finder. ˙
inherited Elincourt in 1300 and opened a mint, despite
inside both parts; the case, lacking glass, also has traces frame, the moulded decoration along the outside edge the protests of the bishops.
of an orange-red material that may be lead oxide. D Slarke The details of the coin are as follows: Obv: cross in
is also illustrated, although this is in a cruder style.
Dimensions: 43.7 x 31.2 x 6.9mm. Weight: 18.13g. The sheet plate is decorated with what appears to be centre, with the inner legend ‘+G COMES SPAVLI’,
Discussion: Several Medieval mirror cases have been a dragon or griffin, which appears to be lying on its and outer legend ‘+GRACIA DOmIHI DEI NPI FACTV

126 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 127

 SS II’ (no punctuation). Rev: border of five-petalled However, the standard represented is not clear (Petter Disposition: Declared not Treasure Trove; returned Discussion: This object is of higher quality than might
roses in circles; stylised castle in centre, with the Molaug, Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage to finder. be expected in a normal parish church. The enamelling
legend ‘+MONE[ ]LInET (partially hidden by remains Research, personal communication). The present find is of Limoges style (though English manufacturers
J P Robinson & G Egan
of attachment). Weight: 3.95g. Die axis: 70° (de May seems to be the first discovered outside Scandinavia. were developing the technique from the late 13th
1987: 89, H2, though different in details of punctuation Disposition: The Royal Cornwall Museum has acquired. century). It may have been kept in the local church for
and lettering). 269. Wetheringsett cum Brockford, Suffolk: copper- some time before it was taken away, perhaps along
A Tyacke & G Egan alloy sword pommel (PAS: SF-15A447)
Disposition: Acquired by East Riding Museums Service. with a copper-alloy crown, which probably came from
Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). a wooden statue (see YORYM-5936A7). These three
B J Cook 267. Sealfield, North Yorkshire: silver seal matrix Discovery: Found by Keith Lewis while metal-detecting objects were found together, perhaps suggesting that
(PAS: NCL-FFF137; Treasure: 2007 T39) in 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO). they were either stolen from the church and discarded
265. Wragby area, Lincolnshire: Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1350). Description: A copper-alloy cast pommel. It is square along the way, or removed during the Reformation.
lead/tin pilgrim badge (PAS-LIN-D80A35) Discovery: Found by Carl Richardson and Richard in section with four roughly oval shaped faces and a There is a parallel for the lid on the complete pyx from
Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1350). Hunter while metal-detecting in November 2006, and hole through the centre for the blade tang. Each face Godsfield (Hampshire), dated to c. 1350–c. 1400,
Discovery: Found by Paul Vir while metal-detecting in reported to Rob Collins (North East FLO) in 2007. of the pommel has an engraved grotesque, hybrid which has a similar form and proportions, although the
2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney Description: An oval seal matrix engraved with the human and animal-like figure. Each of these is different decoration differs (Alexander and Binski 1987: 240,
(Lincolnshire FLO). scene of Thomas Becket’s martyrdom. Three of the four but they are all in side profile, have wings and are no. 119).
Description: The badge is in the form of the bust of knights responsible for the attack approach Thomas as advancing on their hind legs. They also all have second Disposition: Returned to finder.
St Thomas Becket, who wears a mitre and drapery, he kneels before an altar. Edward Grimm, the cleric who human faces in their hindquarters, some with tails
L Andrews-Wilson, J Cherry & K Leahy
and has a stern expression. The collar of the amice is witnessed the attack, stands behind the altar and holds projecting from the mouths. Two of the grotesques
decorated with a perimeter of pellets and a series of a cross-staff. Beneath the scene, in an architectural have human heads and the other two have bird- and
pellet-in-ring motifs, representing embroidery and canopy, is the half figure of a suppliant. The legend animal-like heads. 271. Nether Wallop, Hampshire: copper-alloy seal
gems. This feature can be dated to the first half of the reads ‘OPEM NOBIS O TOMA PORIGE’ (Extend your Discussion: Parallels for the grotesques appear as matrix (PAS: HAMP-E43D58)
14th century. To the left of the face is a censing angel help to us, O Thomas). On the reverse is a suspension marginalia of manuscripts such as the Luttrell Psalter of Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400).
(there would originally have been another on the right). loop. Length: 24mm. Width: 18mm. c. 1330 (Brown 2007). Discovery: Found by Peter Barker while metal-
Part of the beaded frame survives. Disposition: Acquired by Richmondshire Museum. Disposition: Returned to finder. detecting in 2006, and recorded with Rob Webley
Dimensions: 68 x 33 x 7mm. One of the rewards was abated by 10% for a delay in (Hampshire FLO) in 2007.
F Minter, J P Robinson & G Egan
Discussion: This is one of a well-known series of reporting. Description: Cast copper-alloy seal matrix engraved
badges, which depict the life-sized, mitred bust with a shield: (possibly) per fess, two saltires over
J P Robinson 270. Arncliffe, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy pyx lid
reliquary of Thomas, kept in Canterbury Cathedral from (possible) an animal’s head – the arms are unidentified
the early 14th century to the Reformation. Offerings (PAS: YORYM-58EB27) – with a stylised banner finial above. The inscription
made at the cathedral show that the popularity of this 268. Dunstable, Bedfordshire: silver-gilt brooch in Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). reads: ‘S’ TOM(?)AS WELLOP’ (seal of Thomas Wellop).
head reliquary peaked in 1420. Hundreds of badges of the form of a finger-ring Discovery: Found by Paul Myers while metal-detecting Dimensions: 20.1 x 20.8mm. Weight: 11.35g.
this form, or less elaborate examples, have been found (PAS: BH-DE4686; Treasure: 2007 T465) in 2007, and recorded with Liz Andrews-Wilson (North Discussion: The matrix was not lost far from its
in London and Canterbury (Spencer 1998, 102–107, Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1350). & East Yorkshire FLO). presumed place of use. ‘Wellop’ was a common
figs. 76–77; several of these retain the original, ornate Discovery: Found during construction work between Description: A copper-alloy pyx lid with Limoges- rendering of ‘Wallop’ in the 13th and 14th centuries.
frame which went with badges of this sort). The 1970 and 1990, and reported to Julian Watters style decoration, gilded inside and out. At the apex is a Further, a Thomas Wallop (c. 1325–1361) is
presence in Lincolnshire of the present one is not (Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO). plain cross set on a knop. On the cone are four circles, documented as being from the area. His son, John, was
surprising given Becket’s widespread popularity. Description: A silver-gilt brooch, which appears to each around an octafoil. The circles are a greyish-blue born in Nether Wallop in 1351. This date is consistent
Disposition: Returned to finder. have been converted from a finger-ring. The ring is enamel, which has a gilded border, and the octafoils are with the object’s form.
slender and forms the frame of the brooch, to which slightly greener, with gilded outlines. The field between Disposition: Returned to finder.
A Daubney
a sword-shaped pin with a collar with decorative the petals is gilded, with rows of punched dots. The
R Webley
circular punch marks has been attached. The frame is main circles are also surrounded by a gilded circle.
266. Ludgvan, Cornwall: copper-alloy (possible) narrowed for the attachment of the pin. Similar finds Between the circles are foliate motifs, also gilded. The
weight (PAS: CORN-A6D554) are known from London (that these are not adaptations background enamel colour, possibly a darker blue, has 272. North Somerset: copper-alloy annular brooch
Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1350). of finger-rings is shown by a ceramic mould including mainly been lost. Around the edge of the base of the (PAS: GLO-C03D14)
Discovery: Found by Roy Powell while metal-detecting the frame constriction for producing this distinctive lid is a band of gilding with a pair of lines of incised Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400).
in June 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke form of brooch; Egan 1996: 87–88, fig. 3C). The hoop dots along the middle. There are two loops on opposite Discovery: Found by David Gad while metal-detecting
(Cornwall FLO). terminates in two clasped hands and has a bezel, which sides of the base of the cone. One expands into a flat in 2006, and reported to Kurt Adams (Gloucestershire
Description: A copper-alloy figurine of a horse, cast in protrudes very much in the manner of stirrup-shaped plate and further broadens into a triangle, which is & Avon FLO) in 2007.
the round, with moulded ears and nose, incised lines for rings. The stone that once furnished the bezel is now riveted onto the inside of the lid. Wear is evident on Description: A copper-alloy brooch with four outward-
hair of the mane on one side only, and wedge-shaped lost. The inscription ‘+  I O   S _ A _   +   S I N E   D.  A the loop, indicating that the pyx was in use for some tapering collets spaced evenly around the frame, which
tail which appears docked. It is a heavy casting for its M V R’ (probably intended to mean, I am a sign of love) time before disuse. This loop would have formed part has a sub-triangular cross-section. Each collet is filled
size. Dimensions: 53 x 20 x 40mm. Weight: 97.1g. covers the external surface of the hoop. The meaning of a hinge mechanism, which would have fixed to the with a white paste that would have held a gem. A little
Discussion: This is most likely to have been a weight, of the inscription makes it clear that the brooch base. The second loop, of similar design, extends with a distant from the constriction for the pin is a second
as it resembles Medieval equine figures interpreted as was intended as a love token, possibly a betrothal projection which would have held the lid shut. A string constriction, from which a pendant, in the form of a
weights, found mainly in Norway but also elsewhere or marriage gift, for which a finger-ring would be an or pin would have been slotted through its hole to bird displayed, is suspended. The crescentic wings are
in Scandinavia, where they are dated to the early 14th appropriate motif. Dimensions: 21 x 25mm. secure it. attached to the centre of the main body via small
century (Kisch 1965: 121 & 123–124, figs. 81–82). Weight: 2.3g. projections and the expanded body narrows towards

128 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 129

 the tail, which is represented by a quadrangle. The head Discussion: Similar to a brooch from mid-Norfolk (TAR 278. Old Kirk Field area, Hartlepool, County 281. Long Marston, North Yorkshire: silver pendant-
and neck are depicted by a plain rectangle. Double lines 1998–1999: no. 155). Durham: inscribed silver brooch cross (PAS: YORYM-763D18; Treasure: 2007 T515)
of dots down the centre of the tail, body and wings Disposition: Acquired by Braintree Museum. (PAS: NCL-D1AF46; Treasure: 2007 T361)
represent feathers. On the underside of the head a loop Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400).
J P Robinson Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). Discovery: Found by Frank Andrusyk while metal-
(possibly intended to be a beak) attaches the pendant
to the frame. On the underside of the pendant and Discovery: Found by Brian Leslie while metal-detecting detecting in September 2007, and reported to Amy
frame are a series of striations that are original file- 275. Finchingfield, Essex: inscribed silver finger-ring in May 2007, and reported to Rob Collins Cooper (South & West Yorkshire FLO).
finishing. Dimensions: 22 x 18 x 4mm. Weight: 2.6g. (PAS: ESS-288395; Treasure: 2007 T137) (North East FLO). Description: A silver pendant-cross, with a central
Discussion: The basic brooch is unremarkable; similar Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). Description: A silver brooch, circular in shape, with sexfoil collet, now missing its stone. The arms of the
examples of the frame are found over much of the Discovery: Found by Michael Jones while metal- an open centre. The flattened frame of the brooch is cross carry an inscription. Along the vertical arms is
country, furthermore the quality of the craftsmanship detecting in February 2007, and reported to Philip Wise inscribed on one side ‘AVE MARIA GRA…’ (Hail, Mary, ‘+IESVSN’ and along the horizontal arms is ‘AZAREN’
is rather low when compared to other brooches of the (Heritage Manager, Colchester and Ipswich Museum [full of] grace), and on the other is ‘+IHESVS: NA: RE’ (Jesus of Nazareth). Dimensions: 40.1 x 33.4 x 3.6mm.
period. No parallel for the attachment of a pendant Service). (Jesus of Nazareth, King [of the Jews]). Weight: 4.9g.
to an annular brooch of comparable date has been Description: A finger-ring consisting of a simple flat Diameter: 21mm. Disposition: Aquired by Harrogate Museum.
traced. If found separately the pendant would probably band inscribed with the letters: ‘* I H C : N A Z A R E Disposition: Acquired by Hartlepool Museum and
J P Robinson
have been thought to be from an accessory for horse- N U S: REX I’ (to signify, Jesus of Nazareth King of the Heritage Service.
harness rather than a brooch. This find of a previously Jews). Length: 23mm. J P Robinson 282. Walgrave, Northamptonshire: silver scabbard
unknown elaboration in an otherwise simple brooch Discussion: This inscription (though abbreviated) chape (PAS: NARC-774CD2; Treasure: 2007 T212)
could perhaps be a local product. was placed above the head of Christ on the Cross. 279. Binbrook, Lincolnshire: inscribed silver brooch
In the Middle Ages the phrase was used to cure or Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400).
Disposition: Returned to finder. (PAS: NLM-FDB8B5; Treasure: 2007 T684)
avert sickness. Discovery: Found by Franco Ladu while metal-
K Adams Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). detecting in April 2007, and reported to Steven Ashby
Disposition: Acquired by Braintree Museum.
Discovery: Found by Stephen Wilkinson while metal- (Northamptonshire FLO).
273. Winchester area, Hampshire: silver-gilt bar- J P Robinson detecting in November 2007, and reported to Lisa Description: The chape has small rivet holes near the
mount (PAS: HAMP-C28BE4; Treasure: 2007 T262) Staves (North Lincolnshire FLO). wider end for attachment to the scabbard. This end is
Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). 276. South Gloucestershire: silver-gilt brooch Description: Circular silver brooch that is flat, with engraved with two pairs of double lines and the narrow
Discovery: Found by Terry Hinde while metal- (PAS: GLO-EF2CE8; Treasure: 2007 T208) raised edges forming a border. On the front is an end terminates in a knop. Length: 63mm.
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Rob Webley Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). inscription which reads ‘AMOR VNICIT OMNA’, a Diameter: 10mm.
(Hampshire FLO). Discovery: Found by Nick Keeler while metal- misspelling of the Latin Amor vincit omnia (Love Discussion: Another incomplete silver chape, with
Description: A cast bar-mount for a strap; convex with detecting in March 2007, and reported to Kurt Adams conquers all). The beginning of the inscription is engraved curvilinear decoration; Treasure: 2007 T440)
plain arms, and end lobes perforated for rivets, one of (Gloucestershire FLO). indicated by the positioning of the pin, which is from St Michael, Hertfordshire, and found by Mr G
which survives. The larger central lobe is decorated with Description: A circular brooch with a flat frame; the attached to a recess in the frame by a loop. Diameter Jones, is assigned to the 15th century.
cross-hatched diagonal lines. Length: 18.35mm. back is slightly rounded. There is a break where the (of frame): 12mm. Disposition: Northampton Museum hopes to acquire.
Weight: 1.3g. missing pin would have been attached. The front carries Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
M Mellor
Discussion: The mount can be paralleled with a an inscription (the letters alternating with ring-and- J P Robinson
number of excavated examples in copper alloy from dot motifs) ‘O . V . N . O . V . E . R . A . V . E . (meaning 283. Wingfield, Wiltshire: unfinished silver
London (Egan and Pritchard 1991: 213–214, nos. uncertain). Diameter: 23mm. 280. Brookland, Kent: silver-gilt finger-ring finger-ring (PAS: WILT-6F3276; Treasure: 2007 T110)
1160–1161) and elsewhere. There is also a silver-gilt Disposition: Acquired by Museum in the Park, Stroud. (PAS: KENT-2963F0; Treasure: 2007 T501) Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c.1500).
bar-mount from Churcham, Gloucestershire (TAR 2004:
J P Robinson Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). Discovery: Found by Judith Jonik while metal-detecting
no. 216), though this example has a large perforation
Discovery: Found by Phil Castle while metal-detecting in February 2007, and reported to Katie Hinds
through the central lobe.
277. Wonston, Hampshire: silver scabbard chape in September 2007, and reported to Andrew Richardson (Wiltshire FLO).
Disposition: Acquired by Winchester Museums Service;
(PAS: HAMP-8C1E11; Treasure: 2007 T341) (Kent FLO). Description: A silver finger-ring, presumably unfinished
both landowner and finder donated their share.
Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). Description: Silver-gilt finger-ring, with a bezel formed as the decoration is asymmetrical around the hoop. The
R Webley of clasped hands. The shoulders probably represent bezel comprises a point, with two flanking indentations
Discovery: Found by Mark Duell while metal-
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Rob Webley cuffs. Opposite the bezel an engraved rectangular panel on one side. Around the hoop are a central rib with
274. Kelvedon, Essex: silver-gilt oval brooch (Hampshire FLO). covers the point at which the ends of the hoop are five to six distinct areas to each side decorated with
(PAS: ESS-6EC685; Treasure: 2007 T71) Description: A silver sheet chape, which has a soldered together. The ring is slightly distorted and the diagonal grooves and horizontal incised lines, overall
Date: Medieval (c. 1300–c. 1400). cusped edge and engraved decoration on the front. gilding is very worn. Diameter: 22.19 x 21.3 x 5.96mm. giving a triangular section. One edge has a slight
Discovery: Found by Richard Moss while metal- Dimensions: 21.05 x 20.15 x 4.35. Weight: 3.6g. Width: 6mm. Weight: 3.5g. rebate but on the less well-executed side there is no
detecting in February 2007, and reported to Caroline Disposition: Winchester Museums Service hopes to Disposition: Canterbury Museum had hoped to decoration at this point, and (while also triangular in
McDonald (Essex FLO). acquire. acquire, but withdrew; returned to finder. section) it is rather rounder than in the other quarters,
Description: A silver-gilt brooch, roughly oval in shape with a slight midrib, as though it may not yet have
B Nenk B Nenk
and tapering to a point, which terminates in two joined been finished from the casting. Diameter: 25.2mm.
hands (a ‘fede’ ring). The pin is missing. The back of the Weight: 7.52g.
frame is inscribed with a repeated sequence of letters, Disposition: Acquired by Wiltshire Heritage Museum.
reading clockwise from where the pin would have been K Hinds
attached ‘IOV – VIOVIOVIO’ (significance unclear).
Length: 22mm. Width: 12mm.

130 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 131

 284. Tywardreath, Cornwall: lead papal bulla normal coins and a piedfort. Nor is it likely that they 288. Bradfield, Essex: copper-alloy buckle frame 290. Winwick, Cheshire: gold finger-ring
(PAS: CORN-B357D6) were created as guides for mint workers. Perhaps the (PAS: ESS-E89DE3) (PAS: LVPL-0330D6; Treasure: 2007 T606)
likeliest explanation is that they were made for the use
Date: Medieval (c. 1342–1352). Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1450). Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1450).
of important officials, who might have used them as
Discovery: Found by Jamie Holland while metal- Discovery: Found by David Haffenden while metal- Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in September
reckoning counters. This would certainly account for
detecting in February, 2007, and recorded with Anna detecting in June 2007, and recorded by Laura McLean 2007, and reported to Frances McIntosh (Cheshire,
them turning up far from home and away from any
Tyacke (Cornwall FLO). (Essex FLO). Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO).
context of currency. In the case of Aquitaine, it was
Description: The bulla is from the period of Pope Description: An incomplete, cast, ring-shaped buckle Description: A gold finger-ring set with a hexagonal
normal in the 14th century for Englishmen to serve as
Clement VI (r. 1342–1352) and has ‘CLE/MENS/PP frame which has a bevelled edge, an incomplete forked sapphire in a bezel with a pinched border. The shoulders
officials there, as they were more loyal to the king and
VI’ with a floret above and below on one side. The small spacer, and an offset, constricted bar for the now of the ring are divided into three bands. The raised,
less affected by the complicated local rivalries of the
floret at the start of the text and the reversed bar to missing pin. The sheet plates are missing. The frame central band is plain, with a rouletted border, which
duchy.
the ‘N’ are characteristic of the bullae of this pope. The is engraved with an inscription within a linear border has worn smooth in places. The two side bands
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
obverse is very worn, with only a few pellets remaining (each letter is separated by three vertical lines) ‘x IESVS are engraved with flowers and leaves, and would
from the border around the conventionalised heads of B J Cook x NAZA x IA x G’ (the ‘N’ and ‘A’ of NAZA are located originally have been enamelled. The back of the hoop
St Peter and St Paul, which were respectively to the left to either side of a pin rest in the form of an integral is decorated with diagonal bands of alternate plain and
and right of a central patriarchal cross. 286. Harlaston, Staffordshire: inscribed gold finger- animal head. The reverse of the buckle is plain and punched decoration to give the effect of cabling. Inside
Discussion: Despite his short period in office, bullae of ring (PAS: WMID-F4CF43; Treasure: 2007 T628) undecorated. The surface is worn. Length: 58.52mm. the hoop is the French inscription ‘JOYE SANZ FYN’
Clement VI are relatively frequent finds and mark an Diameter: 37.22mm. Weight: 16.81 g. (joy without end). The hoop resembles a distended
Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1400).
upsurge in the use of papal documents around the time Discussion: The inscription is a combination of two stirrup shape. Dimensions: 20 x 23mm.
Discovery: Found by Jeremy Rudge while metal-
of the Black Death. legends often found independent of each other on Discussion: A closely comparable ring in the Victoria
detecting in November 2007, and reported to Duncan
Disposition: Returned to finder. brooches of the same date: ‘IESVS NAZARENVS’ (Jesus and Albert Museum (V&A M.191–1975) was owned by
Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
of Narareth) with the usual ending being replaced William Wytlesey, Archbishop of Canterbury, who died
A Tyacke Description: A gold finger-ring, with a D-sectioned
by ‘IA G’, which is the end of ‘AVE MARIA GRATIA in 1374.
hoop. It is decorated on the internal and external
PLENA’ (Hail Mary, full of grace). Parts of the two Disposition: Cheshire Museums Service had hoped to
285. West Clandon, Surrey: silver piedfort surfaces with engraved flowers and leaves, interspersed
distinct legends have become combined possibly by acquire, but withdrew; returned to finder.
(PAS: SUR-D6C932; Treasure: 2007 T339) with the words of an inscription in French. On the
an illiterate maker who has focused on the common
outside this reads ‘+ TANT QUE MURAI’ and on the J P Robinson
Date: Medieval (mid 1350s). Rs. This may well not have mattered greatly, as most
inside ‘+VOUZ CEROIRE’, which probably means
Discovery: Found by Mark Stonard while metal- people were illiterate or sub-literate (concentrating on
‘Until I die I will be yours’. This sentiment suggests 291. Charminster, Dorset: engraved silver strap-end
detecting in 2006 or before, and reported to David initial letters or patterns of letters rather than whole
that the find may originally have been a marriage ring. (PAS: SOMDOR-D92905; Treasure: 2007 T98)
Williams (Surrey FLO) in 2007. words for recognition of common tags).
Diameter: 19mm. Weight: 2.32g.
Description: A piedfort striking of the coin known as Disposition: Returned to finder. Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1500).
Disposition: Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Stoke,
a blanc au léopard sous couronne, Second Type, struck Discovery: Found by Robert Dixon while metal-
hopes to acquire. L McLean & G Egan
by King Edward III as Duke of Aquitaine (1325–1362), detecting in 2006, and reported to Claire Pinder (Senior
probably in the mid 1350s. J P Robinson Archaeologist, Dorset County Council) in 2007.
Discussion: This is the first find of a piedfort in England 289. Churton by Aldford, Cheshire: copper-alloy Description: A beautifully executed strap-end. It is split
since the Treasure Act 1996. Piedforts are unusual harness pendant (PAS: LVPL-375DD7) for attachment to a small strap, and would have been
287. Maiden Newton area, Dorset: copper-alloy
objects and their actual purpose has never been clearly strap-end (PAS: DOR-B703F7) Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1450). held in place by two surviving rivets and terminate in
established. In most cases, they are objects struck Discovery: Found by George McKean while metal- a trefoil-shaped knop. The top plate is engraved with
Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1450).
from the dies of a currency coin, but using a blank of detecting in 2007, and reported to Frances McIntosh a shield with three stars along the upper edge and a
Discovery: Found by Simon Gover while metal-
unusual thickness and weight. However, the weights of (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO). horizontal line below, which may be a heraldic device.
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ciorstaidh
surviving piedforts do not seem to relate to the weights Description: A copper-alloy shield-shaped harness Dimensions: 23.4 x 12.7 x 2.4mm. Weight: 1.7g.
Hayward Trevarthen (Dorset FLO).
of the currency coins – they are never multiples of pendant. The coat of arms consists of a moth or Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
Description: A composite strap-end with a plain
these. In this case, the weight of the currency coin was butterfly (now white) with two wings on each side,
front plate (recessed at the back for the strap) that M Mellor
something around 1.7g, and the piedfort weighs 6.67g. zigzag lines of red enamel for the legs and others for
terminates in a stylised, crowned human head, which
The first piedforts are known from the later 13th the antennae. Dimensions: 43 x 24 x 2mm.
is cast in the round. Details of the hair (back and 292. South Wingfield, Derbyshire: gold finger-ring
century from England, France and other principalities Weight: 10.6g.
front), facial features and crown have been added or (PAS: DENO-D1A913; Treasure: 2007 T300)
in the region. They continued to be produced in Discussion: Insects are unusual in heraldry, which
emphasised by tooling. Dimensions: 45.51 x 11.89 x
England into the 16th century, later in France. Although makes this pendant an unusual find. Papworth (1961: Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1500).
5.42mm.
all individual piedforts are rare, they are relatively 956–957) lists only the family of Bolowre as having a Discovery: Found as the result of an amateur
Discussion: For parallels see Egan and Pritchard 1991:
common as a phenomenon in the coinage of Aquitaine single butterfly on its arms and three – Bolour, Berston archaeological investigation by John Hardwick in May
132–133, no. 614, which are similar but have less
in the 14th century. The specific coin involved here and Muschamp – with three; Fox Davies (1954: 261) 2007, and reported to Rachel Atherton (Derbyshire &
detailing on the heads.
exists in at least 23 versions, and piedfort strikings of adds Papillon and Penhellicke to those with three. Nottinghamshire FLO).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
two of these are known. This example provides a third. Disposition: Returned to finder. Description: A finger-ring fashioned into the shape of
These other piedforts weigh 7.85g and 6.12g. C Hayward Trevarthen a garter. The external surface is inscribed in French ‘+
F McIntosh & G Egan
Several ideas have been put forward to explain tout + pur + le + meus +’ (probably meaning ‘all for
piedforts. It is very unlikely that they are pattern coins, the better’). White enamel survives in the recesses of
since they are made with currency dies, and in some some letters. The buckle of the garter has been sheared
cases the same die has been identified used both on off, but the fictive pin survives. The pendant strap of

132 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 133

 the garter is decorated with a panel of cross-hatching. flowers on each side. This faceting of the hoop is an Discussion: Iconographic finger-rings are so called as 301. Thurlaston, Leicestershire: gold finger-ring
Dimensions: 19.5 x 8.1 x 2.1mm. Weight: 1.6g. unusual feature and creates a very decorative effect. they depict devotional images and saints. They were (PAS: LEIC-815FF6; Treasure: 2007 T671)
Discussion: A gold ring already in the British Museum The ring would originally have been enamelled. used at weddings and given as New Year presents in
(Dalton 1912: no. 977) carries a similar inscription Diameter: 22mm. Weight: 4.25g. England and Scotland from the late 14th century; Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500).
(pur le meux). Disposition: North Lincolnshire Museum hopes this type of ring did not survive the Reformation Discovery: Found by Wayne Burton while metal-
Disposition: Derby Museum and Art Gallery hope to acquire. (Scarisbrick, Henig and Fenton 2003: 42–43, pl. 12, detecting in November 2007, and reported to Wendy
to acquire. 1–4). A very similar iconographic gold finger-ring has Scott (Leicestershire FLO).
J P Robinson Description: The finger-ring is in the form of a
been found at Wall, Staffordshire (TAR 2003: no. 187).
J P Robinson flattened band, which is engraved with leaves and
Disposition: Acquired by Colchester and Ipswich
296. Pontefract, West Yorkshire: silver cross- Museum Service. flowers, and a French inscription, which reads ‘+ MON
293. Great Smeaton, North Yorkshire: pendant (PAS: SWYOR-C4E534; Treasure: 2007 T81) CUER AUEZ’ (have my heart). It is slightly distorted.
silver-gilt pendant reliquary (PAS: YORYM-6CE0B1; F Minter Dimensions: 19 x 14mm.
Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500).
Treasure: 2007 T598) Discovery: Found by Phillip Fletcher while metal- Disposition: Acquired by Leicestershire County Council
Date: Medieval (c. 1350–c. 1500). detecting in February 2007, and reported to Amy 299. Hound, Hampshire: silver mount Heritage Services.
Discovery: Found by Thomas Bolam while metal- Cooper (South & West Yorkshire FLO). (PAS: HAMP-E271F0; Treasure: 2007 T455) J P Robinson
detecting in November 2007, and reported to Rob Description: A small silver cross; the suspension loop Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500).
Collins (North East FLO). is broken. The figure of Christ on the front of the cross Discovery: Found by Mark Duell while metal-detecting 302. Dinas Powys, Vale of Glamorgan: gold finger-
Description: A circular silver-gilt pendant. The central is intact, though much abraded. A second figure on the before August 2007, and reported to Rob Webley ring (PAS: NMGW-9DEB70; Treasure: Wales 07.08)
roundel is engraved on one side ‘IHC’, and the other back is equally worn and is likely to represent the Virgin (Hampshire FLO).
is engraved with the Marian monogram; in each case Mary. The cross itself is more elaborate on the front, Description: A mount of roughly semicircular section, Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500).
against a cross-hatched ground. Originally there would with three arms terminating in a stylised trefoil. At the in the shape of an acorn, with a leaf on each side. Discovery: Found by Gwyn Rees while metal-detecting
have been three loops for suspension, but only the top is an inscription ‘R I’ to signify ‘Rex Judeorum’ (king Below, within a serrated semicircle, is a large, central in January 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds
central one survives. Dimensions: 19 x 23mm. of the Jews). Length: 25mm. Width: 18mm. aperture. This aperture may have formed one of the Co-ordinator, Wales).
Disposition: Acquired by York Museums Trust. Discussion: The cross dates to a time when small, means of attaching the mount to whichever object Description: Gold ring with a D-shaped cross-section.
personal items of devotional art were popular. it decorated. On the back are two studs. Dimensions: Externally plain, the inner face is engraved in black
B Nenk letter script, though the reading is not clear. One
Disposition: Acquired by Wakefield Museum. 16.15 x 13.85 x 5mm. Weight: 1.95g.
Disposition: Hampshire Museums Service hopes possibility is a garbled version of ‘I VOELT’ (I wish it),
294. Urchfont, Wiltshire: silver ivy-leaf pendant M Mellor where the ‘V’ has been written as an ‘F’ (common in
to acquire.
(PAS: SOM-F52064; Treasure: 2007 T529) Welsh) and the ‘O’ and ‘E’ are ligatured. Diameter
297. Aldbrough, North Yorkshire: gold finger-ring J P Robinson (internal): 17mm. Weight: 2.4g. Surface analysis
Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1450).
Discovery: Found by Hugh Vincent while metal- (PAS: NCL-FF8757; Treasure: 2007 T37) approximately 76% gold, 14% silver and 10% copper.
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Naomi Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500). 300. Coberley, Gloucestershire: silver-gilt finger-ring Discussion: This ring is of a long-lasting form (without
Payne (Somerset FLO). Discovery: Found by Colin Henderson while metal- (PAS: NMGW-A8C737; Treasure: 2007 T512) an inscription. It might be ascribed to the 18th or 19th
Description: A pendant in the form of a stylised ivy detecting in November 2006, and reported to Rob Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500). century); however, the letter forms are from the later
leaf. Two of the points of the leaf are slightly distorted. Collins (North East FLO). Discovery: Found by Dennis Pople while metal- 14th or 15th centuries.
The pendant is likely to have decorated costume as Description: A hollow-cast finger-ring, set with detecting in September 2007, and reported to Mark Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum of
one of a series (see Egan and Pritchard 1991: 217–218, a roughly oval, pale blue stone. The shoulders are Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator for Wales). Wales.
no. 1188). The ivy leaf was often taken to signify engraved with a floral motif, probably a lily. Description: The finger-ring is intact and of the ‘fede’ M Redknap
constancy in the Middle Ages. Dimensions: 15 x 15mm. Diameter: 21mm. type. The bezel comprises a crowned heart, flanked on
Disposition: Acquired by Wiltshire Heritage Museum; Disposition: Acquired by Harrogate Museum. each side by a four-petalled flower – a heart sprouting 303. Swallowfield, West Berkshire: gold brooch
the finder and landowner donated their share. flowers. Above the heart is a three-pronged crown (PAS: BERK-BB15D7; Treasure: 2007 T486)
J P Robinson
containing four circular perforations. These details
J P Robinson Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500).
have been enhanced with short, engraved lines. The
298. Diss area, Suffolk: gold finger-ring hoop comprises two interlace strands, which join at Discovery: A chance find in the early 1970s, and
295. Bonby, North Lincolnshire: silver-gilt finger- (PAS: SF-8A76E4; Treasure: 2007 T232) the back with clasped hands, symbolising faith or trust. reported to Charlotte Burrill (Berkshire &
ring (PAS: NLM-688C74; Treasure: 2007 T174) Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500). The clasped hands have cuffs, embellished with circular Oxfordshire FLO).
Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500). Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in April 2007, punched marks. Traces of gilding survive over much Description: A circular brooch, decorated on the front
Discovery: Found by Ken Ellis while metal-detecting and reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO). of the surface of the ring. Diameter: 23mm. Height with grooves alternately occupied by pellets and words
in March 2007, and reported to Lisa Staves (North Description: A complete gold iconographic finger-ring. (bezel): 14.3mm. Weight: 8.6g. from a French inscription: ‘+ avez tout mon coer a vre
Lincolnshire FLO). The bezel is flat and rectangular and engraved with a Disposition: Acquired by Corinium Museum, plaisir’ (have all my heart at your pleasure). The back
Description: An iconographic finger-ring. The bezel representation of the Trinity: the haloed, seated figure Cirencester. is decorated with four-petalled flowers and sprigs
consists of two panels, the one on the left engraved of God the Father, supporting Christ on the cross, and of foliage. It would originally have been enamelled.
M Lodwick Diameter: 32mm.
with the figure of a kneeling angel, and the one on with a dove in the top left corner, representing the
the right with two standing figures. This is likely to Holy Ghost. The shoulders of the ring are also engraved. Disposition: Declared not Treasure Trove; returned
represent the Annunciation, the second bearded figure The inside of the hoop has an inscription, with traces to finder.
on the right panel possibly intended as God the Father. of black niello. The black letter legend reads ‘EN BON J P Robinson
The hoop of the ring is made up of a series of lozenges, ESPOER’ (in good hope). Dimensions: 21.8 x 20.7mm.
the shoulder lozenges decorated with three engraved Weight: 4.38g.

134 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 135

 304. Naburn, City of York: gold finger-ring 306. Brill, Buckinghamshire: lead-alloy (possible) ink 308. Lydd, Kent: gold finger-ring 310. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: silver brooch
(PAS: YORM-74B6A8; Treasure: 2007 T179) holder (PAS: BUC-3803B7) (PAS: KENT-C343E3; Treasure: 2007 T632) (PAS: NMGW-9C3A27; Treasure: Wales 07.14)
Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1500). Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1550). Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1550). Date: Medieval (c. 1427–c. 1500).
Discovery: Found by Keith Manners while metal- Discovery: Found by Clifford Emmett while metal- Discovery: Found by Chris Beever while metal- Discovery: Found by Phil Smith while metal-detecting
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Dave Evans detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ros Tyrrell detecting in November 2007, and reported to Andrew in May 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-
(North & East Yorkshire FLO). (Buckinghamshire FLO). Richardson (Kent FLO). ordinator, Wales).
Description: A gold finger-ring, which is hollow cast, Description: A hollow-cast rectangular container, Description: An iconographic finger-ring with a Description: The frame of an annular brooch; the pin
with a roughly oval aperture in the bezel, the back of broadening at the base and open at the top, below central, engraved image of a standing saint, possibly is missing. It has been made by filing down the rim of,
which is open so that the stone it once held would which are two lug handles. These appear to have been St John the Evangelist, holding a chalice in his left and removing the centre from, a silver groat of Henry
have been in contact with the wearer’s skin. This may intended as loops, but they are solid (possibly intended hand and blessing it with his right. The ring is a highly VI (r. 1422–1461) struck at Calais between 1427 and
indicate that the stone was thought to have magical to be perforated by the owner, who did not do this). original construction of geometric planes, creating 1434. Diameter: 22mm. Diameter (hole): 9mm.
properties. It would have been secured in place by Two of the faces have an uneven zigzag, bordered by an exaggerated point at the shoulder. Each plane is Weight: 2.27g.
two pins inserted through two small apertures, one at two lines, between the lugs. Below, on one side is a engraved with a sunburst and sprigs of foliage. The Discussion: The use of Medieval coins to form
the top and one at the bottom. The external face of privy mark consisting of cross above a circle and on the hoop is cabled and carries an inscription punctuated brooches is paralleled by a recent find from Covenham,
the hoop is decorated on the left with a double row other is a cross ending in an inverted V-shape and with by engraved flowers (differently orientated from the Lincolnshire (2007 T434), created from a Short Cross
of zigzags, which run into an inscription ‘IC   HOPE’ a line across the vertical bar. There is damage to the rim image), reading ‘EN BON AN’. Dimensions: 20.22 x penny of 1205–1209 and by two converted coins
(I hope). In the field after the inscription the zigzags and the base of the object. 21.32 x 7.96mm. Weight: 4.8g. of the Teutonic Orders from the late 14th and early
are replaced by what appears to be a series of stylised Dimensions: 81 x 25 x 1.5mm. Discussion: This French inscription, wishing a good 15th centuries in the Ducker Hoard (Bunge, Gotland),
fleurs-de-lis, the first two of which are combined, one Discussion: A similar container with different privy year, appears on a large number of Medieval rings deposited in the early 16th century. These feature
inverted against the side of the other. This is repeated marks was found in Salisbury (Egan 2001: 99, fig. 34, which are considered to have been New Year’s gifts. constrictions or piercing to accommodate a pin, lacking
with the third and fourth fleurs-de-lis. The ring was no. 83). These objects have been dated variously from Disposition: Canterbury Museum hoped to acquire, on the Cowbridge example. While this feature is not
probably originally enamelled. Dimensions: 21.9 x the late 14th to the late 16th century. but withdrew, to be returned. essential, its absence here raises the possibility that
4.1mm. Weight: 2.27g. Disposition: Returned to finder. the conversion was not completed.
J P Robinson
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. R Tyrrell & G Egan Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum
of Wales.
J P Robinson 309. Coberley, Gloucestershire: silver-gilt fragment
307. Stoughton area, West Sussex: silver-gilt signet in the form of a human arm E M Besly & M Redknap
305. Worksop, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy ring (PAS: SUSS-BA4106; Treasure: 2007 T239) (PAS: WILT-116095; Treasure: 2007 T696)
fertility badge (PAS: DENO-FEAA62) Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1550). Date: Medieval or Post-Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1600). 311. Cerne Abbas, Dorset: silver-gilt dress fitting
Date: Medieval (c. 1400–c. 1520). Discovery: Found by Chichester District Council in April Discovery: Found by Paul Fern while metal-detecting (PAS: DOR-B85D80; Treasure: 2007 T196)
Discovery: Found by Craig Betts while metal-detecting, 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews-Wilson in September 2007, and reported to Katie Hinds Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1500).
and recorded with Rachel Atherton (Nottinghamshire & (Sussex FLO). (Wiltshire FLO). Discovery: Found by Mr A Davis while metal-detecting
Derbyshire FLO). Description: A silver-gilt ring which has a circular bezel Description: A hollow object in the form of a human in April 2007, and reported to Claire Pinder (Senior
Description: A cast and enamelled roundel, which has with the image of a bird plucking a flower. Above the arm, bent at the elbow and wearing armour. Two small Archaeologist, Dorset County Council).
the stub of an integral central loop that has broken head of the bird is the inscription ‘I FFYNCHR’, which is holes near the top were presumably for attachment Description: A lozenge-shaped dress fitting with a
off the back. The front has a large phallus centrally, likely to denote a personal name: J Fincher – the bird, to the missing remainder of the figure. The armour on knop at each corner and a central collet set with a pale
pointing left into a vulva and there is a smaller phallus or finch, acting as a rebus. The shoulders have three the upper arm is engraved and punched, representing pink stone (two of the corners have been bent). The
pointing downwards below. Above is the Lombardic- grooves, which turn into fictive cable-work, the grooves a combination of mail and plate. The sleeve covering front is decorated with roughly incised lines and the
letter legend ‘+HAVE / PIS(?R)EO’. The surviving being decorated with small punches. The back of the the lower arm is probably intended to be fabric. The edges are serrated. On the back are the remains of two
enamel is red. Diameter: 51.2mm. Weight 39.3g. ring has seen a lot of wear, and the punches have, for edge at the top of the arm is serrated and damaged. attachment bars. The dress fitting is silver gilt apart
Discussion: This unparalleled, highly explicit badge the most part, been abraded. Dimensions: 26.2 x 25.7 x Dimensions: 39.9 x 10mm. Weight: 5.3g. from the knops, which are plain silver and possibly
with a family of genitalia is a most unusual find in 13.6mm. Weight: 12.44g. Discussion: The original function of the object is intended to simulate pearls. Length: 13mm.
England, where accessories featuring material that Disposition: Chichester District Museum hopes to unknown. It may have been part of a devotional figure Width: 14mm.
could be deemed pornographic were markedly far less acquire as part of the main site archive. for private worship, perhaps representing a warrior Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
common than they seem to have been in several towns J P Robinson saint, or possibly a toy or table ornament.
D Thornton
across the North Sea and the English Channel. Malcolm Disposition: Acquired by Corinium Museum.
Jones (Sheffield University) provisionally suggests that
B Nenk 312. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: hoard of over
this elaborate, well-made and presumably relatively
expensive badge was a fertility charm, the legend 30 lead ampullae (PAS: NMGW-504A65, 505AC2,
meaning something like ‘May you have issue’. 501A31, EBBC07 etc)
Disposition: Returned to finder. Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1525).
Discovery: Found by Norman and Ann Oxley, Denis
R Atherton, G Egan & M Jones
and Tina Pople and Tony Jones while metal-detecting
in 2007, and recorded by Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-
ordinator, Wales). In a combined effort by the primary
finders and members of Rhondda Artefacts and
Research Enthusiasts, and attended by Mark Lodwick,
the findspots of 13 of the ampullae were recorded.

136 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 137

 Description: Crude ampullae, blank on one side. On 314. Elmstead, Essex: copper-alloy devotional badge 316. Great Gaddesen, Hertfordshire: 319. Bletchingley, Surrey: copper-alloy harness boss
the other sides, the scallop-shell emblem of St James, depicting the Crucifixion (PAS: ESS-302D31) gold rectangular mount (PAS: SUR-A033A8)
which had come to represent pilgrimage. (PAS: BH-DE1292; Treasure: 2007 T224)
Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1530). Date: Medieval (c. 1475–c. 1525).
Discussion: All 35 complete or fragmentary ampullae
Discovery: Found by Stuart Elton while searching Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1550) Discovery: Found by Chris Andre while metal-detecting
(representing at least 31 original containers) were
with a metal-detector in 2007, and recorded by Laura Discovery: Found by Mary Hannaby while metal- in 2007, and recorded by David Williams (Surrey FLO).
recovered from ploughsoil from within a 50m2 area,
McLean (Essex FLO). detecting in April 2007, and reported to Julian Watters Description: A copper-alloy roundel from a horse
with most concentrated in a 15m2 area. They are all
Description: Octagonal devotional badge of button (Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO). harness, probably from the bridle set. The boss is
of the same form and basic dimensions, sharing many
form. It is engraved with the Crucifixion: the central Description: The mount is rectangular in shape and circular with a wide brim and a hemispherical central
features – including the loss or miscasting of the
figure is of Christ on the cross, with robed figures slightly distorted. The front surface is engraved with a dome. There are no signs of the method of attachment.
side loops – suggesting they were unfinished. They
standing to the sides, St John to the right, holding his depiction of the Holy Trinity, showing the seated figure The boss has been extensively engraved. On the rim
presumably came from one workshop or casting site.
gospel book, while to the left the Virgin has her hands of God the Father, holding aloft the crucified Christ. is a sequence of four lions passant guardant, which
The discovery of more than a single ampulla in one
clasped in prayer. The figure of Jesus has his right leg The engraving was originally enamelled, and significant alternate with the letters ‘H’ and ‘B’. On the dome are
place is very unusual, and this sizeable multiple find
crossing over the left one, with the nail showing. The traces of black enamel remain in the recesses of two more lions and the letters ‘HB’ occur again. On the
(away from any known shrine) is unparalleled.
nails are also clear on the palm of each hand, with the design. The mount is likely to have decorated a rim the field has been filled with closely spaced zigzag
Disposition: The finds have been donated to the
the fingers closing around them. A small panel at the reliquary or a book cover. Height: 29mm. Width: 23mm. (or rocked tracer) work. Diameter: 79.33mm.
National Museum of Wales.
top of the cross reads ‘INRI’ – reversed ‘N’ – (Jesus Weight: 9g. Weight: 46.83g.
M Redknap of Nazareth, King of the Jews). The entire design is Disposition: Dacorum Heritage Trust, Berkhamsted, Discussion: The letter forms, with their distinctive
bordered by an engraved double line, with cording had hoped to acquire but withdrew; returned to finder. lobed extensions, can be dated to c. 1470–c. 1510
313. Lund, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy pilgrim along the edge. There is some damage at the base (John Cherry, personal communication). With its
J P Robinson
badge (PAS: YORYM-CEA5E7) and the surface is slightly worn. The central stem/ extensive decoration the boss is likely to have been
attachment loop has been broken off. Diameter: owned by a member of the nobility. In view of the
Date: Medieval (c. 1475–c. 1525). 317. Lancaster area, Lancashire: silver crucifix
31.43mm. Thickness (including broken shank): 3.96mm. location of the findspot, near Bletchingley, the initials
Discovery: Found by Gary Crowther while metal- pendant (PAS: LANCUM-354065;
Weight: 6.91g. ‘HB’ are probably those of Henry Stafford, second Duke
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Liz Andrews- Treasure: 2007 T657)
Discussion: This is one of many copper-alloy religious of Buckingham; Edward, third Duke of Buckingham,
Wilson (North & East Yorkshire FLO).
badges dating from the last generation before the Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1550). always signed each page of his accounts with the
Description: A cast badge, in the form of a button,
Reformation. Discovery: Found by Martin Rowson while metal- initials ‘EB’ (Mary Saaler, personal communication).
formed from a flat, circular plate of copper alloy, with
Disposition: Donated to Colchester & Ipswich Museum detecting in November 2007, and reported to Dot Henry was the Lord of the Manor of Bletchingley from
an iron attachment loop cast into the centre of the
Service. Boughton (Cumbria & Lancashire FLO). 1460, when he succeeded his grandfather Humphrey,
reverse. The front of the badge has an engraved image
Description: The pendant has trefoil terminals and a until his execution in 1483. Henry, however, is not
of St Roche in a circular border. The saint, whose cult L McLean suspension loop. The figure of Christ has its right arm known to have visited Bletchingley and the boss was
was based at Montpelier in France, was himself a
broken at the shoulder. On the back is a figure of the probably lost by a member of his retinue who would
pilgrim, as is shown by his clothing. He wears a long, 315. Tower Hamlets, London: silver girdle terminal Virgin and Child. Dimensions: 40 x 23mm. have worn their lord’s livery (information on the
flowing tunic and a large rounded headdress, and (PAS: LON-8809F7; Treasure: 2007 T204) Disposition: Lancaster City Museum hoped to acquire, Bletchingley Manor was provided by Mary Saaler).
carries a round-topped staff in his left hand, which has
Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1550). but withdrew; returned to finder. Henry Duke of Buckingham was heavily involved in the
a string of rosary beads daggling from it. Roche suffered
Discovery: Found by Alan Place while metal-detecting Wars of the Roses and was a key supporter of Richard
from a sore on the upper leg, which he is exposing, and J P Robinson
in January 2007, and reported to Kate Sumnall III who came to the throne in June 1483. Buckingham
he had a companion dog, which was apt to lick the
(London FLO). soon attempted a rebellion in the Midlands and
wound (a comfort of a kind). He is a patron of those 318. Barham, Kent: engraved silver mount
Description: A silver girdle terminal, which consists of Wales. Richard moved against him in October and
with stubborn, non-healing wounds and apparently (PAS: KENT-6D9885; Treasure: 2007 T699)
a tapering rectangular shaft terminating in a hexagonal Buckingham’s support deserted him. He was executed
untreatable sores. There is an attendant angel kneeling Date: Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1550).
knop. Each edge is decorated with two semicircular in Salisbury in November of the same year. Henry is
on his right side and a scroll above the angel, which Discovery: Found by Steven Long while metal-
protuberances positioned close to the knop. On each also one of the prime suspects in the murder of the
reads ‘SROC’, indicating the saint’s name. detecting in November 2007, and reported to Andrew
face there is a central band of decoration, with an two princes in the Tower of London and he appears
Dimensions: 32.2 x 30.9 x 1.3mm. Weight: 6.7g. Richardson (Kent FLO).
engraved design resembling tears, between two narrow prominently in Shakespeare’s Richard III.
Discussion: This is only the second St Roche souvenir Description: A lozenge-shaped mount, slightly
bands of engraved decoration resembling rope work. Disposition: Returned to finder.
recorded from England. The other was found in South distorted in the centre. It is engraved with the scene
Petherton, Somerset (SOMDOR905). On one side there is a large hole (diameter: 5mm) D Williams
presumably for the attachment of fabric. Dimensions: of the Annunciation: the Archangel Gabriel kneels on
Disposition: Returned to finder. the left, greeting the Virgin Mary, who is at a lectern
39.55 x 15.93 x 10.43mm. Weight: 14.54g.
L Andrews-Wilson & G Egan Discussion: For a comparable example, with tear on the right. They are separated by a vase containing a 320. Telford area, Shropshire: copper-alloy purse bar
decoration in relief, see TAR 2004: no. 223. lily, the symbol of the Virgin. Above the pair is the Holy (PAS: HESH-C72F24)
Disposition: Disclaimed, returned to finder. Spirit in the form of a dove. Each corner of the mount Date: Medieval (c. 1475–c. 1550).
is perforated by a small hole, which was the means of Discovery: Found by Paul Mower while metal-detecting
J P Robinson attachment. This may have been, for example, an item in 2007, and recorded with Peter Reavill (Herefordshire
of dress, a book cover or a casket. It would originally & Shropshire FLO).
have been enamelled. Dimensions: 20.78 x 19.12 x Description: A copper-alloy purse bar, almost
0.8mm. Weight: 1.6g. complete, with parts of both ends missing. It has an
Disposition: Acquired by Canterbury Museum. expanded, sub-rectangular terminal at either end.
On the lower edge of each arm are two small, sub-
J P Robinson
rectangular, integrally cast loops, from which leather or
cloth pouch would have been suspended. At the centre
of the bar is a shield-shaped element with a hole for

138 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 139

 the rotating suspension loop. Both sides of the bars on the jar resembles the turned decoration found on Dress accessories again comprise the largest single
arms have an inscription inlayed with niello: on one other representations of ointment jars (e.g. St Mary category of finds recorded with the PAS and reported
side ‘[A]VE MARIA / GATIA PLE..’ (underlined letters Magdalene, c. 1450, on London, British Museum, Treasure in 2007. A buckle frame enamelled in black
are ligatured) and on the other ‘DOMINV / S / TECVM’ Harley 2915, fol. 152r). and white from Mildenhall, Wiltshire (381), almost
(Hail Mary Full of Grace, the Lord is with you). The missing suspension loop was probably lost in certainly made in London by makers recently identified
The central element has a niello fleur-de-lis.  antiquity from the attachment lug, and may have been from documentary sources, seems appropriate for
Dimensions: 137.5 x 57.8 x 9.4mm. Weight: 62.9g. the reason for the loss of the reliquary itself. the puritan taste of the mid 17th century. Despite
Discussion: Similar purse bars have been discussed Height: 38mm. Width: 30mm. Thickness: 0.5mm. the clear hallmarks on a late 17th-century silver shoe
by Ward Perkins (1940, 163–165), who classifies this Weight: 17.61g. buckle from Newport area, Isle of Wight (399), its
form as Type A2 – distinguished by the presence of an Discussion: The design and style of the iconography of maker has not been traced. From the Medieval/post-
inlaid religious or talismanic inscription and a lack of the pendant suggest it was probably made during the Medieval transitional period is a signet finger-ring with
ornament – and dates it to c. 1490. first half of the 16th century. Similar representations a crowned initial from Paul, Cornwall (323), from a well
Disposition: Returned to finder. from the Passion cycle appear in printed sources such known series. Later signet rings of gold are armorial,
as The Passyon of Christ (published by Wynkyn de such as that from Oulton, Staffordshire (343), while
P Reavill
Worde in 1532) and Meditationes Jordani de vita et another gold ring from Winterbourne, Wiltshire (345),
passione Iesu Christi (published by Richard Pynson in has 19 non-matching diamonds, which may have been
321. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: silver-gilt pendant 1513). The style of the flower designs is reminiscent acquired over a period of time. The finger-rings of
(PAS NMGW-9E8024; Treasure: Wales 07.7) of those in early 16th-century painted border patterns precious metals include several with amatory legends
Date: Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1550). from Llandeilo Tal-y-bont church, Pontarddulais. For an and, from the late 17th and 18th centuries, mourning
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in January engraved scene on a silver-gilt pendant within a plain rings named the deceased they commemorate:
2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds Co- circular border, dated to c. 1520, see Lightbown (1992: from Kensworth, Bedfordshire (402), Hawton,
ordinator, Wales). cat. no. 68). Circular frames also occur on late 15th- Nottinghamshire (403), Milbourne Port, Somerset
Description: A silver-gilt devotional pendant, of century reliquary pendant capsules. (410), Boxgrove, West Sussex (395), and Buttercrambe
rounded arch niche form, with one hinged door. The During the early 16th century, reliquary pendants with with Bossal, North Yorkshire (408). A silver decade
door is opened by removing a pin which slides through miniature cameo scenes, sometimes in enamelled gold, ring from Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire (351) is an
retaining tubes on the left of the pendant, which mirror were particularly popular. Many post-date a change in unusual accessory from the late 16th- or 17th-century
the appearance of the hinge on the right. The door liturgy that rendered osculatories obsolete, though the Catholic community, and from the mid 17th century
has a damaged openwork panel in its centre. Two cast, form of the Pembrokeshire pendant copies those of is another silver ring from Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan
haloed figures kneel within a beaded circular frame. The larger paxes (which were also kissed to celebrate the (366), with a pious motto on the inside. Also from the
figure on the left appears to be praying; the one on the unity of the church through the bond of charity) – for 17th century are a multiple-signet ring (awkward to
right appears to have arms crossed on the chest. When example, the retable for private devotion set as a pax wear) and a similar item with a much smaller central
the pendant is closed, these small figures appear to from the mid-15th century from the Ernest Brummer hole, respectively from Brearton, North Yorkshire (372),
flank a central figure visible inside. Collection (Spink and Son 1979: no. 252). Many such and Stanton Drew, Gloucestershire (373), both of
The main external faces, front and back, are engraved objects were converted into reliquary pendants, copper alloy and both with four different die motifs.
with flower motifs in the lower corners. On the front, intended to be worn as items of personal adornment
a bird with nimbus, wings outspread sits slightly off- and for devotional purposes such as meditation. From the early part of the period are further hooked
centre above the circular frame, in the top panel. The Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum clasps, including ones of silver from east Hertfordshire
back is engraved with a scene from the Passion of of Wales. (330), Carnforth, Lancashire (331), Kelsale, Suffolk
Christ, again within a plain circular frame. The knotted (329), and, with an early non-letter mark, from
M Redknap
rope binding Christ is depicted wrapped around the Wentlooge, Monmouthshire (332), and a contemporary

post-medieval
lower shaft of the cross, which has a stylised rendering cap hook, again of silver, from North Yorkshire area
of wood grain and knots. The head of Christ in Majesty, 322. Vernhams Dean, Hampshire: silver-gilt finger- (333), which have been the subject of a major synthesis
flanked by John (left) and (possibly) Mary or angels ring (PAS: WILT-BAB214; Treasure: 2007 T533) (Read 2008). Also among Treasure items are two silver
(right), fills the upper panel. This is probably a dove, Date: Medieval/Post-Medieval (c.1500–c.1600). filigree pins of similar date from Mercaston, Derbyshire
representing the Holy Spirit. Discovery: Found by Michael Ashton while metal- (335), and Durnford, Wiltshire (334), and a silver whistle
When the pendant is opened, a Trinity of haloed saints, detecting in September 2007, and reported to Katie of so-called ‘bosun’s’ type, though this one was found,
each standing on a small pedestal, is revealed. The Hinds (Wiltshire FLO). land-locked, at Garthorpe, Leicestershire (337). More
central figure is John the Baptist. His long hair extends Description: The ‘fede’ finger-ring’s bezel is formed of familiar are a pair of silver cufflinks from the late 17th
below the shoulders, and he appears to wear a long clasped hands surmounted by a crown, and the hoop century from south-east Lancashire (396). A copper-
cloak. Some of the moulding suggests a camel-hair is decorated with alternating floral and foliate motifs. alloy clog clasp from Guildford, Surrey (411), stamped
robe below his knee. John holds his emblem, an Agnus Much of the gilding remains on both the inner and ‘Liberty to America’, is a rare instance in this country
Dei on a book, to which his right hand appears to be outer surfaces. Diameter: 22mm. Weight: 4g. of an everyday, lower-class dress item with a slogan
pointing. To his left stands St Catherine, supporting Discussion: The love symbolised by the joined hands advocating American independence in the late 18th
her symbols – a broken wheel in her right hand, and is here emphasised by a crowned heart between century. A large, silver-gilt and enamelled, jewelled
her martyr’s palm leaf in her left hand. To John’s right the hands. pendant from Padstow, Cornwall (417), submitted as
stands Mary Magdalene. Tresses of her long hair are Disposition: Hampshire Museums Service hopes possible Treasure, is a 19th-century baroque-revival
suggested between the fingers of her right hand, and to acquire. piece, as produced in several European centres at
she holds a cylindrical jar in her left hand. This recalls that time.
N Awais-Dean
her anointing the feet of Christ with ointment and
wiping them with her long hair. Transverse moulding
Section editor and further research: Geoff Egan
Editor: Michael Lewis
140 MEDIEVAL post-medieval 141
 A large, Midlands-purple, ceramic domestic storage Lead cloth seals, which provide detailed evidence for 323. Paul, Cornwall: copper-alloy signet finger-ring moulded roundels, each with the same heraldic arms
vessel from Atcham, Shropshire (377) is of a form traded textiles, include the first known for a textile (PAS: CORN-67B346) – per pale, a demi eagle displayed, and three bends –
apparently previously unknown, while a small, woven in Courtenay in France, found in Nash Mills, the arms of Nuremberg, Germany, where this object
Date: Medieval/post-Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1550).
decorative glass bottle from Wimborne Minster, Dorset Hertfordshire (387). A copper-alloy crotal bell from was presumably made. Dimensions: 29.04 x 28.26mm.
Discovery: Found by Harry Manson while metal-
(400), probably from the late 17th or 18th century, Great Barton, Suffolk (325), perhaps for a horse harness, Weight: 27.98g.
detecting in August 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke
is probably of Iberian origin. The range of decorative has the arms of Nuremburg, and is a newly identified Discussion: Similar bells from Ickingham, Suffolk (SF-
(Cornwall FLO).
knife handles continues to expand, this year with one category of import from this important manufacturing BC7AB1), Gatcombe, Isle of Wight (IOW-D712F1), and
Description: Cast copper-alloy signet finger-ring, with
bearing the date 1526 from Gussage All Saints, Dorset centre in south Germany. Compton Abbas, Dorset (SOMDOR-0B1D95), have
an oval bezel with an incuse lombardic letter ‘R’ and
(346), and a 17th-century find from London (371) been recorded. They may have been for horse harnesses
crown above. The hoop is semicircular in section, but is
has re-used a thimble to strengthen the shoulder. A Toys include two fragments of possibly late 16th- to and may well date from the 15th to early 17th century,
mainly missing. Diameter: 25mm. Dimensions (bezel):
silver-gilt seal-top spoon from Oving, West Sussex early 17th-century lead ‘flat’ women figures from when jettons, thimbles and fustian textiles were being
17 x 11.7 x 9mm. Weight: 5.97g.
(378), was, from the marks stamped on it, probably Chiseldon, Wiltshire (355), and Pocklington area, East traded to England from southern Germany.
Discussion: This type of signet ring was popular in the
made by Robert Cotton in London in 1615–1616. A Yorkshire (356), while from Higher Kinnerton, Flintshire Disposition: Returned to finder.
late Medieval period (e.g. Saunders 1991: 46, fig. 12, no.
silver thimble from Kelvedon, Essex (369), also from (354), is a solid lead three-dimensional figurine, also of
19, from Wilton, Wiltshire, and another in the Salisbury F Minter
the 17th century, provides a further pious motto – ‘fear a woman, but apparently imitating the form of finely
Museum collections is dated to the 15th century; Egan
God only’. A possible 16th-century lead bird-feeder detailed, hollow-cast late 16th-century versions (so far
2005: 53, fig. 39, no. 236 from London, residual in a 326. Harlaston, Staffordshire: silver coin brooch
or water trough from Alberbury with Cardeston area, only found in London). A miniature, multiple copper-
later context, is similar but without a crown). (PAS: WMID-F4E937; Treasure: 2007 T627)
Shropshire (338), probably for a caged pet, is decorated alloy cauldron from Crowle, North Lincolnshire (357),
Disposition: Returned to finder.
with unidentified arms. More upmarket are two silver and of late 16th- or 17th-century date, combining Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1501–c. 1521).
shield-shaped vervel (hunting bird’s identification four vessels, may have been an unusual toy for a child A Tyacke Discovery: Found by Jeremy Rudge while metal-
tag) pendants, from south Herefordshire (339) and or a novelty for adults. A lead ‘hornbook’ from Belton detecting in June 2007, and reported to Duncan Slarke
Foulsham, Norfolk (347), which probably respectively and Manthorpe, Lincolnshire (389), from the reign of 324. Chettle, Dorset: copper-alloy pen (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
refer to Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk (1536–1576), and Charles II, adds to the rural focus of previous finds of (PAS: DOR-173638) Description: A silver soldino of Doge Leonardo
to Francis Mannock of Gifford’s Hall, Suffolk, also in the these educational toys, and there is a probable handle Loredano of Venice (r. 1501–1521), which has been
Date: Medieval/post-Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1550).
late 16th century, and there is an inscribed silver vervel from another from Penkridge, Staffordshire (394). converted into an item of jewellery by the addition of
Discovery: Found by David Cobb while metal-
ring inscribed to show it was from Chicheley, Berkshire, An incomplete lead-alloy figurine of the noted early a decorative and shaped face covering one side which,
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ciorstaidh
found in Emneth, Norfolk (352). Of related interest 19th-century Afro-Caribbean pugilist and former slave, presumably, was intended to be on view, whilst the
Hayward Trevarthen (Dorset FLO).
is a silver hawking whistle from Old Radnor, Powys Tom Molineaux, from Ryde, the Isle of Wight (414), actual coin face was not. The most likely interpretation
Description: A cast copper-alloy pen with a lozenge
(386). Silver seal matrices with unidentified arms come is a rare survival of the sort of souvenir figure more is that it has been made into a button, or maybe some
faceted shaft, now distorted. The shaft narrows into
from Ropley, Hampshire (397), Shenley, Hertfordshire familiar in ceramic form. A silver spur for cock-fighting other type of dress fastening. Dimensions: 12.8 x
a plain rod at the distal end and terminates in a
(374), Thurlaston, Leicestershire (393), and Udimore, from Snape, North Yorkshire (388), is difficult to date 3.97mm. Weight: 0.77g.
rounded knop. There is a similar plain section between
East Sussex (342), and another, from Coxhoe, County accurately, but probably earlier than the ban which Discussion: The soldini of early 16th century Venice,
the faceting and the lanceolate end. The latter has
Durham (376), has the motif of a skeleton holding an went onto the Statute Book in 1835. A copper-alloy especially those of Leonardo Loredano, were present
four curving, flat foils to hold the ink and tapers to a
hourglass. A base-metal fob seal from Broughton-in- pipe tamper in the form of an embracing couple, from in English currency in very large numbers. Known
point. Dimensions: 84.66 x 6.3 x 6.27mm.
Furness, Cumbria (406), with a stone, probably of glass, about the turn of the 19th century, from Bures area, as ‘galley-halfpence’, they functioned as unofficial
Weight: 5.96g.
reading ‘If I dare’, is likely to be a mass-produced item, Essex (405), parallels a previous find and adds to the halfpenny substitutes, since official small change
Discussion: A relatively unusual find in good
and another of gold from Landford, Wiltshire (418), erotica of this date. A small copper-alloy coffin from was in short supply. As English coin finds, such soldini
condition. There is a monastic site in the vicinity, from
reading ‘Remember me’ on a possible amethyst, was Kirkham, Lancashire (420), was probably used for a pet are probably more common than the contemporary
which this clerkly tool may have come (Egan 1998:
a more expensive version; one of silver from Wantage in the 19th century. English halfpennies. Despite their ubiquity, the English
no. 898 from London; see also NARC-7DB472).
Down area, Oxfordshire (370), has an exotic script government opposed the use of soldini and launched
Disposition: Returned to finder.
which has not yet been identified. A stone mould for casting single shot balls from London a campaign in the 1520s to prohibit their import and
(375) is an unusual item. A decorative sword found in C Hayward Trevarthen chase them out of currency, with apparent success.
A lead/tin ‘pilgrim’ badge from Barrow, Suffolk (327), Woolley, West Yorkshire (415), is of Indian origin and The main question for this object would be when
from the politically inspired cult for Henry VI based at probably dates to the 19th century. A copper-alloy 325. Great Barton, Suffolk: copper-alloy bell with the coin was converted into an item of jewellery.
Windsor under the early Tudors, is a reminder of its manilla (currency arm-band from West Africa) found heraldic arms (PAS: SF-A43191) In principle, this could have happened at any time
brief but wide popularity. From the middle of the next in Ilam, Staffordshire (353), follows others reported in between the 16th and 18th centuries, since there
Date: Medieval/post-Medieval (c. 1450–c. 1650).
century, from Tendring area, Essex (379), and Drayton previous years. A lead gaming piece for spinning, with seem to be no parallels that permit a more precise
Discovery: Found by Hugh Howcutt while metal-
Bassett, Staffordshire (380), are a couple of silver Hebrew letters to determine particular outcomes, dating of the ornamental addition. However, cautiously,
detecting in 2007, recorded by Faye Minter (Suffolk
pendants with the head of Charles I. Also, from east from Shalfleet, Isle of Wight (423), is probably of it may seem likely that the conversion would have
FLO) and identified by Edward Martin (Suffolk County
of Colchester, Essex (382), is a heart-shaped pendant 19th-century date and would have been used within occurred reasonably close to the coin’s period of
Council Archaeological Service).
with an inscription to the same monarch, and from the the Jewish community, sanctioned for gambling on a English currency and could even have come about as
Description: Cast copper-alloy clapper bell. It has a
Itchen Valley, Hampshire (384), comes a slightly later modest scale by the religious authorities. a consequence of the official campaign against its use.
silvery colour, perhaps due to a high lead/tin content.
silver medal of Charles II. Another silver medal, from Thus a date in the early decades of the 16th century
It has an integral suspension loop and is semicircular
Runhall, Norfolk (383), is dated 1650, but this time would seem probable.
in shape, with the lower edge having eight stepped,
with a pious inscription in German. Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
almost semicircular arches. The hollow inside of the
bell has a copper-alloy wire loop attached to the apex B Cook
and hanging from this is a solid copper-alloy pea. The
outer face of the bell is decorated with four integrally

142 post-medieval post-medieval 143

 327. Barrow, Suffolk: lead pilgrim badge Discussion: This hooked tag appears to be a variation 332. Wentlooge, Monmouthshire: silver-gilt hooked- has five circles surrounding a central cinquefoil, each
(PAS: SF-461CD7) on the typology proposed by Gaimster et al. (2002). As clasp (PAS: NMGW-9F0C64; Treasure: Wales 07.22) containing a quatrefoil. At the centre of each foil and
it is composite it would belong to Group I, but it differs above and below each foil is a knop (though some are
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1530). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600).
in that its transverse loop is integral to the front-plate missing through wear). The pin-head is still gilded but
Discovery: Found by Mr Frankham while metal- Discovery: Found by James Manley while metal-
rather than soldered onto the back-plate. This position, this has worn off the knops. The shank of the pin, which
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter detecting during October 2007, and reported to Mark
and its being in one with the front-plate, is more narrows towards the point, is slightly damaged and a
(Suffolk FLO). Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
typical of accessories of Group II versions, which are little bent. Diameter (head): c. 15mm. Length (shank):
Description: A cast lead pilgrim badge, now worn. It is Description: Silver-gilt dress-hook with a trefoil back-
normally cast in one. c. 52mm. Weight: 6.53g.
circular with a border of three concentric circles, each plate cut from a sheet and indented by filing, to which
Disposition: Acquired by Colchester & Ipswich Disposition: Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum hopes
of small pellets around a (possible) standing facing a separate hook and bar loop have been soldered on
Museum Service. to acquire.
figure. On the back are an integrally cast pin and clasp. the reverse. Soldered to the front are three hollow,
Diameter: 17mm. Weight: 1.78g. F Minter hemispherical bosses, each decorated with three single- K Hinds
Discussion: This badge is similar to a slightly larger one strand ‘rope-twist’ filigree wire circlets, arranged around
from London, which depicts Henry VI (r. 1422–1461 & 330. East Hertfordshire: silver-gilt hooked clasp a small granulated pellet at the mid-point of each 335. Mercaston, Derbyshire: silver-gilt dress-pin
1470–1471) holding an orb, which was excavated from (PAS: BH-E15835; Treasure: 2007 T211) dome. Holding a flat, central disc is a dome-headed (PAS: DENO-D3CCD3; Treasure: 2007 T192)
an early 16th-century context (Spencer 1998: 189–190 split pin, which passes through the centre of the back-
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600).
& 208). A politically inspired cult celebrating Henry VI plate, between the three bosses. The gilding does not
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in April Discovery: Found by Harry Taylor while metal-
was developed under the early Tudors. appear to extend to the hook.
2007, and reported to Julian Watters (Bedfordshire & detecting in March 2007, and reported to Rachel
Disposition: Returned to finder. A maker’s mark has been punched onto the hook’s
Hertfordshire FLO). Atherton (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO).
shaft, at the point where it has been attached to the
F Minter Description: A silver dress-hook, book-shaped with Description: A silver pin with a spherical head divided
back-plate. This is in the unusual, presumably early,
projecting knops and foliate elements supporting a into two halves, each decorated with applied filigree
form of four triangular indents, making a cruciform
328. Bluntisham, Cambridgeshire: silver trefoil hook at the top. The front is gilt, with a heart and and spiral ornament, and a knop at the top. The tip of
stamp. Length (including hook): 19.5mm. Width
hooked clasp (PAS: BH-01C693; Treasure: 2007 T26) three lobes in filigree. On the back is a rectangular bar the shaft has been bent back on itself.
(back-plate): 14.4mm. Weight: 3g. Surface analysis:
attachment. For a more complex example of this form Diameter (head): 7mm.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). approximately 97% silver and 3% copper.
see TAR 2003: no. 239 (also two in the British Museum: Discussion: A relatively small example of a type
Discovery: Found by Luke Denham while metal- Disposition: Newport Art Gallery & Museum hopes
2003, 3–1,1 & 2003, 3–1,2). frequently reported as Treasure.
detecting in 2006, and reported to Julian Watters to acquire.
Disposition: Acquired by Ware Museum; both finder Disposition: Acquired by Derby Museum and Art
(Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO) in 2007. and landowner donated their share. M Redknap Gallery.
Description: A silver dress-hook with a triangular,
nicked back-plate. The trefoil ornament comprises three D Thornton D Thornton
lobes with applied filigree knops and spiral decoration. 333. North Yorkshire: silver-gilt cap hook
At the centre a dome-headed pin is attached with a (PAS: YORYM-68E976; Treasure: 2007 T182)
331. Carnforth area, Lancashire: silver hooked clasp 336. Emneth, Norfolk: silver rumbler bell
butterfly clip to the back-plate, holding a small silver (PAS: LANCUM-6E9692; Treasure: 2007 T319) Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). (PAS: NMS-2C2226; Treasure: 2007 T306)
petal-shaped element at the centre front. On the back, Discovery: Found by Geoff Bambrook while metal-
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600).
a recurving hook and a rectangular bar for attachment detecting in November 2004, and reported to Dave
Discovery: Found by Martin Head while metal- Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in May 2007,
are soldered on. Dimensions: 22.2 x 16.8 x 8.6mm. Evans (North & East Yorkshire FLA) in 2007.
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Dot and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO).
Weight: 3.76g. Description: A silver accessory, cast in one in the form
Boughton (Cumbria & Lancashire FLO). Found with 352.
Discussion: This is a classic 16th-century type often of a rose with radiating petals and projecting knops.
Description: A cast silver dress-hook composed of a Description: A spherical silver rumbler bell, cast in
reported as Treasure. There are traces of gilding on the front. On the back are
lozenge-shaped plate, with circlets and knops on the two halves and soldered together, now in two pieces.
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. the remains of a single hook, suggesting that this may
outer edge. It is likely the object would originally have There is a slot with rounded ends cut into the base, and
have been a cap accessory in which the hook doubled
D Thornton had a central quatrefoil flower (this would have been a circular suspension loop is integrally cast with the
back on itself.
attached by the rivet, which survives, through the upper half. The bell has a cylindrical copper-alloy pea,
Discussion: For a comparable item, with the hook still
329. Kelsale cum Carlton, Suffolk: silver-gilt circular perforation in the centre). On the back is a simple knop. and a separate applied corded rib on the upper half at
in situ, but with a scene of the Crucifixion, see TAR
hooked clasp (PAS: SF-E85546; Treasure: 2007 T713) Its transverse bar and hook are intact. Dimensions: the seam, part of the way around the girth.
2003: no. 240, from Raydon, Suffolk.
30.93 x 23.4mm. Weight: 6.31g. Dimensions: 15 x 12mm. Weight: 1.54g.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire.
Discussion: Similar are examples from Chelsham Court Discussion: Copper-alloy bells of similar construction
Discovery: Found by Richard Calver while metal- Farm, Surrey (Gaimster et al. 2002), which retains the D Thornton but with separately made suspension loops and iron
detecting in October 2007, and reported to Faye central quatrefoil flower, and a dress-hook from East pea (normally rather larger than this one) were in use
Minter (Suffolk FLO). Keal, Lincolnshire (TAR 2004: no. 270). as dress accessories in the 16th century (Egan and
Description: An incomplete, composite silver-gilt 334. Durnford, Wiltshire: silver-gilt dress-pin
Disposition: Acquired by Lancashire County Museums (PAS: WILT-6E7454; Treasure: 2007 T89) Pritchard 1991: 337–339; Egan 2005: 57).
dress-hook, comprising a circular front-plate with seven Service. Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum.
evenly spaced knops and a central floral motif with Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600).
eleven oval petals, and a separate domed rivet which D Boughton Discovery: Found by David Martin while metal- S J Ashley
holds the front-plate to a flat back-plate. Projecting detecting in January 2007, and reported to Katie Hinds
from the upper edge of the former are the remains of (Wiltshire FLO).
an integral, transverse rectangular loop. The recurving Description: A silver-gilt dress-pin with a heavy
hook is soldered to the back plate opposite the spherical head, decorated with applied filigree
incomplete loop. Length: 21.4mm. Weight: 2.16g. ornament on two hemispheres. Each hemisphere

144 post-medieval post-medieval 145

 337. Garthorpe, Leicestershire: silver ‘bosun’s’ 339. South Herefordshire: enamelled silver armorial 341. Whitchurch area, Cheshire: gold finger-ring 344. Holme, North Lincolnshire: gold finger-ring
whistle (PAS: LEIC-757733; Treasure: 2007 T707) (possible) vervel pendant (PAS: HESH-A49557; (PAS: LVPL-00A457; Treasure: 2007 T156) (PAS: NLM-BE8630; Treasure: 2007 T120)
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). Treasure: 2007 T544) Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1650). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1700).
Discovery: Found by Ray Howitt while metal-detecting Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). Discovery: Found by Barry Lambert while metal- Discovery: Found by Reg Robinson while metal-
in September 2007, and reported to Wendy Scott Discovery: Found by Chris Chandler while metal- detecting in March 2007, and reported to Frances detecting in February 2007, and reported to Lisa Staves
(Leicestershire FLO). detecting in 2007, and reported to Peter Reavill McIntosh (North West FLO). (North Lincolnshire FLO).
Description: A complete silver whistle of tapering (Shropshire & Herefordshire FLO). Description: A small gold finger-ring, now slightly Description: A finger-ring with a D-shaped band, now
form, cut from sheet, with two collars, opening out into Description: Cast and enamelled silver shield-shaped distorted, with a foliate design on the external surface squashed slightly out of shape, the exterior chased with
a hollow-cast sphere with an opening on the upper pendant with attachment ring. The front is engraved and inscribed inside ‘+ DON + DAMI’ (gift of a friend) scrolls. An inscription engraved on the inside of the
surface. There is an S-shaped grip soldered at two with a lion rampant on a field of red enamel. Areas followed by a sprig. Very slight traces of black enamel hoop reads
points on the lower side. of the enamel have been lost from the upper parts are visible on both the inner and outer faces. ‘IN+TEMPORE+CAVE’ (beware in time) and is framed
Discussion: This is, in form at least, a bosun’s whistle, of the shield, showing that the surface beneath was Discussion: The style of the capital letter inscription is by stars. The words are followed by a scroll. Diameter
as used for giving orders and other signalling on board roughened as keying. The back is inscribed on four lines: comparable with those on several rings of similar date. (external): 19.8mm. Weight: 1.83g.
ship and as a badge of status in the navy, though T / NOR/FOC/K. The workmanship is of a high quality. Disposition: Nantwich Museum hoped to acquire, Discussion: The scrollwork is similar to that on a
this one was found in a land-locked county. They are Dimensions: 19.6 x 1.3mm. Weight 1.31g. but withdrew; returned to finder. couple of rings published by Dalton (1912: nos. 1902
generally dated to the 16th century, but the form Discussion: Vervels, most commonly in the form of & 2025).
N Awais-Dean
continues today. Similar whistles are in the collections rings, would have been attached to the legs of hunting Disposition: Acquired by North Lincolnshire Museums
of the National Maritime Museum (PT 0457) and birds to identify the owner. They are often inscribed Service.
Museum of London – six have been found on the with the owner’s name, residence or coat of arms. 342. Udimore, East Sussex: silver seal matrix
(PAS: SUSS-70D736; Treasure: 2007 T95) N Awais-Dean
Thames foreshore and during archaeological excavation They fulfil the same function as modern racing pigeon
(Egan 2005: 124, fig. 118, nos. 594 & 596–597), a rings. The arms gules a lion rampant argent are those Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1700).
couple being from late 16th- to early 17th-century of the FitzAlan earls of Arundel, a title inherited by the Discovery: Found by Alan Charman while metal- 345. Winterbourne, Wiltshire: gold finger-ring
contexts. All of these are of lead/tin (see also TAR 2002: Howard dukes of Norfolk with the marriage of Thomas, detecting in December 2006, and reported to Liz (PAS: WILT-637426; Treasure: 2007 T317)
no. 125, which may be of similar date). the 4th duke (1536–1576), to Mary FitzAlan. Andrews-Wilson (Sussex FLO) in 2007. Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1525–1575).
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. Disposition: Hereford Museum & Art Gallery hopes Description: A silver seal matrix with an incomplete, Discovery: Found by Simon Law while metal-detecting
to aquire. decorative handle and oval face, which has the crude in 2007, and reported to Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO).
D Thornton
image of a bee keeper, standing on an exergue line. Description: Gold finger-ring with 19 diamonds of
P Reavill
In front of him is a bell-shaped beehive, mounted on various cuts set around the hoop. One stone is missing
338. Alberbury with Cardeston area, Shropshire: four thin legs, formed from two A-frames. There are from the back of the hoop. The style of the ring is
lead-alloy bird-feed or water container 340. Llancarfan, Vale of Glamorgan: seven stylised bees flying above, and the whole design reminiscent of a belt and the bezel is in the form of a
(PAS: HESH-005348) silver-gilt dress-hook loop is enclosed within a plain border. Dimensions: 16.5 x buckle. The inside, as well as the top and bottom of the
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). (PAS: NMGW-B0C420; Treasure: Wales 07.01) 15.4 x 11.8mm. Weight: 5.5g. hoop, have also been enamelled in black to continue
Discovery: Found by Ian Collins while metal-detecting Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. this effect of a belt and buckle. Dimensions: 26 x
in 2007, and recorded by Peter Reavill (Herefordshire & Discovery: Found by Mr P D Halford while metal- 18mm. Weight: 3.5g.
L Andrews-Wilson
Shropshire FLO). detecting in November 2006, and reported to Discussion: A ring with stones set around the hoop is
Description: A slightly distorted container, originally Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). a rare survival. Regular wear could explain the missing
D-shaped in plan. The right-angled rim is slightly bent Description: Silver-gilt decorative roundel which once 343. Oulton, Staffordshire: gold finger-ring stone. The belt-and-buckle motif was fairly common,
over. There is a casting seam on the two long sides and adorned the front of a dress-hook loop, to the back of (PAS: WMID-3DDE65; Treasure: 2007 T385) used in the Middle Ages and continuing today. The
the base. The container is still about half-filled with soil, which are soldered three sections of wire (which when Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1700). stones have been set deeply and it appears as if they
the upper part of which was subject to flotation, but complete formed the trefoil loop for the hook). The Discovery: Found by Sylvia Harris while gardening have been pushed into pitch. The variation in the cuts
no organic material was present. The back, sides and slightly domed silver-gilt boss has a border of ‘cable- in October 2005, and reported to Angie Bolton of the stones points to the mid 16th century (by the
base are flat and undecorated, while the front, originally twist’ filigree wire, wound in a spiral to create two (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO) in 2007. early part of the next century cutting had become
curved, has a chevron, with two crosses and an strands. Within this, there are five cable-twist ‘filigree’ Description: A gold signet ring, the hoop expanding at more regularised). Given the crudeness of the goldwork
indistinct motif above and five pellets below, perhaps wire circlets, and a small granulated pellet in the the shoulders to the oval bezel, which is set vertically. and the poor quality of the enamel used, it is possible
as a foliate design. Dimensions: 42.7 x 36.5 x 21.4mm. interspace. Diameter: 9.4mm. Weight: 0.49g. Surface The bezel is engraved as a shield with a coat of arms: that the diamonds were bought loose, perhaps over a
Weight: 94.47g. analysis: approximate metal content of 96% silver and per pale, a tower of three turrets set on rocks, with a period of time, to be set into the ring as a display of
Discussion: Similar containers have been found in 4% copper. lozenge to either side of the tower; a lion rampant. The the owner’s wealth.
London and Devon; (Read 1995: 127–128, fig. 811). Disposition: National Museum of Wales hopes bezel is edged by a beaded border. Disposition: Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum
Disposition: Returned to finder. to acquire. Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. hopes to acquire.
P Reavill M Redknap N Awais-Dean N Awais-Dean

146 post-medieval post-medieval 147

 346. Gussage All Saints, Dorset: copper-alloy knife- transversely between the surviving words. Dimensions: Discussion: Rings in the form of a belt and buckle, 353. Ilam, Staffordshire: copper-alloy manilla
handle terminal (PAS: DOR-55A6C1) 23 x 9 x 1mm. often for lovers, were popular in Europe from around (PAS: WMID-22DE66)
Discussion: For a similar example see TAR 2004: the 14th century onwards.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1526). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550–c. 1945).
no. 300. Evans (1931) records a number of spelling Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum;
Discovery: Found by Martin Green while metal- Discovery: Found by Julian Lee while metal-
variations of the inscription ‘Be True in Heart’ but none landowner donated his share.
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Ciorstaidh detecting in 2007, and recorded by Caroline Johnson
matches this one exactly. It is possible, but purely
Hayward Trevarthen (Dorset FLO). A Rogerson & N Awais-Dean (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
speculative, that ‘be’ has been removed by the cutting
Description: Copper-alloy knife-handle terminal, with Description: A complete cast copper-alloy manilla
of the ring (Spencer 1998: 322–323, fig. 321d).
the stub of the iron tang. The object is sub-oval and 351. Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire: with probable silver coating. This is a small penannular
Disposition: Acquired by Gloucester City Museum; the
is open at one end for attachment of the tang. Both silver decade finger-ring arm bangle/bracelet comprising a circular-sectioned
landowner donated their share.
faces have the date 1526 recessed, with a white inlay. (PAS: WAW-CB51A1; Treasure: 2007 T207) curved rod of a standard thickness, with expanded and
Above and below the date, on both sides, is a linear N Awais-Dean flattened sub-oval terminals. There is a slight ridge from
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550–c. 1700).
groove and the flat top edge also has three oblique the casting seam running the length of each terminal
Discovery: Found by Don Fowkes while metal-
grooves. Dimensions: 14.83 x 14.01 x 6.9mm. 349. Swallowfield area, Oxfordshire: gold finger-ring base, which has been filed down leaving numerous
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Angie Bolton
Weight: 6.37g. (PAS: BERK-BAB9D4; Treasure: 2007 T489) marks. The object is overall slightly worn but in good
(Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO).
Discussion: While knife-handle terminals are found in condition with a smooth light grey/green patina.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550– c. 1700). Description: A silver decade ring, comprising a large
great variety, it is unusual to find such an early dated Dimensions: 57.5 x 59.5 x 8.5mm. Weight: 73.7g.
Discovery: Found while gardening in 2007, and D-section hoop with ten knops riveted to the exterior
example. It is possible that this was from one of a pair Discussion: Manillas were used as a form of money on
reported to Charlotte Burrill (Berkshire & Oxfordshire at regular intervals. The bezel is a larger flattened knop
for a wedding or other commemorative gift. the West African coast from the 16th century to the
FLO). engraved with the sacred monogram ‘I-H-S’, above
Disposition: Returned to finder. mid 20th century.They are hard to date as they were
Description: A gold posy ring, slightly distorted. The which is a cross; to the base of the monogram are three
made in the same way, using the same metals with
C Hayward Trevarthen hoop is decorated with flower designs, hearts and other nails. On the internal face are slight indications of the
the same decoration over a long period (Anna Tyacke,
decorative motifs. Some enamel has survived on the rivets at the points corresponding to the knops on the
Cornwall FLO, personal communication). This present
347. Foulsham, Norfolk: silver shield-shaped vervel outside – colours that remain are white, green, blue and exterior. 
find is similar to an example in the Royal Institution of
(PAS: NMS-1EB356; Treasure: 2007 T679) black. The inside is inscribed ‘Kindly take this for my Discussion: Decade rings were a form of rosary used
Cornwall’s collections that was recorded with the PAS
sake’. Traces of black enamel remain in the lettering. for repeating Ave and Paternoster prayers. The smaller
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550–c. 1625). (CORN-31B3A7) which came from the shipwreck of
Dimensions: 20 x 3.7 x 1.15mm. Weight: 2.3g. knops were to count the Aves and the larger bezel
Discovery: Found by Andrew Carter while metal- the Duoro, which was lost off the Isles of Scilly on 27
Discussion: The internal inscription, as on many lovers’ represents the Paternoster. They were introduced
detecting in October 2007, and reported to Erica Darch January 1843 en route to Africa.
rings and some others, remained secret to all but the around the 10th century. Since they were more discreet
(Norfolk FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder.
wearer and donor. than rosary beads they became popular during times of
Description: A silver pendant shield, probably from a
Disposition: Oxfordshire Museums Service hopes religious persecution, particularly in the 16th century. C Johnson
vervel, with an integral loop at the top. The shield is
to acquire. There is one comparable example in British Museum
engraved on both faces: ‘Fr Man / nock of / giffardes /
(Dalton 1912: no. 800), but this has a cruder inscription 354. Higher Kinnerton, Flintshire: lead toy figurine
hall  //  in Stoke / in Suf. / esquire’. Dimensions: 10 x N Awais-Dean
on the bezel and was cast in one piece (see also (PAS: LVPL-834150)
17mm. Weight: 0.46g.
SOMDOR-7E6495).
Discussion: Two similar objects are illustrated in TAR 350. Edgefield, Norfolk: gold finger-ring Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1575–c. 1600).
Disposition: Warwickshire Museum hopes to acquire.
2004, nos. 319 & 320; see also 339 in this report. The (PAS: NMS-411415; Treasure: 2007 T359) Discovery: Found by Lawrence Moulsdale while metal-
owner was either Francis Mannock of Gifford’s Hall, N Awais-Dean detecting in 2007, and recorded by Frances McIntosh
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550– c. 1700).
Stoke by Nayland, Suffolk, who inherited the property (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO).
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in June/July
in 1558, or his grandson, Sir Francis Mannock, who 352. Emneth, Norfolk: silver hawking vervel Description: Solid lead figurine of a lady wearing a
2007, and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO).
inherited in 1616, referring to a time before he was (PAS: NMS-2C1204; Treasure: 2007 T305) full-length, pleated dress. The head is slightly damaged.
Description: An enamelled gold finger-ring in the form
created a baronet in 1627. Of the two, the first seems It is similar to, but cruder than, several highly detailed
of a belt and buckle, inscribed on the inside ‘TOVT + Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550–c. 1700).
the more likely. hollow versions from London, which are assigned to
PAR + AMOVR +’ (all through/for love). The slightly Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in May 2007,
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum. the late Elizabethan period. Dimensions: 62 x 21mm.
distorted hoop (the belt) is formed from two strips and and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). Found
Weight: 86.4g.
S J Ashley is decorated with a running vine scroll, except beyond with 336.
Discussion: It is significant as it is the first solid
the buckle, where four pin holes are represented by Description: Silver hawk-ring or vervel, flat-sectioned
example of the series recorded, and also the first
348. Newent, Gloucestershire: silver-gilt finger-ring double concentric rings (separated by transverse lines). with an engraved inscription around one face that reads
outside London. This is presumably a cheaper version
(PAS: GLO-19A336; Treasure: 2007 T383) The buckle is shown as double-looped with pointed ‘·m’ Come·buck of Chichly’ (Chicheley, Berkshire); there
than the London finds, but more sophisticated than
ends, and large lobes at both ends of the bar. The belt is a small nick above the initial m. Diameter: 11mm.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1550–c. 1660). the ‘flats’, like 355–356 (see Forsyth and Egan 2005:
passes through the buckle to be folded over and tucked Weight: 0.57g.
Discovery: Found by Mark Powles while metal- nos. 4.13–16 & 4.19 for examples of the finer ones
back under itself. The rounded end is decorated with Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum.
detecting in June 2007, and reported to Kurt Adams found in London).
a motif that perhaps represents a strap-end. A small
(Gloucestershire FLO). S J Ashley Disposition: Returned to finder.
patch of white enamel survives within the buckle, and
Description: The ring is formed of a broad flat band
part of a ring of blue around one pin hole. A thick line F McIntosh
with exterior ridges in relief at the top and bottom.
of blue enamel is visible along the edges of the gap
In between is the inscription: ‘+ HART x…x TRV’.
between two lengths of belt, while a minute speck of
The inscription is set between two bands of raised
green enamel on the inner face is perhaps accidental.
circular bosses, and here and along the edges the
Diameter (internal): 15.5–17.5mm. Weight: 4.3g.
gilding is worn. The hoop has been neatly cut through

148 post-medieval post-medieval 149

 355. Chiseldon, Wiltshire: lead toy figurine 357. Crowle, North Lincolnshire: copper-alloy toy 359. Stoulton, Worcestershire: lead cloth seal 361. Everleigh, Wiltshire: gold finger-ring
(PAS: WILT-1C62D7) multiple cauldron (PAS: NLM-5A2185) (PAS: WAW-79D3C6) (PAS: WILT-BA3553; Treasure: 2007 T516)
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1575–c. 1700). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1575–c. 1700). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1590–c. 1620). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700).
Discovery: Found by Mark Gillett while metal- Discovery: Found by David Seddon while metal- Discovery: Found by John Bridgewater while metal- Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in September
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds detecting in 2007, and recorded by Lisa Staves (North detecting in 2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton 2007, and reported to Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO).
(Wiltshire FLO). Lincolnshire FLO). (Warwickshire and Worcestershire FLO). Description: A gold posy ring with a D-section hoop,
Description: Fragment of a flattish lead female figurine Description: Incomplete cast copper-alloy miniature Description: A fragment of a proforma cast lead cloth slightly distorted, engraved on the inside ‘the love
comprising torso and arms. Inverted Vs fill the V-shaped cauldron, cast in a quadruple form. Each of the four seal. The seal is a sub-rectangular spade shape. The Is true that I O U x’. Preceding the inscription is a
body on the front and back. The body has a slightly cauldrons has a rectangular foot decorated with three integrally cast legend reads ‘[…] / XXII / XVIII / ?E’. The damaged word; all that can be discerned are flourishes
trapezoidal section and the triangular-section arms incised lines and a handle on the side, though two second disc is missing but the flattened rivet shows the of the initial capital, possible ‘T’, and an end letter,
are flat at the back and angled at the front. The back handles are missing. Dimensions: 38.7 x 29.7mm. seal had been attached to a cloth. Dimensions: 23.14 x possibly ‘e’, perhaps for ‘Trust’. Following this is an
has a central vertical rib, which on the front is wider Weight: 56.86g. 18.42mm. Weight: 4.4g. illegible stamp, probably a maker’s mark.
and less pronounced. The arms are angled outwards Discussion: The purpose of creating a quadruple form Discussion: The numerals on this cloth seal are the Diameter: 22mm. Weight: 2.6g.
then inwards to rest on the narrow waist; they have of the cauldron toy is still unclear. However, vessels dimensions, as required by law, of a particular variety Discussion: This particular inscription is recorded by
transverse hatching on the back. The breaks at top known as ‘fuddling’ vessels have been recorded as of cloth; 22 is probably the length in yards while 18 Evans (1931: 95), and a ring in the British Museum has
and bottom of the body at the neck and waist are old. full size ceramics and were produced from the 17th is probably its weight in pounds. The ‘E’ could well be the same inscription, although the final three letters are
Dimensions: 18 x 26mm. Weight: 3.5g. century as novelty pieces. These ‘fuddling cups’ were from ‘searched’, meaning the cloth had been examined in lower case.
Discussion: This is similar to hollow examples from vessels with three or more small cups with interlinked by the government’s textile officials, who measured Disposition: Wiltshire Heritage Museum hoped to
London published by Forsyth and Egan (2005: 155, fig. handles and joined together through small holes in the and weighed each cloth to check it conformed to the acquire, but withdrew; returned to finder.
4.19), who suggest these are cheaper versions of hollow walls (see SWYOR-6C64B4 for a three-cup miniature). specifications. ‘Searched’ was then stamped in the
N Awais-Dean
three-dimensional figurines from the late 16th to late The idea was to drink from one without spilling the blank area below the figures when the seal was fixed
17th centuries. contents of the others. Although cooking vessels have to the textile, so it could be seen on the market stall.
Disposition: Returned to finder. no ‘fuddling cup’ parallel, it seems that this miniature is This seal dates from the late 16th century to about 362. Kenn, North Somerset: gold finger-ring
some sort of novelty piece. 1620, and is probably the first of this type discovered (PAS: GLO-EF2971; Treasure: 2007 T5)
K Hinds Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700).
Disposition: Returned to finder. in Worcestershire. The PAS has recorded four other
similar proforma cloth seals: LIN-57C813 from Lenton Discovery: Found by Jon Hill while metal-detecting
356. Pocklington area, East Yorkshire: lead toy L Staves in October 2006, and reported to Kurt Adams
Keisby and Osgodby, Lincolnshire; WAW-F76B32
figurine (PAS: YORYM-5C25C7) from Evesham, Worcestershire; NMS-C9B764 from (Gloucestershire FLO).
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1575–c. 1700). 358. Beaumont area, Essex: copper-alloy socketed Quidenham, Norfolk; and SWYOR-DAB180 from Description: A gold finger-ring, with a plain band with
Discovery: Found by Bernard Ross while metal- candlestick (PAS: ESS-C40E64) Clifton, South Yorkshire (Egan 1996: 58–59, fig. 26, a D-shaped cross-section, and an inscription in the
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1575–c. 1700). nos. 117–119). inside face which reads ‘A frindes gifte’ (a friend’s gift).
(North & East Yorkshire FLO) and Jim Halliday (finds Discovery: Found by Peter Bohannon while metal- Disposition: Returned to finder. Diameter: 15mm. Weight: 1.5g.
expert). detecting in Autumn 2007, and recorded by Laura Disposition: Acquired by North Somerset Museum.
A Bolton
Description: A cast lead toy fragment. This is part of McLean (Essex FLO). K Adams
the skirt from a flat female figurine, decorated on both Description: Cast copper-alloy candlestick. The
sides. One face has a grid pattern and the other has incomplete socket has an everted rim and an expanded 360. Market Rasen, Lincolnshire: gold finger-ring
four parallel lines, two on either side, flanking a zigzag moulding at the bottom. The stem has a bladed knop (PAS: 1917F7; Treasure: 2007 T143) 363. Westbury-on-Severn, Gloucestershire: gold
design. The remains of four copper-alloy rivets with and a lower, bulbous moulding, from which the rebated Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). finger-ring (PAS: GLO-195C52; Treasure: 2007 T333)
lead caps suggest that this example had been attached attachment rivet protrudes; the basal dish is missing. It Discovery: Found by Dean Wilson while metal- Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700).
to a base enabling it to stand up. Dimensions: 39 x 22 x has a dull grey patina with small flecks of green copper detecting in March 2007, and reported to Lisa Staves Discovery: Found by Timothy Denning while metal-
2.6mm. Weight: 11.64g. corrosion. A break at the base of the stem is old but (North Lincolnshire FLO). detecting in May 2007, and reported to Kurt Adams
Discussion: Similar toys can be seen in Forsyth and those in the socket appear more recent, though there is Description: A gold finger-ring with a D-shaped band. (Gloucestershire FLO).
Egan (2005: 155, fig. 4.19). Although few lead toys of some wear. Length: 96.33mm. Weight: 122.61g. The complex bezel holds out a colourless cut stone and Description: A small gold ring with a D-shaped hoop.
this period are found outside London in rural locations, Disposition: Donated to Colchester and Ipswich it is backed by a heart with pale blue enamel covering Inscribed on the inside is ‘Thy light is my delight’.
there is a concentration in Yorkshire. No parallel is Museums Service. most of it, although much is chipped. Two tapered There are traces of black enamel within the lettering.
known for the riveting. grooves run along the top and bottom of each shoulder, Dimensions: 18 x 2.5mm.
L McLean Disposition: Dean Heritage Centre hoped to acquire,
Disposition: Returned to finder. and within these, further pale blue enamel is evident;
there are also very slight traces of black enamel. but withdrew; returned to finder.
L Andrews-Wilson
Diameter: 18.2mm. Weight: 2g. Analysis revealed the
N Awais-Dean
transparent stone to be rock crystal.
Discussion: This finger-ring is very similar to an
example found in Hawkhurst, Kent (TAR 2004: no. 313),
and there are many comparable examples in the British
Museum dated to the 1600s (Dalton 1912).
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
N Awais-Dean

150 post-medieval post-medieval 151

 364. Soham area, Cambridgeshire: gold finger-ring Discussion: The ring has a form and style of lettering Disposition: Acquired by Braintree Museum; landowner band, slightly oval in section. Each bezel is oval and
(PAS: SF-3A8B11; Treasure: 2007 T163) typical for the 17th century. The style of lettering may donated their share. each has a different design cut into it. They are all
be compared with that on a 17th-century posy ring arranged with the long axis along the band of the ring,
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). C McDonald
inscribed ‘PITYE THE POOWR’, with similar crosslets but the designs have different orientations. The first is
Discovery: Found by Jeffery Banks while metal-
and floral stop, from London (Murdoch 1991: no. 124). orientated with the narrow ends forming the top and
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Faye Minter 370. Wantage Down area, Oxfordshire: inscribed
Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum bottom – the design is a shield with: a bird (probably
(Suffolk FLO). silver seal matrix (PAS: BERK-B9F5A5; Treasure:
of Wales. a hunting bird) facing left (described from the matrix)
Description: A gold finger-ring, now distorted. The 2007 T487) with the letters ‘IW’ above (on the impression); the
outer face of the band has eight evenly spaced circular M Redknap
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). next bezel is horizontally aligned, with a cockerel
bosses with a twisted rope-like motif around each
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in September facing left (described from the matrix); the next, also
one. The edges of the band are moulded, and there are 367. Emneth, Norfolk: silver-gilt finger-ring 2007, and reported to Charlotte Burrill (Berkshire & horizontal, shows a bird of prey advancing to the left
opposing pairs of small rectangular knops between (PAS: NMS-2C5DA4; Treasure: 2007 T307) Oxfordshire FLO). (from the matrix) holding a small animal in its beak; the
each circular boss. The inner face of the ring is inscribed
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). Description: A fob seal, perhaps of base silver. The final matrix is horizontal but the opposite way up to
‘No fancy Strang Shall make me chang’ (I will love no
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in May/June fluted handle has an integral suspension loop. The face the others, and it shows a quadruped with a long tail,
other). Some of the letters contain traces of the original
2007, and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). is roughly engraved with three letters and four stars passant left (from the matrix) – it looks like a dog but
black enamel. Dimensions: 23.6 x 18.3mm.
Description: A silver finger-ring with a circular-section within pearled border. The non-European script, possibly may be intended to be a lion. Dimensions: 34.1 x 33.5 x
Weight: 8.88g.
hoop (now slightly distorted) and a separate soldered, Armenian, has so far not been identified definitively, 13.4mm. Weight: 24.8g.
Discussion: The style of the lettering is similar to
gilded openwork bezel in the form of a knot decorated but the shape of the seal suggests roughly the date Discussion: Several seal matrices with multiple designs
examples from Pinhoe, Devon, and Bungay, Suffolk
with filigree. Dimensions: 25 x 20mm. Weight: 1.77g. above. Dimensions: 21.4 x 18.8mm. Weight: 8.5g. are known, such as 373, but no parallel for a multiple-
(TAR 2003: nos. 271 & 272), although these have less
Discussion: The ring is similar to a larger and more Disposition: Oxfordshire Museums Service hopes device finger-ring has been traced.
elaborate D-shaped sectioned hoops. No parallel for the
elaborate mid 17th-century example with an internal to acquire. Deposition: Returned to finder.
inscription has been traced.
inscription (Oman 1974: pl. 59f).
Disposition: Acquired by Ely Museum. D Thornton A Cooper
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum.
F Minter & N Awais-Dean
E B Darch 371. City of London, London: iron knife 373. Stanton Drew, Gloucestershire: copper-alloy
(PAS: LON-AEEE42) quadruple seal matrix (PAS: GLO-F89AF1)
365. Buckingham, Buckinghamshire: gold finger-ring
368. Lapley, Stretton and Wheaton Aston, Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700).
(PAS: BUC-068008; Treasure: 2007 T436)
Staffordshire: silver bell (PAS: WMID-345AB7; Discovery: Found by Tony Pilson and Ian Smith while Discovery: Found by Martin Elsbury while metal-
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). Treasure: 2007 T42) searching the Thames foreshore in 2007, and recorded detecting in September 2007, and recorded by Kurt
Discovery: Found by Gareth Jarvis while metal-
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). by Kate Sumnall (London FLO). Adams (Gloucestershire & Avon FLO).
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Ros Tyrrell
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in October Description: Fragment of an iron knife with remains Description: Four conjoined dies emanating from
(Buckinghamshire FLO).
2006, and reported to Caroline Johnson (Staffordshire of a wooden handle and a copper-alloy shoulder/hilt a central perforated hub. The arms are oval in cross-
Description: A small gold ring with a D-section hoop,
& West Midlands FLO) in 2007. band. This hilt band is a re-used thimble. It has a triple section and expand to a flattened-oval terminal,
now slightly distorted. An inscription on the inside
Description: A small bell in the form of a thistle head, line border below the fine, regular circular pits; the top the face of each containing a low-relief device in a
reads ‘x BE x FAITHFULL’. There are tiny traces of black
made from engraved silver sheet; the clapper survives has been irregularly trimmed off. When the object was border, as follows: a three-masted ship in sail; a crown;
enamel in the lettering. Dimensions: 15 x 2mm.
inside, as does a small loop for suspension. There are found all the elements were tightly fitted together; now a bird (possibly a dove) standing, facing left with a
Discussion: The style of the lettering is consistent
two small holes in vertical alignment on the body. they are loose. Since the blade is very thin its function palm branch before and above; a heart flanked by
with that on other rings of this date. The motto is
Discussion: This bell does not correspond with may have been for precision work. Diameter: 12.41mm. two chevrons and pierced by two saltire arrows, the
recorded in Evans (1931: 25), although in that case the
recorded hawking types, which are simple round bells Length: 51.94mm. Weight: 4.05g. fletching uppermost, and a cross in a square (possibly
inscription is in lower case italic and there is only a
in copper-alloy, or with ones worn as fashionable Discussion: Recycling is nothing new, as is shown a flag) above. Dimensions: 31 x 31 x 13mm. Weight:
single ‘l’ in ‘faithful’. Another ring in the British Museum
accessories in late Medieval dress. by this thimble that has been pressed into service as 14.65g.
reads ‘Be.faithfull.and.louing’.
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. a hilt band on this knife. If this had been found on Discussion: Similar dies have been recorded by the
Disposition: Acquired by Buckinghamshire
agricultural land it is doubtful it would have be so PAS (see ESS-393EF8, WILT-D1D4D6 & WAW-BC0821);
County Museum. D Thornton
readily recognisable; the iron probably at best being a see also 372.
N Awais-Dean corroded lump adhering to the thimble, or else only a Disposition: Returned to finder.
369. Kelvedon, Essex: inscribed silver thimble very worn and damaged thimble would have survived.
(PAS: ESS-6EC030; Treasure: 2007 T80) K Adams
366. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: silver-gilt finger Disposition: Returned to finders.
ring (PAS: NMGW-9F38B2; Treasure: Wales 07.16) Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700).
K Sumnall 374. Shenley, Hertfordshire: silver seal matrix
Discovery: Found by Tony Gilson while metal-detecting
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). (PAS: BH-C54352; Treasure 2007 T404)
in February 2007, and reported to Caroline McDonald
Discovery: Found by Tony Jones while metal-detecting 372. Brearton, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy ring
(Essex FLO). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700).
in May 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds with four seal matrices (PAS: SWYOR-6C2985)
Description: A complete open-ended silver thimble. Discovery: Found by Graham Batt while metal-
Co-ordinator, Wales).
It is now slightly flattened and split along the original Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). detecting in 2007, and reported to Julian Watters
Description: A silver-gilt ring in the form of a broad
join. It is decorated with four running crosses which Discovery: Found by Jeff Warden while metal-detecting (Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO).
band with beaded edges. The inner face is engraved
divide the design into ten square fields which are filled in 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper (South & West Description: A silver seal matrix depicting a shield
‘LEVE +TO +DYE’ with crosslets between words and
with raised, sub-square dots. A double border runs Yorkshire FLO). bearing the arms: a chevron with a star at the angle,
a trefoil at the end. The hoop is fractured. Diameter
around the lower edge. The upper border contains the Description: A copper-alloy (possible) finger-ring, three scorpions two and one. The tapering handle is of
(internal): 18.6mm. Weight 5.1g. Surface analysis:
inscription ‘+ FARE GOD ONLY’ (fear God only). with four bezels, each a seal matrix. The ring is a plain hexagonal section, the upper part being swollen and
approximately 98% silver and 2% copper.
Height: 20mm. Weight: 4.99g.

152 post-medieval post-medieval 153

 with a double horizontal groove. The openwork lug is 377. Atcham, Shropshire: ceramic vessel Discussion: The maker was probably Robert Cotton, 381. Mildenhall, Wiltshire: copper-alloy enamelled
incomplete. Dimensions: 16.4 x 14mm. Weight: 6.26g. (PAS: HESH-8B2EA1) who is known on other seal-top London spoons buckle (PAS: SOM-BB0BB4)
Discussion: Attempts to identify the family to whom hallmarked for 1618–1619 and 1632–1633.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1800). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1640–c. 1700).
this distinctive crest belonged have not been successful. Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
Discovery: Found by Jo Marvel while gardening in Discovery: Found by Anne Morgan while metal-
Disposition: Acquired by Bushey Museum.
2007, and recorded by Peter Reavill (Shropshire & D Thornton detecting in 2007, and recorded by Naomi Payne
D Thornton Herefordshire FLO). (Somerset FLO).
Description: A large pottery vessel or jar, probably 379. Tendring area, Essex: silver pendant of Charles I Description: An enamelled cast copper-alloy
375. City of London: stone musket ball mould for storage, transportation, and dispensing of liquids (PAS: ESS-6ECE34; Treasure: 2007 T15) rectangular double loop buckle. The outside edges are
(PAS: LON-763F17) (possibly milk or cider). The vessel is of Midlands-purple trefoil shaped and there are external knops at each end
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1640–c. 1660).
fabric. The precise dating is difficult with functional of the narrowed strap bar. The pin is missing. The front
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). Discovery: Found by Keith Leeders while metal-
wares. It is globular, with a relatively wide base with of the buckle is decorated with moulded scrollwork
Discovery: Found by Tony Pilson and Ian Smith while detecting in September 2006, and reported to Caroline
evenly expanded walls, which taper to a mouth with and in between the raised scrolls the recesses are filled
searching the Thames foreshore in 2007, and recorded McDonald (Essex FLO) in 2007.
an inverted rim. On the front is a raised, U-shaped alternately with black and white enamel. Dimensions:
by Kate Sumnall (London FLO). Description: A silver pendant, oval with small
applied ‘pie crust’ ridge, to the upper left of which is 39.6 x 26.4 x 3.3mm. Weight: 9.8g.
Description: Half a stone mould for a single musket projections at the side, now damaged. The pendant is
a small, tapered hole (presumably to stop a vacuum Discussion: The London manufacturers of these
ball. The mould is an irregular cuboid with a carved cast with a bust of Charles I (r. 1625–1649) on one side
being formed within the vessel). Below the pie-crust buckles are known to have also produced enamelled
hemispherical recess and a wedge-shape funnel to pour and engraved on the other with initials ‘CR’ conjoined
decoration is a small spigot hole, presumably to buttons, stirrups and ornate candlesticks. This material
the liquid lead in to form the ball. In addition there are for Carolus Rex (King Charles). Length: 13.54mm.
take a tapered tap. The rim of the aperture has been was being made at the time of the Commonwealth
two recesses for pins to hold the two parts comprising Weight: 0.58g.
reinforced with additional clay to strengthen its outer (1649–1660) and later (if not slightly earlier as well).
the complete mould together, and two notches on the Discussion: Though lacking a suspension loop,
edge. To either side of the pie-crust decoration are The range was formerly known as ‘Surrey enamels’ from
outside surface for a wire binding, again to secure the comparison with heavier, more sculptural versions
two applied strap handles with thumb impressions a mistaken attribution to a foundry there, but it has
two mould halves firmly together. Dimensions: 35.73 x with a similar bust and the royal arms as used in the
along the edges. The outer surface has been burnished recently come to light that known makers in the capital
27.84 x 21.42mm. Weight: 47.02g. reign of Charles I would lead one to think that this
and the upper part has splashed decoration. The inner were responsible (Blair 2005: 2–9; Blair 2006: 10–21).
Discussion: This well-made mould is unusual in being was originally a pendant. The bust is similar to ones on
surface is glazed in a thick, dark brown/purple glaze A similar (although incomplete) buckle was found at
of stone for a single ball; the finders had previously Civil War medal designs (Hawkins 1885: 348, no. 203).
evenly applied and creates an even coat. The rim is Horsham St Faith and Newton St Faith, Norfolk
discovered a musket-ball mould made of iron of a form Heavier versions sometimes combine personal arms
recessed to take a small lid, now lost (of pottery or (NMS-CDABE7).
similar to a pair of pliers. on one side with owner’s initials indicating royalist
wood). The fabric is a relatively hard earthenware with Disposition: Returned to finder.
Disposition: Museum of London hopes to acquire. allegiance (TAR 2003: no. 274). The pendant therefore
a number of small angular and sub-angular grit and
dates as above, when badges, buttons and other objects N Payne
K Sumnall quartz inclusions, and there is also a large amount of
record allegiance to the monarchy and to the future
mica in the fabric. Dimensions: Diameter: 295mm.
King Charles II. 382. East of Colchester, Essex: silver locket
376. Coxhoe, County Durham: silver seal matrix Height: 400mm. Thickness: 13.4mm. Weight: 9.4kg
Disposition: Acquired by Colchester & Ipswich fragment (PAS: ESS-259730; Treasure: 2007 T496)
(PAS: NCL-C27BA0; Treasure: 2007 T86) Discussion: No direct parallel has been found and this
Museum Service.
functional vessel form would have remained current for Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1649–c. 1675).
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1750).
a long time. Midlands-purple ware is usually dated to D Thornton Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in September
Discovery: Found by Carl Richardson while metal-
c. 1500–c. 1800, and it is most likely that this example 2007, and reported to Laura McLean (Essex FLO).
detecting in December 2006, and reported to Rob
dates to the later part of the period, probably post- 380. Drayton Bassett, Staffordshire: Description: A thin, silver, heart-shaped plaque,
Collins (North East FLO) in 2007.
1650. It is a relatively unusual survival of functional silver pendant of Charles I engraved ‘prepared be to follow me’, and below, the
Description: A fragmentary oval seal-die engraved on
rural pottery. (PAS: WMID-338537; Treasure: 2007 T324) initials ‘CR’. Dimensions: 19.5 x 18.96 x 2.83mm.
the face with a skeleton holding an hourglass in one
Disposition: Returned to finder. Weight: 0.85g.
hand, and flanked by flower sprays. The remains of the Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1640–c. 1660).
Discussion: A common type of memorial for Charles I
handle on the back are from a fluted shank and what P Reavill Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in February
(r. 1625–1649), made either during the Commonwealth
would have originally been a loop terminal. 2007, and reported to Caroline Johnson (Staffordshire
(1649–1660) or after the Restoration in 1660. The
Discussion: A silver seal with a similar motif has been 378. Oving, West Sussex: silver seal-top spoon & West Midlands FLO).
plaque is probably part of a locket. The same inscription
excavated at the colonial site of Jamestown, Virginia, (PAS: SUSS-BC6F54; Treasure: 2007 T345) Description: A damaged, double-sided silver pendant
occurs on memorial rings for Charles I.
USA (Beverley Straube, personal communication). with a bust of Charles I (r. 1625–1649) in profile on
Date: Post-Medieval (1615–1616). Disposition: Acquired by Colchester and Ipswich
Disposition: Acquired by Bowes Museum, Barnard one side, and on the other side, a three-quarter face of
Discovery: Found by Marcus Kelland while metal- Museum Service.
Castle; landowner donated his share. his consort Henrietta Maria. The decorative border is
detecting in June 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews-
damaged at the top and bottom, but would probably J A Rudoe
D Thornton Wilson (Sussex FLO).
have included mounts for attachment.
Description: A silver seal-top spoon with a gilt finial
Dimensions: 18.9 x 19.2 x 3.2mm. Weight: 2.57g. 383. Runhall, Norfolk: silver pendant medallion
and a stem of hexagonal section; the stem is bent over
Discussion: This is a common form dating to the Civil (PAS: NMS-BFBA71; Treasure: 2007 T33)
and the bowl torn and crushed. In the bowl on the front
War period. Some examples (e.g. TAR 2003: no. 274)
can be seen the mark of the leopard’s head crowned; Date: Post-Medieval (1650).
have ownership initials or arms, suggesting that they
on the back of the stem the London date letter ‘S’ in Discovery: Found by Kelvin Boldero while metal-
were worn to show Royalist allegiance. Similar portraits
a shield (for 1615–1616) and the maker’s mark ‘RC’. detecting in September 2006, and reported to Erica
have been published by Hawkins (1885: 357, nos. 203,
Dimensions: 82.8 x 50.4mm. Weight: 37.3g. Darch (Norfolk FLO) in 2007.
223 & 348).
Description: A silver pendant medallion in the form
Disposition: Acquired by Potteries Museum & Art
of a disc, with a separate flat-sectioned loop soldered
Gallery, Stoke.
to the apex, now broken in two pieces. The pendant is
D Thornton inscribed on both sides. The obverse reads ‘1650 (with

154 post-medieval post-medieval 155

 orb between) / FORDERT SE/INE FURCHT UND / EHR 386. Old Radnor, Powys: silver hawking whistle suitable material; however, silver ones were thought 390. Holmer area, Herefordshire: silver seal matrix
SONST BE/STEHT ER NIM/MER MEHR’ (Promote/ (PAS: NMGW-9F1A17; Treasure: Wales 07.21) suitable for gentlemen’s specially bred game-cocks. By (PAS: HESH-1D4423; Treasure: 2007 T403)
Demand Fear/Respect and Honour for Him or He will the late 17th century, cockfighting was considered a
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1650–c. 1700). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1660–c. 1685).
cease to be). The reverse has a shield between two gentlemanly pastime, with opportunities for gambling.
Discovery: Found by Ian Cole while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Simon Sloan while metal-
fronds which bears the arms of Saxony, and reads A reference appears in George Powell’s play, A Cornish
during September 2006, and reported to Peter Reavill detecting in June 2007, and reported to Peter Reavill
‘GOTT DEN / HERRN LOBT UND / EHRT DER DEN / Comedy, performed in 1696, in which one of the
(Herefordshire & Shropshire FLO) and to the National (Herefordshire & Shropshire FLO).
FRIEDEN UNS / BESCHERT. / (possible small B in base)’ characters states ‘Hawks, hounds, setting dogs and
Museum Wales, where it was identified by Mark Description: A silver pedestal, or pendant, seal matrix.
(Praise and honour God the Lord who brings/gives us cocks, with their appurtenances are the true marks of
Redknap. The die face is oval and the handle rises to a double-
Peace). Each is a rhyme of two lines in old-fashioned a country gentleman’ (Strutt 1801: xxviii).
Description: Complete small whistle made of silver moulded band which terminates in a suspension loop.
German – a prayer/motto or commandment for devout Cockfighting was popular in England from Roman
sheeting, retaining a small suspension ring on its The die is well cut and displays two hearts with a crown
living. Diameter: 22mm. Weight: 1.98g. times until it was banned by Act of Parliament in 1835.
underside. It is plain, with a domed end that has above (with a central fleur-de-lis and a series of wedges
Disposition: Acquired by Norwich Castle Museum; References to cockfighting appear in Shakespeare
been soldered to the pipe. Length: 30.02mm. Width: in the arches). Dimensions: 11.9 x 11.4 x 19.6mm.
the landowner donated their share. (Hamlet V, 2 and Anthony and Cleopatra 11, 3.36) and
tapers 7.5–5.7mm. Weight 3.1g. Surface analysis: Weight: 3.94g.
it is frequently mentioned as a popular rural and city
S J Ashley & K Felder approximately 97% silver and 3% copper. Discussion: This motif is often associated with the
pastime of the common people into the 19th century.
Disposition: Acquired by Radnorshire Museum, marriage between Charles II and Catherine of Braganza
Given the unchanging design of the spurs it is difficult
384. Itchen Valley, Hampshire: silver medal of Llandrindod Wells. (1662). For a comparable example see TAR 2003: no.
to date this one precisely.
Charles II (PAS: HAMP-604ED1; Treasure: 2007 T522) 282, from Metfield, Suffolk. The device is stylistically
M Redknap Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
similar to those on a number of silver buttons/cufflinks
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1650–c. 1660).
D Thornton reported as Treasure; see 393.
Discovery: Found by Terry Stone while metal-detecting 387. Nash Mills, Hertfordshire: lead cloth seal Disposition: Hereford Museum and Art Gallery hopes
in September 2007, and reported to Rob Webley (PAS: BH-0A8713)
389. Belton and Manthorpe, Lincolnshire: lead to acquire.
(Hampshire FLO).
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1650–c. 1750). hornbook (PAS: LIN-16BF84)
Description: A cast, oval silver medal, tarnished and P Reavill
Discovery: Found by Richard Shelton while metal-
with its upper part and suspension loop broken off. The Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1660–c. 1685).
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Julian Watters
obverse bears an uncrowned bust of Charles II (r. 1660– Discovery: Found by David Baker while metal- 391. Droxford, Hampshire: silver shoe buckle
(Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO).
1685) facing right, with a raised border, and the reverse detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney (PAS: HAMP-E23148; Treasure: 2007 T453)
Description: A lead two-disc cloth seal from
has a phoenix rising from the flames with rays of light (Lincolnshire FLO).
Courtenay, near Paris. One disc bears the legend Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1660–c. 1700).
above and an oval border around, all incised. Height: Description: Complete cast lead ‘hornbook’, which
‘BU[R..]/DE COU[R]/TNAY/TRANSI...’, which indicates Discovery: Found by Mark Duell while metal-
18.8mm. Thickness: 1.35mm. Weight: 1.55g. is flat, rectangular and decorated on both sides. One
that it was issued, perhaps for customs in transit, by the detecting in August 2007, and reported to Rob Webley
Discussion: This royalist medal would have been made side has a crude depiction of Charles II (r. 1660–1685)
bureau at Courtenay. The other disc bears a crowned (Hampshire FLO).
after the execution of Charles I (1649) and before shown in profile, facing left, in an ornate border,
saltire cross, with the letters ‘C’ in the left-hand angle, Description: An incomplete, silver double-looped
the Restoration of the monarchy (1660). The reverse wearing a large double-arched crown with two crosses.
‘D’ underneath and ‘C/G’ in the right-hand angle. buckle with a sub-triangular chape which has a large
expresses the hope that the monarchy will rise again, His face is cartoon-like and is shown smiling. The
Rope-work borders enclose the designs on both sides. stud stamped with the maker’s mark ‘WW’ conjoined.
like the phoenix. A similar example is published by other side is taken up with the alphabet on five lines,
Dimensions: 35.4 x 29.4 x 7.1mm. Weight: 24.24g. The pin and outer edge of the buckle are missing.
Hawkins (1885: 443, no. 15). each separated by a horizontal line; the letters J and V
Discussion: This is the first Courtenay seal to have Length: 27.9mm. Weight: 4.35g.
Disposition: Acquired by Winchester Museums Service. are missing, and so reads as follows ‘ABCDEF/GHIKL/
been found in Britain. It is uncertain what sort of textile Discussion: Murawski (2003: 579) published a
MN(reversed)OPQ/RSTVW/XYZ’. Next to the letter ‘Z’
P Attwood it would have been attached to as no reference has complete oval buckle with an iron rivet, apparently
are four vertical lines with a diagonal. Dimensions: 37 x
been traced to the import of cloths from this French having the same maker’s mark.
16 x 3mm.
385. South Creake, Norfolk: gold finger-ring town. Disposition: Winchester Museums Service hopes
Discussion: Hornbooks were children’s teaching tablets
(PAS: NMS-2AD401; Treasure: 2007 T217) Disposition: Returned to finder. to acquire.
that usually contained the alphabet and the Lord’s
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1650–c. 1700). J Watters & G Egan prayer. They became available during the 16th century. D Thornton
Discovery: Found by Robert Green while metal- Although the term hornbook is commonly used for lead
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Erica Darch 388. Snape, North Yorkshire: tablets, it is a slightly misleading name. True hornbooks 392. Binton, Warwickshire: copper-alloy spoon
(Norfolk FLO). silver (possible) cockspur (PAS: SWYOR-B06054; were made out of wood onto which the printed paper (PAS: WAW-06E0C0)
Description: A gold ring with a D-shaped band, Treasure: 2007 T451) would have been mounted, and then covered with a
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1660–c. 1700).
inscribed on the inside ‘A vertuous wife preserveth life’. thin sheet of transparent horn for protection. The lead
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1650–c. 1835). Discovery: Found by Mark Pugh while metal-detecting
There is a possible maker’s mark in the form of a very tablets are presumably cheaper versions of these books;
Discovery: Found by Kevern George while metal- in 2007, and recorded by Angie Bolton (Warwickshire &
worn stamped ‘H’ between the beginning and end of see 394.
detecting in August 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper Worcestershire FLO).
the inscription (see Oman 1974: pl. 58, H for a similar Disposition: Returned to finder.
(South & West Yorkshire FLO). Description: A cast copper-alloy spoon, with a sub-
example). Diameter: 21mm. Weight: 3.8g.
Description: A silver object with a slightly curved shaft A Daubney oval shape bowl. The end is asymmetrically worn
Discussion: Inscriptions declaring that a virtuous wife
tapering to a point, with a ridge pierced for attachment (suggesting the user was right-handed). A maker’s mark
preserved or comforted life, or banished strife are
at the other end. on the bowl is not clear, but may read ‘FT’. The stem
frequently found on marriage rings (Evans 1931), and
Discussion: This may be a spur for use in cockfighting is sub-oval in section, tapering slightly in the middle,
there are several such examples in the British Museum.
that would have been attached by the hole at the with a slip-top terminal. The surface has a green patina.
Disposition: Acquired by Lynn Museum.
back onto a leather strap around the cock’s leg, to Dimensions: 164 x 47.96mm. Weight: 42.6g.
E B Darch lengthen the natural spur. The only one in the British
Museum is made of steel, which might seem a more

156 post-medieval post-medieval 157

 Discussion: Egan (2005: 117) notes that, since the 395. Boxgrove, West Sussex: gold mourning ring 398. Phillack, Cornwall: silver bodkin attached along the sides on the bottle’s main body
1560s, the Pewterers’ Guild had tried to prevent (PAS: SUSS-356DB0; Treasure: 2007 T29) (PAS: CORN-943711; Treasure: 2007 T222) (one loop is broken off at the base the neck). The trails
copper-alloy spoons being made and was effective in along the body have been tooled to produce a series of
Date: Post-Medieval (1670). Date: Post-Medieval (1672).
this until the late 17th century. ridges. Dimensions: 58.63 x 36.73 x 21.4mm.
Discovery: Found by Stephen Underwood during Discovery: Found by Graham Dyer while metal-
Disposition: Returned to finder. Weight: 26.75g.
construction work in March 2006, and reported to Liz detecting in April 2007, and reported to Anna Tyacke
Discussion: The bottle is made in lead glass and is
A Bolton Andrews-Wilson (Sussex FLO) in 2007. (Cornwall FLO).
therefore late 17th century or later. The looped trails
Description: A gold finger-ring, inscription on the Description: A silver bodkin with a round knop, a
along the side are common features on Spanish glass
393. Thurlaston, Leicestershire: silver double-sided inside of the hoop with the legend ‘JOHN KING ESQ semicircular terminal, a round hole and a longitudinal
(Hugh Wilmot, personal communication).
seal matrix (PAS: LEIC-964413; Treasure: 2007 T525) obijt 10 March 1670’. There is a marker’s mark after the slot. Initials on one side are dot-punched ‘A’ and ‘H’
It may possibly be post-1700, as the tooled trailing
legend, the unidentified initials ‘CE’ conjoined within with a cross and the date ‘1672’. On the other side of
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1664–c. 1685). and blue prunts were popular then, although this
an oval. The hoop is bent at several points (giving a the shaft is a maker’s mark, possibly a pomegranate or
Discovery: Found by Bill H Riley while metal- is quite a crude example (Rachel Tyson, personal
hexagonal appearance), D-shaped in section and has an a thistle with a crescent. Dimensions: 118 x 4 x 2.4mm.
detecting in June 2007, and reported to Wendy Scott communication). The bottle was possibly used
engraved skull on the exterior. Weight: 7.34g.
(Leicestershire FLO). for scent.
Disposition: Acquired by Chichester District Museum. Discussion: This is a rare dated example of a fairly
Description: A silver double-sided seal die made Disposition: Returned to finder.
common object, usually found in East Anglia or the
of two parts: a disc and a curved frame with foliate L Andrews-Wilson
South East, rather than Cornwall. C Hayward Trevarthen
scrolls framing a pierced loop for suspension. The die
Disposition: Acquired by Royal Cornwall Museum.
is engraved on one side with two hearts conjoined, 396. South-east Lancashire: silver cufflinks
pierced by an arrow and bleeding, surmounted by a D Thornton 401. Overton, Flintshire: gold touch-piece of James
(PAS: LANCUM-362FE5; Treasure: 2007 T77)
crown; on the other side is an animal head, possibly II (PAS: NMGW-DDBBF5; Treasure: Wales 07.11)
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1670–c. 1700).
that of a griffin. Dimensions: 22 x 13mm. 399. Newport area, Isle of Wight: silver shoe buckle Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1685–8).
Discovery: Found by Steven Moody while metal-
Discussion: The ‘crowned hearts’ motif is often (PAS: IOW-4074C3; Treasure: 2007 T607) Discovery: Found whilst metal-detecting in July 2007,
detecting in April 2007, and reported to Dot Boughton
associated with Charles II and his consort, Catherine of and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator,
(Cumbria & Lancashire FLO). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1675–c. 1700).
Braganza (1662); see 390 and 397. Wales)
Description: A complete cast silver cufflink composed Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in 2007,
Disposition: Leicestershire County Council Heritage Description: A gold touch-piece of James II (r. 1685–8).
of two small decorated button-like discs, each with a and reported to Frank Basford (Isle of Wight FLO).
Services had hoped to acquire but withdrew; returned Discussion: Such pieces formed part of the ceremony
loop on the reverse. They are linked by an oval silver- Description: Incomplete silver shoe buckle of baroque
to finder. of ‘touching for the King’s Evil’ (scrofula, believed to
wire chain link. The discs have down-turned edges and form. The buckle is decorated with scrolls and shells on
be cured by the monarch’s touch); patients received
D Thornton are both decorated with two hearts (not conjoined), the frame; the chape has a stud with radiating lines and
a memento in the form of a ‘touch-piece’, suspended
with a single crown which has two arches bridging is stamped twice on the back with lion passant mark
on a white ribbon. The early Stuart monarchs (James I,
394. Penkridge, Staffordshire: lead, possible two small fleurs-de-lis. Dimensions: Length: 36mm. and the maker’s initials ‘RM’ above a star in a shield.
Charles I) used gold coins (angels), pierced to take
hornbook handle (PAS: DENO-EB9B13) Diameter 18mm. Weight 2.2g. Dimensions: 44.8 x 21.8 x 9.9mm. Weight: 13.16g.
a ribbon. After the Restoration of Charles II (1660)
Discussion: For several cufflink components of a very Discussion: The maker’s mark does not appear to
Date: Post-Medieval (1669). special non-monetary gold pieces were made for
similar type see TAR 2004: nos. 235–243 & TAR 2005/6: have been recorded previously. This would seem to be
Discovery: Found by Eric Pursglove while metal- the ceremony.
nos. 612–641 (of these only TAR 2005/6: no. 615 is a man’s shoe buckle. From the late 17th century men
detecting in early 2007, and recorded by Anja Rohde Disposition: Acquired by the National Museum
complete). wore shoe buckles, which are characterised by their
(Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO). of Wales.
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. small size and delicacy. This buckle is similar to slightly
Description: This fragment is a flat, sub-rectangular,
later example from Greinton, Somerset (SOMDOR- E M Besly
cast lead plate with a short, narrow projection from D Boughton
DA1AE6).
the centre of one edge. The opposite edge has a rough,
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. 402. Kensworth, Bedfordshire: gold mourning ring
unformed area in the centre, which may indicate where 397. Ropley, Hampshire: silver double-sided seal
it has broken away from the rest of the object. The F Basford (PAS: BH-4B0E12; Treasure: 2007 T16)
matrix (PAS: SUR-7D6293; Treasure: 2007 T406)
plate has a large, heart-shaped hole and is decorated Date: Post-Medieval (1700).
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1670–c. 1720).
around this with cast roundels, lines and pellets on both 400. Wimborne Minster, Dorset: glass bottle Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in June 2005,
Discovery: Found by Christopher Kislingbury while
faces. One face has the date ‘1669’ and the other has (PAS: DOR-23C926) and reported to Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator for
metal-detecting in August 2007, and reported to David
the letters ‘R + I’, presumably the initials of the maker. Wales) in 2007.
Williams (Surrey FLO). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1675–c. 1800).
Dimensions: 30.2 x 22.3 x 2.8mm. Weight: 9.25g. Description: A gold mourning ring formed of a thin,
Description: A flat, double-sided fob seal, cut from Discovery: Found by Sharon Rowland, by chance,
Discussion: This may be part of a hornbook; see 389. flat band engraved with a skull on the exterior, now
sheet silver, with a suspension loop at the top. The before 2007, and recorded by Ciorstaidh Hayward
The presence of a date and maker’s initials is paralleled squashed out of shape. The interior is inscribed ‘Prepare
swivelling seal is engraved on both sides with scrolling Trevarthen (Dorset FLO).
on other finds. to follow M.B. obt 28 Augt 700. aet IX’ (MB died on 28
ornament at the outer edge, and on one side with a Description: A small colourless and blue glass drop-
Deposition: Returned to finder. August 1700 aged 9).
cupid with bow and arrow, and on the other with two shaped, blown bottle. The body flares out at the sides
Disposition: Acquired by Luton Museum.
A Rohde hearts pierced by a single arrow, bleeding, surmounted into a rounded drop shape, which is flattened at the
by a crown. The scrolling ornament on the handle and front and back. At the base is an applied flat foot which J A Rudoe
the style and subject of the engraved seal suggest the is uneven so that the vessel will not stand on it. It is
above date. Dimensions: 23.47 x 13.39mm. crudely decorated with two applied blue-glass sub-
Weight: 2.61g. circular prunts, one each face, each with an impressed
Discussion: See 393. linear grid. There are applied trails of colourless glass
Disposition: Acquired by Hampshire Museums Service. along each side, forming double loops at the neck and
D Thornton

158 post-medieval post-medieval 159

 403. Hawton, Nottinghamshire: gold mourning ring 406. Broughton-in-Furness, Cumbria: gilt copper- 409. Bridestowe, Devon: ceramic jug 411. Guildford, Surrey: copper-alloy clog clasp
(PAS: SWYOR-C542C8; Treasure: 2007 T375) alloy seal matrix (PAS: LANCUM-94C1F7) (PAS: DEV-E10118) (PAS: SUR-A665E0)
Date: Post-Medieval (1700). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1700–c. 1800). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1720–c. 1800). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1770–c. 1800).
Discovery: Found by Andrew Diamond while metal- Discovery: Found by Vera and Brian Rendall while Discovery: Found by Mr de Courcey whilst carrying Discovery: Found by Mark Stonard while metal-
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper metal-detecting in 2007, and recorded by Dot out farm work with a tractor in the 1970s, which was detecting in 2007, and recorded by David Williams
(South & West Yorkshire FLO). Boughton (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO). subsequently recorded by Mr Harrison with Danielle (Surrey FLO).
Description: A gold mourning ring with a D-section Description: Gilt cast copper-alloy seal matrix Wootton (Devon FLO). Description: One of an original pair of clog fasteners.
hoop that is inscribed to the inside ‘S P obijt 20 June inscribed ‘If I Dare’, above a lion couchant facing right Description: A South Somerset ware jug; typical of This clasp bears the punched legend ‘LIBERTY TO
j700 aeta 28’ (SP died on 20 June 1700 aged 28), (left on the seal). It is undamaged and much of the these wares, particularly those from Donyatt. White slip AMERICA’ within a wreath. Dimensions: 26.19 x
followed by a maker’s mark ‘M’ in a rectangle. There gilding remains in the grooves and cavities of the base- bands under an amber glaze survive on the neck and 15.48mm. Weight: 2.56g.
are traces of black enamel within the lettering and the metal casting. The seal matrix itself is probably made shoulder of the jug. There is one turned line around the Discussion: This is an unusual instance of an everyday
rectangle. from white cloudy glass or (less likely) a semi-precious body. Diameter: 220mm. Length: 200mm. object with a motto favouring American independence
Discussion: The maker is unidentifiable from those gemstone. Dimensions: 27.71 x 17.78mm. Discussion: Although sherd fragments of this type of found in Britain. It suggests radical, non-patriotic
listed by Grimwade 1990 and Jackson 1964. Weight: 10.28g. pottery are found in Devon relatively frequently, it is political sentiment among the lower classes.
Disposition: Acquired by Newark Museum. Discussion: This is a further find of a probably mass- unusual for a complete vessel to be recovered from Disposition: Returned to finder.
produced matrix from a period when these were in the ground. It is remarkable that this one survived in
N Awais-Dean D Williams
widespread use. this state. The jug can be closely paralleled with one
Disposition: Returned to finder. published by Coleman-Smith and Pearson (1988: 152–
404. West Crewkerne, Somerset: silver thimble 153, no. 4/266). 412. Brecon, Powys:
(PAS: SOM-574036; Treasure: 2007 T678) D Boughton silver finger-ring bezel with intaglio
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1700–c. 1725). (PAS: NMGW-9A96E6; Treasure: Wales 07.10)
407. Plumley, Cheshire: lead owl figurine D Wootton
Discovery: Found by Michael Charles while metal- Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1775–c. 1800).
detecting in November 2007, and reported to Naomi (PAS: LVPL-555B72) Discovery: Found by Steven Williams and John Thomas
Payne (Somerset FLO). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1700–c. 1900). 410. Milborne Port, Somerset: while metal-detecting in August 2007 and reported to
Description: A silver thimble formed from thin Discovery: Found by Aleks Wijs while metal-detecting gold and niello mourning ring (PAS: SOM-FA3D08) Mark Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales).
sheeting soldered together, the dome missing. There in 2007, and recorded by Frances McIntosh (Cheshire, Date: Post-Medieval (1753). Description: Silver bezel of a finger-ring containing
are regular indentations on the body except for area Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO). Discovery: Found by Hugh Vincent while metal- an orangey-red cornelian intaglio. The edge of the
near the border on one side with two birds flanking Description: Cast lead owl. It is solid and has detailing detecting in 2007, and recorded by Naomi Payne bezel is decorated by a line of triangles running round
a cartouche left blank for owner’s initials; above this on both faces, which allow it to be identified as a long- (Somerset FLO). its bottom edge and the back by an engraved floral
there is a maker’s stamp ‘DS’. Dimensions: 14.2 x 17.4 x eared owl (Asio otus). The bird is depicted standing, Description: A gold and niello mourning ring. The band pattern. The intaglio depicts a winged male figure,
0.6mm. Weight: 3g. with the tail in side view. Dimensions: 40 x 16 x 12mm. is divided into five curvilinear scrolls, which contain a probably Cupid, a large bunch of grapes and an animal,
Discussion: For a similar thimble, see an example Weight: 40g. legend in gold, highlighted by niello which reads ‘WM probably a hare. Dimensions: 14 x 11 x 5mm.
formerly in the Holmes collection (sold at Christies’s on Discussion: It seems likely that it is a toy, similar to a BYSHOP OB:24 JULY.1753 AE:40’ (William Byshop Weight: 1.4g.
31 May 1995, lot 62). shy cock. who died on 24 July 1753 aged 40). On the inside of Discussion: The intaglio would appear to be Roman;
Disposition: Acquired by Somerset County Museum. Disposition: Returned to finder. the band there is a maker’s mark ‘IW’ within a simple the same design elements can be seen on an intaglio
rectangle. Diameter (external): 21.6mm. Width (band): from Bath (Henig 1978: 200, no. 113) where Cupid is
D Thornton F McIntosh
3.3mm. Thickness (band): 2.1mm. Weight: 4.2g. holding a bunch of grapes and a hare is jumping up
Discussion: The finder checked the parish registers for to reach it. On the present intaglio the hare is more
405. Bures area, Essex: copper-alloy pipe tamper 408. Buttercrambe with Bossall, North Yorkshire: Milborne Port and discovered that a William Byshop fortunate and has got the bunch of grapes. The size,
(PAS: ESS-FE21B0) gold mourning ring married a Sara Hallet on 23 October 1739. This ring shape and decoration of the bezel do not appear to
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1700–c. 1800). (PAS: LVPL-E05136; Treasure: 2007 T116) presumably belonged to Sara, who had it made after be Roman and would fit better with an 18th- or 19th-
Discovery: Found by Mick Mathews while metal- Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1705–c. 1750). the death of her husband. The maker’s initials are century date.
detecting in October 2007, and recorded by Laura Discovery: Found by Hal Roach while metal-detecting not uncommon, but perhaps refer to John Webber of Disposition: Not Treasure; returned to finders.
McLean (Essex FLO). in January 2007, and reported to Frances McIntosh Plymouth, who entered his name and mark at the assay
E M Chapman
Description: Cast copper-alloy pipe tamper. The (North West FLO). office in 1724. A number of London goldsmiths who
handle is formed of the figure of St George standing Description: A D-section hoop with a skull on the were operating at this date had the same initials.
upon a dragon, which he is slaying with a spear. The bezel, showing traces of white enamel. There are also Disposition: Returned to finder. 413. Ambleside, Cumbria: copper-alloy pipe tamper
triangular, round-section shaft of the tamper extends traces of black enamelling within cross-hatching on the (PAS: LANCUM-F58134)
N Payne
below the dragon’s body. It has a collar at the base outside of the band. On the inside is the inscription ‘sic Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1775–c. 1820).
before a flattened circular terminal. The surface is worn. omnibus’ (so it is for everyone), with the maker’s mark Discovery: Found by Peter Adams while metal-
Dimensions: 60.03 x 24.37 x 4.85mm. Weight: 13.91g. ‘DA’. There are slight traces of black enamel within detecting in 2007, and recorded by Dot Boughton
Discussion: The patriotic figure of St George seems to the lettering. (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO).
have been particularly popular for tampers. Discussion: The maker’s mark is likely to be that Description: A copper-alloy pipe tamper with its
Disposition: Returned to finder. of Isaac Davenport, who registered his mark as a handle cast into the form of two lovers kissing. The
‘smallworker’ in 1705 (Grimwade 1990: no. 434). male figure stands upright while the female’s legs are
L McLean
Disposition: British Museum had hoped to aquire, bent giving her the look of being seated, suggesting
but withdrew; returned to finder. a more erotic interpretation. The figures stand at a
height of 40mm. The shaft is smooth and expands to a
N Awais-Dean

160 post-medieval post-medieval 161

 flattened circular terminal. The shaft measures 31mm 415. Woolley, West Yorkshire: iron sword 417. Padstow, Cornwall: silver-gilt jewelled pendant Discussion: This object unusually combines a practical
forming an overall length/height for the tamper of (PAS: SWYOR-398C11) (PAS: CORN-FA0676; Treasure: 2007 T643) seal with a container for a sentimental keepsake of the
71mm. Weight: 16.73g. hair of a beloved relative or close acquaintance.
Date: Post-Medieval (probably c. 1800–c. 1900, but Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1900).
Discussion: A precise parallel comes from the wreck of Disposition: Returned to finder.
possibly as early as c. 1600). Discovery: Found by Jonathan Clemes while metal-
the Colossus, which sank in 1798. This find adds to the
Discovery: Found at the bottom of a pond by workers detecting in October 2007, reported to Anna Tyacke R Webley
growing, often tavern-related pornographic items of
clearing it out, and reported by the landowner, Phillip (Cornwall FLO), and identified by Dora Thornton
similar date.
Rowbottom, to Amy Cooper (South & West Yorkshire (British Museum). 419. Hurst Green, East Sussex:
Disposition: Returned to finder.
FLO) at Wakefield Museum. Description: Silver-gilt pendant with ornate cherub lead/tin toy milk churn (PAS: SUSS-753154)
D Boughton Description: An iron sword which is full length with all and foliage openwork detail, and niello inlay, Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1900).
the iron parts surviving. It has a straight blade, which surrounding settings of crude rectangular collets with Discovery: Found by Trish McLaughlin while metal-
414. Ryde, Isle of Wight: lead pugilist figurine tapers to a point. The metal is extremely fragile at the five emeralds, one ruby, two garnets, and two citrine detecting in 2007, and recorded by Laura Burnett
(PAS: IOW-40D6F1) join between the blade and the hilt. The pommel and quartz around a central amethyst in a ropework (Sussex FLO).
guard are discoid and are joined by a curving hand setting, with two settings missing their stones. The
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1825). Description: Cast lead-tin alloy model milk churn,
guard on one side. Beyond the pommel is a long, gems all look re-used and have been replaced into
Discovery: Found by Dorothy Hewison while gardening probably Georgian or Victorian. The item is conical
tapering projection which is circular in section and these settings as they are scratched and worn (Sara
in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle of Wight with a flared rim. At each side are delicately moulded
terminates in a pointed knop. The iron is generally in Chambers, gemmologist, personal communication).
FLO). handles cast integrally with the body, the base has
very good condition and there is a layer of concretion The attachment loop at the top of the pendant has
Description: Incomplete lead male figure, with a been broken and there is some damage at the rim.
round the guard with roots trapped in it. been damaged and is missing, and there are two small
robust body and head facing forwards. The hair is Dimensions: 35.2 x 22.7 x 0.8mm. Weight: 17.1g.
Length: 980mm. suspension loops at the bottom of the pendant, below
tightly curled and the facial features appear to be Discussion: Lead-tin toys are occasional detector finds
Discussion: This sword from India known as a firangi each emerald, which would have had drop pendants
Afro-Caribbean. The right arm is broken just below and often echo contemporary household items as in
or farang (the term supposedly means ‘foreigner’). attached, perhaps pearls. The frame appears to be
the elbow and the left arm just above the elbow, and this example. An almost identical churn is recorded
The distinctive disc pommel and guards are indicators made up of a cast element, roughly the bottom half of
both legs are broken off close to the knee. The figure from East Sussex (SUSS-949A95).
of types of swords from the Hindu areas of India. The the piece, along with the cast settings, that have then
is attired in tightly clad boxing shorts with a high Disposition: Returned to finder.
indigenous broad, straight-bladed version is known as been mounted and soldered onto an earlier handmade
waistline and a prize-fighter’s belt. When complete, the
a khanda (as depicted in the centre of the common element, roughly the top half of the pendant, which L Burnett
figure would have had a boxing stance with the left
Hindu religious symbol). This, though, is a variant with was probably weakened by the process.
leg placed slightly forward and right arm raised at the
a European-style straight-edged blade. The pommel Dimensions: 48 x 40mm. 420. Kirkham, Lancashire: copper-alloy pet coffin
elbow. Although incomplete and with old breaks, this
extension is to enable both hands to guide the sword. Discussion: Although the pendant is made in a (PAS: LANCUM-1A3576)
figurine is in fair condition. Originally it was coated in
They date from the 17th century to the present day, baroque style appropriate for the 17th century, several Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1900).
a black substance; however, much of this has worn off.
and most in this country are 19th-century souvenirs features suggest that it is not what it claims to be. The Discovery: Found by Roy Lewis while metal-detecting
Dimensions: 91 x 44 x 23mm. Weight: 185.86g.
of empire. Most of these swords were decorated in whole object is crudely made and the back has a look in 2007, and recorded by Dot Boughton (Lancashire &
Discussion: The figurine is probably a representation
some way, many with inlay or gilding, especially at the suggesting it may have been moulded .The cherub head Cumbria FLO).
of the celebrated American pugilist, Tom Molineaux.
hilt or on the blade immediately below the guard. No is not winged in the way one would expect of jewellery Description: Small cast copper-alloy coffin which
Born a slave on a Virginia plantation, Molineaux (1784–
decoration is visible on this example, though rust and of this type and the fact that the jewel is silver, not comprises three different parts: the casket, a lid and a
1818) fought fellow slaves while plantation owners
concretion may obscure details. gold, all argue for its being a 19th-century copy. Similar (possible) head-plate. All three parts are held together
wagered on the contests. After winning one of these
Deposition: Returned to landowner. neo-baroque jewels were made all over Europe in the by a small, cast copper-alloy rivet at the head end
matches against a rival, he was granted his freedom and
the sum of $500 by his owner, Algernon Molineaux. By A Cooper & K Matthews mid 1900s, in cities such as London, Vienna, Rome, of the coffin and all can swivel independently. The
1809, he had travelled to New York and subsequently Venice, Aachen, Munich and Paris. ‘head-plate’ is thinner than the body and lid, and may
to England where he became a notable prize fighter. Disposition: Returned to landowner. have protected a message wedged between it and
416. Twickenham, London: leather shoe
Two notorious fights with English champion Tom Cribb (PAS: SUR-FFE5A2) D Thornton the lid (any such a message probably rotted away).
in 1810 and 1811 won Molineaux a place in boxing Dimensions: 82.3 x 3.85 x 3.55mm.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1900).
history and he became a celebrity in England. He 418. Landford, Wiltshire: gold fob-seal matrix Discussion: The shape of the coffin is recent and from
Discovery: Found by Jacqui Hill while digging in their
fought only sporadically, opting to engage in numerous (PAS: HAMP-609305) the size it is likely that it was meant for a small pet
former garden in waterlogged soil adjacent to the River
sparring exhibitions. He died in Dublin, Ireland, and his or possibly the ashes of a bigger one. Pet burials and
Thames, and recorded by David Williams (Surrey FLO) Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1900).
death was reported in the 13 October 1818 edition coffins for pets are not unusual, but do not have a
in 2007. Discovery: Found by Mark Duell while metal-detecting
of the New York Spectator. A hand-coloured etching long tradition. It is unlikely that this object dates from
Description: Child’s leather shoe, originating in in 2006, and recorded by Rob Webley (Hampshire FLO)
showing Tom Molineaux in a similar stance to that of before 1800.
eastern Europe, and made in the late 19th century. in 2007.
the figurine is in the Collections of Virginia Historical Disposition: Returned to finder.
It has stamped decoration, and a copper-alloy buckle Description: Ornate cast gold fob-seal matrix with
Society, Richmond, USA. Porcelain figures of Molineaux
and rivets. The number 2 is stamped on the sole. inset gem die. Its lower element features the plea D Boughton
are also known (Halfpenny and Beddoe 1990: pl. S12;
Discussion: Being of unusual construction, the shoe ‘Remember me’ engraved in Gothic script on a
Miranda Goodby, personal communication).
was sent for comment to June Swann (formerly (possible) amethyst. Uppermost within this element
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Northampton Museum) who identified its origin is a small plait of hair under glass. It is revealed by
F Basford and date. opening the moulded foliate upper element around its
Disposition: Returned to finder. hinge. Dimensions: 28.82 x 18.85mm. Weight: 11.7g.
D Williams

162 post-medieval post-medieval 163

 421. Duffryn Ardudwy, Gwynedd: silver finger-ring 423. Shalfleet, Isle of Wight: lead gaming piece 425. Exeter, Devon: tin ration container say that the wearer of that Erkennunsmarke reappeared
(PAS: NMGW-9ABD00; Treasure Wales 07.20) (PAS: IOW-918A57) (PAS: DEV-0B0D26) in Germany in 1956, proving that despite being the
upper portion, the tag was not part of a burial.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1900). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1925). Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1899–c. 1902).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discovery: Found by Andrew Bentley while metal- Discovery: Found by Cass Davis while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Peter Edwards while gardening
detecting during May 2007, and reported to David in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford, (Isle of Wight several years ago, and recorded by Danielle Wootton A Daubney
Williams (Surrey FLO) and then Mark Lodwick FLO). (Devon FLO) in 2007.
(Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). Description: Roughly cube-shaped with a pointed base Description: This ration tin most probably dates to
Description: Decorative silver ring with an oval bezel, and a small handle at the top. The upper part of the the Boer War period (1899–1902), and is sometimes Section editor and further research: Geoff Egan.
set with a garnet. cube is hollow and the central handle, now incomplete, referred to as an ‘iron’ ration. At one end of the tin is Editor: Michael Lewis.
Discussion: The construction of the ring and regular is sub-circular in cross-section. The base is formed by the word ‘COCOA’ in relief, while the other end has
oval stone with flat underside suggest a 19th-century a rib at each corner. Each rib extends downwards and the word ‘DINNER’. Internally, the tin is divided into
date. meet at the centre to form a point that enabled the two sections, the ‘dinner’ containing a beef extract and
Disposition: Not Treasure; returned to finder. piece to spin in a similar way to that of a spinning the ‘cocoa’ compartment having compressed cocoa
top. Each face has a Hebrew letter in raised relief that powder. There is a soldered tin strip at each end of
M Redknap
represents the initials of the phrase ‘Nes Gadol Haya the tin, which would have been opened with a small
Sham’ (a great miracle happened there) indicating the key, similar to the way some modern cans are opened
422. City of London: stone scarab following values: nicht = nothing, gimmel = double, today. Dimensions: 120 x 70 x 40mm.
(PAS: LON-AF19A7) halb = half, stell ein = put back in (throw again). Discussion: Because the tin is still sealed, the
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1800–c. 1925). Dimensions: 23.2 x 13.9 x 12.2mm. Weight: 13.56g. food ration is probably still inside. The tin would
Discovery: Found by Terry Greenwood while searching Discussion: The use of the Dreidel, an elaborate form originally have had a paper label with the instructions
the Thames foreshore in 2007, and recorded by Kate of dice with different letters on the four sides, began ‘EMERGENCY RATION. Field Service. This ration is
Sumnall (London FLO). in Germany centuries ago. Rabbis there allowed their not to be opened except by order of an officer or in
Description: An Egyptian stone scarab with cartouche community to gamble only during Hanukkah. The an extremity. It is to be carried in the haversack and
on the base. Dimensions: 66.48 x 54.85 x 36.62mm. Jewish people transliterated the initials into their produced at inspections etc. The ration is calculated
Weight: 147.09g. Hebrew equivalents as preceding, using them as a to maintain strength for 36 hours if eaten in small
Discussion: Stephen Quirke (Petrie Museum) identified reminder of the miracle of Hanukkah, the Festival of quantities at a time.’
the object as ‘an interesting example usually discarded Lights. This is an eight-day holiday celebrating the Discussion: Similar examples, which are held at the
from collections as not ancient. The cartouche (name- re-kindling of the Temple menorah at the time of the National Army Museum, London, were made by the
ring) containing the hieroglyphs is an often-copied Maccabee rebellion in the 1st century AD. The festival is Bovril Company of London.
motif – the signs themselves are accurate enough observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of one more Disposition: Returned to finder.
and read Menmaatra, which is the throne-name of light on each night of the holiday.
D Wootton
King Sety I, c. 1290 BC, father of King Ramses II; Disposition: Returned to finder.
the hieroglyph under the name-ring is the sign for
F Basford 426. Wellingore, Lincolnshire: white-metal German
‘gold’ (Egyptian nbw). The criteria for considering it
not ancient are the criss-cross interior of the gold military tag (PAS: LIN-75CDB6)
hieroglyph and lower sign in the cartouche; the 424. Penrith, Cumbria: ceramic gaming piece Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1939–1945).
material, which looks like limestone, not usually used (PAS: LANCUM-A84751) Discovery: Found by Ron Teather while metal-
for Sety I-Ramses II ancient scarabs; the rough cutting, Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1850–c. 1900). detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney
partly caused by the material; the feather on the head Discovery: Found by Sue Convey while gardening (Lincolnshire FLO).
of the goddess-hieroglyph (Maat) is a simple triangle in the 1980s or 1990s, recorded by Dot Boughton Description: Upper half of a Second World War
which is unknown on an ancient scarab (it should have (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO), and identified by Jo German military tag. The tag is flat, crescentic and
the rounded tip of a plum). There are also many ‘rustic’ Dawson (Greenlane Archaeology Ltd). has two holes at the curved edge. There are two tabs
ancient scarabs, and many ancient copies made outside Description: Cuboid gaming piece made from glazed of metal protruding from the straight edge, which
Egypt’. white ceramic and with four parallel-grooved faces. originally would have attached to the opposing
Disposition: Returned to finder. Dimensions: 15 x 15 x 19.1mm. Weight: 15g. crescentic side. One face is stamped with the owner’s
Discussion: Such objects were used to play ‘dibs’, a details. The top line reads ‘..6664’, which is the soldier’s
K Sumnall & S Quirke
game similar to jacks or fivestones. The player throws personal number. The bottom line reads ‘…p Ld
a bunch of five pieces in the air, and sees how many Schutz Ers Batl 13(?4)’. The letter ‘p’ at the far right
they can catch on the back of the hand. There are many next to the break would have been the last letter of
variations and refinements to this simplest version. the abbreviated word Komp[anie], and so in full the
Disposition: Returned to finder. inscription would reads Kompanie Landeschutz Ersatz
Bataillon (Company Land Defence Drafting Battalion).
D Boughton & J Dawson
Dimensions: 46.4 x 25.84 x 1.29.
Discussion: Another German identity tag and an
infantry badge were also found in the same field (LIN-
CE1D45 & CE8D25). An image of the former tag was
sent to the Deutsche Dienststelle, who wrote back to

164 post-medieval post-medieval 165

 Key to abbreviations: IRON AGE by plotting finds using a map or (better still) using 3. Early uninscribed North-East coast gold (new type;
handheld Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices. In not catalogued in VA/BMC). Diameter: 20.22mm.
General:
(and other Pre-Roman) COINS years to come, this recording will become increasingly Weight: 6.24g. Registered as CCI 08.6260.
m. = mint important. The Iron Age coins recorded with the PAS 4. Early uninscribed North-East coast gold (new type;
In 2007, nine Treasure cases involving Iron Age coins
im. = initial mark and Celtic Coin Index (CCI) are now better integrated not catalogued in VA/BMC). Diameter: 18.45mm.
were reported, covering a total of 36 coins. Among
mn. = moneyer as the CCI is now hosted by the PAS (www.finds.org. Weight: 6.21g. Registered as CCI 08.6261.
these cases are six addenda, which underline the
Obv: = obverse uk/cci) and currently catalogues over 37,925 pieces. 5. Gold pellet. Dimensions: 10.91 x 13.64 x 6.71mm.
importance of recording all Iron Age coins, as many
Rev: = reverse This represents the most comprehensive archaeological Weight: 5.33g. Registered as CCI 08.6262.
come from dispersed hoards or votive deposits which
* (asterisk) = fragmentary coins database of its kind in the world. Iron Age numismatics Discussion: The presence of the gold pellet in the
have often been ploughed out. In the cases of Beverley,
† (cross) = clipped (Medieval only) is growing from strength to strength with PAS records hoard may suggest an industrial process, such as the
East Yorkshire (431), and Driffield, East Yorkshire (434
playing a central role. melting down of gold coins into pellets ready for the
& 435), coins have been recorded for almost a decade
striking of new issues, or even making jewellery. Pellets
from these findspots.
Roman denominations: A number of the single finds have been included in of this kind have been found with other coin deposits,
as = as the ‘Coin Register’ in the British Numismatic Journal 78 including the well-known East Leicestershire Hoard
In addition 443 single finds of Iron Age coins have
aur = aureus (2008). (Leins 2007a; 22–48).
been recorded on the PAS database in 2007. This
den = denarius Disposition: British Museum acquired coin no. 4.
report also includes a Carthaginian coin found at
dup = dupondius HOARDS
Nettleton, Lincolnshire (436), which probably arrived A Daubney & I Leins
num = nummus
in Britain during the Iron Age. A number of other Greek
sest = sestertius 427. Little Horwood (addenda),
and Carthaginian coins have been recorded over the 429. Urchfont, Wiltshire: two silver units
sil = siliquae Buckinghamshire: two gold staters
years from Britain but this piece has one of the most (PAS: WILT-CDD3C6; Treasure: 2007 T55)
northerly findspots. An example of Britain’s earliest (PAS: BUC-6CFB85; Treasure: 2007 T608)
Date: Iron Age (c. 50–c. 20 BC).
coin issue, the so-called ‘Thurrock’ type potin cast in Date: Iron Age (c. 60–c. 20 BC).
Discovery: Found by Keith Palmer while metal-
Kent, has also travelled a considerable distance to its Discovery: Found by Andrew Clarkson, Edward Clarkson
detecting in December 2006, and reported to Katie
resting point in Osbournby, Lincolnshire (440). The PAS and Gordon Heritage while metal-detecting in
Hinds (Wiltshire FLO) in 2007.
continues to record a significant number of Continental October 2007, and reported to Ros Tyrrell
Description: Two silver coins of the uninscribed
Iron Age coins. This report contains Gallo-Belgic (Buckinghamshire FLO).
‘Irregular Western series’. Both coins are of the same
gold staters found in Sissinghurst, Kent (437), and Description: Both coins are British gold staters of a
type and would have been produced around 50–20 BC.
the Calbourne area, Isle of Wight (438); Continental type known as ‘British LA’ or ‘Whaddon Chase’ (BM
Diameters: 12mm & 11mm. Weights: 0.93g & 0.71g.
silver coins from West Sussex (441), the Isle of Wight 295; VA 1476). Similar coins accounted for 60 of the 73
Discussion: This type of coin is not published in the
(454) and Gwithian, Cornwall (446); and Continental coins reported in the original find.
main catalogues of Iron Age coinage, but examples
base-metal issues found in Longwick cum Ilmer, Discussion: The coins’ type and the circumstances of
have been recorded on the CCI (e.g. CCI 99.1932).
Buckinghamshire (439), and Micheldever, Hampshire their discovery suggest that they are related to both
Disposition: Wiltshire Heritage Museum hopes
(443). These records continue to enhance research into the earlier discovery and the original Whaddon Chase
to acquire.
the circulation of Gaulish coins in Britain. Hoard, discovered in 1849 (for the original find and
further discussion, see TAR 2005/6, no. 1042). D Algar & I Leins
Treasure and PAS finds continue to include unpublished Disposition: Acquired by Buckinghamshire
and rare coins. The Saxilby Hoard, Lincolnshire (428), County Museum. 430. Westerham (3rd addenda), Kent:
contains two previously unrecorded north-eastern fourteen gold quarter staters
I Leins
gold staters that the British Museum hopes to acquire. (PAS: KENT-049BF3; Treasure: 2007 T624)
A rare Gallo-Belgic D gold quarter stater has been
428. Saxilby, Lincolnshire: four gold staters Date: Iron Age (c. 20 BC–c. AD 10).
found at Willingdon and Jevington, Sussex (444), while
(PAS: LIN-3400F2; Treasure: 2007 T602; Discovery: Found by Nick Moon while metal-detecting
near Eastbourne was found another Atrebatic silver
CCI: 08 6258-62) between April and September 2007, and reported to
unit (449) which is known from only a handful of
Andrew Richardson (Kent FLO).
examples. The British Museum has also acquired a gold Date: Iron Age (c. 60–c. 50 BC).
Description: The composition of the present group is
‘scyphate’ quarter stater from Welbourn, Lincolnshire Discovery: Found by Geoffry Rippon and Paul Virr
similar to the earlier finds (see TAR 2003, no. 351; TAR
(447), which is only normally found in that county. A while metal-detecting in October 2007, and reported
2005/6, nos. 1047 & 1048) and can be summarised as
find from Shoreham by Sea, West Sussex (455) has the to Adam Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO).
follows:
clearest reading of the inscription for the British king Description: Four gold staters and one gold pellet or
1. Gold quarter stater, ‘British LY3’ (VA 158; BMC 371).
Tincomarus on a silver issue, while possibly the best droplet. The staters are early uninscribed North-East
2.–14. Gold quarter staters, ‘British LZ2’
example of a Tincomarus gold stater has been recorded coast types. Two are of the recorded type ‘British H’
(VA 151; BMC 2469).
COINS

from the Newchurch area, Isle of Wight (456). and two are of an unrecorded type, differing from the
Discussion: All of the coins are early uninscribed gold
published type ‘British I’ in the choice of an entirely
quarter staters of types associated with the Cantii
Research by many scholars, for example Ian Leins new obverse design.
(peoples from modern Kent). All were produced towards
(British Museum & Newcastle University), is reliant 1. Early uninscribed ‘British H’ gold, ‘North-East coast
the end of the first century BC, but as none have
on the accurate recording of findspots, and it is Type’ (VA 800.03; BMC 182). Diameter: 20.59mm.
inscriptions they cannot be directly associated with a
welcome that increasing numbers of detectorists are Weight: 6.15g. Registered as CCI 08.6258.
historically attested ruler.
now providing very precise National Grid References 2. Early uninscribed ‘British H’ gold, ‘North-East coast
Disposition: Acquired by Maidstone Museum.
Type’ (VA 800.11; BMC 190). Diameter: 20.04mm.
Weight: 5.87g. Registered as CCI 08.6259. I Leins

166 COINS COINS 167

 431. Beverley (addenda), East Yorkshire: three 433. North Dalton, East Yorkshire (1st addenda): SINGLE FINDS 439. Longwick cum Ilmer, Buckinghamshire: Gaulish
North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold staters four North-Eastern (Corieltavian) coins copper-alloy potin (PAS: BERK-9FD3C7)
(PAS: YORYM-1EC684; Treasure: 2007 T660) (PAS: NCL-63DA22; Treasure: 2007 T600; CCI: 08 436. Nettleton, Lincolnshire: Carthaginian Date: Iron Age (c. 175–c. 125 BC).
Date: Iron Age (c. 50 BC–c. AD 10). 6254-7) copper-alloy unit (PAS: LIN-C0E9D7) Discovery: Found by Stephen Palmer while metal-
Discovery: Found by Jack Cooper and Alec Thompson Date: Iron Age (c. AD 30–c. 60). Date: Iron Age (c. 300–c. 264 BC). detecting before March 2007, and reported to
while metal-detecting in October 2007, and reported Discovery: Found by Paul Rennoldson and Thomas Discovery: Found by Michael O’Bee while metal- Charlotte Burrill (Oxfordshire & Berkshire FLO).
to Liz Andrews-Wilson (North & East Yorkshire FLO). Bolam while metal-detecting in 2007, and reported to detecting, and recorded by Adam Daubney Description: Potin, attributed to the Remi tribe (Gaul).
Description: Three North-Eastern (Corieltauvi) gold Rob Collins (North East FLO). (Lincolnshire FLO). Obv: figure running right, holding torc and spear. Rev:
staters, one of the ‘South Ferriby’ type (VA 811) and Description: Four of the five coins declared are Iron Description: Copper-alloy unit of the Carthaginian animal right (Delestrée and Tache: no. 154).
two of the ‘Domino’ type (VA 829-1). Age (the Roman coin is covered in 2008 T153). Empire, struck in Sardinia. Diameter: 18mm. Discussion: A number of other British provenances
Discussion: This is a further addenda to coins found on 1. Gold-plated copper-alloy ‘South Ferriby’ type stater Discussion: Carthaginian and Numidian coins are have been recorded for this type, for example at Offley,
the site since 2001 (for summaries of earlier finds, see (VA 811.23; BMC 3149; CCI 08.6254). Diameter: 21mm. occasionally found in Britain, dating from the 3rd and Hertfordshire (CCI 69.0640).
TAR 2005/6, no. 1049; Leins 2007b, 244–245, nos. 8–9). Weight: 5.23g. 2nd centuries BC. A Numidian piece was found in Disposition: Returned to finder.
The coins are similar to pieces already recorded and do 2. Gold ‘Kite’ type stater (VA 825.09; BMC 3184; CCI excavations at Carn Brea, Cornwall, and two smaller
I Leins & S Moorhead
not change the dating of the hoard. 08.6255). Diameter: 19mm. Weight: 5.33g. Carthaginian coins were found many years ago in the
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. 3. Gold-plated copper-alloy VOLISIOS temple assemblage from Castle Combe, North Wraxall,
DVMNOCOVEROS stater (VA 978.02; BMC 3337; CCI Wiltshire (Moorhead 2001: 112, no. 8). Most recently, 440. Osbournby, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy potin,
I Leins (PAS: LIN-73E287)
08.6257). Diameter: 19.2mm. Weight: 5.27g. several similar coins have been recorded in Kent
4. Silver AVN COST unit (VA 914.03; BMC 3261; CCI (Holman 2005: 5, fig. 2, no. 14; 40–41). Traditionally, it Date: Iron Age (c. 100 BC)
432. East Leicestershire (1st addenda): 08.6256). Diameter: 14.7mm. Weight: 0.74g. has been assumed that these coins reflect the tin trade Discovery: Found by Tim Camm while metal-detecting,
two silver units (PAS: WAW-A89225 & A87636; Discussion: These coins represent addenda to 2006 between south-west Britain and the Mediterranean. and reported to Adam Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO).
Treasure: 2007 T274) T494 (TAR 2005/6, no. 1050). Disposition: Returned to finder. Description: British ‘Thurrock type’ potin. Obv: head
Date: Iron Age (c. AD 30–c. 60). Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. left, obscured by casting sprue. Rev: bull, obscured
A Daubney & S Moorhead
Discovery: Found in November 2006, and reported to by casting sprue (closest parallel for the coin is CCI
I Leins
Angie Bolton (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO). 00.0452). Diameter: 17mm.
The coins were about 500m apart from each other on 437. Sissinghurst, Kent: Gallo-Belgic gold stater Discussion: This example, like others recently recorded
opposite sides of the same field, on an adjacent field to 434. Driffield area (addenda), East Yorkshire: (PAS: KENT-3F6108) with the PAS, demonstrates the penetration of these
the findspot of an earlier hoard recovered from 2001 three North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold staters Date: Iron Age (c. 175–c. 100 BC). types well beyond their south-eastern origins.
onwards and declared Treasure in 2003 (Leins: 2007a). (PAS: NCL-001A42; Treasure: 2007 T48) Discovery: Found by Bob Sharp while metal-detecting Disposition: Returned to finder.
Description: Two silver units of North-Eastern type; Date: Iron Age (c. AD 30–c. 60). in August 2007, and recorded by Andrew Richardson
I Leins & A Daubney
they originated in the East Midlands and are generally Discovery: Found by David Scott while metal- (Kent FLO).
attributed to a tribe known as the Corieltauvi. detecting in October 2006, and reported to Rob Collins Description: Gold Gallo-Belgic AB ‘Broad Flan’ stater
1. uninscribed silver unit (Leicestershire hoard type (North East FLO). (Sills Ab1, class 5). Diameter: 21.69mm. Weight: 7.1g. 441. West Sussex: silver unit of Eastern Gaul
uninscribed 3a) (VA 877; BMC 3218). Weight: 1.04g. Description: Three North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold Discussion: The findspot of this coin is entirely (PAS: SUSS-65D368)
2. silver unit inscribed ‘AVN COST’ (VA 914; BMC staters, two ‘Kite’ types (VA 825) and one VOLISIOS consistent with the known distribution of Gallo-Belgic Date: Iron Age (c. 100–c. 50 BC).
3261). Weight: 0.96g. DVMNOVELLAVNOS type (VA 988). AB staters, which is centred on Kent, London and Essex. Discovery: Found by Garry Crace while metal-
Discussion: The site of the earlier find declared Discussion: These coins clearly represent further Disposition: Returned to finder. detecting in July 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews-
Treasure (Leins 2007a: 22–48) was the subject of addenda to a hoard which has been found in batches Wilson (Sussex FLO)
A Richardson & I Leins
archaeological investigation, which suggested that since 2002 (for latest addenda see TAR 2005/6, Description: Obv: head left. Rev: horse left with ?KA
the majority of the coins were deposited in a series no. 1053. For a further addendum see 435). above and blundered Greek letters below (c.f. Delestrée
of discrete groups as part of a ritual act or religious Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. 438. Calbourne area, Isle of Wight: Gallo-Belgic gold and Tache: no. 3196ff). Diameter: 12.5mm.
observance in the middle decades of the 1st century stater (PAS: IOW-D35422) Weight: 1.87g.
I Leins
AD. The geographical extent of this activity has not Date: Iron Age (c. 200–c. 125 BC). Discussion: This type belongs with the coinage of
been determined and may have been spread over a Discovery: Found by Kevin Tigwell while metal- eastern Gaul, usually associated with the Lingones or
wide area. The fact that these two coins are of types 435. Driffield area (addenda), East Yorkshire: detecting in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford Aedui. The reverse includes a corruption of the Greek
contained in the earlier hoard, suggests that they are two North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold staters (Isle of Wight FLO). ‘Kaletedou’. Around 10 examples of this type are known
likely to have been part of this ritual activity. (PAS: YORYM-1C8AA2; Treasure: 2007 T597) Description: A Continental Gallo-Belgic XB1 gold stater from Britain.
Disposition: Leicestershire County Council Heritage Date: Iron Age (c. AD 30–c. 60). of Scheers 15 type. Diameter: 12mm. Disposition: Returned to finder.
Service hopes to acquire. Discovery: Found by David Scott while metal-detecting Weight: 7.48g.
I Leins & L Andrews-Wilson
in August 2007, and reported to Rob Collins Discussion: This type has been traditionally associated
E Ghey & I Leins (North East FLO). with the Suessiones, Senones and other tribes of the
Description: Two uninscribed North-Eastern southern part of Gallia Belgica. It is in good condition
(Corieltavian) gold staters, one of the ‘Kite’ type (VA but is slightly worn overall.
825) and one of the ‘Domino’ type (VA 829). Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discussion: These coins represent further addenda to a
I Leins & F Basford
hoard which has been found in batches since 2002 (for
latest addenda see TAR 2005/6, no. 1053. For a further
addendum see 434).
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
I Leins
168 COINS COINS 169
 442. North Hertfordshire area: contemporary copy 445. Chichester area, West Sussex: Gallo-Belgic gold 448. Chichester area, West Sussex: copper-alloy unit 451. Wickham Skeith, Suffolk: Kentish (Cantii)
(gold plated stater) of Addedomaros stater (PAS: SUSS-4E9F15; CCI: 06.0587) (PAS: SUSS-4ECF02; CCI: 06.0588) copper-alloy unit (PAS: SF-DABE83)
(PAS: BH-318E56) Date: Iron Age (c. 60–c. 50 BC). Date: Iron Age (c. 50–30 BC). Date: Iron Age (c. 50–c. 20 BC).
Date: Iron Age (c. 30–c. 10 BC). Discovery: Found by Peter Sheffield while metal- Discovery: Found by Peter Sheffield while metal- Discovery: Found by Trevor Southgate while metal-
Discovery: Found by Harvey Cross while metal- detecting before January 2001, and reported to Liz detecting before January 2007, and recorded by Liz detecting in April 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter
detecting in 2006 and recorded by Julian Watters Andrews-Wilson (Sussex FLO). Andrews-Wilson (Sussex FLO). (Suffolk FLO).
(Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO) in 2007. Description: Gallo-Belgic E ‘Gallic War’ gold stater. Description: Early uninscribed British copper-alloy unit. Description: Kentish (Cantii) copper-alloy unit.
Description: A contemporary copy of a gold stater of Obv: blank. Rev: abstract horse with stylised charioteer Obv: abstract head right. Rev: cock left. Obv: wolf right. Rev: bull right (VA 154–3; BMC 2484).
the Eastern coin region (the tradition centred on Essex, right (VA 54–1). Diameter: 17.1mm. Weight: 5.80g. Diameter: 15.8mm. Weight: 2.3g. Diameter: 16mm. Weight: 1.77 g.
Hertfordshire and surrounding counties). Although the Discussion: Coins of this type continue to be recorded Discussion: This type appears to be known from Belgic Discussion: Around 35 coins of this type are listed on
coin is in very poor condition, it almost certainly copies in significant numbers, enabling the creation of fuller Gaul, and was published as a coin of the Ambiani in the CCI, the majority of which are located in Kent and
a gold stater of the ruler Addedomaros (cf. VA 160; BMC distribution maps. the British Museum catalogue (Allen and Mays: 1995, two from Essex. This is the most northerly find to date.
2390). Diameter: 18.5mm. Weight 2.89g. Disposition: Returned to finder. 64 no. 31). The six other examples recorded by the CCI Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discussion: None of the gold plating or the design are all British finds, from Wiltshire, Sussex and possibly
L Andrews-Wilson & I Leins F Minter & I Leins
survives on the obverse of the coin, but enough of the Hampshire. These coins almost certainly fit alongside
design is visible on the plated areas of the reverse to more common issues such as the so-called ‘Chichester
identify it. Addedomaros was the first ruler and issuer 446. Gwithian, Cornwall: cock’ bronzes. They were based on Belgic prototypes, 452. Findon area, West Sussex: South Western
of coins to the north of the River Thames to place his Armorican base-silver stater (PAS: CORN-0FCF32) but produced in southern Britain, somewhere in the (Durotrigan) silver half unit (PAS: SUSS-301B12)
name on his coins. Date: Iron Age (c. 60–c. 50 BC). Solent hinterland. Date: Iron Age (c. 50–c. 20 BC).
Deposition: Returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Graham Dyer while metal- Disposition: Returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Richard Lyon, while metal-
detecting in April 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke detecting in 2007, and recorded with Laura Burnett
I Leins & J Watters L Andrews-Wilson & P de Jersey
(Cornwall FLO). (Sussex FLO).
Description: Armorican base-silver stater. Obv: abstract Description: South Western (Durotrigan) ‘Hampshire
443. Micheldever, Hampshire: copper-alloy potin head right, boar above. Reverse: human-headed horse 449. Eastbourne area, East Sussex: Southern Thin’ silver half unit. Obv: complex pattern of pellets.
(PAS: HAMP-6152A2) with rider right, lyre symbol below. Diameter: 20mm. (Atrebatic) silver unit (PAS: SUSS-92DEC6) Rev: horse left (BMC 2782; VA 1280). Diameter:
Date: Iron Age (c. 70–c. 50 BC). Weight: 7.38g. Date: Iron Age (c. 50–c. 20 BC). 16.44mm. Weight 0.7g.
Discovery: Found by Mark Duell while metal-detecting Discussion: The coin is a variant of published types Discovery: Found by David Wootten while metal- Discussion: A relatively rare type of Iron Age coin, most
in 2007, and recorded with Rob Webley (Hampshire (the nearest parallels are Delestrée and Tache: nos. detecting in 2007, and recorded with Liz Andrews- previous examples for which findspots are known come
FLO). 2284–2285). The type originated from the Channel Wilson (Sussex FLO). from Hampshire or the Isle of Wight (as the name
Description: Cast copper-alloy potin. Obv: a stylised Islands or Cotentin region. Description: Southern (Atrebatic) uninscribed silver suggests) or bordering districts. This is markedly further
head. Rev: wild boar above pellets and torc. Diameter: Disposition: Acquired by Royal Institution of Cornwall. unit. Obv: two opposed animals, possibly ducks. east; a coin of this type from Lewes, East Sussex
18.25mm. Weight: 3.66g. Rev: horse advancing left. Diameter: 10.9mm. (SUSS-A82BC4) helps establish the wider circulation
A Tyacke & I Leins
Discussion: It is currently thought that this coin was Weight: 1.3 g. area of these coins. These coins have recently been
minted in Belgium (Delestrée and Tache: no. 531A). Discussion: This type has not been published in any reattributed from the Durotriges to the Belgae by Chris
At least ten other examples have been recorded 447. Welbourn, Lincolnshire: North-Eastern catalogues. The first one was found in 2000 and several Rudd (coin-dealer).
from Britain, including one now in the collections (Corieltavian) gold quarter stater have been found since. A partial search of the CCI has Disposition: Returned to finder.
of Winchester Museums Service and another from (PAS: LIN-AC3623) revealed seven other examples (CCI 000941; 920063;
L Burnett & I Leins
Hampshire recorded with the PAS (HAMP432). Date: Iron Age (c. 60–c. 50 BC). 930682; 930995; 950257; 970995 & 980346). This coin
Disposition: Returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Ron Teather while metal- is also identical to a find from East Dean and Friston,
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney Sussex (SUSS-186B34). 453. Tarrant Monkton, Dorset: South Western
I Leins & R Webley uninscribed silver stater (PAS: DOR-2AF3C2)
(Lincolnshire FLO). Disposition: Returned to finder.
Description: North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold Date: Iron Age (c. 50 BC–c. AD 10).
444. Willingdon and Jevington, East Sussex: L Andrews-Wilson & I Leins
‘scyphate’ quarter stater. Obv: abstract pattern based Discovery: Found by Robert Tydeman while metal-
Gallo-Belgic gold quarter stater on a boar. Rev: pattern with prominent retrograde detecting in 2006, and recorded with Ciorstaidh
(PAS: SUSS-23B126; CCI: 00.0490) S-shape (cf. CCI 94.0765). Diameter: 16.18mm. 450. Cliffe, Kent: Kentish (Cantii) silver unit Hayward Trevarthen (Dorset FLO).
Date: Iron Age (c. 60–c. 50 BC). Weight: 1.35g. (PAS: KENT-1B82D0) Description: South Western uninscribed type silver
Discovery: Found by Roy Lock (deceased) while metal- Discussion: Around 35 examples of this coin have been Date: Iron Age (c. 50–c. 20 BC). stater with stylised head and horse (BMC 2711).
detecting in 2000, and recorded with Liz Andrews- recorded, mostly from Lincolnshire. Discovery: Found by Cliff Turner while metal-detecting Diameter: 20.21mm. Weight: 4.98g.
Wilson (Sussex FLO). Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. before April 2007, and recorded by Andrew Richardson Discussion: This is a good, clear, example of this
Description: Gallo-Belgic D variant gold quarter stater. (Kent FLO). uninscribed type and is one of ten Iron Age coins
A Daubney & I Leins
Obv: three dot-in-ring motifs (VA 67–3). Rev: complex Description: Kentish (Cantii) silver unit. Obv: head, recorded in Dorset in 2007.
pattern derived from Roman trophy. Diameter: 9.48mm. with torc around neck, right. Rev: winged horse right. Disposition: Returned to finder.
Weight: 1.2g. Diameter: 11.68mm. Weight: 1g.
C Hayward Trevarthen
Discussion: This is a rare variety with three dot-in-ring Discussion: A number of examples of this
motifs on the obverse. The weight of this coin is closer uncatalogued type are now known from archaeological
to the British uninscribed P ‘Trophy type’. sites in Kent.
Disposition: It is hoped this coin will be donated to the Disposition: Returned to finder.
British Museum.
A Richardson & I Leins
L Burnett & L Andrews-Wilson

170 COINS COINS 171

 454. Isle of Wight: Armorican silver fractional unit Disposition: Returned to finder. ROMAN COINS Isle of Wight (465) which had been countermarked by
(PAS: IOW-31E7D6; CCI: 07 0062) the Roman army on the Rhine; such coins are unusual
F Basford & I Leins
Listed below are 41 hoards, or other groups of coins, in Britain. Another very rare silver denarius, found at
Date: Iron Age (c. 40–c. 20 BC).
containing 6,417 coins. Seven are addenda to earlier Great Hale, Lincolnshire (467) was minted for Galba
Discovery: Found by Tom Winch while metal-detecting 457. Newton Blossomville, Buckinghamshire:
finds, one is an earlier find from Sible Hedingham, during the Civil War of AD 69, which is struck from
around May 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford Eastern (Trinovantian) gold stater of Andoco
Essex which has not been published (524), one, from dies which are not recorded in the British Museum
(Isle of Wight FLO). (PAS: BUC-FDAF75)
Whittington, Northumberland (527) contains only or Paris. The smallest denomination of the Augustan
Description: Armorican silver fractional unit.
Date: Iron Age (c. 10 BC–c. AD 10). eight base-metal coins so is not Treasure, and one from monetary system was the quadrans, 64 making up
Obv: abstract head derived from head of Athena left.
Discovery: Found by Barrie Plasom while metal- Hawkesbury, South Gloucestershire (520) is probably a denarius. These coins were mainly struck for use in
Rev: horse galloping left. Diameter: 10.5mm.
detecting in August 2007, and recorded by Ros Tyrrell not a hoard. The groups of coins can be broken down as Italy and are very rarely found in Britain. However, this
Weight: 0.94g.
(Buckinghamshire FLO). follows: report includes two such coins, one of Claudius from
Discussion: This coin is of the type Delestrée and
Description: Eastern (Trinovantian) gold stater of Dorchester, Oxfordshire (466) and the other from an
Tache: 2369 (see also De Jersey: 1994, 114 for
Andoco. Obv: wreath pattern. Rev: horse right, ANDO Century AD No. of hoards Total number anonymous issue found at Goosetry, Cheshire (468);
illustration, and a discussion in Gruel and Taccoen: 1992).
below and in front (VA 1860–1; BMC 2011). Diameter: /groups of coins there are five in total now recorded on the
Disposition: Returned to finder. 1st 3 49
17.77mm. Weight: 5.46g. PAS database.
2nd 11 254
F Basford & P de Jersey Disposition: Returned to finder, and subsequently sold. 3rd 9 c. 2,608
4th 10 3,313 HOARDS
R Tyrrell & I Leins
5th 8 193
455. Shoreham by Sea, West Sussex: silver unit of
Totals 41 c. 6,417
Tincomarus (PAS: SUSS-2BF306) 459. Mansfield Woodhouse area, Nottinghamshire:
458. Isle of Wight: Southern (inscribed) silver unit
Date: Iron Age (c. 20 BC–c. AD 10). 22 silver denarii (PAS: DENO-73ECB4;
(PAS: IOW-DA10F4) In 2007, 20,675 Roman coins were recorded on the PAS
Discovery: Found by John Kempshall while metal- Treasure: 2007 T260)
Date: Iron Age (c. AD 30–c. 45). database (including around 11,000 coins from Norfolk
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Liz Andrews found in previous years), bringing the total to about Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 37).
Discovery: Found by Alan Rowe while metal-detecting
Wilson (Sussex FLO). 55,000 coins. This dataset is now by far the largest for Discovery: Found by Daniel and Stephen Pegg while
in April 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle of
Description: British Iron Age silver unit of Tincomarus, coins found on rural sites in Britain and is the focus metal-detecting in April 2007, and reported to Anja
Wight FLO).
associated with the Southern (Atrebatic) regional series. for a PhD thesis being written by Philippa Walton Rohde (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO).
Description: Southern silver unit. Obv: cross of pellets,
The inscription TINCOMAR[VS] can be seen around the (University College London & Department of Portable Description: A small hoard of 19 Republican and three
C R A B in angles. Rev: eagle (VA 1285; BMC 2788).
head. Diameter: 12.2mm. Weight: 1.3g. Antiquities and Treasure, British Museum). A number Imperial denarii. This hoard was originally reported as
Diameter: 13mm. Weight 0.89g.
Discussion: These silver units were published by Van of the coins listed below as single finds have been a hoard only of Republican denarii but the presence
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Arsdell (1989) as coins of Verica (VA473–1) but later included in the ‘Coin Register’ in the British Numismatic of three pieces of Tiberius means that the date of
reinterpreted as issues of Tincomarus. It is probably F Basford & I Leins disposition now stands at around AD 37.
Journal 78 (2008).
one of the earliest Iron Age coins to include a labelled 1–19. Republic (before 44 BC) 19
portrait of a British ruler. 28 are now known, of which Section editor and further research: Sam Moorhead. 20–3. Tiberius (r. AD 14–37) 3
16 have provenances, mainly in the South Downs and Editor: Michael Lewis. Republican and 1st century AD Disposition: Acquired by Mansfield Museum and
West Sussex area. The present coin is the clearest Art Gallery.
Roman Republican coins continue to be found in
representation of Tincomarus’s name on a silver coin.
considerable numbers with well over 400 recorded on R Abdy & N Bauer
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
the PAS database. Coins of Mark Antony, such as that
L Andrews-Wilson & I Leins from Lanivet, Cornwall (463), struck in 32–31 BC, are 460. Annesley, Nottinghamshire: four silver denarii
the most commonly recorded from this period; because (Treasure: 2005 T194)
456. Newchurch area, Isle of Wight: Southern they were struck in debased silver they continued to Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 75).
(Atrebatic) gold stater of Tincomarus circulate until the 3rd century AD. However, the coin Discovery: Found by Mr R Scothern while metal-
(PAS: IOW-D8AA20) of the little-known triumvir (one of the three leaders detecting in May 2003. This find was not included in
Date: Late Iron Age (c. 20 BC–c. AD 10). of Rome) Lepidus (the other triumvirs were Octavian the TAR 2003, and hence is published here.
Discovery: Found by Alan Rowe while using a metal- and Mark Antony) from Cotton, Suffolk (462) is much Description: 4 silver denarii:
detector in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle of rarer. A hoard from the Mansfield Woodhouse area, Republic:
Wight FLO). Nottinghamshire (459) contains mainly Republican 1. L. RVTILI FLAC (77 BC) (RRC 387)
Description: Southern (Atrebatic) gold stater of issues, but also has three pieces of Tiberius (r. AD 2. *L. PLAVTIVS PLANCVS (47 BC) (RRC 453)
Tincomarus. Obv: wreath pattern. Rev: horse right 14–37). It is most likely that this hoard was buried after Imperial:
and inscription TINC-O-MARVS around (BMC 765). the Roman invasion of AD 43, denarii of Caligula and 3. Nero (r. AD 54–68)
Diameter: 20mm. Weight: 5.42g. Claudius being incredibly rare in Britain. The Annesley 4. Vespasian (r. AD 69–79)
Discussion: The coin is similar to an example that Hoard, Nottinghamshire (460) shows how Republican Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
was acquired by the British Museum, part of the Alton coins were still in circulation in the Flavian period (AD
69–96). There is one notable coin of Augustus (r. 27 R Abdy
hoard (1996). The Alton find was the first coin to reveal
the correct form of the name TINCOMARVS, which BC–AD 14), a silver denarius from near Calbourne, Isle
had previously been read as Tincommius by 19th- and of Wight (464) which was previously only known from
20th-century historians. However, this Isle of Wight one specimen in Paris and was found in a detectorist’s
find is probably the finest example of a Tincomarus collection of lesser-regarded finds. There is also an as
coin with the full legend yet found. of either Augustus or Tiberius from Niton and Whitwell,

172 COINS COINS 173

 461. Shorwell, Isle of Wight (addenda): 463. Lanivet, Cornwall: Republican silver denarius 466. Dorchester, Oxfordshire: 469. Clipstone, Nottinghamshire: silver drachm of
One copper-alloy sestertius and 22 silver dupondii/ of Mark Antony (PAS: CORN-744206) copper quadrans of Claudius (PAS: LON-EDEF06) King Nahapana (PAS: DENO-1080E2)
asses (PAS IOW-2CE096; Treasure: 2007 T197) Date: Roman (c. 32–31 BC). Date: Roman (AD 41–54). Date: c. AD 40–78.
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 98). Discovery: Found by Philip Steele while metal- Discovery: Found by Roger Smith and Sue Anderson Discovery: Found by Pete Reid while metal-detecting
Discovery: Found by Brian Hawkes and fifteen other detecting in March 2007, and recorded by Anna Tyacke while metal-detecting, and recorded by Kate Sumnall in 1998, and recorded by Anja Rohde (Derbyshire &
members of the Isle of Wight Metal Detecting Club (Cornwall FLO). (London FLO). Nottinghamshire FLO).
while metal-detecting in April 2007, and reported to Description: Silver Republican legionary denarius of Description: Copper quandrans of Claudius (r. AD Description: A struck silver drachm of the Western
Frank Basford (Isle of Wight FLO). The coins were found Mark Antony, struck at a travelling mint, and honouring 41–54). Obv: TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG; three-legged Ksatraps of Gujurat in western India in the name of
in a 20m radius in ploughsoil. The original hoard was Legio XII. Stamped with an ‘N’ on the obverse which modius (corn measure). Rev: PON M TR P IMP COS DES King Nahapana (r. c. AD 40–78). Obv: diademed bust
found in 2006 (TAR 2005/6, no. 1065) in the same area. is a banker’s, or private control, mark (RRC 544/26). IT around S C (RIC I: 184). Diameter: 19.64mm. facing right with a Greek inscription. Rev: arrow and a
Description: Summary of the entire hoard, addenda Diameter: 18.4mm. Weight: 3.06 g. Weight: 2.88g. thunderbolt with inscriptions in Kharoshthi and Brahmi
numbered and marked as †: Discussion: This coin is likely to have come to Britain Discussion: This is one of only five quadrantes recorded script. Diameter: 15.9mm. Weight: 2.3g.
with the Roman army during the 1st century AD, but with the PAS. These small coins were most commonly Discussion: Many publications date this coin to the
Sest Dup/As Total Mark Antony denarii are known to have circulated until used in Italy and are rarely found in Britain. There were 2nd century AD. It is a very unusual coin to turn up as
1. Caligula (r. AD 37–41) 1† 1
the 3rd century AD. four quadrantes to the as, and 64 to the denarius. a British find. It seems unlikely that it came to Britain
2. Claudian copies 1† 2 3
(c. AD 41–64) Disposition: Acquired by Royal Institution of Cornwall. Disposition: Returned to finder. during the Roman period, although that idea cannot be
Nero (r. AD 54–68) 1 6 7 entirely discounted. However, it is more likely that this
A Tyacke & S Moorhead K Sumnall & S Moorhead
3–8. Vespasian (r. AD 69–79) 4, 6† 10 represents a coin acquired at a later date, possibly as a
9. Domitian Caesar (r. AD 73–81) 1, 1† 1
souvenir or part of a collection, brought to England and
10–16. Uncertain Flavian 15, 7† 22 464. Calbourne, Isle of Wight: silver denarius of 467. Great Hale, Lincolnshire:
(AD 69–81) subsequently lost.
17. Domitian (r. AD 81–96) 12, 1† 13 Augustus (PAS: IOW-0D5931) silver denarius of Galba (AD 68) (PAS: LIN-898441) Deposition: Returned to finder.
18. Nerva (r. AD 96–98) 1† 1 Date: Roman (c. 27 BC–c. AD 14). Date: Roman (c. AD 68).
19–23. Uncertain emperor 10, 5† 15 A Rohde & S Moorhead
Discovery: Found by Rob Gates while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Dave Panton while metal-
Total 2 72 74
in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney
Non-hoard coins 7 (inc. 2†)
(Isle of Wight FLO). (Lincolnshire FLO). 2nd century AD
Discussion: The date the hoard was deposited can be Description: An incomplete silver denarius of the Description: A silver denarius of Galba (r. AD 68).
emperor Augustus (r. 27 BC–AD 14). Obv: Laureate Obv: female bust of Bonus Eventus right, diademed As is normally the case, the majority of the 2nd-
moved to AD 98 by the presence of the coin of Nerva,
head of Augustus, right. Rev: Capricorn right; above, a and draped, with hair in plait above neck. Rev: a pair of century AD hoards contain silver denarii, one from
and it is extended at the beginning by one of Caligula,
star (RIC I: 542). Diameter: 17mm. Weight: 2.79g. clasped right hands holding a caduceus (RIC I: c.f. 6). Westgate area, County Durham (474) having a new
a fairly rare coin for Britain.
Discussion: This coin is very rare, the only other Diameter: 18.53mm. variety for Hadrian. However, two hoards terminating
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finders.
known example being in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Discussion: This rare piece was struck between April in the reign of Commodus (r. AD 180–192) do contain
R Abdy Paris. Its mint is unknown, but it is probably from the and June AD 68 in the name of Galba in Spain. Galba copper-alloy sestertii, one from Ellesmere, Shropshire
western half of the Roman Empire. Given that the other had agreed to join the revolt against Nero so started to (475) and the other from Kingskerswell, Devon (477).
SINGLE FINDS example is in a French museum, the most likely mint strike coins. Some of the early coins did bear his name A third sestertius hoard from Newchurch, Isle of Wight
might be Lyon (Lugdunum). and portrait, but others looked back to the past. This (479) terminates in the early years of the reign of
462. Cotton, Suffolk: Republican silver denarius of Disposition: Donated to the British Museum. particular coin is copied from a Republican coin of L. Septimius Severus (r. AD 193–211), a time when the
Lepidus (PAS: SF-7DD9F2) Scribonius Libo (moneyer in 62 BC) which also depicts supply of sestertii to Britain began to dry up. The single
F Basford & S Moorhead finds in this report have an eastern flavour, including a
Date: Roman (42 BC). Bonus Eventus (RRC: 416/1). There is no coin in the
Discovery: Found by Chris J Bayliss while metal- British Museum or the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, dupondius of Trajan, found in Wigginton, Hertfordshire
465. Niton and Whitwell, Isle of Wight: copper as of that is struck from the same dies. (481), which has a countermark apparently applied
detecting in May 2007, and recorded by Faye Minter
Augustus or Tiberius (PAS: IOW-F52A23) Disposition: Returned to finder. at Antioch (south-eastern Turkey) in Hadrian’s reign
(Suffolk FLO).
Description: This coin, which is struck in Italy, shows Date: Roman (c. 15 BC–AD 15); countermarked either during the second Jewish Revolt (AD 132–135).
A Daubney & S Moorhead
the heads of two triumvirs, Lepidus and Octavian AD 41–54 or 79–81.
(later Augustus) (r. 43–36 BC) (RRC 495/2d). Discovery: Found by Keith Stuart while metal- HOARDS
detecting in November 2007, and recorded by Frank 468. Goostrey, Cheshire: copper-alloy quadrans
Diameter: 17.28mm. Weight: 3.35g.
Basford (Isle of Wight FLO). (LVPL-05B7D1) 470. Whitchurch area, Cheshire: three silver denarii
Discussion: This piece is from a small issue, there
being only about 30 obverse and reverse dies issued. Description: A copper as; the bust and altar are just Date: Roman (c. AD 81–161). (PAS: LVPL-B8BD62, 8B6538 & EB9A86;
Disposition: Returned to finder visible. The countermark TI.C.A probably stands for Discovery: Found by John Grassby while metal- Treasure: 2007 T315)
Tiberius Claudius Augustus (i.e. Claudius, r. AD 41–54) detecting in 2007, and recorded by Frances McIntosh Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 111).
F Minter & S Moorhead or Titus Caesar Augustus (r. AD 79–81) (RIC I: Augustus (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO). Discovery: The coins were found at different times
230ff & Tiberius 95; BMC: Roman I, xxxv; Pangerl: 266– Description: This anonymous coin shows the winged during a metal-detecting rally on 25 March 2007.
268, nos. 58a–f). Diameter: 22mm. Weight: 4.05 g. hat and caduceus of Mercury, but does not name an Another four or five were briefly shown to Frances
Discussion: Asses were commonly countermarked emperor, hence its general date as above (RIC II: 32). McIntosh (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside
by the Roman army on the Rhine frontier, in this case Diameter: 15mm. Weight: 2.3 g. FLO) at the end of the day; however, subsequent
probably to signify that the coin was still good for Discussion: See 466. attempts to recover these coins have failed.
circulation. Disposition: Returned to finder.
Disposition: Returned to finder. F McIntosh & S Moorhead
F Basford & S Moorhead

174 COINS COINS 175

 Description: 473. North Dalton area (1st addenda), East 475. Ellesmere, Shropshire: 13 copper-alloy sestertii
29–31. Aurelius Caesar - 3
1. Galba (r. AD 68–69) (RIC I: 143) 32–34. Marcus Aurelius 1 3
Yorkshire: three silver denarii (PAS: YORYM-109BE5; (PAS: HESH-887B04; Treasure: 2007 T667) (r. AD 161–180)
2. Domitian (r. AD 81–96) (RIC II: 691) Treasure: 2007 T185) 35. Lucius Verus - 1
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 180).
3. Trajan (r. AD 103–111) (RIC II: 115var; RIC: 115 has a 36. Divus Pius - 1
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 161). Discovery: Found by George Bennett, Gordon Griffiths,
draped bust, this coin only has a draped left shoulder) 37–40. Faustina II - 4
Discovery: Found by Daniel Crowe while metal- Roy Griffiths, Martin Punnett and Terry Ransome while 41–42. Lucilla 1 2
Disposition: Returned to finders.
detecting in March 2007, and reported to Dave Evans metal-detecting in August 2007, and reported to Peter 43–45. Commodus 2 3
F McIntosh, D Shotter & S Moorhead (North & East Yorkshire FLO). Reavill (Herefordshire & Shropshire FLO). (r. AD 180–192)
46. Divus Aurelius - 1
Description: The coins probably represent addenda Description: This small group of 2nd-century AD brass 47. Uncertain emperor 1 1
471. Selsey area, West Sussex: three silver denarii to the Pocklington area Hoard (TAR 2005/6: no.1073), sestertii spans the reigns of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, - Imitation 1 -
(PAS: SUSS-B27B77; Treasure: 2007 T377) being Roman silver denarii of similar date to those in Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, and includes coins 48–49. Uncertain fragments - 2
the earlier find, which comprised coins issued between of other members of their families. A high degree 50. Fragment of a copper-alloy trumpet brooch, with only the head
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 117). and part of the bow remaining; the head has traces of an iron spring
the reigns of Galba (r. AD 68–69) and Marcus Aurelius of corrosion prevents close catalogue identification
Discovery: Found by Martin Homer while metal- attachment. Weight: 11.3g.
(r. AD 161–180). in many cases. The latest identifiable coin is for the
detecting in July 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews-
1. Vespasian (AD 74) (RIC 2.i: 702) deified Marcus Aurelius, probably produced very soon Discussion: The date the hoard was deposited now
Wilson (Sussex FLO).
2. Vespasian (AD 75) (RIC 2.i: 777) after his death in AD 180. stands at AD 192, as opposed to AD 185 for the original
Description: Trajan (RIC: 13, 118 & uncertain).
3. Hadrian (AD 119–122) (RIC 2: 98(b)) hoard. Many of the coins are fairly corroded (as was the
Disposition: Acquired by Chichester District Museum. 1. Hadrian (r. AD 117–138) 1
Discussion: A silver siliqua of the House of Constantine case with the original find).
L Andrews-Wilson & I Leins 2. Antoninus Pius (r. AD 138–161) 1
I, produced c. AD 340s/350s at Arles (mintmark: SAR[L]) 3. Faustina I 1 Disposition: Whitby Museum hopes to acquire.
was also found. Weight 0.17g. A coin of this type would 4. Marcus Aurelius (r. AD 161–180) 1
472. Petworth area, West Sussex: 103 silver denarii not have circulated or been hoarded with earlier denarii 5. Faustina II 1 R Abdy & R Hobbs
and associated pottery (PAS: SUSS-C3BB17; (coins 1–3) and is a later casual loss rather than as part 6. Lucilla 1
– Commodus (r. AD 180–192)
Treasure: 2007 T106) of the hoard. The site has also produced several further 7. Divus Marcus 1
477. Kingskerswell, Devon: one silver denarius and
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 134). groups of Iron Age and Roman coins (see TAR: 2005/6, 8–13. Uncertain emperor 6 12 bronze sestertii, and copper-alloy fragments
Discovery: Found by Malcolm Douglas while metal- no. 1050). (Treasure: 2007 T134)
detecting in November 2006, and reported to Liz Disposition: Acquired by East Riding Museum Service. Disposition: Shropshire County Museums Service Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 192).
Andrews-Wilson (Sussex FLO). I Leins hopes to acquire. Discovery: Found with a metal-detector in about 1988,
Description: The coins range from the Roman Republic R Abdy and reported to the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in
to the 2nd century AD. The latest coin is of Hadrian March 2007.
474. Westgate area, County Durham: eleven silver
(r. AD 117–138), and is the sole example in the hoard Description:
denarii (PAS: NCL-62EF85; Treasure: 2007 T198) 476. Ugthorpe, North Yorkshire (addenda):
of the late obverse group of AD 132/4–138 with a
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 176). 47 silver denarii, two silver fragments and a copper- 1. Antoninus Pius (r. AD 138–161) 1 sest
type of ‘Fortune the homebringer’ that was probably
Discovery: Found by Dave Scott while metal-detecting alloy brooch fragment 2. Commodus (r. AD 180–192) 1 sest
made before the emperor’s final return to Italy. Seven 3. Crispina (c. AD 180–183) 1 sest
in March 2007, and reported to Rob Collins (PAS: YORYM-743FA7; Treasure: 2007 T416)
very abraded pieces of coarseware pottery were found 4–5. Uncertain Antonine 1 den, 2 sest
(North East FLO). Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 192).
with the hoard. One piece is diagnostic, forming part 6–12. Uncertain emperor 7 sest
Description: All the coins are from the 2nd century AD; Discovery: Found by Russell Willis and Trevor Pye
of the base of a jar or bowl. It is not certain that the
the latest an issue of Marcus Aurelius (r. AD 161–180) while metal-detecting in July 2007, 30m from the Discussion: A copper-alloy brooch and loop declared
fragments come from the original hoard container,
for his wife Faustina II, issued before her death in AD original hoard findspot, and reported to Philippa Walton with the hoard are probably random losses not
but this seems possible as the dating is consistent with
176. In terms of composition this group of coins is (Cambridgeshire FLO). associated with the find. The hoard was found prior
the coins.
consistent with other hoards of this period. Description and discussion: The earliest coin is of the to the Treasure Act of 1996 (therefore Treasure under
1–10. Republic 10 emperor Nero (r. AD 54–68), and the latest is a COS Treasure Trove), and was conserved by Pippa Pearce
11–15. Mark Antony (minted 32–31 BC) 5 1–2. Trajan (r. AD 98–117) 2
3–5. Hadrian (r. AD 117–138) 3
VII issue of Commodus (r. AD 180–192), dateable to (British Museum).
16–18. Augustus (r. 31 BC–AD 14) 3
6. Sabina 1 AD 192. In terms of composition this group of coins is Disposition: Not Treasure Trove; returned to finder.
19. Nero (r. AD 45–68) 1
20–46. Vespasian (r. AD 69–79) 27 7–10. Antoninus Pius (r. AD 138–161) 4 consistent with other hoards of this period and with
47. Titus Caesar (r. AD 71–79) 1 – Marcus Aurelius (r. AD 161–180) the 1998 Ugthorpe hoard in which the last coin dated R Abdy & R Hobbs
48–51. Domitian Caesar (r. AD 73–79) 4 11. Faustina II 1
to AD 185 (Barclay: 121–124).
52–53. Titus (r. AD 79–81) 2 478. Postwick, Norfolk (addenda): four silver denarii
54–60. Domitian (r. AD 81–96) 7 Discussion: No. 5 – Hadrian, IVSTITIA AVG COS III P P
61–63. Nerva (r. AD 96–98) 3
1998 2007 addenda (PAS NMS-D537C1; Treasure: 2007 T220)
(with COS III in the legend rather than the exergue) is a 1. Nero (r. AD 54–68) - 1
64–91. Trajan (r. AD 98–117) 28
2–3. Vespasian 2 2 Date: Roman (the latest coin in the addenda is AD
92–103. Hadrian (r. AD 117–138) 12 new variety (RIC: 214var).
(r. AD 69–79) 156/7; the latest coin in the original hoard is AD 192).
Disposition: British Museum acquired no. 5. 4. Titus Caesar - 1 Discovery: Found by Roy Crawford while metal-
Disposition: Chichester District Museum hopes to R Abdy - Domitian Caesar 3 - detecting on the site of an earlier hoard discovered in
acquire. 5. Domitian (r. AD 81–96) 1 1
- Nerva (r. AD 96–98) 1 - 1986 (Burnett and Gregory 1988: 33–36), and reported
R Abdy & R Hobbs 6–14. Trajan (r. AD 98–117) 3 9 to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). Subsequent groups from
15–16. Hadrian 3 2 the hoard have been found (TAR 2005/6, no. 1079;
(r. AD 117–138) 2004, no. 436), but none of them affect a date of
17–23. Antoninus Pius 3 7
(r. AD 138–161) disposition of AD 192.
24–28. Diva Faustina I - 5

176 COINS COINS 177

 Description: SINGLE FINDS HOARDS Central Empire:
4 silver denarii of: 1. ?Septimius Severus (r. AD 193–211) 1 den
2. Elagabalus (r. AD 218–222) 1 den
1. Mark Antony (31 BC) (RRC 544/22) 481. Wiggington, Hertfordshire: copper-alloy 482. Twycross, Leicestershire: 29 base-silver denarii 3–61. Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) 59 (including 3
2. Vespasian (AD 75) (RIC: 161) dupondius of Trajan (PAS CORN-5E39D1) and radiates (PAS: NMGW-29BDC6; LEIC-215B27, den)
3. Diva Faustina (c. AD 141–150) (RIC: 362) 206F66, 213D57, 21A411 & 2228A4; WMID- 62–106. Philip I (r. AD 244–249) 45
Date: Roman (AD 98–117); countermarked 107–109. Philip II 3
4. Antoninus Pius (AD 156/7) (RIC: 261) 909D93, D22C67 & D212F4; Treasure: 2007 T312)
AD 117–138. 110–114. Otacilia Severa 5
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. 115–131. Decius (r. AD 249–251) 17
Discovery: Found by Steve Collins while metal- Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 253).
132–137. Herennia Etruscilla 6
A Marsden & R Abdy detecting in November 2007, and recorded by Anna Discovery: Found by Fred Cooper, Chris Hemus, Enid 138–142. Herennius Etruscus 5
Tyacke (Cornwall FLO). Homer, Darren Hoyle, David Onens, Gary Thompson, 143. Hostilian 1
479. Newchurch, Isle of Wight: 57 copper-alloy Description: Copper-alloy dupondius of Trajan Hugh Vincent, and others while metal-detecting at a 144–160. Trebonianus Gallus
(r. AD 98–117). Obv: either side of Trajan’s worn head rally in June 2007, and reported to multiple FLOs, local (r. AD 251–253) 17
sestertii and sestertius fractions (PAS: IOW-841278; 161–166. Volusian (r. AD 251–253) 6
Treasure: 2006 T29 & 2007 T289) are two countermarks, one a laurel branch, the other to each finder. 167–169. Aemilian (r. AD 253) 3
possibly similar or even a small head. Rev: worn out. Description: This hoard contains 23 denarii from the 170–190. Valerian I (r. AD 253–260) 21
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 197).
Diameter: 25mm. Weight: 10.2g. period between Hadrian (r. AD 117–138) and Gordian 191–193. Valerian II 3
Discovery: Found by Terry Barrett, Harry Bragg, Derek 194. Mariniana 1
Discussion: The laureate countermark is associated III (r. AD 238–244) and 6 radiates from the period
Johnson, Tony Perez and David Walker while metal- 195–197. Saloninus 3
with Antioch and was apparently applied in Hadrian’s between Gordian III and Trebonianus Gallus
detecting on 13 December 2005 (38 coins) and 26 April 198–216. Gallienus (r. AD 253–268) 19
reign prior to the Jewish Revolt of AD 132–135 (r. AD 251–253). 217–224. Salonina (r. AD 253–268) 8
2007 (19 coins), and reported to Frank Basford (Isle of
(Howgego 1985: no. 378). This coin obviously travelled
Wight FLO). Denarii: Gallic Empire:
a long way after being countermarked.
Description: The coins cover the period from Trajan 1. Hadrian (r. AD 117–138) 1 225–226. Postumus (AD 260–268) 2
Disposition: Returned to finder.
(r. AD 98–117) to Septimius Severus (r. AD 193–211), 2. Sabina 1 228–304. Uncertain 78
the latest coin dating to AD 197. A Tyacke & S Moorhead - Commodus (r. AD 180–192)
3. Divus Marcus Aurelius 1
4–8. Septimius Severus (r. AD 193–211) 5
Disposition: The block of coins is currently at the

1. Trajan (r. AD 98–117)
Sest
1
Dup/As
-
Uncertain
-
3rd century AD 9–10. Julia Domna 2 British Museum, awaiting a final decision about
11. Caracalla (r. AD 195–217) 1 conservation and publication. Roman Baths Museum,
2–7. Hadrian (r. AD 117–138) 3 2 1 12–13. Elagabalus (r. AD 218–222) 2
8–12. Antoninus Pius The largest hoards from this period comprise 3rd- Bath hopes to acquire.
14. Julia Maesa 1
(r. AD 138–161) 4 1 century radiate coins from Bath, Bath and North
13. Faustina I 1 - -
15. Julia Soemias 1 R Reece
East Somerset (483). Cotswold Archaeology Ltd have 16–17. Severus Alexander (r. AD 222–235) 2
14. Marcus Caesar - 1 - 18–19. Julia Mamaea 2
15–9. Marcus Aurelius 4 1 - excavated around 30,000 coins in a block of soil
20. Maximinus I (r. AD 235–238) 1 484. Doncaster area, South Yorkshire: 15 base-silver
(r. AD 161–180) which awaits conservation and analysis at the British
20–1. Commodus Caesar 2 - -
21. Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) 1 radiates and a silver-gilt brooch
Museum. A further 1,030 coins were found in East 22–23. Uncertain 2
22–3. Faustina II 1 1 - (PAS: SWYOR-0AEF716; Treasure: 2007 T66)
Sussex (485) giving the entire hoard 2,893 pieces, and
24–5. Lucilla 2 - - Radiates: Date: Roman (AD 265 (coin) and c. AD 1–50 (brooch)).
-. Commodus (r. AD 180–192) - - - thus making it the largest base-silver radiate hoard of
24–25. Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) 2 Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in January
26. Divus Marcus 1 - - its kind since the famous Dorchester Hoard found in -. Philip I (r. AD 244–249)
27–9. Uncertain Antonine 3 - - 1936. One of the most exciting hoards includes two 2007, and reported to Peter Robinson
26. Otacilla Severa 1
30. ?Clodius Albinus 1 - -
gold aurei of Carausius (r. AD 286–93) from Ashbourne 27. Philip II Caesar 1 (Doncaster Museum).
(r. AD 195–197) 28. Decius (r. AD 249–251) 1 Description:
31. Septimius Severus 1 - - area, Derbyshire (490), bringing the total known gold
29. Trebonianus Gallus (r. AD 251–253) 1 1. Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) 1
(r. AD 193–211) pieces of Carausius to 25. One coin is from the mint of
32–57. Uncertain emperor 15 10 1 Rouen, struck from dies already recorded; the other is a 2. Philip I (r. AD 244–249) 1
Total 39 16 2 Disposition: Leicestershire County Council Heritage -. Decius (r. AD 249–251)
new type from the mint of London. There are also five
Services hopes to acquire. 3. Herennius Etruscus 1
radiates of Carausius, from Chichester area, West Sussex
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finders. 4–5. Valerian (r. AD 253–260) 2
(494), Shalfleet, Isle of Wight (495), Chedzoy, Somerset J Lewis
M Lyne & R Abdy (496), Greywell, Hampshire (497) and Hinton on the 6–9. Gallienus (r. AD 253–260) 4
Green, Worcestershire (498) which are new varieties, 10–15. Postumus (r. AD 260–269) 6
483. Bath, Bath and North East Somerset: about
highlighting how detector finds are increasing the (up to 3rd series; c. AD 263–265)
480. Seaton with Slingley, County Durham: 30,000 base-silver coins (PAS: GLO-40A9B6;
knowledge of his coinage. There is another gold aureus Brooch: A silver-gilt brooch of ‘Birdlip’ type. The flat
a silver denarius and silver trumpet brooch Treasure: 2007 T677)
for Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) from Lutterworth, narrow bow has a high single moulded rib; below the
(PAS: NCL-D488D8; Treasure: 2007 T391) Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 260s).
Leicestershire (491) and a new type for an as of Philip trumpet head are two moulded knops, and between
Date: Roman (AD 80 (coin) and AD 100–200 (brooch)). Discovery: Found by Cotswold Archaeology Ltd during these and the raised rib are a small horizontal
Discovery: Found by Dave Scott while metal-detecting I (r. AD 244–249) from Pavenham, Bedfordshire (492).
excavations in advance of building work for the new projection and the broken remains of the projecting
in October 2000, and reported to Rob Collins (North Possibly the most interesting contemporary copy found
Bath Spa in November 2007, and reported to Kurt wing which characterises the type. There is a fracture
East FLO) in 2007. in 2007 is a ‘Limesfalschungen’ copper-alloy cast as
Adams (Gloucestershire & Avon FLO). in the centre of the bow. The triangular catch-plate
Description: A silver denarius of Titus (minted AD 80). found at Crondall, Hampshire (493) which was probably
Description: The find consists of a block of perhaps has twelve perforations. There are traces of gilding in a
Discussion: Found with 108. made on the Rhine or Danube frontier. Bizarrely, it
130,000 base-silver coins from which 304 coins had number of places; the gilding survives particularly well
Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire. shows the bust of Nero (r. AD 54–68) on one side and
become detached. The block remains intact for the on the bow. The pin and spring mechanism are missing.
the bust of Otacilia Severa (r. AD 244–249) on the
R Abdy present, and the detached coins listed here. The coins Length: 41.5mm. Width: 10.2mm.
other. It might be the latest example of these casts to
date from the early 3rd century to the AD 260s, the Discussion: given the date of the coins, the brooch
be found in Britain.
majority being base-silver radiates. appears to have been kept for some years prior to

178 COINS COINS 179

 burial, presumably because of its precious metal 486. Harrogate area, North Yorkshire: nine copper- for the coins. One earlier Severan denarius and four later 490. Ashbourne area, Derbyshire: two gold aurei
content. The Birdlip Type is not particularly common alloy radiates (PAS YORYM-697A25; Treasure: Constantinian/Valentinianic pieces were also found, but (PAS: DENO-64DAE1 & 651C91; Treasure: 2007
(Hattatt 1987: 38; Bayley and Butcher 2004: 149). 2007 T424) are almost certainly not from the hoard. T709)
Disposition: The brooch has been acquired by Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 274). Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 293).
Doncaster Museum; the landowner donated their share.
Discovery: Found sometime in 2004, allegedly F Basford, M Lyne & S Moorhead Discovery: Found by Derrick Fretwell during
The coins have been returned to the finders.
at Plompton, near Harrogate, and reported to the construction work in July 2007, and reported to Anja
R Abdy & R Hobbs Yorkshire Museum. 488. Baschurch, Shropshire: 36 base-metal radiates Rohde (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO).
Description: (PAS: HESH-884BE4; Treasure: 2007 T665) Description: Two gold aurei of Carausius
485. East Sussex (addenda): 1,030+ base-silver (r. AD 286–293).
1. Gallienus (r. AD 260–268),
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 274).
radiates (and fragments) (PAS: SUSS-6F6003; 1. Obv: VIRTVS CAR – AVSI. Ornately, cuirassed and
m. Siscia (RIC: 575) 1 Discovery: Found by Ian Collins and Paul Oakley while
Treasure: 2006 T4) helmeted bust, left; the helmet with an animal running
2. Postumus (r. AD 260–269), metal-detecting in September 2007, and reported to
m. Principal (Cunetio: 2387/2391) 1 left, possibly a ‘big’ cat. Rev: PAX – AVG. Pax standing
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 268). Peter Reavill (Hereforshire & Shropshire FLO).
3. ?Victorinus (r. AD 269–271), left, holding branch in right hand and vertical sceptre in
Discovery: Found during controlled excavation in m. I (Cunetio: 2534) 1
Description and discussion: The identifiable coins are
left. m. London, mm. -//-. Diameter: 20mm. Die axis: 12.
March 2007 on the site of the original hoard, and 4–5. ?Tetricus I (r. AD 271–274), all of the Gallic Empire, ranging from AD 269 to 274.
Weight 4.65g.
reported to Liz Andrews-Wilson (Sussex FLO). m. I (Normanby: 1473 & 1489) 2
6. ?Tetricus II (r. AD 271–274), 1–2. Victorinus (r. AD 269–271), m. II 2 2. Obv: IMP CARAVSIVS AVG. Laureate, draped and
Description:
m. I (Normanby: 1526 & 1533) 1 3–6. Tetricus I & II (r. AD 271–4), m. I 4 cuirassed, right. Rev: CONCORDIA – MILIT – VM (in
7. ?Tetricus I or II 1 7–8. Tetricus I & II, m. II 2 exergue). Emperor standing right, clasping the hand of
Central Empire
8–9. Uncertain emperor 2 9. Tetricus I & II, m. uncertain 1
1–5. Caracalla (r. AD 211–217) 5 Concordia (RIC: 624; Huvelin 3–5), m. Rouen. Diameter:
10. Uncertain Gallic emperor 1
6–8. Julia Domna 3 19/21mm. Die axis: 6. Weight: 4.70g.
11–36. Uncertain emperor 24
9–16. Elagabalus (r. AD 218–222) 8 Discussion: The coins were deposited anonymously Discussion: Coin 1 is unpublished; it is the third
17. Julia Maesa 1 at the front desk of the Yorkshire Museum. The person
18. Balbinus (r. AD 238) 1 Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. London aureus of Carausius to bear a helmeted bust.
depositing them said that they were addenda to the The Ashbourne coins increase the corpus of known
19. Pupienus (r. AD 238) 1
20–447. Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) 428 ‘Plompton’ Hoard. No such hoard is known and because R Abdy Carausian gold coins in the world from 23 to 25. A
448–626. Philip I (r. AD 244–249) 179 the finder gave no contact details further research Roman soldier from this time might have expected an
627–650. Philip II Caesar 24 has not been possible. Sam Moorhead (National Finds
651–664. Philip II Augustus 14 489. Storrington, West Sussex: 16 copper-alloy annual salary of 12 gold coins.
Adviser) has catalogued the coins from descriptions radiates (PAS: SUSS-BC6150; Treasure: 2007 T344) Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum (London
665–701. Otacilia Severa 37
702–749. Decius (r. AD 249–251) 48 provided. coin) and Derby Museum and Art Gallery (Rouen coin)
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 275/285).
750–754. Herennius Caesar 5 Disposition: Yorkshire Museums Trust; not Treasure (Moorhead 2008, 397-9).
755–757. Hostilian Caesar 3 Discovery: Found by Anthony Gill while metal-
Trove.
758–774. Herennia Etruscilla 17 detecting in June 2007, and reported to Liz Andrews- S Moorhead
775. Divus Marcus Aurelius 1 L Andrews-Wilson & S Moorhead Wilson (Sussex FLO).
776. Divus Severus Alexander 1
Description: Single finds
777–801. Trebonianus Gallus
(r. AD 251–253) 25 487. Yarmouth, Isle of Wight (addenda):
1. Gallienus (r. AD 260–268) 1
802–822. Volusian 21 seven base-silver radiates 491. Lutterworth, Leicestershire: gold aureus of
823–824. Aemilian (r. AD 253) 2 2. Claudius II (r. AD 268–270) 1
(PAS IOW-936B93; Treasure: 2007 T152 3–4. Victorinus (r. AD 269–271) 2 Gordian III (PAS: LEIC-196037)
825. Cornelia Supera 1
826–846. Valerian I (r. AD 253–260) 21 Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 274). 5–11. Tetricus I (r. AD 271–274) 6 + ?1
12–14. Tetricus II (r. AD 271–274) 2 + ?1 Date: Roman (AD 238).
847–875. Gallienus (r. AD 253–260) 29 Discovery: Found by Alan Richardson on 28 February Discovery: Found by Warren Gemmell while metal-
876–891. Salonina 16 15. Gallic Empire uncertain 1
2007, and reported to Frank Basford (Isle of Wight 16. Barbarous Claudius II 1 detecting in May 2007, and recorded by Wendy Scott
892–896. Valerian (r. AD 253–258) II 5
897. Saloninus (Caesar) 1 FLO). They are addenda to an earlier hoard that was (Leicestershire & Rutland FLO).
898. Irregular (Gordian III) 1 declared Treasure in 2003 (2003 T57). Discussion: The latest official coin can be no later Description: Gold aureus of Gordian III (r. AD 238–
Description: than AD 274. However, barbarous radiates were struck 244). Obv: IOVI CONSERVATORI (AD 238), m. Rome,
Gallic Empire The entire hoard now probably comprises the following:
899–1025. Postumus (AD 260–269) 120 (+7*) over a period of time from c. AD 275 to 285. Given 1st Issue (Sear 8570; RIC IV: pt. 3, no. 8). Diameter:
1026–1030+. Uncertain fragments 5+* the presence of only one barbarous coin, it might be 19mm. Weight: 4.95 g.
Original hoard Addenda
-. Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) 2 -
plausible to suggest that the hoard was secluded closer Discussion: This is the first gold Roman coin recorded
Discussion: The original find covered the same span 1. Valerian I (r. AD 253–260) 3 1 to 275 than 285. by the PAS in Leicestershire.
of radiate-issuing emperors (Caracalla to Postumus, -. Mariniana 1 - Disposition: Acquired by Storrington Museum; finder Disposition: Returned to finder.
excluding the latter’s debased issues of AD 268–269) 2. Gallienus (r. AD 260–268) 4 1 donated his share.
and the total now stands at 2,893 coins (+ fragments).
3–6. Postumus (r. AD 260–268) 19 4 W Scott
-. Postumus or Victorinus 5 - L Andrews-Wilson & S Moorhead
Also found with the addendum were some small -. Victorinus (r. AD 269–271) 4 -
pottery fragments, a copper-alloy tack and a heavily -. Claudius II (r. AD 268–270) 7 -
corroded iron fragment (for original find see TAR 7. Tetricus I (r. AD 271–274) 2 1
47 7
2005/6, no. 1096). The coins were conserved by Pippa Total: 54
Pearce (British Museum).
Disposition: Bexhill Museum hopes to acquire at least Discussion: Malcolm Lyne (numismatist) suggests that
a sample of the hoard. the baser coins of Gallienus and Tetricus I might be from
R Abdy the hoard, therefore giving a disposition date of AD 274

180 COINS COINS 181

 492. Pavenham, Bedfordshire: copper as of Philip I Description: Copper-alloy, possibly irregular 497. Greywell, Hampshire: copper-alloy radiate of From the middle of the century comes a very large
(PAS: BH-70C7D7) (barbarous), radiate of Carausius (r. AD 286–293). Rev: Carausius (PAS SUR-372B61) hoard of over 2,800 nummi of Magnentius and
Sol. m. RSR (London) (RIC V: pt. 2, 515 cf. no. 611). Decentius found in the Bridgnorth area, Shropshire
Date: Roman (AD 244–249). Date: Roman (c. AD 286–293). (507), one of a class of hoards which were probably
Diameter: 21.4mm. Weight: 2.7 g.
Discovery: Found by Mick Swannell while metal- Discovery: Found by Chris Lacey before 2006, and buried after the death of Magnentius in AD 353 and
Discussion: The reverse legend on this example is more
detecting in October 2007, and recorded by Julian recorded by David Williams (Surrey FLO) in 2007. the outlawing of his coins by Constantius II in 354. A
complete than that given in RIC and reads: ORIES [...]
Watters (Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire FLO). Description: Copper-alloy radiate of Carausius second example of a very rare silver siliqua of Jovian
(P) NVSTAS +. The reporting of this coin has added to
Description: Copper as of Philip I (r. AD 244–249). Obv: (r. AD 286–293). Obv: IMP CARAVSIVS AVG. Radiate (r. AD 363–364) from Lyon has been found in the
our knowledge of this coin type and demonstrates how
IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS AVG. Laureate and draped bust bust right. Rev: blundered letters I I, reversed C, reversed Chichester area, West Sussex (514), the other piece
even seemingly ‘grotty’ coins can be important.
right. Rev: AEQVITAS AVGG, S C. Aequitas standing left F. Salus or Tutela standing left, holding cornucopiae being found in the early 1990s.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
holding scales and cornucopiae. m. Rome (RIC IV: pt 3, and patera over altar (RIC V: pt 2, c.f. 666 & 684). mm.
166var). Diameter: 25mm.Weight: 8.49g. L Burnett & S Moorhead -//?R, m. Rouen. Diameter: 22.24mm. Weight: 3.54g. There is one hoard of nummi of the House of
Discussion: This reverse type is only recorded for Discussion: The mint at Rouen only operated for Valentinian from the Newton Abbott area, Devon (508)
sestertii in RIC, but the size, weight and obverse type 495. Shalfleet, Isle of Wight: copper-alloy radiate of Carausius and these coins are rare. which is the first hoard of its kind to be found west of
suggest that it is an as. Carausius (PAS: IOW-171BB7) Disposition: Returned to finder. Somerset. From this period there is also a gold solidus
Disposition: Returned to finder. of Gratian found at Silverstone, Northamptonshire
Date: Roman (c. AD 286–293). D Williams & S Moorhead
J Watters & S Moorhead Discovery: Found by Peter Peach while metal-detecting (518) and a rare nummus from the Trier mint, found at
in 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford 498. Hinton on the Green, Worcestershire: copper- Bermondsey, Rotherhithe and Southwark, London (515).
493. Crondall, Hampshire: copper-alloy (Isle of Wight FLO). alloy radiate of Carausius in the name of Diocletian It is possible that a copper-alloy nummus of Procopius
‘Limesfalschung’ as (PAS: SUR-EC7923) Description: An incomplete copper-alloy radiate of (PAS WAW-747B03) (r. AD 365–366) from West Wight, Isle of Wight (517)
Carausius. Obv: [I]MP CARAVSIVS A[VG]. Radiate bust, is the first coin of this emperor ever to be recorded
Date: Roman (AD 244–249, or slightly later). Date: Roman (c. AD 286–293).
right. Rev: CO[NSERVAT?] AV. Sol standing left holding in Britain. It came from the same site as a number of
Discovery: Found by Mark Stonard while metal- Discovery: Found by Mr Hussey in February or March
whip, in exergue: C (for m.‘C’). Diameter: 22mm. other ‘eastern’ mint coins, including the first British
detecting in around 1992, and recorded by David 2007 while metal-detecting, and recorded by Angie
Weight: 2.11g. record for a VIRTVS AVGVSTI coin of Arcadius (519) -
Williams (Surrey FLO) in 2007. Bolton (Warwickshire & Worcestershire FLO).
Discussion: This is apparently an unpublished coin. struck c. AD 395–401.
Description: Cast coin showing Otacilia Severa (wife of Description: Copper-alloy radiate of Carausius
The two recorded CONSERVAT types of C Mint in RIC
Philip I, r. AD 244–249) on the obverse, and Nero (r. AD (r. AD 286–293) struck in the name of Diocletian
depict Hercules and Neptune (RIC V: pt 2, 482, nos. Two non-coin objects from Fulstow, Lincolnshire (516)
54–68) on the reverse. Diameter: 22.29mm. (r. AD 284–305). Obv: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F
212–214). There is, however, a Sol type on the ORIENS are also recorded here, lead tablets with impressions
Weight: 4.89g. AVG, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust, right. Rev: PA
AVG issue which is similar (RIC V: 489, 293f). At the from the obverses of coins of Valens (r. AD 364–378).
Discussion: ‘Limesfalschungen’ are cast coins, found in AVGGG. Pax standing left, holding olive branch and
London mint there was a CONSERVAT AVG type with It was initially thought that these might have been
the greatest numbers on the Rhine frontier. They were transverse sceptre. mm. S P//MLXXI, m. London (RIC V:
Sol (RIC V: 466, no. 29). curse tablets, as the lead pieces are similar to curse
mostly made in the first half of the 3rd century. This is pt 2, no. 9var). Diameter: 24.55mm. Weight: 4.1g.
Disposition: Returned to finder. tablets. However, it seems more likely that these were
possibly the latest example found in Britain, the latest Discussion: Although this is a variant of RIC 9, there
used to make cliché forgeries of silver siliquae, and they
piece in a large group found at Caerleon (Wales) being F Basford & S Moorhead are three examples of this coin in the North West
are the first objects of their type to be acquired by the
for Gordian III (r. AD 238–244) (Boon 1965: 161–174). Suffolk Hoard (TAR 2005/6: no. 1112).
British Museum.
Disposition: Returned to finder. 496. Chedzoy, Somerset: copper-alloy radiate of Disposition: Returned to finder.
D Williams & S Moorhead Carausius (PAS: SOM-DF0782) A Bolton & S Moorhead HOARDS
Date: Roman (c. AD 286–293).
Coins of Carausius (r. AD 286–293) Discovery: Discovered by Roy Beal while metal- 4th century AD 499. Stanton area, Derbyshire: 62 copper-alloy
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Naomi Payne nummi (PAS: DENO-4D6A35; Treasure: 2007 T570)
The following five coins were all struck by the emperor (Somerset FLO). There are four 4th-century hoards which comprise Date: Roman (deposited c. AD 305).
Carausius who ruled a breakaway empire in Britain and Description: A copper-alloy radiate of Carausius early nummi struck between c. AD 295 and 330, Discovery: Found by Adam Staples and Lisa Grace
northern Gaul. Most of his coins were struck at London (r. AD 286–293). Obv: IMP CARAVSIVS P F AVG. from Stanton area, Derbyshire (499), Barking, Suffolk while metal-detecting in September and November
and an unknown British mint denoted by a ‘C’. A few Radiate, draped and cuirassed, right. Reverse: P(A?) (500), Flaxton, North Yorkshire (501) and St Paul with 2007, and reported to Anja Rohde (Derbyshire &
coins were issued at Rouen in Gaul. Carausius struck [X AVG?]. Malmesbury, Wiltshire (502). Many of these coins are Nottinghamshire FLO).
a large coinage in gold, silver and bronze, and there is Pax standing left, holding transverse sceptre and scarce as single finds, but a rare London mint coin of Description: A small early nummus hoard containing
an enormous number of varieties. The following coins branch. mm.F O//RSR, m. London. It is possibly an Constantine I from Thoresby, Lincolnshire (511) and coins dating from the introduction of the nummus
underline how important it is to record detector finds; overstrike or is double-struck. Diameter: 22.8mm. a new variety of a nummus of Crispus from Wood (c. AD 294) to the end of the first Tetrarchy (c. AD 305).
so far, there are around 1,100 coins of Carausius on the Weight: 4.1g. Enderby, Lincolnshire (512) have been found by chance
PAS database (see also 490). Discussion: This coin is apparently unpublished. and recorded as single finds, and are now in the British 1–9. m. London 9
The F O field letters confirm that the RSR coins were Museum. Another coin is a new variety that appears to 10–47. m. Trier 38
494. Chichester area, West Sussex: copper-alloy minted at London. conflate two types of Constantine I at the Arles mint, 48–53. m. Lyon 6
Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum. 54–55. m. Ticinum 2
radiate of Carausius (PAS: SUSS-39F9F8) from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire (513). Gold coins of 56–57. m. Aquileia 2
Date: Roman (c. AD 286–293). N Payne & S Moorhead this period are very rare as finds in Britain, but a aureus 58. m. Cyzicus 1
Discovery: Found by Peter Sheffield while metal- of Licinius I has been found near Salisbury, Wiltshire 59–62. m. Uncertain 4

detecting, and recorded by Laura Burnett (Sussex FLO); (510).

part of a large collection found between 1975 and
2007.

182 COINS COINS 183

 Discussion: These large early nummi are more 502. St Paul with Malmesbury, Wiltshire 504. Aston Ingham, Herefordshire: 48 copper-alloy 506. Barbridge, Cheshire: 28 nummi and copper-
commonly found in hoards than as site-finds. The (original and addenda): 37 (24 & 13) copper-alloy nummi (PAS: PAS-70D823; Treasure: 2007 T563) alloy fragments (PAS LVPL-00DCE2; Treasure:
predominance of coins from Trier is to be expected. nummi and one copper-alloy as (PAS WILT-104653 2007 T201)
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 335).
Disposition: Derby Museum and Art Gallery hoped & 284FB5; Treasure: 2007 T90 & T617) Discovery: Found by Mr D Sherratt and Mr D Hutton Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 351, or possibly
to acquire, but withdrew. The British Museum hopes to
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 325). while metal-detecting in October 2006, and reported AD 375).
acquire coins 1 and 32.
Description: to Kurt Adams (Gloucestershire FLO). Discovery: Found by Carl Thompson and Reg Baker
R Abdy Description: The coins date to c. AD 310–c. 335, during while metal-detecting in April 2007, found over an area
Date Original Addenda Total the reign of Constantine I (r. AD 306–337), extending 60m, with 20 of the coins being within a
as
500. Barking, Suffolk: 56 base-silver nummi 1. (c. AD 228–231) - 1 1
but featuring several other rules with whom he briefly distance of 5m of each other, and reported to Francis
(PAS: SF-2278D4; Treasure: 2007 T142) nummi shared power. McIntosh (Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside
2–4. (c. AD 302–305) 2 1 3 FLO).
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 313). 5–12. (c. AD 307–310) 8 - 8 310– 313– 318– 324– 330– Total Description: Eleven of the coins are Constantinian
Discovery: Found by Suffolk County Council 13–23. (c. AD 310–313) 5 6 11 313 317 324 329 335
nummi dating to the period c. AD 323–335; 16 date
Archaeology Service during excavation in advance 24–35. (c. AD 320–324) 7 5 12 1–9. m. London 4 3 1 1 – 9
36–37. Uncertain 2 - 2 10–25. m. Trier 7 2 3 4 – 16 to the period after the coinage reform of AD 348,
of quarry work in March 2007, and reported to Faye
Total 24 13 37 26–29. m. Lyon 1 2 – – 1 4 extending into the early 350s. The hoard might well
Minter (Suffolk FLO). The coins were located in a 30–31. m. Siscia – – 2 – – 2 have closed before the elevation of Decentius as
ditch beside a Roman road, in a tight group, possibly Discussion: The as, probably of Severus Alexander 32. m. Thessalonica – – – 1 – 1
Caesar in AD 351. The single Valentinianic nummus of
suggesting containment in a purse or bag. (r. AD 228–231), might not have been part of the 33–44. m. uncertain 3 2 3 3 1 12
45–48. Illegible – – – – 4 4 the period 364–375 is probably a stray intruder which
Discussion: This small, early nummus hoard runs from hoard. However, its similar size to the early nummi Total 15 9 9 9 6 48 should not be associated with the hoard.
the introduction of this coin type in the AD 290s up might explain its presence.
to AD 310–313 and displays the usual characteristics Disposition: Acquired by Athelstan Museum; the finder 323– 330– 348– 350– [365– 7] Total
for a British find. The majority are from the local mints Discussion: The findspot and similar types suggests 329 335 350 351
and landowner donated their share. these coins form addenda to the 1855 Aston Ingham
(London and Trier) with a decreasing presence from 1. m. London 1 - - - - 1
those further east. One (RIC Trier: 232b var) represents D Algar Hoard, a hoard of around 2,000 coins ending in the 2–9. m. Trier 2 2 3 1 - 8
reign of Constantine the Great, 37 of which are in the 10–12. m. Lyon - - 2 1 - 3
a minor type variant with Fortuna holding a patera and 13. m. Arles - - - 1 - 1
cornucopia rather than rudder and cornucopia. Another 503. Catcote, County Durham (addenda): Gloucester City Museum (Robertson 2000: 1108). 14–15. m. other 2 - - - - 2
is a bust variety. 11 copper-alloy nummi (PAS: NCL-637911; Disposition: Herefordshire Museum and Art Gallery 16–21. m. unclear - 4 - 1 1 6
Disposition: To remain with the site archive, the 2007 T314) hopes to acquire. 22–8. m. imitations - - 4 3 - 7
Total 5 6 9 7 1 28
Suffolk County Council Archaeological Store, Bury St Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 348). R Abdy
Edmunds; the landowner donated his share. Discovery: Found by Tees Archaeology during Disposition: Nantwich Museum hopes to acquire.
R Abdy archaeological excavation in 2003, and reported to Rob 505. Padstow, Cornwall: 27 copper-alloy nummi
Collins (North East FLO). The coins were excavated R Abdy
(PAS: CORN-84F996; Treasure: 2007 T576)
501. Flaxton, North Yorkshire: 16 copper-alloy from a block of soil by conservators. Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 340).
Description: All of the coins are nummi ranging from 507. Bridgnorth area, Shropshire: hoard of over
nummi (PAS YORYM-842863; Treasure: 2007 T176) Discovery: Found by Time Team and Wessex
c. AD 321–c. 335. 2,800 coins of Magnentius and Decentius
Date: Roman (deposited c. AD 324). Archaeology in October 2007, during excavation of a
1. Constantine II (AD 321), Rev: BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, (PAS: HESH-881F86; Treasure 2007 T664)
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in March and site which had already produced Roman finds, in the
m. Trier (RIC VII: 334). backfill of a hollow which also held pottery and midden Date: Roman (c. AD 350–c. 353).
April 2007, and reported to Beth Echtenacher (North & 2. Constantine II (AD 321–324), Rev: CAESARVM material, and reported to Anna Tyacke (Cornwall FLO). Discovery: Found by Ian Botley while metal-detecting
East Yorkshire FLO). NOSTRORVM, m. Siscia (RIC VII: 182). Description: A mid-Constantinian nummus hoard with in 2007, and reported to Peter Reavill (Herefordshire
Description: 3. Constantine I (AD 323–324), Rev: SARMATIA
Early Constantinian a large number (almost 45%) of barbarous copies of & Shropshire FLO). The findspot was subsequently
nummi nummi DEVICTA, m. Lyon (RIC VII: 209). the coinage of the previous period (c. AD 330–335). excavated by the FLO and finder.
309–13 313–7 318–24 Total 4–5. Constantine II (AD 326), Rev: PROVIDENTIAE There are, however, three rare issues for nummus hoards Description: Detailed conservation and analysis is
1–9. m. London 5 2 2 9 CAESS, m. Trier & Ticinum (RIC VII: 478 & 200). in Britain, VIRTVS AVGVSTI and ‘Milvian Bridge’ types, being undertaken by British Museum conservators
10. m. Trier 1 - - 1
6–7. Constantius II (AD 327–328 & 325–326), and a rare coin of Delmatius (nos. 43, 44 & 49). and curators.
11–13. m. Lyon 1 1 1 3
14. m. Arles - 1 - 1 Rev: PROVIDENTIAE CAESS, m. Trier & Antioch Discussion: The hoard consists of in excess of
15. m. Ostia 1 - - 1 (RIC VII: 506 & 66). Sest Gloria Gloria Irregular 2,800 bronze coins dating to the reign of emperors
16. Irregular - - 1 1 8. Constantine I (AD 332), Rev: GLORIA EXERCITVS Exercitus (2) Exercitus (1) Magnentius (r. AD 350– 353) and Decentius (r. AD
Total 8 4 4 16 1. m. Trier - 1 - -
(2 standards), m. Arles (RIC VII: 358). 351–353). They were deposited in a large earthenware
2. m. Lyon - - 1 -
9. Constantius II (AD 330–331), Rev: GLORIA pottery vessel which had been inserted into a shallow
Discussion: This small, early nummus hoard has a 3–4. m. Rome 1 - 1 -
EXERCITVS (2 standards), m. Trier (RIC VII: 525). 5. m. Contantinople - - 1 - gulley or ditch during the later Roman period. The
small tail beyond the main run of pre-318 coins that is
10–11. (AD 330–333), Rev: Wolf and Twins/VRBS 6–29. m. uncertain - 1 9 12 pottery vessel is very friable (crumbly) and has
sometimes seen in such hoards that do not otherwise Total 1 2 12 12
ROMA, m. Trier (RIC VII: 522 & 547). considerable evidence of burning on the outer edges
terminate c. AD 318. The condition of all the coins is
Discussion: For another nummus hoard from the same suggesting it had been used within a domestic setting,
similar so this hoard appears to have been a selective Disposition: Disclaimed; to remain with the main site
excavations, see TAR 2005/6, no.1121. possibly for cooking or similar food preparation
assemblage of older, larger nummi, alongside the odd archive at the Prideaux estate, Padstow.
Disposition: To remain with the main site archive in activities. Excavation of the findspot revealed evidence
contemporary piece from the AD 320s.
Hartlepool Museum and Heritage Service. R Abdy for the gulley, although detailed characterisation of
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
R Collins it was not possible due to the nature of the small
R Abdy

184 COINS COINS 185

 excavation. It does, however, suggest a previously SINGLE FINDS 512. Wood Enderby, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy issued coins for Jovian when they heard from the
unknown late Roman site. Unfortunately it was nummus of Crispus (PAS: NCL-9B1082) Persian frontier that he was the new emperor, without
impossible to understand where the hoard had been 509. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: copper-alloy engraving a new reverse type.
Date: Roman (AD 322).
deposited in relation to the ditch as the area had nummus of Constantine I, commemorating Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discovery: Found by Terry Peach while metal-detecting
been heavily disturbed by deep ploughing. The gulley Constantius I (PAS: CAM-7A36D7) in September 2007, and recorded by Rob Collins L Andrews-Wilson & S Moorhead
was only identifiable in section suggesting that it had
Date: Roman (c. AD 307–308). (North East FLO).
a sloping U-shaped profile. The deep ploughing for
Discovery: Found by Stephen Fordham while Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Crispus 515. Bermondsey, Rotherhithe and Southwark,
a potato crop had shattered the pottery vessel and
metal-detecting, and recorded by Philippa Walton (r. AD 317–326). Obv: IVL CRSIPVS NOB C. Cuirassed London: copper-alloy nummus of Valens
spread the coins through the sub- and top-soil strata.
(Cambridgeshire FLO). bust left, holding spear and shield. Rev: globe on altar, (PAS: LON-AD9CF4)
The finder is to be congratulated on the careful plotting
Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I inscribed VOTIS XX; above, three stars. mm. probably
and speedy reporting of this hoard as it enabled Date: Roman (c. AD 364–367).
(r. AD 306–337) to commemorate his father,
the excavation to take place and vital depositional
information recorded. In turn, this minimised the
Constantius I (r. AD 296–307). Rev: MEMORIA FELIX, ˘
-//PTR , m. Trier. Diameter: 18.49mm. Weight: 2g.
Discussion: The mintmark suggests this is an
Discovery: Found by Saul Odam while metal-detecting
in April 2007, and recorded by Kate Sumnall
altar flanked by eagles. m. Trier (RIC VI: 789). unpublished variety.
impact to the landowner and his farming activity. (London FLO).
Diameter: 29mm.Weight: 5.08g. Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum.
Disposition: Shropshire County Museum Service hope Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Valens (r. AD
Discussion: Although not rare, these coins are not
to acquire. R Collins & S Moorhead 364–378), GLORIA ROMANORVM Victory type. m. Trier
often found as single finds.
(LRBC II: no. 106). Diameter: 17.17mm. Weight: 2.02g.
P Reavill Disposition: Returned to finder.
513. Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire: copper-alloy Discussion: This type was only struck at Trier, and only
P Walton & S Moorhead nummus of Constantine (PAS: BERK-5AA8A2) in small numbers. This is the first example recorded
508. Newton Abbott area, Devon: 243 (193 & 50) with the PAS.
nummi (Treasure: 2007 T209) Date: Roman (c. AD 224–225).
510. Salisbury area, Wiltshire: gold aureus of Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discovery: Found by Graham Cashmore while
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 378). Licinius I (PAS: WILT-D86FB6) fieldwalking between 1978 and 2004, and recorded by K Sumnall & S Moorhead
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in woodland
Date: Roman (c. AD 313–July 315). Kate Sumnall (Oxfordshire & Berkshire FLO).
(193 coins on 9 April 2007, and a further 50 on 7 May
Discovery: Found by Martyn Quinn while metal- Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I 516. Fulstow, Lincolnshire: two lead tablets with
2007), which were reported to Danielle Wotton (Devon
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Katie Hinds (r. AD 306–337). Obv: CONSTANTINVS AVG. Laureate impressions of a coin of Valens
FLO). The coins were found over an area of 10 x 20 feet
(Wiltshire FLO). head, right. Rev: PROVIDENTIAE AVGG; camp-gate (PAS: LIN-57F021 & 57B091)
with a concentration in the centre, suggesting that the
Description: Gold 1½ solidus (sometimes called a with four turrets; no star above. mm. -//T*AR, m. Arles.
hoard had been disturbed since seclusion. Date: Roman (c. AD 364–378 or later).
Festaureus) of Licinius I (r. AD 308–324). Rev: VBIQVE Diameter: 17.77mm. Weight: 2.06g.
Description: Of the 175 identifiable coins, the vast Discovery: Found by Tom Redmayne while metal-
VICTORES (everywhere Victories). m. Trier (RIC VII: 163, Discussion: The PROVIDENTIAE AVGG types
majority (165) date to the Valentinianic period of AD detecting in January 2007, and recorded by Adam
no. 5). Diameter: 21mm. Weight: 5.32g. (e.g. RIC VII: 264) have only two turrets. The VIRTVS
364–378. Four coins are regular issues of the House of Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO).
Discussion: Three coins of this type are recorded of types (e.g. RIC VII: 291) have four. This coin apparently
Constantine (AD 330–361) and 6 are copies struck in Description: Two lead tablets which have both been
this type in RIC: in the British Museum, the Hunterian conflates the two types. Both types have a star above
the period c. AD 350–364. drilled and folded. Both have the obverse impression
Museum (Glasgow) and the Ashmolean Museum the gate; this coin has none. (inverted) of a coin of Valens in the centre: D N VALEN
1–4. House of Constantine (c. AD 330–361) 4 (Oxford). The coin is struck from different dies to Disposition: Returned to finder. – S P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed,
5–10. Irregular coins (c. AD 350–364) 6 those used for the other known examples. Medallions
P Levick, K Sutton & S Moorhead right. Dimensions: 92 x 60mm & 65 x 40mm.
11–175. House of Valentinian (c. AD 364–378) 165 (large coins or multiples) like this were struck for the
176–243. Uncertain 68 Weights: 56.04g & 6.1g.
emperor to distribute at special occasions. One coin
514. Chichester area, West Sussex: silver siliqua of Discussion: It is suggested that these were used by a
of Constantius II (r. AD 337–361) actually shows the
Discussion: Most of the coins were very poorly Jovian (PAS: SUSS-F74487) forger to make silver cliché siliquae. Such a cliché coin
emperor in a chariot distributing largesse in the form
preserved, probably due to saturation in the soil. of Valens was found in the Lakenheath (Palmer’s Green,
of coins (RIC VIII: 518, no. 77). Date: Roman (c. AD 363–364).
The general composition of the coins is consistent Suffolk) Hoard of 1983, now in the British Museum (BM
Disposition: Returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Aaron Bennett while metal-
with other hoards of the period (Moorhead 1997: 1983.6.33.9). Another interpretation is that these were
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Liz Andrews-Wilson
406–407). This hoard is a considerable distance west D Algar, K Hinds & S Moorhead curse tablets.
(Sussex FLO).
of the normal region for Valentinianic bronze hoards Disposition: Both tablets have been donated to the
Description: Silver siliqua of Jovian (r. AD 363–364).
(Somerset, Wiltshire and Gloucestershire). 511. Thoresby, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy nummus British Museum by the finder.
Obv: D N IOVIANVS P F AVG; pearl-diademed, draped
Disposition: Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter of Constantine I (PAS: LIN-5AF4C4) and cuirassed, right. Rev: VOT V MVLT X in wreath. A Daubney & S Moorhead
hopes to acquire. Date: Roman (c. AD 310–312). mm. -//LVG, m. Lyon (RIC VIII: 196 – not recorded).
S Moorhead Discovery: Found by Tom Redmayne while metal- Diameter: 16.5mm. Weight 1.13g. 517. West Wight, Isle of Wight: copper-alloy
detecting in 2007, and recorded by Adam Daubney Discussion: This is only the second siliqua of Jovian nummus of Procopius (PAS: IOW-E6E981)
(Lincolnshire FLO). recorded for the Lyon mint. The other example was Date: Roman (c. AD 365–366).
Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I found in the Whitwell Hoard (Rutland) between 1991 Discovery: Found by Fred Cook in April 2007 while
(r. AD 306–337), CONCORD MILIT, m. London and 1993 and is now in the British Museum (CHRB X: metal-detecting, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle of
(RIC VI: no. 197). Diameter: 22mm. 472, no. 40; BM 1992: 9.4.2). RIC VIII (196) suggested Wight FLO).
Discussion: No example of this coin is known from that such coins might exist, but recorded none. These Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Procopius (r. AD
Britain; the recorded example is in Vienna. two surviving specimens were struck from different 365–366), probably from the mints of Constantinople
Disposition: The finder donated the coin to the British dies. It is clear that the reverse was one engraved for or Cyzicus. Rev: REPARATIO FEL TEMP, emperor holding
Museum. use on coins of the previous emperor, Julian (r. AD standard and shield (RIC IX: 240, c.f.18–19). Diameter:
360–363, see RIC VIII: 195, no. 229), so Lyon quickly 15mm. Weight: 1.75g.
A Daubney & S Moorhead

186 COINS COINS 187

 Discussion: This was one of 35 single-finds (but not 5th century AD 521. Chichester area, West Sussex:
Gold solidi
1. Gratian (AD 367–75), m. Milan (RIC IX: 5d) 1
believed to be a hoard) found in an area 50 x 50m a silver miliarensis and a silver siliqua 2. Valentinian II (AD 388–95), m. Trier (RIC IX: 90) 1
(see IOW-85AAB2 for general report). The group had (PAS: SUSS-68AA45 & 68D868; 2007 T719) 3. Honorius (AD 395–402), m. Milan (RIC X: 1206) 1
The majority of the hoards from this period are late
an unprecedented number of eastern mint coins
precious metal hoards, probably buried c. AD 402–430. Date: Roman (c. AD 402).
of the late Roman period. Coins of Procopius are Silver siliquae
Two include gold solidi from Saxmundham area. Suffolk Discovery: Found by Ken Mordle while metal-detecting 4–9. Constantius II (AD 355–360), Julian Caesar
extremely rare in Britain, this being the first recorded
(523) and Fareham, Hampshire (525) but most of the in September 2007, and reported to Laura Burnett (r. AD 355–360) and Julian Augustus
with the PAS. This obverse type was only struck at (r. AD 360–363) 6
coins are silver siliquae which are often clipped. One (Sussex FLO).
Constantinople and Cyzicus, the former being more 10–17. Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian
of the hoards (522) was found in the same parish as Description:
prolific. (AD 367–375) 8
the famous Mildenhall Hoard of silver plates and other 1. Part of a miliarensis, in two fragments, VIRTVS 18. Valens, Gratian and Valentinian II (AD 375–378) 1
Disposition: Returned to finder.
finds. This coin hoard is a typical late clipped-siliqua EXERCITVS Type of the House of Valentinian or 19–25. Gratian, Theodosius I, Valentinian II, Arcadius,
F Basford & S Moorhead hoard which contains coins that continued to be Theodosius (c. AD 367–395). Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor
(AD 378/9–388) 7
used during the early 5th century, probably after the 2. Siliqua, VIRTVS ROMANORVM type, probably of the 26–28. Theodosius I, Valentinian II, Eugenius and Arcadius
518. Silverstone, Northamptonshire: gold solidus island was cut off and no new issues were available House of Theodosius (c. AD 388–402). (AD 388–395) 3
of Gratian (PAS: BUC-F59BB6) (Moorhead 2008). Another addendum is to the equally Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. 29–44. Honorius and Arcadius (AD 395–402) 16
famous Hoxne Hoard, also from Suffolk (526). The 45–62. Uncertain emperor (c. AD 355–402) 18
Date: Roman (AD 378–383). S Moorhead
group from Whittington, Northumberland (527), from
Discovery: Found while metal-detecting, and recorded Discussion: This is a similar hoard to the previous
north of Hadrian’s Wall, contains only the second
by Ros Tyrrell (Buckinghamshire FLO). 522. Mildenhall area, Suffolk (1st and 2nd addenda), entry from the Mildenhall area. Further addenda of one
recorded specimen from Britain of the eastern mint
Description: Gold solidus of Gratian (r. AD 367–383), Suffolk: 24 (x2) silver siliquae (PAS: SF-4BDF20; solidus and 59 siliquae will be in TAR 2008.
GLORIA ROMANORVM type of AD 406–408.
CONCORDIA AVGGGI, Constantinopolis seated; mm. Treasure: 2007 T165) Disposition: Acquired by Colchester and Ipswich
-//CONOB (‘pure gold from Constantinople’), m. Museum Service.
HOARDS Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 402).
Constantinople (RIC IX: 45a). Diameter: 19.61mm.
Discovery: Found by Jon Brown and Steve Foster while R Abdy
Weight: 4.48g.
520. Hawkesbury, South Gloucestershire: one base- metal-detecting in 2002 and 2007, and reported to
Disposition: Returned to finder.
metal radiate, 41 nummi, a copper-alloy brooch Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO).
524. Sible Hedingham, Essex: 19 silver coins and
R Tyrrell fragment, a copper-alloy possible pendant, and a Description: The coins range in date from AD 355 to
a silver toothpick fragment
forger’s mould (PAS: GLO-2AD8F2; Treasure: 2007 402 and have been clipped.
(Treasure: 2005 T371)
519. West Wight, Isle of Wight: copper-alloy T566)
Original First Second Total Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 402).
nummus of Arcadius (PAS: IOW-E616B4) Date: Roman (c. AD 270–c. 402). hoard addenda addenda Discovery: Found by Mr J Adkin and Mr P James while
Date: Roman (c. AD 395–401). Discovery: Found by Tony Brown, Vic Francis, Nick 1–4. AD 355–360 1 1 2 4
metal-detecting in September 2005.
Discovery: Found by Justin Cavnor while metal- Keeler, Robert Moyle, David Thorne and David Whailey 5–7. AD 364–367 - 1 2 3
8–14. AD 367–375 1 5 1 7 Description:
detecting in April 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford while metal-detecting in September 2007, and 15–18. AD 375–378/9 1 1 2 4
(Isle of Wight FLO). reported to Kurt Adams (Gloucestershire & Avon FLO). 19–28. AD 378/9–388 1 5 4 10 1. Octavian (AD 29–27 BC) 1 den
Description: Copper-alloy nummus of Arcadius (r. AD Description: 29–35. AD 388–395 1 1 5 7 2–4. Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian
383–408), VIRTVS EXERCITI, Victory crowning emperor. 36–53. AD 395–402 2 10 6 18 (AD 367–375), m. Trier, 3 sil
1. Radiate of the Gallic Empire (c. AD 260–275) 1 54–55. Irregular - - 2 2 5–6. Valens, Gratian and Valentinian II
m. unclear (LRBC II: 110, type 2). Diameter: 19mm. (AD 375–378/9), m. Trier, 2 sil
2. Nummus (c. AD 307–308) 1
Weight: 2.07g. 3–7. Nummi (c. AD 318–329) 5 Discussion: This is a typical late clipped-siliqua hoard. 7. Gratian, Theodosius I, Valentinian II,
Discussion: This is from the same group as 517; see 8–18. Nummi (c. AD 330–348) 11 It contains coins which continued to be used during the
Arcadius, Magnus Maximus and Flavius Victor
IOW-85AAB2 for group details. This is apparently the 19–32. Irregular and illegible (c. AD 330–348) 14 (AD 378/9–388), m. Trier, 1 sil
early fifth century, probably after Britain was cut off 8. Theodosius I, Valentinian II, Eugenius and
first recorded find for this type in Britain. This coin was 33–41. Nummi (c. AD 364–375) 9
42. Nummus (c. AD 388–402) 1 from the rest of the Roman Empire and no new issues Arcadius (AD 388–395), m. Trier, 1 sil
struck at an eastern mint and is extremely common on 43. Coin forger’s mould for a mid-Constantinian or Valentinianic were available (c. AD 410) (Moorhead 2008: 38–43; for 9–16. Honorius and Arcadius (AD 395–402),
eastern Mediterranean sites but is rarely found west nummus-sized coin, which might have been used in the production of the original find, named the Worlington Treasure and
m. Milan, 8 sil
of Greece. a poor quality cast coin in the find (no. 18). Weight: 11.2g. 17–19. 3 sil*
acquired by Mildenhall District Museum, see TAR 2001, 20. Toilet implement fragment. Originally part of a late Roman
Disposition: Returned to finder. 44. Brooch fragment from a copper-alloy Hod Hill Type hinged
brooch of the 1st century AD (Bayley and Butcher 2004: 119). no. 201 – this report includes all the earlier coins double-ended type of implement with a comma-shaped ‘toothpick’
as well). at one end, and an ‘ear-scoop’ at the other. Only part of the flat disc
F Basford & S Moorhead 45. A copper-alloy disc, elliptical in section, with a hole drilled near
the edge which does not pass all the way through. It might be an and comma-shaped point survive. The obverse is decorated with a
Disposition: Acquired by Mildenhall District Museum. Chi-Rho symbol, made by a series of punched chevrons. The reverse
unfinished weight or pendant.
F Minter & R Abdy has similar impressed dots to form lines in an unclear design. It is
possible that the fragment was deliberately cut (transforming it
Discussion: The coins probably represent finds lost into a piece of hack-silver). Toilet implements with comma-shaped
over a period of time, although it is conceivable that 523. Saxmundham area, Suffolk (addenda): terminals are a well known late Roman type. The closest parallel is a
the Constantinian period coins represent a small hoard. complete implement from the Canterbury Hoard (Johns and Potter
three gold solidi and 58 silver clipped siliquae
1985: 326, no. 17), which also has a Chi-Rho symbol composed of
Disposition: Not Treasure, returned to finder. (PAS: SF-424843; Treasure: 2007 T514) punched dots.
R Abdy & R Hobbs Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 402).
Discovery: Found by David Cummings and Debbie Discussion: The denarius fragment is a more unusual
Cook while metal-detecting in August 2007, and find in this association. It dates to the early part of
reported to Faye Minter (Suffolk FLO). the reign of Octavian, later Augustus (r. 31 BC–AD 14),
Description: All the silver coins (siliquae) were heavily and could have been in regular circulation up until the
clipped and only a few can be precisely identified: early part of the 2nd century AD. However, occasional

188 COINS COINS 189

 evidence from other finds of late Roman coins shows Disposition: Acquired by the British Museum; finder Early Byzantine coins below, A (MIBE: Constantinople, 83). Diameter: 20.9mm.
that such denarii sometimes survived into later and landowner donated their share. Weight: 5.5g.
periods – presumably kept for their silver content as
(c. AD 491–610) Discussion: Because this coin was found in building
R Abdy
the denomination would probably no longer have been work and has a sandy patina suggestive of a
familiar so long after the discontinuation of denarius The following are single finds of four early Byzantine Mediterranean origin, it is quite likely that this is not an
production in the 3rd century AD. 527. Whittington, Northumberland: eight copper- coins dating to the period c. AD 491–c. 610. A ancient loss.
Disposition: Acquired by Braintree District Museum; alloy nummi (PAS: NCL-EE2655, EE7100, EEBF58, significant number of Byzantine coins have been Disposition: Returned to finder.
one finder donated his share. EEEB36, EF0D13, EF35F5, EF6DD1 & EF8E21) recorded with the PAS and have been the subject of
several short articles (e.g. Moorhead 2008; Abdy and N Payne & S Moorhead
Date: Roman (deposited in AD c. 318–c. 408).
R Abdy & R Hobbs Williams 2006). The majority of the coins have come
Discovery: Found by Barry Seger while metal-detecting
in May 2007, and reported to Rob Collins from the West Country and the south coast along to 531. North Yorkshire: gold solidus of Phocas
525. Fareham, Hampshire (2nd addenda): two gold (North East FLO). the Isle of Wight, a pattern mirrored by the finds of (PAS: NCL-6A6EF5)
solidi (PAS: HAMP-F6F384 & F71BD4; Treasure: 2007 Description: Eight nummi, the earliest issued by 5th- and 6th-century Byzantine pottery. Date: Early Medieval (c. AD 607–609).
T449) Constantine (c. AD 318–319), and the latest issued by Discovery: Found with a metal-detector around
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 406). the House of Theodosius (c. AD 406–408). 528. Single, Isle of Wight: gold solidus September 2007, and recorded by Rob Collins (North
Discovery: Found by Michael Stevens while metal- 1. Constantine I (AD 318), VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC (contemporary copy) of Anastasius I East FLO).
detecting in August 2007, and reported to Rob Webley PERP, m. Siscia (RIC VII: 47–48) (PAS: IOW-D7CB55) Description: Gold solidus of Phocas (r. AD 602–610).
(Hampshire FLO). 2. Constantius II (AD 330–335), GLORIA EXERCITVS, m. Date: Early Medieval (c. AD 500–c. 580). Obv: dN FOCAS PERP AVG; draped and cuirassed facing
Description: The two new coins are both gold solidi, ?Constantinople (RIC VII: 75) Discovery: Found by Gavin Leng while metal-detecting bust wearing crown and holding a globus cruciger
making a total of 4 solidi. 3. Constans (AD 335–341), GLORIA EXERCITVS, m. in April 2007, and recorded by Frank Basford (Isle of in right hand. Rev: VICTORIA AVGγε; robed angel
Original find: Eastern Wight FLO). standing facing forward holding staff surmounted by
-. Honorius (AD 395–402), VICTORIA AVGGG. m. Milan 4. Constans (r. AD 333–350), FEL TEMP REPARATIO, Description: Contemporary copy of a gold solidus of christogram and a globus cruciger;. mm.-//CONOB
(RIC X: 1206c) falling horseman (irregular) (RIC VIII: as 191, no. 189) Anastasius I (r. AD 491–518). (MIB II: 9). Diameter: 21mm.
First addendum: 5. Constans or Constantius II (AD 333–361), FEL TEMP Discussion: This coin was part of an Anglo-Saxon grave Discussion: Although this is a surprising find, gold coins
-. Honorius (AD 402–403, 405–406), VICTORIA AVGGG. REPARATIO, falling horseman (irregular) (RIC VIII: as assemblage, see 158. could move large distances in the Early Medieval period.
m. Ravenna (RIC X: 1287d) 191, no. 189) Disposition: Returned to finder. Disposition: Returned to finder.
Second addenda: 6. House of Valentinian (AD 364–378), SECVRITAS REI
F Basford & S Moorhead R Collins & S Moorhead
1. Honorius (AD 395–402), VICTORIA AVGGG. m. Milan PVBLICAE, m. Arles (LRBC: 481–483)
(RIC X: 1206c) 7. Valentinian I (r. AD 364–375), SECVRITAS REI
529. Kings Stanley, Gloucestershire: copper-alloy Section editor and further research: Sam Moorhead.
2. Honorius (AD 402–3, 405–6), VICTORIA AVGGG. m. PVBLICAE, m. Arles (LRBC: 501)
follis of Justinian I (PAS: GLO-709856) Editor: Michael Lewis.
Ravenna (RIC X: 1287d) 8. House of Theodosius (c. 406–408), GLORIA
Discussion: In the 5th century, four solidi appear to ROMANORVM, m. Eastern (RIC X: 142ff). Date: Early Medieval (c. AD 527–537).
have represented a soldier’s yearly subsistence (the Discussion: Because the coins are base metal, and Discovery: Found by Raymond Williams while metal-
original find, a single solidus purchased by Hampshire because there are fewer than ten, this group does detecting, and recorded by Kurt Adams
Museum Service, is recorded with the PAS as HAMP- not constitute Treasure. The group is, however, very (Gloucestershire FLO).
F927E7; for the 1st addendum, also acquired by important, as it contains only the second example of Description: Copper-alloy follis of Justinian I
Hampshire Museum Service, see TAR 2005/6, no. 1140; a Gloria Romanorum coin of the three emperors of (r. AD 527–565) Obv: D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG;
HAMP-D43CA3). the House of Theodosius discovered thus far in Britain pearl-diademed, draped & cuirassed right. Rev: Large M;
Disposition: Hampshire Museums Service hopes (528). This coin also dates the group to the early 5th above, cross; to left and right, star. mm. A//CON
to acquire. century, and within one mile of Hadrian’s Wall. The (MIBE: 83). Diameter: 31mm. Weight: 15.81g.
coin and the group are therefore important in terms of Discussion: Four other 6th-century folles, in poor
R Webley & R Abdy
demonstrating 5th-century coin use in the frontier of condition, found in Devon, have also been recorded
Britain (the group is fully discussed in Collins 2008). with the PAS (DEV-464726).
526. Hoxne, Suffolk (addenda): nine silver siliquae Disposition: Returned to finder. Disposition: Returned to finder.
and two siliquae fragments
(PAS: SF-8AB7E8; Treasure: 2007 T604) R Collins & S Moorhead K Adams & S Moorhead
Date: Roman (deposited in c. AD 408).
Discovery: Found by Alan Smith while metal-detecting 530. Langport, Somerset: copper-alloy half-follis of
in October 2007, and reported to Faye Minter Justinian I (PAS: SOM-3B55D0)
(Suffolk FLO). Date: Early Medieval (c. AD 550–c. 564).
Description: Discovery: Found by Philip Pope during building work
1–2. Julian (AD 355–360), m. Lyon and uncertain in 2004, and recorded by Naomi Payne (Somerset FLO)
3–4. Arcadius (AD 388–395), m. Milan and uncertain in 2007.
5–7. Arcadius (AD 395–402), m. Milan Description: Copper-alloy half-follis of Justinian I
8–9. Honorius (AD 395–402), m. Milan (r. AD 527–565) Obv: [D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVC] or
10–11. Undiagnostic siliquae fragments similar; facing bust with cuirass and helmet, holding
Discussion: This represents more addenda to the cross on globe and shield (in field right, cross). Rev:
famous Hoxne Treasure (Guest 2005; for previous large K (above, ?cross); to right, unclear date numerals;
addenda, see TAR 2005/6, no. 1141).

190 COINS COINS 191

 EARLY MEDIEVAL COINS 3. Penny (sceat), Series N-derived (c. 720–740) (BMC 534. Alfriston area, East Sussex: two fused silver Disposition: Norwich Castle Museum hopes to acquire.
58), m. ?southern England. Weight: 0.98g.
(c. 400–1066) Discussion: All three of the coins date from the first
pennies (PAS: SUSS-C96E71; Treasure: 2007 T661) G Williams
Date: Early Medieval (c. 900–c. 1000).
half of the 8th century, coins 2 and 3 being of very
In 2007, finds of Early Medieval coins reported to the Discovery: Found by Brian Standen while metal- 536. Henley area, Oxfordshire:
similar date. Both have direct parallels found together
PAS and through the Treasure Act 1996 continued to detecting in September 2007, and reported to Laura three fused Anglo-Saxon silver pennies
in a hoard at Woodham Walter, Essex, dated to c. 725.
further the understanding of the coinage circulating Burnett (Sussex FLO). (PAS: BERK-BC5CC2; Treasure: 2007 T432)
Coin 1 is slightly earlier, but could easily still have
in pre-Conquest England and Wales. Seven hoards Description: Two 10th-century silver pennies fused
remained in circulation alongside the other two. Date: Earl Medieval (980s).
were recorded (217 & 532–537), a threefold increase together with only the reverse of each visible and
Disposition: Dorset County Museum hopes to acquire. Discovery: Found by Steven Venegas while metal-
on 2006, although fewer single finds were reported, a broken into two pieces. The two coins are bent inwards
detecting in November 2007, and reported to Charlotte
decrease of a third on 2006, with 235 records produced. G Williams towards coin 2, and broken along the bend line.
Burrill (Berkshire & Oxfordshire FLO).
This was surprising given the major increases seen for The break is modern. Only one is identifiable (coin
Description: Three silver pennies fused together in
Medieval and Post-Medieval coin finds (see relevant 533. Harswell, East Yorkshire: eleven Anglo-Saxon 1), probably of Edward the Elder (r. 899–924). The
exact alignment. Only one side of each of the two
sections below). base-silver/copper-alloy coins (PAS: YORYM- combined weight is 3.03g, although it must be noted
outer coins is visible, with nothing of the middle coin
D5DFC2; Treasure: 2007 T311) that the coins are slightly chipped in two places.
seen apart from the edge. Both of the outer coins show
Hoards of this period are not common and the 1. ?Edward the Elder (c. 899–c. 924), two line, BMCii
Date: Early Medieval (c. 840–c. 850). the obverse of the Second Hand Type of Æthelred II (r.
discovery of the ‘Vale of York Hoard’ (217), with 617 (HB1 E) (North: 649), Rev: VVLF/+ + +/ARD+, mn.
Discovery: Found by Norman Smith while metal- 978–1016), issued in the 980s (North: 768). The third
Late Anglo-Saxon coins, some of which are new types, Wulfheard. Diameter: 20.2mm.
detecting in June 2007, and reported to Beth coin is likely to be of the same type, although it could
contained with other precious metal objects in a silver- 2. Unidentified (? c. 899–c. 946), two line, BMCii (HP1)
Echtenacher (North & East Yorkshire FLO). plausibly be another issue from just before or after the
gilt cup, is of undoubted international importance, (North: 649, 688/2 or 689), Rev: D(EO)RV/[...], mn.
Description: Eleven base silver/copper-alloy coins, Second Hand Type. With only the obverses visible, it is
probably representing the most spectacular find of the uncertain. Diameter: 20.7mm.
known as stycas, dating from the late 8th and 9th not possible to identify the mints and moneyers of the
year. The other Treasure finds are of a more everyday Discussion: The coins are solidly fused together
centuries. These were only minted in the kingdom of two outer coins and both are so badly damaged that
nature, probably mostly accidental purse losses, but although some air spaces remain between them. The
Northumbria. it would be difficult, if not impossible, to match the
this in itself is important as it illustrates that coinage distortion of the flan with small bubbles may suggest
1. Eanred (standard date r. 810–840; alternative date dies with other examples. All three coins are slightly
was being carried regularly from an early date and that the coin has been burnt, presumably accidentally. This
r. 810–c. 854), mn. Herred. Weight: 1g. buckled, and one face is badly marked by striations, as
some form of monetary economy existed by the 8th could have happened long after deposition but the fact
2. Æthelred II (standard date r. c. 840/1–844 & 844– if another coin or coins had at some point been fused
century at least. the coins were in close proximity while being burnt
849; alternative date r. c. 854–858 & c. 858–862), 1st to it, and subsequently levered off. The patination
may suggest they were held together in a purse or
reign, mn. Fordred. Weight: 0.92g. suggests that this did not take place recently. Both
In comparison to the hoards, the single finds present other container.
3. Redwulf (standard date r. c. 844; alternative date r. c. sides have the standard inscription of ÆÐELRÆD REX
a picture of more consistent coin use throughout the Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder.
858), mn. possibly Wendleberht. Weight: 1.02g. ANGLORVM (Æthelred, King of the English) around a
Early Medieval period, with coins from the 6th century
4. Æthelred II, 2nd reign (standard date r. c. 844– L Burnett & G Williams diademed right-facing bust, with a sceptre in front of
onwards all recorded. A number of these provide
849; alternative date r. c. 858–862), mn. Eardwulf. the bust. Combined weight: 3.23g.
evidence for Continental European links - such as the
Weight: 1.01g. 535. Wymondham, Norfolk: five Anglo-Saxon silver Disposition: Oxfordshire Museums Service hopes
coins from Ware area, Hertfordshire (539) and Cawood,
5. Æthelred II, 2nd reign (standard date r. c. 844– pennies (PAS: NMS-C25257; Treasure: 2007 T685) to acquire.
North Yorkshire (538) - and these are continually
849; alternative date r. c. 858–862), mn. Eardwulf.
expanding the knowledge of the range of coins entering Date: Early Medieval (c. 900–c. 1000). G Williams
Weight: 0.77g.
England, especially in the early Anglo-Saxon period. Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in November
6. Æthelred II, 2nd reign (standard date r. c. 844–849;
Some of the finds of English coinage have also proven 2007, and reported to Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). 537. Arreton area, Isle of Wight: two Anglo-Saxon
alternative date r. c. 858–862), mn. Monne.
very important for numismatic study, with a new coin Description: The coins, originally totalling at least five silver pennies (PAS: IOW-AEFBB1 & IOW-AFA8F1;
Weight: 0.81g.
type found for King Offa of Mercia, from Peckleton, in number, had been stacked one on top of the other. Treasure: 2007 T273)
7. Osberht (standard date r. 849–867; alternative date
Leicestershire (540) and a new moneyer for Ecgberht of At some point, the stack has fused together, probably
r. c. 862–867), mn. Winiberht. Weight: 1.01g. Date: Early Medieval (c. 997–c. 1003).
Wessex, from Newport, Isle of Wight (543). as a result of exposure to heat. The stack contains at
8. Archbishop Eanbald II of York (standard date r. Discovery: Found by Dave Dent and Robin Mitchell
least four complete coins plus fragments, but only one
c. 796–c. 837; alternative date r. 796–c. 830), mn. while metal-detecting in May 2007, about 11m apart,
HOARDS legible face is visible. This is the reverse of a mid 10th-
Æthelweard. Weight: 0.81g. and reported to Frank Basford (Isle of Wight FLO).
century coin carrying the moneyer’s name HRODGAR
9. Archbishop Wigmund of York (r. 837–854), mn. Description: Two silver pennies of Æthelred II (r. 978–
532. Bradford Peverell, Dorset: three Anglo-Saxon as a circumscription around a small cross pattée.
Æthelhelm. Weight: 0.92g. 1016), Long Cross Type (c. 997–c. 1003) (North: 774),
silver pennies Discussion: Circumscription reverses are used on
10. Uncertain (c. 850), with blundered Eardwulf mn. London.
(PAS: DOR-B8A4A2, B8C382 & B8C682; various coin designs of the period, but the moneyer
inscription. Weight: 1g. 1. Obv: ÆÐELRÆD REX ANGLO (N and G ligated),
Treasure: 2007 T350) HRODGAR (Hrodgar/Hrothgar) of Norwich is recorded
11. Uncertain (c. 850), with blundered inscription. bare. Rev: +LYF/NIC/MOL/VND, mn. Lifinc, m. London.
on coins of the Bust Crowned Type of both Eadmund
Date: Early Medieval (c. 725). Weight: 0.74g. Diameter: 20mm. Weight: 1.67g. Same dies as British
(r. 939–946) and Eadred (r. 946–954). No die-duplicate
Discovery: Found by Alan Maidment while metal- Discussion: Coinage in Northumbria was not Museum 1959, 10-18, 6, same reverse die as BMCii:
has been traced, but the coin is a good match
detecting in June 2007, and reported to Claire Pinder withdrawn from circulation when the reign changed, 228, no. 255.
stylistically with recorded coins of both kings, and it is
(Senior Archaeologist, Dorset County Council). and the mixture of coins is typical for a hoard of the 2. Obv: [Æ]ÐEL[RÆ]D REX ANGLO (N and G ligated).
likely that the coin is of the same type, although the
Description: mid 9th century. All of the coins have very similar Rev. +SPE/TINC/MOL/VND, mn. Swetinc, m. London.
ruler is uncertain. There is no reason to doubt that the
1. Penny (sceat), Series E, ‘VICO’ variety (c. 700–720), patination. Diameter: 20mm. Weight: 1.59g.
other coins are of the same period, although since there
m. ?Frisia. Weight 1.18g. Disposition: East Riding Museum Service hopes Disposition: Acquired by Isle of Wight Heritage Service.
was a wide range of different coin types in circulation
2. Penny (sceat), Series E, variety E (c. 720–740), m. to acquire.
in the period, there could be other types represented F Basford & G Williams
Frisia. Weight: 0.95g.
G Williams here. Combined weight: 4.21g.

192 COINS COINS 193

 SINGLE FINDS 540. Peckleton, Leicestershire: silver penny of Offa 542. Ropley, Hampshire: 544. Crawley, Hampshire: silver halfpenny of Eadred
of Mercia (PAS: LEIC-94EB56; EMC 2007.0165) silver penny of Cuthred of Kent (PAS: SUR-013CA3) (PAS: HAMP-422CF4)
538. Cawood, North Yorkshire: gold tremissis Date: Early Medieval (c. 765–c. 792). Date: Earl Medieval (c. 802–c. 804). Date: Early Medieval (c. 946–c. 955).
(PAS: SWYOR-B502C5) Discovery: Found by David Mann while metal- Discovery: Found by Roger Courtman while metal- Discovery: Found by Tim Chandler while metal-
Date: Early Medieval (c. 630–c. 650). detecting in May 2007, and recorded by Wendy Scott detecting in August 2007, and reported to David detecting in April 2007, and recorded with Rob Webley
Discovery: Found by Wayne Dolan while metal- (Leicestershire & Rutland FLO). Williams (Surrey FLO). (Hampshire FLO).
detecting in April 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper Description: A silver penny of King Offa (r. 757–796), Description: The coin is a ‘non-portrait’ type (North: Description: A halfpenny of King Eadred (r. 946–955)
(South & West Yorkshire FLO). minted by Almund. Obv: right-facing bust with the 210.2) minted in Canterbury for King Cuthred (r. 798– minted by the moneyer Martin (North: 722, HT1). The
Description: A 7th-century gold tremissis, minted inscription ‘OFFA REX MERCIOR’ (Offa, King of Mercia). 807). The obverse shows a tribrach, each branch ending obverse reads +EADRED REX (King Eadred) around a
in Dorestad (Netherlands). The obverse shows a Rev: five small central pellets surrounded by four ‘petals’ in an open circle at the outer edge of the coin dividing central motif of a flower with twelve petals. The reverse
bust, facing left, with the retrograde (anti-clockwise) arranged in a cross motif containing the moneyer’s the inscription CVÐRED REX (King Cuthred). In the gives the moneyer’s name in two lines, MARTINN
inscription DORESTATE. The reverse has a central name, ‘+EALMVND’ (Almund). Four raised bosses with centre of the tribrach, three wedges form a ‘propeller’ (Martin), divided by a line of three crosses, with a trefoil
cross with two pellets above with the inscription beaded borders can be seen in the spaces between, with a pellet within each angle. The reverse also of pellets above and below the name. Dimensions: 14.8
RIMOALDVS MA, again retrograde, identifying the each flanked by tow or three pellets. Dimensions: 17 x contains a central tribrach, with each branch bifurcating x 0.45mm. Weight: 0.5g.
moneyer as Rimoaldus (see Zadoks-Josephus Jitta 0.75mm. Weight: 1.2g. and both strands curving backwards on itself, again Discussion: Coins of Eadred are a rarity, this being
1961: pl.1.3 for a very similar example). Dimensions: Discussion: This coin is a new type, combining the reaching the outer edge of the coin, dividing the only the third of his coins recorded by the PAS and
12.7 x 1.3mm. Weight: 1.3g. same reverse design as Chick 45 with an obverse design inscription SIGEBERHT (Sigebeorht – the moneyer). the first find in Hampshire. Halfpennies were minted
Discussion: Early coins from Dorestad are extremely that has the same full legend and segmented inner Diameter: 18.61mm. Weight: 1.3g. intermittently by kings from the later 9th century
rare in England, this being the first recorded by the PAS. circle as Chick 47, but with a different variety of bust. Discussion: Cuthred was installed on the Kentish but are much less common finds than pennies.
Few others are known, and these come mostly from Unlike Chick 47, this bust features banded drapery throne by his brother, King Coenwulf of Mercia (r. 796– This example is firmly within the generally known
Norfolk with single outliers in Lincolnshire and North similar to Chick 18, 23, 48, 67–71 and 126–129 821), after a two-year revolt by the local population distribution of Late Anglo-Saxon coinage, but its
Yorkshire. All, however, are of the moneyer Madelinus, (see Chick 2009). was suppressed. The region returned to direct Mercian denomination adds to what is only a small corpus
and this may be the first coin of Rimoaldus found in Disposition: Returned to finder. control in 807. Finds of his coins are uncommon, this of coins.
England. Both moneyers minted coins at Dorestad only the second Cuthred penny, and the first of its type, Disposition: Returned to finder.
W Scott & R Naismith
from c. 630 to c. 650, having previously worked at recorded by the PAS.
R Webley
Maastricht (Netherlands). Madelinus coins are the Disposition: Returned to finder.
most prolific and coins in his name continued to be 541. Southwell area, Nottinghamshire: silver penny
of Eadwald of East Anglia (PAS: DENO-CB8291) J Naylor & D Williams Section editor and further research: John Naylor
minted at Dorestad after 650 (Grierson and Blackburn
Editor: Michael Lewis
1986: 137). The coin’s importance is twofold, its rarity Date: Early Medieval (c. 796–c. 798).
marking it out for special attention, and its location Discovery: Found by Bill French and Richard Northey 543. Newport, Isle of Wight: silver penny of
providing further evidence for the circulation of early while metal-detecting in August 2007, and reported to Ecgberht of Wessex (PAS: IOW-05DF24)
gold coinage in England. Anja Rohde (Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire FLO). Date: Early Medieval (c. 828–c. 839).
Disposition: Returned to finder. Description: A penny minted for King Eadwald (r. Discovery: Found by John Jerram while metal-
796–798) by Botred. Obv: inscription reads ‘EA+D detecting in September 2007, and recorded with Frank
J Naylor & A Cooper
+VVAL [ ] REX’ (King Eadwald) in three lines. Rev: reads Basford (Isle of Wight FLO).
’BOM[ ]ED’ (most likely for Botred) within the arms of Description: A penny of King Ecgberht (r. 802–
539. Ware area, Hertfordshire: a tribrach, providing a variation on North: 432 and 433. 839), produced at the ‘West Saxon’ mint by the
Merovingian silver denier (PAS: BH-86BC41) Dimensions: 19.8 x 1.1mm. Weight: 1.2g. moneyer Weohthun. The obverse has the inscription
Date: Early Medieval (c. 675–c. 750). Discussion: This is only the second coin known to +ECGBEORHT REX (King Ecgberht) around an irregular,
Discovery: Found by Kevin Easton while metal- record Botred as a moneyer for Eadwald, although the central ‘SAXON’ monogram (North: 589). The reverse
detecting in February 2007, and recorded by Julian name is also known from coins of Offa (r. 757–796) shows the inscription +PECHTHVN (Weohthun), for
Watters (Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO). and Coenred (r. 796–821). The other find was a small the moneyer, around a cross pattée. Diameter: 19.5mm.
Description: A Merovingian silver denier, minted at fragment, thus making the example from Southwell Weight: 1.3g.
Quentovic (now Étaples) by the moneyer Ela. Struck particularly important since it reveals the entire design, Discussion: Finds of the ‘SAXON’ monogram types of
slightly off-centre. Obv: helmeted head facing right, the which is similar to the very earliest three-line pennies Ecgberht are rare, and this is only one of nine Ecgberht
legend reads ‘+ELA….’. Rev: central cross surrounded of King Coenwulf of Mercia struck at London in 796 pennies recorded by the PAS. The importance of the
by the legend ‘VVICVS[]’. Dimensions: 12.1 x 1.4mm. to 797/8. These East Anglian coins of Botred should coin, however, lies in the fact that it adds a previously
Weight: 1.19g. therefore probably be associated with the year or two unknown moneyer to the issue. The name Weohthun
Discussion: The Merovingian dynasty lasted from the immediately after the death of King Offa in July 796, is known from rare pennies minted for Ecgberht’s
mid 5th to the mid 8th century and occupied the area perhaps before the development of some of the more predecessor King Beorhtric (r. 786–802) and it is
roughly equivalent to that of ancient Gaul. Merovingian distinctive features of Eadwald’s coinage. possible, although uncertain, that this may be the
coinage is only found rarely in England, and this is most Disposition: Returned to finder. same person. Another Weohthun penny was found near
often gold tremisses rather than silver deniers. Shalfleet, Isle of Wight, in late 2007 by Roy Atkinson
R Naismith & A Rohde
Disposition: Returned to finder. (PAS: IOW-7F79610).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
J Watters
J Naylor & F Basford

194 COINS COINS 195

 MEDIEVAL COINS (1066–1500) 8. Rev: +RAVF.ON[LV]DE, mn. Rauf, m. London. Class V (c. 1204/5–c. 1209) 2b
Weight: 1.39g. 4. Cut halfpenny, Vb1 (1205), mn. ?Miles, m. Oxford. 2. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury.
In 2007, a significant increase was seen in the number 9. Rev: +RICARD.ON.LVN, mn. Rauf, m. London (double Weight: 0.65g. Weight: 0.65g.
of single finds reported to the PAS, up by around 50% struck). Weight: 1.3g. 5. Vb2 (1205–1207), mn. Hu(m)frei, m. Rochester. 3. Cut halfpenny, mn. Ieremie, m. York. Weight: 0.72g.
on 2006 to 4,225 records. The number of Treasure cases Discussion: All of the coins were minted under King Weight: 1.48g. Class 3 (1248–1250)
remained about the same as the previous year, with John (r. 1199–1216), who instituted a partial re-coinage 6. Vc (1207–c. 1210), mn. Simon, m. Canterbury. 3a
hoards continuing to appear across the country. These in 1205 to remove clipped and poor quality coins Weight: 1.33g. 4. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.33g.
provide new information on the circulation of coinage from currency, although he did not change the general 7. Cut halfpenny, V(?c), mn. Abel, m. London. 5. Cut halfpenny, mn. Gefrei, m. Oxford. Weight: 0.66g.
in Medieval England, including the use of foreign design. The coins do not appear to be significantly worn Weight: 0.61g. 6. Cut halfpenny, mn. Henri, m. uncertain.
coinage at certain times, such as the finds from Myddle from use, and the fact there are no coins from classes 8. Vc, mn. Willelm B, mn. London. Weight: 1.35g. Weight: 0.71g.
and Broughton, Shropshire (559) and Hitcham, Suffolk VI onwards indicates deposition about 1207–1210. Class VII (c. 1218–c. 1242) 3a or 3ab
(562), and the large hoard from the Baschurch area, Disposition: Acquired by North Lincolnshire Museum. 9. Cut halfpenny, VIIa2 (1218-20), mn. Henri, m. 7–8. Cut halfpennies (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, m.
Shropshire (549) has added a significant new corpus of Canterbury. Weight: 0.56g. London. Weight: 0.65g.
B J Cook
material from the Shrewsbury mint. 10. VIIb2 (c. 1229–1232), mn. Roger, m. Canterbury. 3ab
Weight: 1.08g. 9. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, m. Bristol.
546. Dunton, Norfolk: three silver pennies 11. VIIb2, mn. Roger of R, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.37g. Weight: 0.55g.
The recording of single finds has continued to increase
(PAS: NMS-E8BBA3; Treasure: 2007 T275) 12. VIIb3 (c. 1232–1234), mn. Henri, m. Canterbury. 10. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.41g.
rapidly and a very wide range of coins is being
identified, from fine, high denomination gold issues, Date: Medieval (c. 1140–c. 1160). Weight: 1.31g. 11. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury.
such as that from Ston Easton, Somerset (566), to low Discovery: Found by Malcolm Higginbotham while 13. VIIb3, mn. Ioan Chic, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.05g. Weight: 0.72g.
value farthings. Most of the coins found are typical metal-detecting in February 2007, and reported to 14. VIIb3, mn. Tomas, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.49g. 12. mn. Lucas, m. Northampton. Weight: 1.31g.
English issues, although earlier post-Conquest coins Erica Darch (Norfolk FLO). 15. Cut halfpenny, VIIb4 (c. 1234–1236), mn. Willem, 13. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, m.
- such as the coin of William I from Woking, Surrey Description: Found in close proximity to each mi Canterbury (double struck). Weight: 0.51g. Northampton. Weight: 0.7g.
(564) - remain relatively uncommon, and the range other, the three coins are all close in date. Two are William I of Scotland (r. 1165–1214) 14. (2007 T569) mn. Henri, m. Oxford. Weight: 1.33g.
and distribution of foreign coinage continues to expand of Stephen’s (r. 1135–1154) first issue, known as the or posthumous issue 15. Cut halfpenny, mn. Willem, m. Oxford.
with more northern and western European coins found ‘Watford’ Type (c. 1136–1145, North: 873), the other 16. Cut halfpenny, Short Cross Phase B (c. 1205–c. Weight: 0.67g.
every year; examples include that from Brighstone, Isle an uncertain penny of similar date, probably one of 1230), details illegible. Weight: 0.86g. 3b
of Wight (565) and the Hull area, East Yorkshire (567). North’s uncertain Baronial issues (?North: 950). Discussion: The Wellow coins are mostly from the later 16. Cut halfpenny, mn. Iacob, m. Bristol. Weight: 0.69g.
1. Rev: GODRICV[…], mn. Godric, m. uncertain. classes of the Short Cross period, V–VII, but do not 17. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Exeter.
HOARDS Weight: 1.11g. include any issues later than the mid 1230s, suggesting Weight: 0.69g.
2. Rev: […], mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.21g. that they represent a single, small group of material 18. mn. Lucas, m. Gloucester. Weight: 1.31g.
3. Obv: ?[…]DTLVACX, ?Bust facing with sceptre. Rev: taken from currency at about that time, probably 19. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.36g.
545. Bigby, North East Lincolnshire: nine silver
[..]A[..]:[…], Cross with annulet and pellet in each angle. around 1236 (the onset of class VIIc, the first issue not 20–22. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weights: 1.47g, 1.45g &
pennies (PAS: NLM-145AF6; Treasure: 2007 T172)
Weight: 1.38g. represented in the group). 1.36g.
Date: Medieval (c. 1207–1210). Disposition: British Museum hopes to acquire. Disposition: Acquired by Roman Baths Museum, Bath. 23. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. London.
Discovery: Found by John Turner while metal-detecting Weight: 0.57g.
in March 2007, and reported to Lisa Staves (North A B Marsden B J Cook
24. mn. Philip, m. Northampton. Weight: 1.33g.
Lincolnshire FLO). 25–26. mn. Willem, m. Northampton.
Description: All of the coins belong to the English 547. Wellow, Bath and North East Somerset: 548. Corley, Warwickshire: 170 silver coins Weights: 1.38g & 1.26g.
Short Cross coinage, Class V. sixteen silver pennies (PAS: SOM-BAA293; (PAS: WMID-2FAAC1; Treasure: 2007 T325 & T569) 27. Cut halfpenny, mn. Gefrei, m. Oxford.
Vb1/Va2 (1204–1205) Treasure: 2007 T530) Date: Medieval (c. 1260–1265). Weight: 0.59g.
1. Rev: +ARNAVD.ON.CA, mn. Arnaud, m. Canterbury. Date: Medieval (late 1230s). Discovery: Found by David Wilcox while metal- 28. mn. Lorenz, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.45g.
Weight: 1.32g. Discovery: Found by Geoffrey Pike and Philip Coombes detecting in September 2007, and reported to Duncan 29. mn. ?Lorenz, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.32g.
2. Rev: +COLDWINE.ON.C, mn. Coldwine, m. uncertain. while metal-detecting in September 2007, and Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO). 30. mn. Peris, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.35g.
Weight: 1.32g. reported to Naomi Payne (Somerset FLO). Description: The group consist of pennies or cut 31–32. mn. Willem, m. Wilton. Weights: 1.53g & 1.41g.
Vb1 (1205) Description: Fifteen of the coins belong to the English fractions of the English Long Cross coinage (1247– 33. Cut halfpenny, mn. Huge, m. Winchester.
3. Rev: +IOhAN.ON.[GI]P[E], mn. Iohan, m. Ipswich. Short Cross coinage, the remaining coin being from 1279), or contemporary related coinages. Some of the Weight: 0.78g.
Weight: 1.32g. the contemporary Scottish coinage, which mixed freely coins survive in more than one fragment, but these are 34. mn. Rener, m. York. Weight: 1.42g.
Vb2 (1205–1207) with the English coinage at this time and was produced treated as single items for the purposes of this report. 35. mn. Tomas, m. York. Weight: 1.45g.
4. Rev: +RICARD.B.ON.LV, mn. Ricard B, m. London to the same standards. This group consists of 11 full English Long Cross types are represented by 159 coins 36. Cut halfpenny, mn. Philip, m. uncertain.
(pierced or holed). Weight: 1.28g. pennies and 5 cut halfpennies. and seven from the accompanying Irish coinage of Weight: 0.68g.
5. Rev: +RAVF.ON.WIN, mn. Rauf, m. Winchester. English Short Cross coins Henry III (r. 1216–1272); this coinage dates to c. 1251– 37. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. Henri, m. uncertain.
Weight: 1.37g. Class I (c. 1180–c. 1189) 1254. There are 92 full pennies, 70 cut halfpennies and Weight: 0.61g.
Vb3 (c. 1206) 1. Ic (c. 1185–1189), mn. Raul, m. London. four cut farthings. The face value of the group was 10 3a–3b
6. Rev: +GIFREI.ON.NOR, mn. Gifrei, m. Norwich. Weight: 1.32g. shillings and 8 pence. 38. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury.
Weight: 1.32g. Class III (c. 1189/90–c. 1194) English Long Cross coinage Weight: 0.69g.
Vc (c. 1207–c. 1210) 2. IIIab2 (c. 1190–1194), mn. Roberd, m. Canterbury Class 2 (1248) 39. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, m.
7. Rev: +ABEL.ON.LVNDE, mn. Abel, m. London. Weight: 1.16g. 2a Lincoln. Weight: 0.6g.
Weight: 1.38g. 3. IIIab2, mn. Ricard, m. London. Weight: 1.39g. 1. mn. Nicole, m. Winchester. Weight: 1.43g. 40. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. London.
Weight: 0.65g.

196 COINS COINS 197

 41. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Northampton. 5a 113. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. Henri, m. London. Class 5 (undefined)
Weight: 0.72g. 74. Cut farthing, mn. Nicole, m. uncertain. Weight: 0.3g. Weight: 0.73g. 161. (2007 T569) Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain,
Possibly 3b 5a–c 114. mn. Iohs, m. London. Weight: 1.37g. m. Canterbury. Weight: 0.59g.
42. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. London. 75. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. Johs/Johanes, m. 115–116. mn. Ricard, m. London. Weights: 1.38g 162. Cut farthing, mn. uncertain, m. Canterbury.
Weight: 0.66g. Canterbury. Weight: 0.59g. (for both). Weight: 0.41g.
43. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Newcastle. 5b2 117. Cut halfpenny, mn. Ricard, m. London. 163. (2007 T569) Cut halfpenny, mn. Willem,
Weight: 0.76g. 76–77. mn. Randulf, m. Bury St Edmunds. Weight: 0.57g. m. uncertain. Weight: 0.69g.
44. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Shrewsbury. Weights: 1.47g & 1.38g. 118. mn. Willem, m. London. Weight: 1.46g. Irish coinage of Henry III
Weight: 0.52g. 78. mn Gilebert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.39g. 5f (coinage dates to c. 1251–1254)
45. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Wilton. 79. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.43g. 119. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.38g. 1a
Weight: 0.66g. 80. (2007 T569) mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. 5g 164. Cut halfpenny, mn. Ricard, m. Dublin.
46. Cut halfpenny, mn. Ion, m. uncertain. Weight: 0.7g. Weight: 1.43g. 120. (2007 T569) mn. Alein, m. Canterbury (coin in two Weight: 0.77g.
47. Cut halfpenny (two fragments) (2007 T569), mn. 81–82. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.39g & fragments). Weight: 1.41g. 165. Cut halfpenny, mn. Davi, m. Dublin. Weight: 0.59g.
uncertain, m. Wilton or Winchester. Weight: 0.69g. 137g. 121–122. mn. Gilebert, m. Canterbury (coin 121 is in 2a
3bc 83. (2007 T569) mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. three pieces). Weights: 1.39g & 1.31g. 166. mn. Davi, m. Dublin. Weight: 1.44g.
48. mn. Ion, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.41g. Weight: 1.35g. 123. mn. Iohs, m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.32g. 167. mn. Ricard, m. Dublin. Weight: 1.33g.
49. mn. Huge, m. Winchester. Weight: 1.45g. 84. mn Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.39g. 124.* (2007 T569) mn. Iohanes, m. Canterbury. 168. Cut halfpenny, mn. Ricard, m. Dublin.
3c 85. (2007 T569) mn. Willem, m. Canterbury Weight: 0.52g. Weight: 0.81g.
50. (2007 T569) mn. Gilbert, m. Canterbury. (fragment missing from coin). Weight: 1.25g. 125. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.31g. 2(?b)
Weight: 1.35g. 86. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.23g. 126. mn. Robert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.48g. 169. (2007 T569) Cut halfpenny, mn. Davi, m. Dublin.
51. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Lincoln. 87. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, 127. (2007 T569) mn. Robert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 0.66g.
Weight: 0.76g. m. Canterbury. Weight: 0.62g. Weight: 1.44g. 2d
52. Cut halfpenny, mn. Roger, m. Gloucester. 88. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.42g. 128–132. mn. Robert, m. Canterbury. 170. Cut farthing, mn. uncertain, m. Dublin.
Weight: 0.69g. 89–90. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weights: 1.52g & 1.5g. Weights: 1.43g, 1.39g, 1.38g & 1.36g. Weight: 0.48g.
53. (2007 T569) mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.33g. 91. (2007 T569) mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.46g. 133. mn. Walter, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.44g. Discussion: This find contains coins of generally
54. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.25g. 92. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.37g. 134. Cut halfpenny, mn. Walter, m. Canterbury. good weight, with classes ranging from 1 to 5g. The
55. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. Ricard, m. London. 93. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 0.67g. proportions are weighted towards the later Long Cross
Weight: 0.6g. Weight: 0.75g. 135. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury (double struck coin). period and the cut fractions are disproportionately
56. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. Rener, m. York. 94. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. London. Weight: 1.48g. from the older period of the currency. It is highly likely,
Weight: 0.52g. Weight: 0.82g. 136–137. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. therefore, that this group represents a batch of material
3 (undefined) 5b or 5c Weights: 1.46g & 1.36g. withdrawn from currency and deposited as a group
57. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. Ierveis, m. Ilchester. 95. Cut halfpenny, mn. Iohs, m. Canterbury. 138. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.51g. during the issue of class 5g or shortly thereafter –
Weight: 0.61g. Weight: 0.67g. 139–140. mn. Renaud, m. London. probably in the early to mid 1260s. The presence of so
58. Cut halfpenny, mn. Willem, m. uncertain. 96. Cut halfpenny, mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 0.76g. Weight: 1.52g & 1.49g. many cut fractions (45% of the coins) is unusual, but
Weight: 0.59g. 97. mn. Ricard, m. London (double struck coin). 141. (2007 T569) mn. Renaud, m. London. not wholly unprecedented in the hoard record of the
59. Cut halfpenny, mn. Henri, m. uncertain. Weight: 1.19g. Weight: 1.49g. mid-13th century.
Weight: 0.81g. 98–99. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. London. 142. mn. Renaud, m. London (coin is in two fragments). Disposition: Acquired by Warwickshire Museum.
60–61. Cut halfpennies (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, Weights: 0.74g & 0.61g. Weight: 1.47g.
B J Cook
m. Canterbury. Weights: 0.68g & 0.65g. 100. (2007 T569) Cut farthing, mn. uncertain, m. 143–150. mn. Renaud, m. London. Weights: 1.45g,
62. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. uncertain, Canterbury. Weight: 0.38g. 1.44g (x2), 1.43g, 1.42g (x2), 1.38g & 1.37g.
m. Newcastle. Weights: 0.7g. 101. (2007 T569) Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. 151. (2007 T569) mn. Renaud, m. London. 549. Baschurch area, Shropshire: 190 silver pennies
63. Cut halfpenny (2007 T569), mn. ?Ion, m. York. uncertain. Weight: 0.58g. Weight: 1.36g. (PAS: HESH-A5B566; Treasure: 2007 T545)
Weight: 0.64g. 5c 152. mn. Renaud, m. London. Weight: 1.33g. Date: Medieval (c. 1265–1270).
64. Cut halfpenny, mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 0.63g. 102. mn. Gilebert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.21g. 153–154.* (2007 T569) mn. Renaud, m. London. Discovery: Found while metal-detecting in August
Class 5 (1251–1272) 103. mn. Ion, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.4g. Weights: 1.33g & 1.17g. 2007, and reported to Peter Reavill (Herefordshire &
5a2 104. mn. Robert, m. Canterbury (coin is incomplete and 155. Cut halfpenny, mn. Renaud, m. London. Shropshire FLO).
65. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.43g. in two fragments). Weight: 1.23g. Weight: 0.6g. Description: All but one of the coins are official
66. mn. Ricard, m. London. Weight: 1.32g. 105. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.42g. 156. Cut halfpenny, mn. Tomas, m. London. English silver pennies of King Henry III (r. 1216–1272),
5a2 or 5a3 106. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Canterbury. Weight: 0.63g. from the Long Cross coinage (issued 1247–1279). The
67. Cut halfpenny, mn. Gilebert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 0.65g. 157. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. London. remaining coin is a contemporary Scottish penny of
Weight: 0.77g. 107. mn. Davi, m. London. Weight: 1.08g. Weight: 0.77g. King Alexander III (r. 1249–1286), which would have
68. Cut halfpenny, mn. Henri or Davi, m. London. 108. mn. Henri, m. London (double struck coin). 158. (2007 T569) Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, been struck to the same standards and would also have
Weight: 0.69g. Weight: 1.59g. m. uncertain. Weight: 0.68g. circulated in England during this period.
69–71. Cut halfpennies, mn. uncertain, m. London. 109. (2007 T569) mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.45g. 159. Cut halfpenny, mn. Renaud, m. uncertain. Class 3 (1248–1250)
Weights: 0.69g, 0.76g & 0.64g. 110–111. mn. Henri, m. London. Weights: 1.45g & Weight: 0.76g. 3a
5a3 1.31g. 160. (2007 T569) Cut halfpenny, mn. Renaud, 1. mn. ?Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.41g.
72. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.37g. 112. Cut halfpenny, mn. Henri, m. London. m. uncertain. Weight: 0.62g. 2–3. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weights: 1.36g & 1.34g.
73. mn. Ricard, m. London. Weight: 1.34g. Weight: 0.81g. 4. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 0.68g.

198 COINS COINS 199

 5. mn. Ion, m. Gloucester. Weight: 1.23g. Class 5 (1251–1272) Discussion: The latest coins present in the group 551. West Wratting, Cambridgeshire:
6. mn. Nicole, m. uncertain. Weight: 1.24g. 5a belong to class 5g and were probably issued in the 11 silver pennies (PAS: CAMHER-9B9C48;
7. mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.4g. 146. mn. Ion, m. Bury St Edmunds. Weight: 1.43g. mid to late 1260s. The class 5g pennies present have Treasure: 2007 T619)
3ab1 5a2 a mean weight of 1.38g, and are in fact the least good
Date: Medieval (deposited in the 1320s).
8. mn. Elis, m. Bristol. Weight: 1.44g (die duplicate in 147. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.33g. portion of the material. The class 5 coins as a whole
Discovery: Found by Ian and Susan James while
the British Museum). 148. Cut halfpenny, mn. ?Iohan, m. London. average 1.4g.
metal-detecting in September and October 2007, and
9. mn. Ion, m. Exeter. Weight: 1.55g. Weight: 0.6g. This is an unusual hoard. Nearly 58% of the coins
reported to Quinton Carroll (Historic Environment
10. mn. Ierveis, m. Ilchester. Weight: 1.41g. 149. mn. Ricard, m. London. Weight: 1.45g. in the find, 111 in all, originate at the local mint of
Team Manager, Cambridgeshire County Council).
11. mn. Ion, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.42g. 5b2 Shrewsbury, active during 1249–1250 only and long-
Description: English issues of Edward I (r. 1272–1307)
12. mn. Ricard, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.47g. 150. mn. Gilebert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.04g. since closed by the date of issue of the latest coins in
and Edward II (r. 1307–1327). There are 10 pennies,
13. mn. Walter, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.2g. 151. mn. Iohs, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.35g. the group, those of class 5g. The Shrewsbury role in this
several of which are fragmentary, and one halfpenny.
14. mn. Willem, m. Northampton. Weight: 1.34g. 152. mn. Ion, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.48g. hoard is massively disproportionate. The hoard does
1. Edwardian sterling imitation struck over a Namur
15–18. mn. Lorenz, m. Shrewsbury. Weights: 1.42g, 153–155. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.44g, not seem to reflect the actual output of Shrewsbury,
sterling of Gui de Dampiene (Chalon 53; De May 69).
1.4g, 1.39g & 1.34g. 1.4g & 1.35g. however. It lacks any coins of class 3c and it also does
2. Class 5b (1289–1291), m. Canterbury.
19–28. mn. Nicole, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.49g, 156. mn. Robert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.48g. not represent the relative output of the four known
Weight: 1.25g (damaged).
1.47g, 1.45g, 1.43g, 1.37g (x2), 1.35g, 1.34g, 1.33g & 157–158. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.33g & moneyers named on the backs of the coins. It seems
3–5. Class 10cf2a (1306–1307), m. London.
1.28g. 1.4g. to be a batch acquired in unusual circumstances, and
Weights: 1.2g, 1.27g & 1.37g.
29. mn. Peris, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.4g. 159–161. mn. Henri, m. London. Weights: 1.45g, 1.42g not taken from general currency. The unusually small
6. Class 10cf2b (1306–1307), m. Canterbury.
30–59. mn. Ricard, m. Shrewbury. Weights: 1.52g, 1.49g, & 1.35g. proportion of class 5 coins in the hoard might suggest
Weight: 1.34g.
1.48g (x2), 1.46g (x4), 1.45g, 1.44g, 1.43g (x2), 1.42g 162–163. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weights: 1.45g & that the group could represent a carefully husbanded
7. Class 10cf2b (1306–1307), m. London.
(x2), 1.41g (x2), 1.4g, 1.39g (x2), 1.38g, 1.37g, 1.36g 1.44g. savings hoard occasionally augmented as and when this
Weight: 1.24g (Mayfield lettering).
(x2), 1.35g, 1.34g (x2), 1.33g, 1.32g, 1.31g & 1.26g. 164–165. mn. Ricard, m. London. Weights: 1.23g & could be afforded.
8. Class 10c3b1 (1307–1309), m. London.
60. mn. Uncertain, m. Shrewbury. Weight: 1.48g. 1.41g. Disposition: Shropshire County Museum Service hopes
Weight: 1.09g (damaged).
61. mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.0g. 5c to acquire.
9. Class 11b2 (late 1310–1314), m. London.
3b 166. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.48g.
B J Cook Weight: 1.38g.
62. mn. Walter, m. Bristol. Weight: 1.49g. 167. mn. Robert, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.35g.
10. Class 14 (c. 1317–1320), m. Canterbury.
63–64. mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.46g & 168. mn. Davi, m. London. Weight: 1.46g.
550. Deopham area, Norfolk: six silver pennies Weight: 1.17g (damaged).
1.39g. 169–170. mn. Henri, m. London. Weights: 1.45g &
(PAS: EA4080; Treasure: 2007 T676) 11. Halfpenny, Wither type 6 (c. 1292–1296),
65. mn. Robert, m. Exeter. Weight: 1.46g. 1.42g.
m. London. Weight: 0.63g.
66. mn. Ion, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.41g. 171. mn. Ricard, m. London. Weight: 1.45g. Date: Medieval (deposited in the 1310s).
Discussion: The latest coin present is of class 14,
67. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.41g. 172. mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.41g. Discovery: Found by Mark Dover while metal-detecting
dated to c. 1317–1320.
68. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.54g. 5a–c in October 2007, and reported to Erica Darch
Disposition: Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, hopes
69. mn. Roger, m. Newcastle. Weight: 1.41g. 173. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.45g. (Norfolk FLO).
to acquire.
70. mn. Willem, m. Northampton. Weight: 1.33g. 5b–c Description: Six silver pennies:
71. mn. Huge, m. Norwich. Weight: 1.44g. 174. mn. Iohs, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.32g. 1. Irish (1279–1284), m. Waterford. B J Cook, m allen & M phillips
72–77. mn. Lorenz, m. Shrewsbury. Weights: 1.44g, 175. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.4g. 2. Class 10ab4 (c. 1303), m. London.
1.43g (x2), 1.39g, 1.34g & 1.37g. 176. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. London. 3. Class 10ab5 (c. 1303–1305), m. Canterbury. 552. Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire: eight medieval silver
78–121. mn. Nicole, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.54g Weight: 0.57g. 4. Class 10cf1 (c. 1305–1306), m. London. pennies and two silver halfpennies
(x2), 1.51g (x3), 1.5g (x2), 1.48g, 1.46g, 1.45g, 1.44g 5g 5. Class 10cf2 (c. 1306–1307), m. Bury. (PAS: LIN-C337E3, C32352, C31AD1, C30EF5,
(x2), 1.43g (x3), 1.42g, 1.41g (x3), 1.4g (x4), 1.39g (x2), 177. mn. Iohanes, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.39g. Discussion: The group as found originally constituted C30795, C300A3, C2E9D4, C2D313, C2A913,
1.38g (x3), 1.37g, 1.36g (x5), 1.35g (x4), 1.35g, 1.28g, 178. mn. Walter, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.38g. six late 13th- to early 14th-century pennies. One was C291E6; Treasure: 2007 T252)
1.26g, 1.25g, 1.2g & 0.94g. 179–180. mn. Willem, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.46g & lost prior to handing in, although initial examination
Date: Medieval (c. 1216–c. 1413).
122. mn. Peris, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.26g. 1.38g. by the finder suggested it to be of a similar date to
Discovery: Found by Simon Loveley while metal-
122–136. mn. Ricard, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.53g, 181. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.43g. the others. The five surviving coins are all Edward I (r.
detecting in January 2007, and reported to Adam
1.51g, 1.49g, 1.47g, 1.46g, 1.45g, 1.43g, 1.42g (x2), 182–184. mn. Renaud, m. London. Weight: 1.38g, 1.33g 1272–1307) Long Cross pennies, one an Irish penny
Daubney (Lincolnshire FLO).
1.39g, 1.37g, 1.36g, 1.35g & 1.34g. & 1.3g. struck at Waterford. This shows signs of wear, the
Description: Eight hammered pennies and two cut
137. mn. Nicole, m. uncertain. Weight: 1.35g. 185. mn. Willem, m. London. Weight: 1.42g. other four being in much better condition. All of these
halfpennies ranging in date from Henry III to Henry IV
138–140. mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.42g, 1.5g & 186. mn. Walter, m. uncertain. Weight: 1.06g. can be dated to a short period at the end of Edward’s
(1216–1413).
0.77g. Uncertain class reign, from 1303 to 1307. The sharp condition of the
Henry II (r. 1154–1189)
3bc 187. Cut halfpenny, mn. Nicole, m. uncertain. four later coins makes it likely that the putative purse
1. Cut halfpenny, im. cross and crosslets (1158–1180),
141. mn. Nicole, m. Shrewsbury. Weight: 1.44g. Weight: 0.8g. containing these coins was lost not long after this date,
undefined type, mn. and m. uncertain.
3c 188. mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.5g. probably between c. 1310 and c. 1320.
Henry III (r. 1216–1272)
142–143. mn. Henri, m. London. Weight: 1.36g & 189. mn. and m. uncertain. Weight: 1.28g. Disposition: Norwich Castle Museum hopes to acquire.
2. Short Cross, Class 7a (1217–1222). Rev: SIMON ON
1.35g. Scottish coinage of Alexander III (First Coinage)
A B Marsden CANT, mn. Simon, m. Canterbury.
144. mn. Nicole, m. London. Weight: 1.29g. 190. Type VII, mn. Alexander, m. Edinburgh.
3. Short Cross, Class 8b (c. 1242–1247). Rev: NICOLE
145. Cut halfpenny, mn. uncertain, m. Winchester. Weight: 1.41g.
ON CANT, mn. Nicole, m. Canterbury.
Weight: 0.7g. 191–193. mn. and m. uncertain. Weights: 0.86g, 0.36g
4. Long Cross, Class 3ab (1248–1250). Rev: ROG/ER
& 0.21g.
O/N G[ ], mn. Roger, m. Gloucester.

200 COINS COINS 201

 5. Long Cross, Class 5c (1251–1272). Rev: IOH’/SON/ 555. Low Apley, Lincolnshire: 146 silver pennies 38. 9b1, m. Newcastle. Weight: 1.17g 10cf5 (c. mid 1309 to late 1310)
LVNDEN, mn. Iohan, m. London. (PAS: LIN-747367; Treasure: 2007 T229) (no star, unbarred Ns). 98. 10cf5(a1), m. Bury St Edmunds. Weight: 1.32g.
6. Cut halfpenny, Long Cross, Class 5 (1251–1272). Rev: 39. 9b1, m. York. Weight: 1.28g (star, unbarred Ns). 99. 10cf5(a1), m. London. Weight: 1.36g.
Date: Medieval (1317–1320).
WIL[LEM ON CANT]OR, mn. Willem, m. ?Canterbury. 40. 9b1, m. York. Weight: 1.42g (no star, unbarred Ns). 100. 10cf5(a1), m. London. Weight: 1.37g
Discovery: Found by John Blakely while metal-
Edward I (r. 1272–1307) 41–42. 9b2, m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.43g & 1.26g (Obv: EDWARR).
detecting in April 2007, and reported to Adam Daubney
7. Class 1c (1279), m. London. (star, unbarred Ns). 101. 10cf5(a2), m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.39g.
(Lincolnshire FLO).
8. ?Class 9b (c. 1299–1300/1), m. York. 43. 9b2, m. London. Weight: 1.38g 102–103. 10cf5(a2), m. London.
Description:146 silver pennies, with 143 issued by
Edward III (r. 1327–1377) (star, unbarred/pothooks). Weights: 1.42g & 1.37g.
Edward I and Edward II; 139 are from English mints, and
9. Halfpenny, third coinage (1344–1351) (North: 1131), 44–45. 9b2, m. London. Weights: 1.42g & 1.34g 104. 10cf5(b), m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.4g.
two are from Berwick-on-Tweed. The non-English coins
m. London. (star, unbarred Ns). 105. 10cf5(b), m. Durham. Weight: 1.4g.
comprise two contemporary Irish coins, two pennies
Henry IV (r. 1399–1413) Class 10 (early 1301 to late 1310) 106. 10cf5(b), m. London. Weight: 1.42g.
issued by King Alexander III of Scotland and one
10. Halfpenny, m. York. 10ab1 (early 1301) Class 11 (c. late 1310 to c. 1314)
continental sterling imitation of Count Arnold of Looz.
Disposition: Not Treasure; returned to finder. 46. 10ab1(b), m. London, Weight: 1.39g (pothooks). 107. 11a1, m. London. Weight: 1.31g.
Edward I (r. 1271–1307) and Edward II (r. 1307–1327)
47. 10ab1(b), m. Newcastle, Weight: 1.34g (barred N). 108. 11a2, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.38g.
A Daubney Class 2 (1280)
10ab2 (mid 1301 to early 1302) 109–110. 11a2, m. London. Weights: 1.45g & 1.41g.
1. 2b, m. Durham. Weight: 1.34g.
48. 10ab2, m. London. Weight: 1.4g (unbarred). 111. 11a3, m. Durham. Weight: 1.43g
553. Llanharry, Rhondda Cynon Taff: seven silver Class 3 (1280–1281)
49. 10ab2, m. London. Weight: 1.4g (pothooks). (crozier end; Obv: TAS:).
pennies (PAS: NMGW-9E0F60; Treasure: Wales 2. 3c, m. Bristol. Weight: 1.22g.
10ab3 (c. early 1302 to c. early 1303) 112. 11b1, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.39g.
07.04) 3. 3c, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.42g.
50. 10ab3(a), m. Durham. Weight: 1.37g. 113. 11b1, m. Durham. Weight: 1.52g (crozier end).
4. 3c, m. London. Weight: 1.39g.
Date: Medieval (deposited in the 1240s). 51. 10ab3(a), m. London. Weight: 1.4g 114. 11b2, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.37g.
5. 3c, m. York. Weight: 1.37g.
Discovery: Found by Michael Wareham whilst metal- (flat S; unbarred Ns). 115. 11b2, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.39g
6. 3g, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.34g.
detecting in February 2007, and reported to Mark 52. 10ab3(b), m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.3g. (Obv: EDWARR).
7. 3g, m. Lincoln. Weight: 1.23g.
Lodwick (Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). 10ab5 (c. mid 1303 to c. mid 1305) 116. 11b2, m. London. Weight: 1.43g.
8–9. 3g, m. London. Weight: 1.36g & 1.32g.
Description: Six pennies and two cut halfpennies, 53. 10ab5 (early type), m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.4g. 117–119. 11b3, m. Canterbury.
Class 4 (1282–1289)
of English Short Cross type: 54. 10ab5 (late type), m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.33g. Weights: 1.42g, 1.4g & 1.37g.
10. 4a1, m. London. Weight: 1.38g.
1. cut halfpenny, Vb, mm. Iohan. Weight: 0.74g. 55. 10ab5 (late type), m. Durham. Weight: 1.31g 120. 11b3, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.37g
11. 4a4, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.35g.
2. Vb2, mm. Hue, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.37g. (cross moline). (Obv: EDWARR).
12–15. 4b, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.43g, 1.39g, 1.38g
3. cut halfpenny, Vc–VIc, mm. Walter, m. London. 56–58. 10ab5 (late type), m. London. Weights: 1.44g, 121–122. 11b3, m. Durham. Weights: 1.45g & 1.3g
& 1.25g.
Weight: 0.73g. 1.43g & 1.41g. (crozier end).
16–18. 4b, m. London. Weight: 1.41g, 1.4g & 1.38g.
4. VIIa, mm. Norman, m. Bury. Weight: 1.32g. 10ab6 (c. mid 1305) 123. 11b3, m. London. Weight: 1.34g.
19. 4c, m. London. Weight: 1.37g.
5. VIIa, mm. Terri, m. London. Weight: 1.24g. 59. 10ab6, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.44g. 124–125. 11b3, m. London. Weights: 1.44g & 1.41g
20. 4d, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.38g.
6. VIIb, mm. Iohan (FR?), m. Canterbury. 60. 10ab6, m. London. Weight: 1.41g. (Obv: EDWARR).
21. 4e/c, m. London. Weight: 1.41g.
Weight: 1.55g. 10cf1 (c. mid 1305 to c. mid 1306) 126. 11c, m. Bury St Edmunds. Weight: 1.44g.
Class 5 (1289–1291)
7. VIIcA, mm. Nichole, m. London. Weight: 1.43g. 61. 10cf1, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.42g. 127. 11c, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.42g.
22. 5b, m. London. Weight: 1.42g.
8. VIIc, mm. Nichole, m. London. Weight: 1.25g. 62. 10cf1, m. Durham. Weight: 1.35g (cross moline). Class 13 (c. 1315 to c. 1317)
Class 8 (1294–1299)
Discussion: A small scattered hoard, buried or lost in 63. 10cf1, m. London. Weight: 1.43g. 128. m. Durham. Weight: 1.42g (crozier end).
23. 8b, m. London. Weight: 1.37g.
the 1240s. 10cf2 (c. mid 1306 to c. mid 1307) 129. m. London. Weight: 1.44g.
Class 9 (c. 1299 to end 1300/early 1301)
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to landowner and 64–65. 10cf2(a), m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.44g & 1.2g. Class 14 (c. 1317–1320)
24. 9a1, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.13g
finder. 66–67. 10cf2(a), m. Durham. Weights: 1.34g & 1.2g 130. m. Bury St Edmunds. Weight: 1.39g.
(barred N; barred A on rev).
(cross moline). 131–138. m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.46g, 1.44g, 1.42g,
E M Besly 25. 9a2, m. London. Weight: 1.33g (star).
68. 10cf2(a), m. London. Weight: 1.42g. 1.4g (x3), 1.39g & 1.37g.
26. 9b1, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.41g
69–73. 10cf2(a), m. London. Weights: 1.42g, 1.41g (x2), 139. m. Durham. Weight: 1.41g (new E).
554. Ysceifiog, Flintshire: three silver pennies (star, unbarred Ns).
1.4g & 1.37g (Mayfield lettering). Coinage of Berwick-upon-Tweed
(PAS: NMGW-9E40C5; Treasure: Wales 07.5) 27. 9b1, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.37g
74. 10cf2(b), m. Bury St Edmunds. Weight: 1.39g. Class 4 (c. 1300–c. 1310)
Date: Medieval (c. 1310–c. 1315). (no star, unbarred Ns).
75. 10cf2(b), m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.37g. 140. 4b. Weight: 1.3g.
Discovery: Found by Peter Jones, the first while field 28. 9b1, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.38g (no star,
10cf3 (c. mid 1307 to c. early 1309) 141. 4c. Weight: 1.29g.
walking in search of flints in July 2006, and two further pothook/unbarred Ns).
76. 10cf3(a2), m. London, Weight: 1.39g. Irish coinage of Edward I (r. 1272–1307)
coins found while metal-detecting between February 29. 9b1, m. Canterbury, Weight: 1.4g (star, pothook Ns).
77–81. 10cf3(a3), m. Canterbury. Weights: 1.44g (x2), Class 4 (c. 1297–1302)
and March 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick 30. 9b1, m. Kingston-upon-Hull. Weight: 1.38g
1.43g, 1.42g & 1.37g. 142–143. 4a, m. Dublin. Weights: 1.46g & 1.44g.
(Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). (star, barred Ns).
82. 10cf3(a3), m. Durham. Weight: 1.42g (cross moline). King Alexander III of Scotland (r. 1249–1286)
Description: Three pennies of Edward I–II 31. 9b1, m. London. Weight: 1.39g
83. 10cf3(a3), m. Durham. Weight: 1.39g Second coinage (c. 1280–1286)
(r. 1272–1327), and dated to c. 1307–14. (star, unbarred/pothooks).
(cross illegible). 144. Mc1. Weight: 1.38g (24 points on stars).
1. 10cf3, m. London. Weight: 1.23g. 32–33. 9b1, m. London. Weights: 1.4g & 1.35g
84. 10cf3(a3), m. London. Weight: 1.35g. 145. D1. Weight: 1.37g (26 points on stars).
2. 11a, m. London. Weight: 1.31g. (star, unbarred Ns).
85–86. 10cf3(b1), m. Canterbury. Count Arnold of Looz (r. 1279–1323)
3. 11c, m. Canterbury. Weight: 1.21g. 34. 9b1, m. London. Weight: 1.34g (star, barred Ns).
Weights: 1.44g & 1.35g. 146. Sterling (Mayhew 1983: 76) Weight: 1.25g.
Discussion: The coins are relatively unworn and 35. 9b1, m. London. Weight: 1.35g (no star, barred Ns).
87–94. 10cf3 (b1), m. London. Weights: 1.45g, 1.43g Discussion: The coinage of Edward I and Edward II
original association likely. 36. 9b1, m. London. Weight: 1.4g (no star, unbarred Ns).
(x2), 1.42g, 1.4g, 1.38g (x2) & 1.36g. forms one continuous series from the coinage reform
Disposition: Acquired by Flintshire County Museums 37. 9b1, m. Newcastle. Weight: 1.38g
95–97. 10cf3(b2), m. London. of 1279 and just into the reign of Edward III, the coins
Service. (star, unbarred Ns).
Weights: 1.45g, 1.37g & 1.18g.
E M Besly

202 COINS COINS 203

 ranging from class 2 (1280) to class 14 (c. 1317–1320). by Class 3. The dominance of London, Canterbury and 8. Penny, Series Gg (1356–1361), m. Durham. 560. Beulah Hill, Croydon, Greater London
The Irish coinage of Edward I and the contemporary Durham is also not unexpected. The 38 pennies total Weight: 1g. (addenda): 12 gold and silver coins (PAS: LON-
Scottish coinage were struck to the same standards a value of 3s.2d, and this was not an inconsequential Treaty Transitional Period (1361–1369) 5B20D4; 5B4B26; 5B52F7 ; 5B5AF7; 5B6003; 5B6603;
as the main English series and all circulated together amount at the time. The average daily pay of a labourer 9. Penny (N1229/1), m. Durham. Weight: 1.15g. 5B6B52; 5B70D4; 5B84C3; 5B8B28; 5B9254; 5B99C3;
within the British Isles in this period. Imitations of in the 1330s was 1 to 2d and 3 to 4d per day for a Treaty Period (1361–1369) Treasure: 2007 T173)
the English penny entered England in large numbers craftsmen, a pair of shoes cost 6d, while rent on a 10–12. Penny, m. York (N1268) Weights: 1.13g, 1.11g
Date: Medieval (deposited in the late 14th century).
in the 1290s, but most were removed in a partial peasant’s cottage was in the region of 5s year or 20s & 1.07g.
Discovery: Found by Joy Hulme while gardening in April
recoinage in c. 1300. However, examples in later for a craftsmen’s house (Dyer 1989: 175, 206–208). Discussion: Face value: 2s. 2d. The range and the
1953, but held back when the original 138-coin hoard
hoards demonstrate that a number either survived this Disposition: Acquired by Herbert Museum & Art condition of coins are appropriate for the mid 14th
was reported and declared Treasure Trove at that time.
campaign or else entered English currency after that Gallery, Coventry, with the main site archive; the century. It is noticeable that the most recent coins are
Found and reported to Fi Hitchcock (Treasure Registrar)
date. The coins found at Low Apley are mostly of very landowner donated their share. from the northern mints of Durham and York, although
by Mr Hulme, while settling his late wife’s estate.
good weight, indicating a degree of selection and, also, these were beginning to take the lead in the production
P Mason, I Soden & M Curteis Description: The group consists of one silver coin of
there are no examples of the lesser denominations, of pennies at this period anyway.
Edward I, six gold and four silver coins of Edward III, and
halfpennies and farthings. The bulk of the coins present Disposition: Penrith Museum had hoped to acquire but
557. Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan: two silver one silver coin of David II of Scotland. The latest coins
were issued after the partial recoinage of c. 1300, so withdrew; returned to landowner.
groats and a half groat (PAS: NMGW-9E6076; date to the period 1363–1369.
the classes present do not evenly represent output
Treasure: Wales 07.03) B J Cook Edward I (r. 1272–1307)
across the Edwardian series.
1. Penny, 4b (1282–1289), m. Canterbury.
Disposition: The Collection, Lincoln, had hoped to Date: Medieval (deposited in c. 1360).
559. Myddle and Broughton, Shropshire (addenda): Weight: 1.05g.
acquire but withdrew; returned to finder. Discovery: Found by Malcolm Pascoe and Steve
4 gold doblas (PAS: LVPL-E09DD8; Edward III (r. 1327–1377)
Beverstock while metal-detecting between December
B J Cook Treasure: 2007 T534) Fourth Coinage, Pre-Treaty period (1351–1361)
2006 and January 2007, and reported to Mark Lodwick
2. Gold noble, Series C (1351–1352). Weight: 7.69g.
(Finds Co-ordinator, Wales). Date: Medieval (deposited in the late 1360s–1370s).
556. Astleys, Coventry, West Midlands: 38 silver 3. Gold noble, Series E (1354–1355). Weight: 7.73g.
Description: two silver groats and a half groat of Discovery: Found by Stanley Bulmer while metal-
pennies (PAS: NARC-0331C3; Treasure: 2007 T513) 4. Gold noble, Series Gb/c (1356–1361). Weight: 7.71g.
Edward III (r. 1327–77): detecting in September 2007, and reported to Frances
5. Gold noble, Series Gd (1356–1361). Weight: 7.75g.
Date: Medieval (deposited in the 1330s). 1. Groat, Series D/C, m. London. Weight: 4.52g McIntosh (North West FLO).
6. Groat, Series E/D (1354–1355), m. York.
Discovery: Found by Northamptonshire Archaeology in 2. Groat, Series F, m. London. Weight: 4.33g Description: The coins are all gold doblas of King Pedro
Weight: 4.62g.
July 2006 during excavation of a 13th- or 14th-century 3. Halfgroat, Series E, m. York. Weight: 2.23g I of Castile (Pedro the Cruel, r. 1350–1369). All the
7. Groat, Series E (1354–1355), m. London.
building; occupation on the site had continued into Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to the finders. coins were struck at the Seville mint, the main mint of
Weight: 4.7g.
the 20th century. The coins were found stacked in the Castile. They are of good weight and are in generally
E M Besly 8. Groat, Series Gb/d (1356–1361), m. London.
remains of a cylindrical wooden container concealed good condition, with slight indications of wear, so they
Weight: 4.62g.
under the beaten-earth floor surface (Curteis 2008: have seen some circulation.
558. Kirkby Stephen, Cumbria: 12 silver coins Fourth Coinage, Treaty period (1361–1369)
428-30). They were reported to Fi Hitchcock (Treasure Discussion: Finds of 14th-century gold coins are not
(PAS: LANCUM-F4A696; Treasure: 2007 T370) 9. Gold quarter-noble, a/4. Weight: 1.92g.
Registrar) in 2007. common in England. Documentary sources indicate
Date: Medieval (deposited in the late 1360s). 10. Gold quarter-noble, b/1. Weight: 1.93g.
Description: 38 coins of Edward I to early Edward III (r. that foreign gold coins were regularly encountered until
Discovery: Found by Sharon Hastewell while metal- 11. Halfgroat, f. Weight: 2.13g.
1327–1377), including two contemporary Continental about 1350, although these were generally Florentine
detecting in July 2007, and reported to Dot Boughton David II of Scotland (r. 1329–1371)
imitations. The overall date range is c. 1280–1335. The florins and French écus. The doblas can be considered
(Cumbria & Lancashire FLO). Second Coinage (1333–1367)
latest coin shows little wear indicating that the hoard a very rare find. Perhaps finds of Pedro I should not be
Description: The group consists of one silver coin of 12. Groat, A (S.5094), m. Edinburgh. Weight: 4.67g.
was closed, and potentially deposited, in the early surprising, since the sons of King Edward III
Edward I and eleven of Edward III. The latest coins date Discussion: The Beulah Hill hoard as originally reported
1330s, which is supported by the lack of more common (r. 1327–1377) were heavily involved in Castilian
to the period 1363–1369. The find consists of four consisted of 138 coins, including 14 of gold, with the
later coins. politics. The coins found at Myddle and Broughton
groats, two halfgroats and six pennies. latest issues belonging to the period 1361–1369. The
Edward I (r. 1272–1307) could well have been in the possession of a follower
Edward I (r. 1272–1307) recently declared coins are all of types also represented
1–3. Class 2, m. London (x3). of Edward, the Black Prince (1330–1376), who had
1. Penny, class 3b (1280–1281), m. Canterbury. in the older material, including the presence of
4–10. Class 3, m. Bristol, Canterbury, Durham & London returned from the 1367 campaign to Castile. For
Weight: 0.9g. pennies of Edward I and a groat of David II of Scotland.
(x4). the original find of five coins acquired by the British
Edward III (r. 1327–1377), Fourth Coinage Although the new coins would not affect the dating
11–12. Class 4, m. Canterbury & London. Museum, and for further discussion, see TAR 2005/6
(1351–1377) of the hoard, they are important because they
13–14. Class 9, m. Bury & London. no. 118.
Pre-Treaty period (1351–1360) significantly alter its profile, by more than doubling the
Edward I–III (r. 1272–1377) Disposition: Acquired by Shropshire County
2. Groat, Series E (1354–1355), m. York. Weight: 4.64g. quantity of gold coins present. The face value of the
15–27. Class 10, m. Bury, Canterbury (x5) & London (x7). Museum Service.
3. Groat, Series E (1354–1355), m. London. original group was £3 15s. 10d., £2 of which was the
28–30. Class 11, m. Canterbury (x2) & London.
B J Cook value of the 14 gold coins. The new group has a face
31. Class 14, m. Canterbury. Weight: 4.56g.
4. Groat, Series Ga (1356–1361), m. London. value of £1 11s. 7d., of which the gold coins comprised
32–34. Class 15, m. Bury, Canterbury & London.
Weight: 4.62g. £1 10s.
Berwick mint (c. 1300–1312)
5. Groat, Series Gb (1356–1361), m. London. Disposition: Acquired by the Museum of London under
35. Class 4.
Weight: 4.53g. Treasure Trove, to join the original hoard.
36. Class 5.
37–38. Continental sterlings (x2). 6. Halfgroat, Series C (1351–1352), m. London. B J Cook
Discussion: The composition of the hoard is as Weight: 2.22g.
expected from the evidence of contemporary hoarding, 7. Halfgroat, Series E (1354–1355), m. York.
with a predominance of issues from Class 10, followed Weight: 2.31g.

204 COINS COINS 205

 561. Swindon area, Wiltshire: three silver coins double patards with no other coins. SINGLE FINDS 566. Ston Easton, Somerset: gold noble of Edward III
(PAS: WILT-28BAF7; Treasure: 2007 T467) Disposition: Moyse’s Hall Museum, Bury St Edmunds, (r. 1322–1377) (PAS: SOM-BC8B83)
had hoped to acquire but withdrew; returned to finder. 564. Woking, Surrey: cut halfpenny of William I
Date: Medieval (deposited in about the 1460s). Date: Medieval (c. 1356–c. 1361).
Discovery: Found in August 2007 while metal- B J Cook (PAS: SUR-804085) Discovery: Found by Paul Clayton while metal-
detecting topsoil removed by machine from within Date: Medieval (c. 1066–c. 1068). detecting in July 2007, and recorded with Naomi Payne
1–2m of the excavated area of 2006 T369, and 563. East Lexham area, Norfolk: 11 silver groats Discovery: Found by Bob Stonard while metal- (Somerset FLO).
reported to Katie Hinds (Wiltshire FLO). (PAS: NMS-C277B7; Treasure: 2007 T484) detecting, and recorded with David Williams Description: A gold noble of King Edward III’s Pre-
Description and discussion: The find consists of two (Surrey FLO). Treaty Series G. Obv: king standing and facing in a ship
Date: Medieval (deposited in c. 1510–1520).
pennies and a single halfgroat covering the period from Description: A cut halfpenny of William I’s (r. 1066– with the inscription ‘EDWARD DEI GRA REX ANGL [Z]
Discovery: Found by Roman Road Excavations during
Edward III to Henry VI (1st reign). These fall within the 1087) ‘profile/cross fleury’ type (North: 839). Obv: left- FRANC HYB’ (Edward, by the grace of God, King of
archaeological excavation over a period of four years
date range for the Swindon Hoard (2006 T369), with facing bust with a sceptre in front, with the inscription England, France and Ireland). Rev: a central floriated
concluding in August 2007, and reported to Erica Darch
coins 2 and 3 in a similar bright condition to those ‘PILLE[MVS REX]’ (King William). Rev: a cross fleury cross with lis at the end of each limb, a lion passant
(Norfolk FLO).
from the previously declared hoard, indicating that with the inscription ‘E[]DRED O[N...]’, possibly reading with crown above in each quadrant and the letter ‘E’
Description and discussion: The eleven coins were
these also belong together as a hoard, probably as part Eadred as the moneyer, but the mint is not shown on (for Edward) in the centre. The inscription reads ‘IHC
discovered over a period of four years; the first two
of 2006 T369 (see TAR 2005/6, no.1193). this half. Diameter: 18.53mm. Weight: 0.56g. AVTEM TRANCIENS P MEDIUM ILLORVM IBAT’ (But
during excavations carried out at the site during 2004,
Edward III (r. 1327–1377) Discussion: William’s coins continued the style of Jesus, passing through the midst of them, went
the remaining nine in 2007, three during further
1. Penny, Pre-Treaty Series A (1351–1361)/Third ‘florin’ pre-Conquest coinage, citing the king’s name on the His way).
excavations. Six of these were found while searching
coinage (1344–1351) mule, m. Durham. Weight: 0.75g. obverse, and the moneyer and mint on the reverse, and Discussion: The gold noble was the highest
with a metal-detector. At this stage it was realised that
Henry VI (r. 1422–1461) are often found either as whole pennies or, as in this denomination of coinage in Edward III’s reign and
all eleven coins constituted a dispersed hoard.
2. Penny, im. leaf-pellet (1445–1454), m. York (North: case, cut halfpennies. They are relatively rare finds, with are quite uncommon finds, this being the first from
The groats vary widely in date from Edward III to Henry
1510). Weight: 0.76g. just six recorded by the PAS in 2007, and this is only Somerset on the PAS database. It was minted in the
VII. The earliest coin is an Edward III Pre-Treaty issue
3. Halfgroat, im. cross-pellet (1454–1460), m. London one of three coins of William I recorded in Surrey on pre-Treaty period, relating to the period immediately
(1351–1361), which is worn and quite heavily clipped.
(North: 1519). Weight: 1.92g. the database. prior to the signing of the Treaty of Brétigny (8 May
There are seven groats of Edward IV and three of Henry
Disposition: Disclaimed, returned to finder. Disposition: Returned to finder. 1360), after which Edward renounced his claim to
VII. The three latest coins, dating from 1490–1504,
the French throne, King John II of France was released
D Alger & K Hinds show some wear indicating they were in use for at least D Williams
on ransom, and territories in France (held by the two
a few years before being withdrawn from circulation.
kings) were ceded to one another.
562. Hitcham, Suffolk: Two silver double patards Edward III (r. 1327–1377) 565. Brighstone, Isle of Wight: silver Continental Disposition: Returned to finder.
(PAS: SF-EAC074; Treasure: 2007 T715) 1. Groat, Pre-Treaty series D, E, F or G (1352–1361), sterling penny imitation (PAS: IOW-E77922)
m. London. N Payne & J Naylor
Date: Medieval (deposited in the late 1460s–1470s). Date: Medieval (c. 1296–c. 1306).
Edward IV (r. 1461–1470 & 1471–1483)
Discovery: Found by Gerry Fisk while metal-detecting Discovery: Found by Keith Stewart while metal-
2. Groat, series Va (1464–1465) (North: 1562). 567. Hull area, East Yorkshire: silver Blanc guenar of
in November 2007, and reported to Faye Minter detecting in March 2007, and recorded with Frank
3. Groat, series Vc (1464–1465) (North: 1567). Charles VI of France (r. 1380–1422)
(Suffolk FLO). Basford (Isle of Wight FLO).
4. Groat, series VI (1465–1466) (North: 1569). (PAS: NLM-D883B5)
Description: The coins are both examples of the silver Description: A complete but damaged imitation of an
5–7. Groats, series VII (1466–1467) (North: 1570).
double patard (also known as the double plack) of Edwardian sterling penny, known as a crockard, which Date: Medieval (c. 1380–c. 1422).
8. Groat, series XXI (1480–1483) (North: 1631).
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (r. 1467–1477), has a chaplet of roses rather than a crown on the bust. Discovery: Found by Mike West while metal-detecting
Henry VII (r. 1485–1509)
striking coins in his capacity as count of Flanders. Obv: It was issued at Cambrai (France), probably around in August 2007, and recorded with Lisa Staves (North
9–11. Groats (1490–1504), m. London (North: 1705c).
+KAROLVS DEI GRA DVX B(VR)G COM FLA (Charles, 1297–1298, by Gui de Collemède, Bishop of Cambrai. Lincolnshire FLO).
Disposition: To remain with the site archive at
by the Grace of God, Duke of Burgundy and Count of Obv: a front-facing bust with a chaplet of three roses Description: A silver Blanc guenar of Charles VI
Norwich Castle Museum; the landowner donated his
Flanders). Rev: SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTVM and the inscription ‘+GVIDO EPISCOPVS’ (Bishop Guy). of France (Duplessy: 377a). Obv: a central shield
share.
(Blessed be the name of the Lord). Rev: a long cross with the inscription ‘CAM/ERA/CEN/ containing three fleur-de-lis and the inscription
Discussion: In 1469 a monetary convention between A Marsden SIS’ (of Cambrai) (Mayhew: 99). Diameter: 19mm. ‘+KAROLVS FRANCORV REX’ (King Charles of France).
Duke Charles and King Edward IV (r. 1461–1470 and Weight: 1.21g. Rev: a cross X with alternating crown of fleur-de-
1471–1483) made the former’s coinage in the Low Discussion: The long cross pennies of Edwardian lis in each angle, and the inscription ‘SIT nOME DnI
Countries legal tender in England. In practice, only the Type circulated across Continental Europe where BENEDICTV’ (Blessed be the name of the Lord).
double patard established itself in currency, with a they were also heavily imitated. These imitations are Diameter: 28.3mm. Weight: 2.99g.
formal valuation equal to the silver groat. The currency not uncommon finds and are known to have entered Discussion: The circulation of foreign coinage
of the double patard was reinforced by a series of the country in high numbers until the prohibition on became increasingly controlled during the 14th and
English royal proclamations during the reigns of Henry their use in 1299/1300 (Mayhew 1983: 59), and the into the 15th centuries, initially as a reaction against
VII (r. 1485–1509) and Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547), coin here illustrates how the PAS is helping to further Continental imitations of English sterling pennies. A
but its role was terminated by the onset of the Great understanding of the circulation of foreign Medieval petition to the House of Commons in 1423 against
Debasement in 1544 (in practice, there were probably coinage in England and Wales. base silver ‘Blankes’ shows that foreign coinage
few still in use by this date). However, in the late 15th Disposition: Returned to finder. remained a problem, and it is likely that coins such as
century and first couple of decades of the 16th, double this were included in this category (Cook 1999: 250–
F Basford
patards of Charles the Bold were a part of the English 255, 263). It is the first guenar of Charles VI recorded
currency and feature regularly in hoards alongside by the PAS, and provides evidence that while foreign
English groats; they are also recovered as single finds. coin was reaching British shores, its survival was a far
There have also been a few finds of small groups of rarer occurrence.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
L Staves & J Naylor
206 COINS COINS 207
 568. Ambrosden, Oxfordshire: gold quarter noble of POST-MEDIEVAL COINS 570. Preston area, Lancashire: 11 silver coins,
Henry V (r. 1413–1422) (PAS: BUC-B21227) (1500 onwards) including one Spanish real (PAS: LANCUM-141D42;
Date: Medieval (c. 1413–c. 1422). Treasure: 2007 T241)
Discovery: Found by Dave Waxman while metal- The numbers of Post-Medieval coins recorded by the Date: Post-Medieval (early 1590s).
detecting in April 2007, and recorded with Ros Tyrrell PAS and under the Treasure Act 2003 continues to Discovery: Found by John Davies while metal-detecting
(Buckinghamshire FLO). increase year on year. In 2007, some 3,358 records in March 2007, and reported to Dot Boughton
Description: A gold quarter noble of Henry V (North: were made of single finds dated between 1500 and (Lancashire & Cumbria FLO).
1384). Obv: a shield with the arms of England and 1800, an increase of over 50% on 2006. Treasure cases Description: The group consists of ten silver coins of
France with a lis above, and the inscription ‘+HEnRIC remained steady, mostly consisting of a handful of Elizabeth I and one silver real of the Spanish monarchs
DEI GRA’ REX AnGL’ (Henry by the Grace of God King coins rather than anything more substantial, with the Ferdinand and Isabella (r. 1469–1504).
of England). Rev: a floriated cross, with a central lis, and exception of 245 coins found in Rutland (577). Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603)
a lion passant within each angle and the inscription The recording of single finds includes a very wide range 1. Sixpence (1568), im. coronet (1567–1570).
‘+EXALTABITVR In GLORIA’ (He shall be exalted in of material from diverse origins and reflects England’s Weight: 2.76g.
glory). Dimensions: 18.51 x 0.43mm. Weight: 1.71g. growing role in the world, and a range of connections 2. Sixpence (1572), im. ermine (1572–1573).
Discussion: The gold coin issues of Henry V have been on a truly global scale, including coins originating in Weight: 2.64g.
rare finds, with only eight so far recorded by the PAS, India, such as that found at Laughton, Lincolnshire 3. Sixpence (1575), im. eglantine (1574–1578).
and so this example is a significant find. It is the first (584) and another from Bolivia, found at Exeter, Devon Weight: 2.92g.
quarter noble to be found in Oxfordshire, and only the (582). Finds made in 2007 have ranged from rare, gold 4. Sixpence (1580), im. plain cross (1580–1581).
third recorded by the PAS. issues, such as that from Linstead Magna, Suffolk (579) Weight: 2.74g (in 3 fragments).
Disposition: Returned to finder. to copper-alloy business tokens, including that from 5. Groat, im. lis (1558–1560). Weight: 1.74g.
Ringmer, East Sussex (581). 6. Groat, im. cross crosslet (1560–1561). Weight: 1.59g.
R Tyrrell
7. Groat, im. cross crosslet. Weight: 1.05g.
HOARDS 8. Threepence (1568), im. coronet. Weight: 1.44g.
9. Halfgroat, im. bell (1582/3–1583). Weight: 0.83g.
569. Basingstoke area, Hampshire: three silver coins 10. Halfgroat, im. crescent (1587–1589/90).
(PAS: HAMP-399633, 4A3752 & 4A6FC6; Weight: 0.92g.
Treasure: 2007 T691) Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (r. 1469–1504);
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1500–c. 1600). coinage of 1597–1504
Discovery: Found by Terry McAnish while metal- 11. Real, m. Seville. Weight: 3.23g.
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Rob Discussion: The coins include a range of mid-level
Webley (Hampshire FLO). denominations from the Elizabethan period: four
Description: A group of three silver coins, consisting sixpences, three groats, one threepence and two
of two examples of the silver double patard (also halfgroats, amounting to a sum of 2 shillings and
known as the double plack) of Duke Charles the Bold of 7 pence. The latest coin dates to around 1590. The
Burgundy (r. 1467–1477), striking coins in his capacity Spanish silver coin is much older, but coins of Ferdinand
as count of Flanders (no. 2) and duke of Brabant (no. and Isabella do occur in late 16th- and early 17th-
1). The remaining coin is a groat of the early period of century English hoards and it is probable that they
Henry VII’s reign (1485–1490), from the London mint. entered England perhaps from Scotland or Ireland,
Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy (r. 1467–1477) where they had formed a significant part of the
1. Double patard of Charles as Duke of Brabant. currency.
Weight: 2.99g. Disposition: Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston,
2. Double patard of Charles as Count of Flanders. hopes to acquire.
Weight: 2.91g. B J Cook
Henry VII (r. 1485–1509)
3. Groat (?North: 1704), m. London. Weight: 2.89g. 571. Bures area, Essex: 13 silver coins
Discussion: See comments for the Hitcham find (PAS: ESS-67D6B4; Treasure: 2007 T279)
(562).
Date: Post-Medieval (early 1590s).
Disposition: Acquired by Hampshire Museums Service;
Discovery: Found by Danny Reubins while metal-
finder and landowner donated their share.
detecting in May 2007, and reported to Laura McLean
B j Cook & R Webley (Essex FLO).
Description and discussion: The group consists of
one coin of Mary I (r. 1553–1558) and twelve coins
of Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603), mostly shillings and
sixpences, with just one threepence and a groat.
The face value of the group when deposited was 7s.9d.

208 COINS COINS 209

 Mary I (r. 1553–1558) 3. Shilling, Irish, First Coinage, im. bell (1603–1604). of material intended for use in daily business rather coin, like almost all others in the hoard, is heavily worn.
1. Groat, im. pomegranate. Weight: 1.64g. Weight: 4.14g. than being selected for long-term saving and hoarding. This factor and the clipping of two James I shillings
Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) 4. Shilling, Irish, Second Coinage, im. ?rose The presence of an extremely clipped coin (no. 9) might to their ‘inner circles’ suggest that the coins may
2. Shilling, im. martlet (1560–1561). Weight: 5.75g. (1604–1607). Weight: 3.47g. also confirm this assessment. have been deposited as late as the time of the Great
3. Shilling, im. crescent (1587–1589/90). Weight: 6.33g. Discussion: Throughout the 17th century, until the The penny of Henry VII is, however, an odd addition. Recoinage of 1696–7.
4–5. Shillings (x2), im. woolpack (1594–1595/6). Great Re-coinage of 1694, the silver coins of Elizabeth There are one or two 17th-century hoards which Disposition: Powysland Museum hopes to acquire.
Weights: 3.21g (reverse die has inverted As for V) & I continued to form a substantial element of the contain early Tudor material, presumably re-
E M Besly
6.13g. English currency. James I’s Irish coinage was struck to emerging into use after the termination of the Great
6. Sixpence, im. pheon (1561). Weight: 2.79g. a lighter weight standard than his English issues, and Debasement in the mid-16th century, but this coin is
7. Sixpence, im. lion or coronet (1567). Weight: 2.94g. Irish shillings were current in England at a reduced tariff very heavy for a penny in the 17th century, and may 577. Rutland: 245 silver coins (PAS: LEICS-BDA7F1;
8. Sixpence, im. coronet (1567). Weight: 2.76g. of ninepence and are found quite frequently in English possibly have functioned more as a halfgroat. Counting Treasure: 2007 T139 & 2007 T240)
9. Sixpence, im. castle (1571). Weight: 2.71g. hoards. Thus the total value of the group in English it as a penny, the face value of the group as a whole Date: Post-Medieval (deposited in the late 1680s).
10. Sixpence, im. eglantine (1575). Weight: 2.9g. terms at the time of deposit was 2s 2d. was 3s.8d. Discovery: Found by Andy Tansley and Rob Coley while
11. Sixpence, im. A (1587). Weight: 2.69g. Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. metal-detecting in March and May 2007, and reported
12. Sixpence, im. hand (1590 over 89). Weight: 2.69g. to Wendy Scott (Leicestershire FLO).
B j Cook & W Scott B j Cook & D Thornton
13. Threepence, im. ermine (1573). Weight: 1.39g. Description: 245 silver coins ranging in date from
Disposition: Acquired by Braintree Museum; the Elizabeth I to James II, and including both lower and
landowner donated their share. 574. West Crewkerne, Somerset: ten silver coins 575. Ham and Stone, Gloucestershire: two silver higher denominations.
and an unassociated 19th-century silver bead pennies and a halfgroat with perforations Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603)
B j Cook (PAS: SOM-8F7413; Treasure: 2007 T223) (PAS: GLO-1002D2; Treasure: 2007 T384) Shillings:
Discovery: Found by Michael Charles while metal- Date: Post-Medieval (deposited in the mid to late 1–2. (x2) im. cross crosslet (1560–1561).
572. West Tanfield, North Yorkshire: three fused six detecting in April 2007, and reported to Naomi Payne 1600s) Weights: 5.65g & 4.56g†.
pences (PAS: WMID-7D3DC2; Treasure: 2007 T703) (Somerset FLO). Discovery: Found by Mr A Brown while metal- 3. im. martlet (1560–1561). Weight: 5.25g.
Date: Post-Medieval (1500–1700). Date: Deposited in the early 1640s (coins) and 19th detecting in May 2007, and reported to Kurt Adams 4. im. escallop (1584/5–1587). Weight: 4.77g†.
Discovery: Found by Patrick Dunne while metal- century (bead). (Gloucestershire & Avon FLO). 5. im. crescent (1587–1589/90). Weight: 5.74g.
detecting in September 2007, and reported to Duncan Description: A group of ten coins mostly originating in Description: Two silver pennies, one of Charles I 6. im. hand (1589/90–1591/2). Weight: 5.77g.
Slarke (Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO). the reign of Elizabeth I, with one earlier coin and two and one of Charles II, and a halfgroat coin of the 7–10. (x4) im. tun (1591/2–1594). Weights: 5.85g,
Description and discussion: A group of three coins Stuart coins. Commonwealth, all of which have been perforated. 5.63g (in two pieces), 5.53g & 5.49g.
which have become fused together, reportedly as Henry VII (r. 1485–1509) On both of the Charles’ coins this is behind the bust, 11. im. woolpack (1594–1595/6). Weight: 5.5g.
a result of stubble burn. The coins all appear to be 1. Penny, Sovereign Type (c. 1489–1500) (Allen 3i), and through the top section of the reverse on the 12–13. (x2) im. woolpack (1602–1603). Weights:
sixpences of Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603), but the m. York under Archbishop Thomas Rotherham. Commonwealth coin. 5.06g† & 4.41g†.
condition of the visible faces does not currently permit Weight: 0.63g. 1. Charles I (r. 1625–1649), penny (c. 1632–1634) 14. im. uncertain (1583–1603). Weight: 4.76g†.
more precise identification. The finding of three coins Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) (North: 2268), 2 pellets. Weight: 0.62g (pierced). 15.* im. ?tun. Weight: 0.48g.
of the same denomination in such close proximity 2. Sixpence, im. coronet (1567). Weight: 2.72g. 2. Commonwealth (1649–1660), halfgroat (2 pence) Sixpences:
allows a strong presumption that they were 3. Groat, im. cross crosslet (1560–1561). Weight: 1.48g. (North: 2728). Weight: 0.81g (pierced). 16–17. (x2) im. pheon (1561). Weights: 2.53g & 2.52g.
deposited together. 4. Halfgroat, im. uncertain (1558–1572). Weight: 0.56g 3. Charles II (r. 1660–1685), penny (1660–1662) 18–20. (x3) im. pheon (1562).
Disposition: Disclaimed; returned to finder. (damaged). (North: 2774), hammered issue. Weight: 0.5g (pierced). Weights: 2.56g, 2.53g & 2.5g.
5. Halfgroat, im. A (1583–1584/5).Weight: 0.76g. Discussion: It is possible the coins were pierced to 21. im. pheon (1564). Weight: 2.37g.
B j Cook
6. Halfgroat, im. tun (1591/2–1594). Weight: 0.98g. check fineness. 22. im. portcullis (1565). Weight: 2.32g.
7. Halfgroat, im. uncertain (1582–1603). Weight: 0.65g. Disposition: Acquired by Museum in the Park, Stroud. 23. im. uncertain (1566). Weight: 2.38g.
573. Nailstone, Leicestershire: four silver coins 8. Penny, im. ?key (1595/6–1597/8). Weight: 0.38g. 24–26. (x3) im. coronet (1567).
(PAS: LEICS-CDED85, CDFC75, CE0C74, CE21A5; B j Cook & K Adams
James I (r. 1603–1625) Weights: 2.66g, 2.51g & 2.45g.
Treasure: 2007 T366) 9. Shilling, Second or Third Coinage (1604–1625). 27. (x2) im. coronet (1568). Weights: 2.47g & 2.08g.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1600–c. 1700). Weight: 2.98g†. 576. Welshpool, Powys: 40 silver coins and ceramic 28. im. ermine (1572). Weight: 2.69g.
Discovery: Found by Mr G Betts while metal- Charles I (r. 1625–1649) pot (PAS: NMGW-DDB267; Treasure: Wales 07.12) 29. im. acorn (1573). Weight: 2.47g.
detecting in July 2007, and reported to Wendy Scott 10. Shilling, im. star (1640–1641). Weight: 5.87g. Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1650–c. 1700). 30–31. (x2) im. eglantine (1575).
(Leicestershire & Rutland FLO). The coins were found 11. A silver bead, with loop for suspension at one end. Discovery: Found by Simon Stringer while metal- Weights: 2.77g & 2.59g.
separately over a period of three weeks, and may It is machine-made and of recent manufacture. detecting in August 2007, and reported to PAS via 32. im. eglantine (1576). Weight: 2.58g.
constitute a purse loss. Therefore it bears no relation to the coins reported Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust. 33–34. (x2) im. plain cross (1578).
Description: The four coins cover the period of with it and cannot be associated with them. Description: Silver shillings and sixpences of Elizabeth I Weights: 2.48g & 2.43g.
Elizabeth I and James I, and include English and Irish Discussion: It seems reasonable to regard this group (r. 1558–1603; 6 shillings, 15 sixpences), James I 35–36. (x2) im. plain cross (1579).
issues, and three denominations, a sixpence, halfgroat of coins as representing one single deposit, dating to (r. 1603–25; 6 shillings, 3 sixpences) and Charles I Weights: 2.54g & 2.46g.
and two shillings. the early 1640s. In the mid-17th century the currency (r. 1625–49; 6 shillings, 4 sixpences), totalling 40 37. im. long cross (1580). Weight: 2.77g.
Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603) consisted overwhelmingly of issues of Elizabeth I, coins with a face value of £1 9s 0d; 18 of the coins 38–40. (x3) im. long cross (1581).
1. Sixpence, im. coronet (1569). Weight: 2.04g. James I and Charles I, with the older coins increasingly were still within the remains of a small black-glazed Weights: 2.88g, 2.68g & 2.65g.
James I (r. 1603–1625) worn and, in some cases, clipped, and this is reflected pottery vessel. 41. im. bell (1582). Weight: 2.76g.
2. Halfgroat, First Coinage, im. thistle (1603–1604). in the coins here, although the low denominations Discussion: The latest coin is a sixpence of Charles I, 42–45. (x4) im. bell (1583). Weights: 2.54g, 2.53g,
Weight: 1.12g. presumably mean that this particular group is a batch privy-mark Sceptre, in use late 1646–January 1649. This 2.38g & 2.35g.

210 COINS COINS 211

 46. im. crescent (1587). Weight: 2.43g. 103. im. plume (1630–1631) (North: 2221). Milled Coinage SINGLE FINDS
47. im. hand (1590). Weight: 2.68g. Weight: 4.19g†. Crown:
48–50. (x3) im. hand (1592). 104. im. rose (1631–1632) (North: 2221). 231. (1676). Weight: 29.18g. 579. Linstead Magna, Suffolk: gold ecu d’or au soleil
Weights: 2.69g, 2.53g & 2.32g. Weight: 4.89g†. Halfcrowns: de Bretagne of Francis I of France
51. im. tun (1592). Weight: 2.3g. 105–107. (x3) im. harp (1632–1633) (North: 2223). 232–233. (x2) (1673). Weight: 15.07g & 14.48g. (PAS: WMID-FAFCF3)
52. im. tun (1593). Weight: 2.51g. Weights: 5.82g, 5.64g & 4.39g†. 234–235. (x2) (1676). Weights: 14.96 & 14.92g.
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1515–c. 1547).
53. im. woolpack (1594): Weight: 2.71g. 108–110. (x3) im portcullis (1633–1634) (North: 236. (1682). Weight: 14.96g.
Discovery: Found by Ross Evans while metal-detecting
54. im. key (1596). Weight: 2.56g. 2223). Weights: 5.56g, 4.23g† & 4.17g†. 237–238. (x2) (1683). Weights: 14.87g & 14.72g.
in October 2007, and recorded with Duncan Slarke
55. im. cypher (1600). Weight: 2.47g. 111–118. (x8) im. crown (1635–1636) (North: 2225). Shillings:
(Staffordshire & West Midlands FLO).
56. im. 1 (1601). Weights: 5.83g, 5.79g, 5.77g, 5.71g, 5.47g, 5.41g, 5.03g 239. (1668). Weight: 5.81g.
Description: Gold ecu d’or au soleil de Bretagne of
57. im. 1 (1602). Weight: 2.77g. & 4.43g†. 240. (1672). Weight: 5.74g.
Francis I of France (r. 1515–1547) (Duplessy 789). Obv:
58. im. 1 (1602). Weight: 2.68g. 119–125. (x7) im. tun (1636-8) (North: 2225). 241. (1684). Weight: 5.79g.
a crowned shield containing three fleur-de-lis, with a
James I (r. 1603–1625) Weights: 5.87g, 5.8g, 5.76,g 5.63g, 5.31g, 5.19g & James II (r. 1685–1688)
sun above and to the left and right a crown and ermine,
First Coinage (1603–1604) 4.28g†. Shillings:
and the inscription ‘FRANCISCVS D G (F)RANC[OR REX
Shillings: 126. im. tun (small XII). Weight: 5.68g. 242–243. (1685). Weights: 6.12g & 5.84g.
BRITANIE DVX]’ (Francis, by the Grace of God King of
59–63. (x5) 2nd bust, im. thistle. Weights: 5.71g, 5.69g, 127–130. (x4) im. tun (North: 2229). Weights: 5.86g, 244. (1685). Weight: 5.73g.
France, Duke of Brittany). Rev: a cross of three strands,
5.53g, 4.88g & 4.42g†. 5.7g, 5.27g & 4.44g†. 245. (1686). Weight: 6.09g.
each arm ending in a fleur-de-lis, with a crowned
64–68. (x5) 2nd bust, im. lis (1604). Weights: 5.42g, 131–138. (x8) im. anchor (1638–1639) (North: 2229). Discussion: The coins in this group correspond to the
‘F’ in two opposing angles, a crowned ermine in the
5.39g, 5.18g, 5.02g & 4.29g†. Weights: 5.81g, 5.78g, 5.77g, 5.73g, 4.91g, 4.88g†, contents of other hoards of the Stuart Restoration,
remaining two angles, and the inscription ‘[DEVS IN
69. 2nd bust, im. uncertain. Weight: 4.21g†. 4.54g† & 4.54g†. being predominantly of the older hammered coinage
ADIVTOR]IVM MEVM INTEN[DE]’ (O God, reach forth
Sixpences: 139–140. (x2) im. triangle (1639–1640) (North: 2229). of Elizabeth and the early Stuarts, but with some
to my aid). Diameter: 24.6mm. Weight: 3.29g.
70–71. (x2) 2nd bust, im. thistle (1604). Weights: 5.76g & 5.74g. new mechanically made coins from the period
Discussion: This coin represents the first recorded
Weights: 2.71g & 2.37g. 141–152. (x12) im. triangle (North: 2231). Weights: 1662 onwards, this mostly consisting of higher
‘stray’ find of a Francis I gold coin in England, and is
72. 2nd bust, im. uncertain (1604). Weight: 2.22g†. 5.9g, 5.77g (x2), 5.74g, 5.69g, 5.5g, 5.27g, 5.1g, 4.81g, denominations. The latest coin dates to 1686, and it
the first of its type from Suffolk. Kelleher (2007) has
73–74. (x2) 2nd bust, im. lis (1604). 4.4g†, 4.28g† & 3.93g†. might be tempting to associate the hoard with the
noted that only five Francis I gold coins have been
Weights: 2.56g & 2.5g. 153–166. (x14) im. star (1640–1641) (North: 2231). turmoil of the period of the Glorious Revolution in
recorded in total in England, all originating from hoards
75. Uncertain bust (1603–1604). Weight: 2.65g. Weights: 5.99g, 5.82g, 5.77g, 5.74g (x2), 5.65g, 5.64g, 1688–1689, although this is by no means a certain
(one from Bearpark, County Durham, and four from Ely,
Second Coinage (1604–1619) 5.63g (x2), 5.6g, 5.57g, 5.55g, 4.97g†, 2g (fragment). conclusion.
Cambridgeshire). This example from Linstead Magna
Shillings: 167–188. (x22) triangle-in-circle (1641–1643) (North: Disposition: Rutland County Museum hopes to
represents an important new find.
76–77. (x2) 3rd bust, im. lis. Weights: 5.73g & 4.87g†. 2231). Weights: 6.02g, 5.91g, 5.89g, 5.86g, 5.82g, 5.81g, acquire.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
78–81. (x4) 3rd bust, im. rose (1605–1606). Weights: 5.8g, 5.74g, 5.73g (x2), 5.71g, 5.68g, 5.67g (x2), 5.53g,
W Scott & B J Cook
5.9g, 5.32g, 4.8g† & 4.58g†. 5.43g, 5.41g, 5.29g, 5.17g, 5.11g, 5.01g, 4.66g†. D Slarke
82. 3rd bust, im. uncertain. Weight: 4.52g†. 189–193. (x5) im. (P) (1643–1644) (North: 2231).
83–85. (x3) 4th bust, im. rose. Weights: 5.78g, 5.72g, 5.71g, 5.62g & 5.45g. 578. Ambleside, Cumbria: eight silver coins
580. Great Yeldham, Essex: silver half denga of Ivan
Weights: 5.66g, 5.56g & 4.85g†. 194–210. (x17) im. uncertain (North: 2231). Weights: (PAS: SWYOR-7ED5A2; Treasure: 2007 T722)
IV of Russia (PAS: ESS-B66F64)
86–87. (x2) 4th bust, im. escallop (1606–1607). 5.79g, 5.67g, 5.65g, 5.63g, 5.57g, 5.46g, 5.3g, 5.23g, Date: Modern (deposited in around 1745).
Date: Medieval (c. 1533–c. 1547).
Weights: 5.61g & 4.52g†. 5.2g, 5.1g, 5g, 4.97g†, 4.96g, 4.76g†, 4.7g†, 4.37g† & Discovery: Found by Julian Szulc and Mark Taylor while
Discovery: Found by Kim Clarke while metal-detecting
88–89. (x2) im. grapes (1607). Weights: 5.6g & 4.21g†. 3.94g†. metal-detecting in December 2007, and reported to
in January 2007, and recorded with Laura McLean
90. im. uncertain. Weight: 4.64g†. 211–212. im. eye (1645) (North: 2232). Amy Cooper (South & West Yorkshire FLO).
(Essex FLO).
91. 4th or 5th bust, im. coronet (1607–1609). Weights: 5.68g & 5.27g. Description: A group of eight coins ranging from
Description: A silver wire half denga of ‘Great Prince’
Weight: 5.16g. 213–221. (x9) im. sun (1645–1646) (North: 2232). Charles II to George II, with a face value of 11s.9d.
Ivan IV of Russia (r. 1533–1547), minted in Pskov in the
92. 5th bust, im. coronet. Weight: 5.6g. Weights: 6.14g, 5.75g, 5.65g, 5.63g, 5.52g, 5.43g (x2), Charles II (r. 1660–1685)
period before he became Tsar (Kaim 1980: no. 1019).
93. 5th bust, im. trefoil (1613). Weight: 4.76g†. 5.24g & 5.21g. 1. Threepence (1684). Weight: 1.22g.
Obv: a horseman holding a sword pointing upwards.
94–95. 5th bust, im. uncertain. 222. Imitation, style of Group D. Weight: 3.92g. William III (r. 1689–1702)
Rev: an inscription that reads ‘[K]HSb/[B]E[A]I N/[I]
Weights: 4.58g† & 4.34g†. Sixpences: 2. Halfcrown (1696), m. London. Weight: 14.07g.
BAH3/∏CK’ (Great Prince Ivan, Pskov). Dimensions:
Sixpences: 223. im. portcullis (North: 22401). Weight: 2.99g. 3. Halfcrown (1697), m. Exeter. Weight: 14.29g.
10.94 x 14.24mm. Weight: 1.03g.
96. 4th bust, im. lis (1604). Weight: 2.39g. 224. im. anchor (North: 22451). Weight: 2.72g. Anne (r. 1702–1714)
Discussion: Wire coins were made from thick silver
97–99. (x3) 4th bust, im. rose (1605). Weights: 2.72g, 225. im. triangle (North: 2246). Weight: 2.8g. 4. Halfcrown (1708), m. Edinburgh. Weight: 14.72g.
wire cut to the correct weight and then struck, hence
2.48g & 2.3g. 226. im. uncertain (North: 2246). Weight: 2.66g. George I (r. 1714–1727)
the slightly squashed, oval shape. Very few Russian
100. 4th bust (1605–1619). Weight: 2.43g. 227. im. sceptre (1646–1649) (North: 2247). 5. Shilling (1723 SSC), m. London. Weight: 5.91g.
coins have been recorded by the PAS, this being the
Third Coinage (1619–1625) Weight: 2.69g. George II (r. 1727–1760)
first of Ivan IV and possibly the earliest Russian coin on
Sixpences: Charles II (r. 1660–1685) 6. Shilling (1739). Weight: 5.85g.
the database.
101. 6th bust, im. trefoil (1624). Weight: 2.68g. Hammered Coinage (1660–1662) 7–8. (x2) Shilling (1745 LIMA) m. London.
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Charles I (r. 1625–1649) Shillings: Weight: 5.95g & 5.89g.
Tower mint 228–230. (x3) im. crown (North: 2764). Weight: 5.71g, Disposition: Armitt Museum & Gallery, Ambleside, L McLean & J Naylor
Shillings: 4.97g† & 4.93g†. hoped to acquire, but withdrew; to be returned.
102. im. cross calvary (1625–1626) (North: 2216). A Cooper
Weight: 5.07g.

212 COINS COINS 213

 581. Ringmer, East Sussex: copper-alloy token of was featured on BBC South West news and also has its Abdy, R and Williams, G, 2006, ‘A catalogue of hoards
Joseph Easton of Boreham (PAS: SUSS-2864F4) own webpage for the ‘Living Here West Exe Project’, and single finds from the British Isles, c. AD 410–675’,
a website devoted to the area in which the coin was in Cook, B and Williams, G (eds.), Coinage and History in
Date: Post-Medieval (1666).
found. the North Sea World, c. 500–1250 (Brill, Leiden).
Discovery: Found by William Piggott while metal-
Disposition: On loan to the Royal Albert Memorial
detecting in 2007, and recorded with Liz Andrews-
Museum, Exeter. Åberg, N, 1923, Die Goten und Langobarden in Italien,
Wilson (Sussex FLO).
Vilhelm Ekmans Universitetsfond, Uppsala 29
Description: A copper-alloy local farthing trade D Wootton
(Almqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala).
token issued by Joseph Easton or Elston of Boreham
(Boreham Street) in Wartling parish near Hailsham, 583. Letcombe Regis, Oxfordshire: copper-alloy Åberg, N, 1926, The Anglo-Saxons in England during the
East Sussex (Williamson 1891: 1162, no. 27 var.). Obv: farthing of William III (PAS: SUR-1000F7) Early Centuries after the Invasion (W Heffer and Sons,
the inscription reads ‘[IOSEPH] EASTON’, around a
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1696). Cambridge and Uppsala).
design of the Mercers’ Arms. Rev: the inscription reads
Discovery: Found by Ian Laws while metal-detecting
‘BOREH[AM.IN.] SVSSEX around I.E. 1666’. Dimensions:
in September 2007, and recorded with David Williams Ager, B, forthcoming 2009, ‘A preliminary note on the
15.75 x 0.82mm. Weight: 0.8g.
(Surrey FLO) during a metal-detecting rally. artefacts from the Vale of York hoard’ in Abramson, T
Discussion: In the 17th century many traders and
Description: A copper-alloy farthing, now very worn, (ed.), Studies in Early Medieval Coinage 2
corporations issued tokens for use as small change to
of William III (r. 1688–1702). A right-facing bust is just (Boydell, Woodbridge).
make up for the dearth of coins. Most had a fairly local
visible on the obverse, and the reverse of the farthing,
distribution as they could only be exchanged within
which appears to be dated 1696, has been over- Alexander, J and Binski, P (eds.), 1987, The Age of
the area where the trader was known. This example is a
stamped with a heart containing the letters I B and six Chivalry: Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400
variant on the published tyre for this issuer.
pellets. Diameter: 20.3mm. Weight: 4.07g. (Arts Council (exhibition catalogue), London).
Disposition: Returned to finder.
Discussion: The only known usage of ‘I B’ as a
L Andrews-Wilson countermark is on a range of European copper coins Allason-Jones, L, 1986, ‘An eagle mount from Carlisle’,
supposedly countermarked for use in Barbados, Saalburg Jahrbuch 42, 68–69.
582. Exeter, Devon: silver eight reales of Charles II of probably in the late 17th or early 18th century,
Spain (PAS: DEV-AB49A5) although one with a heart-shaped stamp is very Allen, C and Hopkins, D, 2000, ‘Bronze Age accessory
unusual. The countermark on these coins seems to cups from Lincolnshire: Early Bronze Age pot?’,
Date: Post-Medieval (1689).
have been common enough in the Caribbean (they are Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66, 297–317.
Discovery: Found by Jeff Upsher while gardening in
known for Martinique, for example), but the assignment
November 2007, and recorded with Danielle Wootton
of countermarks is rarely very secure (Barrie Cook, Allen, D and Mays, M (eds.), 1995, Catalogue of the
(Devon FLO).
personal communication). Celtic Coins in the British Museum: Volume III Bronze
Description: A silver eight reales cob coin of Charles
Deposition: Returned to finder. Coins of Gaul (British Museum, London).
II of Spain (r. 1661–1700), minted at Potosí (Bolivia).
Obv: shows the symbols of Spain: a cross with a castle D Williams
in the top left and bottom right, and a lion in the top Andrews-Wilson, L, forthcoming 2009, ‘New evidence
right and bottom left. As is typical with these cob coins for Iron Age sword strap fasteners identified by the
584. Laughton, Lincolnshire: a copper-alloy paisa Portable Antiquities Scheme’, in S Worrell, K Leahy,
cut from silver bars, the coin is not well struck and little of Emperor Muhammad Akbar II (c. 1806–1837) of
of the obverse inscription is visible, although the letters M Lewis and J Naylor (eds.), A Decade of Discovery:
Gwalior State (India) (PAS: SWYOR-B55B81) proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme
AROLV from CAROLVS (for Charles) can be seen. Rev:
Date: Post-Medieval (c. 1796–c. 1825). Conference 2007, British Archaeological Reports,
two pillars symbolising the Pillars of Hercules (Straits of
Discovery: Found by Roland Rodgerson while metal- British Series (John and Erica Hedges Ltd, Oxford).
Gibraltar), with waves below. The pillars intersect three
detecting in July 2007, and reported to Amy Cooper
lines of text which give details about date, mint and the
(South & West Yorkshire FLO). Appels, A, and Laycock, S, 2007, Roman Buckles &
assayer of the silver. The top line reads ‘P 8 VR, P’ giving
Description: A copper-alloy paisa of Gwalior State, Military Fittings (Greenlight Publishing, Witham).
the mintmark for Potosi; ‘8’ the denomination of the
India, Gwalior Fort mint, struck in the name of the

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214 COINS 215

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Table of Treasure Cases 2007
The following table lists all 2007 Treasure cases;
those mentioned in the catalogue have a cat. no.
Wilson, D M, 1964, Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork

INDEXes
700-1100 in the British Museum. Catalogue of
Antiquities of the Later Saxon Period, Vol.1
(British Museum, London). Key to abbreviations:
TBA = To be acquired
Woodward, P J, 1987, ‘The excavation of an Iron Age A = Acquired
and Romano-British settlement at Rope Lake Hole, D = Disclaimed
Corfe Castle, Dorset’, in N Sunter and P J Woodward DON = Donated (L = Landowner, F = Finder)
(eds.), Romano-British Industries in Purbeck, excavations MW = Museum withdrew
at Norden by Nigel Sunter; excavations at Ower and NT = Not Treasure
Rope Lake Hole by Peter J Woodward, Dorset Natural NTT = Not Treasure Trove
History and Archaeological Society, Monograph 6

226 227
 Bronze Age

Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
19 T388 SWYOR-C4F166 West Yorkshire Stanbury Copper-alloy TBA Bradford Museum T17 DENO-DA8C26 Derbyshire Derby area Base metal NT
funerary DBE907, DC2B23, group
deposit DC4C87,DC8D26
24 T630 CORN-9155C2 & Cornwall Wadebridge Copper-alloy TBA Royal Cornwall T518 YORYM-CFEE95 East Yorkshire Bolton Bronze rapier NT
90A647 palstaves Museum fragments
31 T125 SUSS-15B261, East Sussex Pett Base-metal TBA Hastings Museum T429 IOW-BD19F8 Isle of Wight near Shorwell Gold bracelet D
15DD86 & 15E741 deposit fragment
32 T662 HAMP-2CB8E2 & Hampshire Hambledon area Base-metal A Winchester £225 T144 KENT-041F47 Kent Cliffs End Copper-alloy TBD
2CB8E2 group Museums Service ingots
35 7.13 NMGW-99FED6 Wrexham Burton Gold bead TBA National Museum T526 SF-A6BE92 Suffolk Great Finborough Copper-alloy D
and wire Wales fragments
36 T510 NMGW-A93765 Wiltshire Seagry Gold bracelet TBA Wiltshire Heritage T206 SF-C98115 Suffolk Halesworth area Base-metal D
fragment Museum hoard
37 T118 BUC-9754C7 Buckinghamshire Stone Gold A Buckinghamshire £800 T615 WMID-AC2162 Warwickshire Kenilworth Bronze DON (F&L) Warwickshire £40
composite County Museum spearhead Museum
ring fragments
38 T672 WAW-C0C0B3 Warwickshire Ansley Gold ribbon A Warwickshire £60
ornament Museum
39 T8 NMS-BE02A4 Norfolk West Acre Gold TBA Norwich Castle iron Age
sheet strip Museum
fragment
40 7.23 NMGW-9AC224 Isle of Anglesey Trearddur Gold DON (L) Oriel Ynys Mon, Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
penannular Llangefni no. no.
ring 68 T104 NMS-D3BF38 Norfolk Kings Lynn area Electrum torc A Norwich Castle £2,200
41 T295 YORYM-954174 Wiltshire East Knoyle Base-metal A Salisbury & South £600 terminal Museum
hoard Wiltshire Museum 69 T119 NMS-C6DFC1 Norfolk Norwich area Gold torc A Norwich Castle £1,000
44 T59 HAMP-4AA958 Hampshire Fawley Gold TBA Hampshire fitting Museum
penannular Museums Service 75 T491 BH-B96102 Bedfordshire Wilstead Silver brooch DON (L) Bedford Museum £10
ring fragment
45 T475 NMS-EA2C32 Norfolk Witchingham area Gold DON (F) Norwich Castle £130 80 T589 NMS-248F38 Norfolk Attleborough area Copper-alloy/ A Norwich Castle £50
penannular Museum iron linchpin Museum
ring elements
46 T259 ESS-45C591 Essex Theydon Mount Gold A Epping Forest £100 82 07.06 NMGW-9B2D52 & Vale of Glamorgan Cowbridge Bronze terret DON (L) National Museum £250
penannular District Museum 9BEE04 and rein-ring of Wales
ring
88 07.24 NMGW-9C0216 Gwent Langstone, Bronze bowls, TBA National Museum
47 T74 NARC-773944 Northamptonshire Kettering area Gold A Northampton £450 Newport wine strainer of Wales
penannular Museum and tankard
ring
427 T608 BUC-6CFB85 Buckinghamshire Little Horwood Gold staters A Buckinghamshire £800
51 T704 HAMP-4DE734, Hampshire Amport area Base-metal TBA Hampshire County Museum
4F1980, 4EB8B3, deposit Museums Service
428 T602 LIN-3400F2 Lincolnshire Saxilby Gold staters A British Museum £1,200
4EA817, 4DE734 &
(no. 4)
4F78E6
429 T55 WILT-CDD3C6 Wiltshire Urchfont Silver units TBA Wiltshire Heritage
52 T497 ESS-259C45 Essex Uttlesford District Base-metal TBA Saffron Walden
Museum
hoard Museum
430 T624 KENT-049BF3 Kent Westerham Gold quarter A Maidstone Museum £3,800
53 T555 NMS-1E6A46 Norfolk Attleborough area Base-metal A Norwich Castle £220
staters
deposit Museum
431 T660 YORYM-1EC684 East Yorkshire Beverley Gold staters D
54 T579 KENT-C2ABB7 Kent Offham Base-metal A Maidstone Museum £650
deposit 432 T274 WAW-A89225 & Leicestershire East Leicestershire Silver units TBA Leicestershire
A87636 County Council
55 T580 KENT-C93982 Kent Hoaden Base-metal DON (F&L) Dover Museum
Museum Services
group
433 T600 NCL-63DA22 East Yorkshire North Dalton Gold staters D
58 T490 IOW-FA17F8 Isle of Wight West Wight Gold MW Isle of Wight
and silver
penannular Heritage Service
unit
bracelet
434 T48 NCL-001A42 East Yorkshire Driffield area Gold staters D
60 T629 HAMP-2865F1 Dorset Langton Matravers Base-metal A Dorset County £25,000
hoard Museum 435 T597 YORYM-1C8AA2 East Yorkshire Driffield area Gold staters D
60 T640 HAMP-893364 Dorset Langton Matravers Base-metal A Dorset County £17,500 T247 KENT-0459F2 Kent Cliffs End Assemblage TBD
hoard Museum
T248 KENT-0464C2 Kent Cliffs End Assemblage TBD

228 229
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T124 LIN-338B36 Lincolnshire Osbournby Silver ingot D 136 T131 CAMHER-94FB77 Cambridgeshire Godmanchester Silver finger- A British Museum £75
ring
T122 LIN-337095 Lincolnshire Osbournby Gold band D
137 T335 YORYM-1CD342 North Yorkshire Aldborough area Gold finger- TBA British Museum
T695 Norfolk West Norfolk Coin hoard TBA Norwich Castle
ring
Museum
138 T54 WILT-6D7DE7 Wiltshire Lacock Silver finger- A Wiltshire Heritage £145
ring Museum
146 T352 WAW-D04DD6 Warwickshire Alcester Silver spoon A Warwickshire £40
ROMAN fragment Museum
148 T236 NMS-E7D6B7 Norfolk Gunthorpe Gold brooch TBA Norwich Castle £750
Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Museum
no. no. 151 T590 WILT-773952 Wiltshire Urchfont Silver buckle TBA Wiltshire Heritage
91 T140 CORN-929E07 Cornwall St Buryan Gold A Royal Cornwall £100 Museum
jewellery Museum 153 T111 NCL-62C367 Northumberland Vindolanda Silver ingot DON (L) Vindolanda Trust
fragment
459 T260 DENO-73ECB4 Nottinghamshire Mansfield Silver denarii A Mansfield Museum £840
92 T443 YORYM-CBED34 North Yorkshire Snape with Thorpe Gold A British Museum £30 Woodhouse area hoard & Art Gallery
jewellery
component 461 T197 IOW-2CE096 Isle of Wight Shorwell Silver and D
copper-alloy
93 T535 CAMHER-9B2FA5 Cambridgeshire Ely Silver finger- A Ely Museum £80 coin hoard
ring
470 T315 LVPL-B8BD62, Cheshire Whitchurch area Silver denarii D
96 T258 NCL-0061D8 Cumbria Carlisle Silver hair- A Tullie House £50 8B6538 & EB9A86.
pin fragment Museum & Art
Gallery 471 T377 SUSS-B27B77 West Sussex Selsey area Silver denarii A Chichester District £40
Museum
99 T438 SWYOR-6B2484 City of York York area Silver finger- A British Museum £100
ring 472 T106 SUSS-C3BB17 West Sussex Petworth area Silver denarii TBA Chichester District
and pottery Museum
102 T187 YORYM-F9FB75 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire Silver ligula D
area 473 T185 YORYM-109BE5 East Yorkshire North Dalton Silver denarii A East Riding £90
Museums Service
106 T686 LVPL-035186 Cheshire Hale Silver brooch A National Museums £800
Liverpool 474 T198 NCL-62EF85 County Durham Westgate area Silver denarii A British Museum (1 £50
coin)
108 & T391 NCL-D28051 & County Durham Seaton with Silver brooch A British Museum £160
480 D488D8 Slingley fragment (brooch only) 475 T667 HESH-887B04 Shropshire Ellesmere Copper-alloy TBA Shropshire County
and silver sestertii Museums Service
denarius 476 T416 YORYM-743FA7 North Yorkshire Ugthorpe Silver TBA Whitby Museum
111 T41 WMID-3487F6 Leicestershire Sheepy Gold TBA Leicestershire denarii, silver
necklace County Council fragments
fragment Heritage Services and copper-
alloy brooch
118 T411 CAMHER-995025 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Gold TBA Peterborough fragment
necklace Museum & Art
componant Gallery 477 T134 Devon Kingskerswell Silver NTT
denarius,
119 T611 NLM-A74468 Lincolnshire Roughton Silver finger- D bronze
ring fragment sestertii and
120 T357 BH-C3A8E7 Bedfordshire Hockliffe Silver finger- A Luton Museum £80 copper-alloy
ring fragment fragments
121 T437 LIN-1901F7 Lincolnshire Well Silver finger- DON (F&L) The Collection, 478 T220 NMS-D537C1 Norfolk Postwick Silver denarii D
ring fragment Lincoln 479 T289 IOW-841278 Isle of Wight Newchurch Copper-alloy D
122 T387 LVPL-E08676 Nottinghamshire Gosford Farm Silver finger- TBA Museum of sestertii and
ring Nottingham Life fractions
123 T587 SF-F82122 Suffolk Wetheringsett Gold finger- D 482 T312 NMGW-29BDC6; Leicestershire Twycross Silver denarii TBA Leicestershire
ring LEIC-215B27, and radiates County Council
206F66, 213D57, Heritage Services
128 T386 ESS-455767 Essex Bures area Gold finger- A Braintree Museum £750
21A411 & 2228A4;
ring
WMID-909D93,
131 T261 GLO-EF3774 Gloucestershire North Nibley Silver finger- A Museum in the £85 D22C67 & D212F4
ring Park, Stroud
483 T677 GLO-40A9B6 Bath and North Bath Base-silver TBA Roman Baths
134 T112 WILT-6DF737 Wiltshire Lacock Silver finger- A British Museum £100 East Somerset coin hoard Museum, Bath
ring
484 T66 SWYOR-AEF716 South Yorkshire Doncaster area Silver DON (L) Doncaster Museum £50
135 T1 BERK-0B6771 Oxfordshire South Oxfordshire Gold foil TBA British Museum radiates and (brooch)
amulet silver-gilt
brooch
486 T424 YORYM-697A25 North Yorkshire Harrogate area Copper-alloy NTT Yorkshire Museums
radiates Trust

230 231
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
487 T152 IOW-936B93 Isle of Wight Yarmouth Base-silver D T82 BH-0F52A7 Cambridgeshire Dry Drayton Silver finger- D
radiates ring fragment
488 T665 HESH-884BE4 Shropshire Baschurch Base-metal D T129 CAMHER-94CEE7 Cambridgeshire Melborn Silver D
radiates umbonate
stud
489 T344 SUSS-BC6150 West Sussex Storrington Copper-alloy DON (F) Storrington £50
radiates Museum T620 CAMHER-9BCDF2 Cambridgeshire West Wratting Base-metal NT
coin hoard
490 T709 DENO-64DAE1 & Derbyshire Ashbourne area Gold aurei A Derby Museum & £200,000
651C91 Art Gallery and T623 SWYOR-7ED5A2 Cumbria Silloth area Silver DON (F&L) Senhouse Roman £35
British Museum artefact Museum
499 T570 DENO-4D6A35 Derbyshire Stanton area Copper-alloy TBA British Museum T99 SOMDOR-D9D227 Dorset Stinsford Copper-alloy NT
nummi (2 coins) strap-end
500 T142 SF-2278D4 Suffolk Barking Base-silver DON (L) Suffolk County T519 YORYM-CFDB11 East Yorkshire Pocklington area Silver finger- D
nummi Council ring fragment
Archaeology Store
T153 LON-C2E168, Greater London Drapers' Garden Gold and TBA East Riding
501 T176 YORYM-842863 North Yorkshire Flaxton Copper-alloy D C3FEC4, C40CA3, silver objects Museums Service
nummi C41A24, C421E7 &
C42D87
502 T90 WILT-104653 Wiltshire St Paul with Copper-alloy DON (F&L) Athelstan Museum
Malmesbury nummi T73 LON-FD56F7  Greater London Tower Hamlets Coin hoard TBD
502 T617 WILT-284FB5 Wiltshire St Paul with Copper-alloy DON (F&L) Athelstan Museum T719 SUSS-68D868 & Hampshire Chichester area Silver coins D
Malmesbury nummi and 68AA45
as
T316 NMGW-261B34 Hampshire Cole Henley Silver D
503 T314 NCL-637911 County Durham Catcote Copper-alloy DON (L) Hartlepool finger-ring,
nummi Museum and incomplete
Heritage Service
T22 BH-019D84 Hertfordshire North Silver finger- D
504 T563 PAS-70D823 Herefordshire Aston Ingham Copper-alloy TBA Hereford Museum Hertfordshire ring
nummi & Art Gallery
T550 BH-DE4385 Hertfordshire St Ippolyts Silver D
505 T576 CORN-84F996 Cornwall Padstow Copper-alloy D Prideaux Estate pendant
nummi
T225 IOW-85AAB2 Isle of Wight Brighstone Coin hoard NT
506 T201 LVPL-00DCE2 Cheshire Barbridge Copper-alloy TBA Nantwich Museum
T44 KENT-73F096 Kent Offham Gold finger- D
nummi and
ring
fragments
T190 KENT-37A621 Kent Ryarsh Gold finger- D
507 T664 HESH-881F86 Shropshire Bridgnorth area Bronze coin TBA Shropshire County
ring
hoard Museum Service
T253 LIN-33B105 Lincolnshire Aswarby and Silver finger- D
508 T209 Devon Newton Abbot area Copper-alloy TBA Royal Albert
Swarby ring
nummi Memorial Museum,
Exeter T58 LIN-336194 Lincolnshire Coningsby Silver finger- D
ring
520 T566 GLO-2AD8F2 South Hawkesbury Base-metal NT
Gloucestershire radiate, T478 LIN-3D76C2 Lincolnshire East Barkwith Silver finger- D
nummi and ring
objects T257 LIN-33C394 Lincolnshire East Kirkby Silver finger- D
522 T165 SF-4BDF20 Suffolk Mildenhall area Silver siliquae A Mildenhall District £550 ring
Museum T123 LIN-337C26 Lincolnshire Osbournby Silver intaglio D
523 T514 SF-424843 Suffolk Saxmundham area Gold solidi A Colchester & £1,500 from a
and silver Ipswich Museum finger-ring
siliquae Service T461 NMS-E9CF81 Norfolk Beeston with Silver finger- D
525 T449 HAMP-F6F384 & Hampshire Fareham Gold solidi TBA Hampshire Bittering ring fragment
F71BD4 Museums Service T507 NMS-E9F975 Norfolk Beeston with Gold finger- D
526 T604 SF-8AB7E8 Suffolk Hoxne Silver siliquae DON (F&L) British Museum Bittering ring
T466 BH-DE5443 Bedfordshire Odell Gold D T269 NMS-2B7305 Norfolk Foxley Silver finger- D
jewellery ring
T717 BERK-FED956 Buckinghamshire Quarrrendon Silver finger- A Buckinghamshire £50 T103 NMS-D2D563 Norfolk Sedgeford Silver D
ring County Museum unidentified
object
T291 CAMHER-989D15 Cambridgeshire Arbury Camp Silver finger- D
fragment
ring fragment
T368 LVPL-E03C72 North Yorkshire Fountains Abbey Silver finger- MW Harrogate Museum
T408 CAMHER-98C194 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Copper-alloy NT
area ring
coins
T191 SWYOR-C43E55 North Yorkshire Kellington Silver finger- D
T409 PAS-594DC3 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Silver finger- D
ring fragment
ring
T21 YORYM-776F81 North Yorkshire Littondale Silver finger- D
ring

232 233
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T557 DENO-CBB910 Northamptonshire Islip Silver finger- TBA Northampton 179 T149 ESS-458378 Essex Chelmsford area Gold and TBA Chelmsford
ring Museum garnet Museum
setting
T558 NARC-AE6AE2 Northamptonshire Wilbarston Silver finger- D
ring fragment 180 T505 LIN-0FB775 Lincolnshire Hatton Gold gem- MW British Museum
set setting
T547 LVPL-E0C814 Nottinghamshire Weston Silver finger- DON (F&L) Newark Museum £55
ring 181 T594 DENO-89E427 Nottinghamshire Newark area Gold and TBA Newark Museum
garnet cross-
T541 BERK-CC1C60 Oxfordshire East Hendred Silver finger- D
pendant
ring fragment
183 07.15 NMGW-9C0D76 Isle of Anglesey Llanbedrgoch Hack-silver A National Museum
T369 SF-06F3A2 Suffolk Campsey Ash Gold D
and other Wales
jewellery
finds
fragment
184 T498 NCL-A09134 Redcar and Streethouse area Gold and TBA Kirkleatham
T588 SF-F7EF96 Suffolk Stowmarket area Silver finger- D
Cleveland base-metal Museum
ring
grave
T612 SF-F79045 Suffolk Stowmarket area Silver finger- D assemblage
ring
185 T349 CAMHER-9C4BA8 Cambridgeshire Ely Gold and TBD
T228 WAW-792B78 Warwickshire Wappenbury Silver finger- D silver grave
ring fragment assemblage
T708 WILT-135C98 Wiltshire North Newnton Silver-gilt DON (F&L) 186 T245 SF-1E8422 Suffolk North East Suffolk Silver strap- A British Museum
mount end
fragment
187 T578 KENT-C30984 Kent Denton with Silver A Canterbury £40
T231 WILT-4169C2 Wiltshire Salisbury Silver sheets TBD Wootton hooked-tag Museum
188 T500 BERK-BB9E23 Gloucestershire Coberley Silver TBA Corinium Museum
hooked-tag
EARLY MEDIEVAL 189 T464 NMS-412F26 Norfolk North Tuddenham Silver brooch A British Museum £80
fragment
190 T431 SOM-D90C24 Somerset Long Sutton Silver TBA Somerset County
Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
hooked-tag Museum
no. no.
191 T210 SF-E0A036 Suffolk Woodbridge area Silver pin A British Museum £70
158 T203 IOW-244C13 Isle of Wight West Wight Gold, silver A British Museum £810
and base- 192 T265 HAMP-ECE595 Hampshire Southampton area Silver strap- D
metal end
assemblage
194 T281 SUSS-69F7E8 Hampshire Crawley Silver A Winchester £250
163 T552 NMS-1E5E68 Norfolk Marham Silver brooch A Norwich Castle £120 hooked-tag Museums Service
fragment Museum
197 T186 YORYM-68FFE3 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire Hack-gold, TBA British Museum
164 T673 KENT-C37138 Kent Worth Gold coin TBA British Museum hack-silver
pendant and other
finds
166 T25 BH-460DE6 Hertfordshire North Silver-gilt MW North Hertfordshire £600
Hertfordshire pyramid Museum 198 T194 DENO-838F80 Derbyshire Willington area Silver NTT
mount mounts
167 T109 SOMDOR-D60932 Somerset Chilton Trinity Silver pin- A Somerset County £100 199 T528 SOM-65C991 Somerset Milborne Port Silver TBA Somerset County £150
head Museum hooked-tag Museum
168 T674 NMS-41D4B2 Norfolk Fransham Silver-gilt TBA Norwich Castle 200 T531 DOR-36DDA4 Dorset Charminster Silver A British Museum £500
brooch Museum hooked-tag
fragment
201 T536 CAMHER-9B5D02 Cambridgeshire Weston Colville Silver strap- TBA Fitzwilliam
169 T188 CAMHER-9583E3 Cambridgeshire Weston Colville Silver-gilt TBA Ely Museum end fragment Museum,
pyramid Cambridge
mount
202 T687 Norfolk West Acre Silver pin A Norwich Castle £150
170 T421 KENT-020610 Kent Otford Silver-gilt DON (F&L) Maidstone Museum Museum
pin-head
203 T511 NMGW-A96F63 Herefordshire Brampton Abbotts Silver TBA Hereford Museum £90
171 T477 SF-9242E2 Suffolk Diss area Silver-gilt A Colchester & £450 hooked-tag & Art Gallery
pyramid Ipswich Museums
204 T254 DENO-9A6C17 Nottinghamshire Newark area Gold finger- TBA Newark Museum
mount Service
ring
172 T502 KENT-F5A964 Kent Ramsgate Gold annular MW British Museum
206 T682 NLM-683755 North Lincolnshire Roxby Cum Risby Silver ingot DON (F) North Lincolnshire £45
pendant
fragment Museum Service
174 T292 SF-DB2F43 Suffolk Woodbridge area Silver-gilt DON (L) Woodbridge £130
208 T445 YORYM-CB94B2 North Yorkshire Snape with Thorpe Hack-silver A British Museum £25
pommel Museum
brooch
fragment
fragment
176 T9 NMS-BE3EB3 Norfolk Mileham Silver-gilt A Norwich Castle £800
209 T19 NCL-FEC824 North Yorkshire Maunby Gold ring A British Museum £4,000
pommel Museum
178 T78 DENO-633A60 Nottinghamshire Tuxford area Silver and A Bassetlaw Museum, £100
glass setting Retford

234 235
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
210 T180 YORYM-8F9D92 East Yorkshire Grindale Silver finger- A East Riding £200 T193 DENO-CE6103 Leicestershire Breedon on the Hill Silver ingot TBA Leicestershire
ring Museums Service County Council
Heritage Services
211 T714 SF-E8A3A6 Suffolk Ringshall Silver ingot MW Moyse's Hall
Museum, Bury St T57 LIN-334D17 Lincolnshire Osbournby Silver ingot D
Edmunds
T235 NMS-E7BE60 Norfolk Hindringham Silver ingot TBA Norwich Castle
212 T334 YORYM-32E6E6 North Yorkshire Kirk Deighton area Gold finger- A British Museum £2,000 Museum
ring
T46 NLM-E96D16 North Lincolnshire Scawby Silver and D
213 07.17 NMGW-9C2070 Powys Talgarth Silver ingot TBA Brecknock Museum iron knife
handle
216 T599 NCL-40E866 East Yorkshire Bridlington area Silver finger- DON (L) East Riding £400
ring Museums Service T38 NCL-A04B68 North Yorkshire Borrowby Silver ingot D
217 T2 SWYOR-AECB53 North Yorkshire Vale of York Silver-gilt A British Museum £1,082,800 T376 YORYM-CB6717 North Yorkshire Burdale Silver-gilt TBD
cup, hack- and Yorkshire finger-rings
silver and Museums Trust
T184 YORYM-FA6027 North Yorkshire Torksey Silver droplet D
coins
T655 DENO-FD7452 Nottinghamshire Newark area Silver strap- DON (L) Newark Museum £120
224 T287 BH-E11856 Hertfordshire Ware area Silver-gilt DON (F) Hertford Museum £80
end
coin pendant
T242 SOMDOR-18D8F3 Somerset Milborne Port Silver strap- A Somerset County £90
226 T653 SF-3465C7 Suffolk Eye Silver D
end Museum
?pendant
T255 SF-1EFD68 Suffolk Bury St Edmunds Silver D
532 T350 DOR-B8A4A2, Dorset Bradford Peverell Silver TBA Dorset County
area hooked-tag
B8C382 & B8C682 pennies Museum
T720 SF-2A29B3 Suffolk East of Colchester Silver-gilt TBA British Museum
533 T311 YORYM-D5DFC2 East Yorkshire Harswell Base-silver/ TBA East Riding
coin brooch
copper-alloy Museums Service
coins T652 SF-3456A1 Suffolk Eye Gold D
fragment
534 T661 SUSS-C96E71 East Sussex Alfriston area Silver D
pennies T654 SF-33ACA8 Suffolk Eye Silver D
cosmetic
535 T685 NMS-C25257 Norfolk Wymondham Silver TBA Norwich Castle
implement
pennies Museum
T221 SF-347272 Suffolk Suffolk area Silver ingot NT
536 T432 BERK-BC5CC2 Oxfordshire Henley area Silver TBA Oxfordshire
pennies Museums Service T692 Worcestershire Wychavon Silver strap- DON (F) Leicestershire
end County Council
537 T273 IOW-AEFBB1 & Isle of Wight Arreton area Silver A Isle of Wight £400
Heritage Services
AFA8F1 pennies Heritage Service
T297 BUC-C394C4 Bedfordshire Stagsden Silver ingot A Bedford Museum £100
T410 CAMHER-9917C5 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Brass NT
fragment
MEDIEVAL
T622 LANCUM-389D97 Cumbria Kirkby Stephen Hacksilver NT
Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
T226 YORYM-30B2B5 East Yorkshire Stamford Bridge Silver A East Riding £10
no. no.
area neckring Museums Service
fragment & 232 07.02 NMGW-9D92B2 Swansea Port Eynon Silver finger- A Swansea Museum
unnasociated ring
objects 233 T294 DENO-2C0235 Leicestershire Long Whatton Silver finger- TBA Leicestershire
T358 LON-BAF907  Greater London Covent Garden Assemblage TBD ring County Council
Heritage Services
T200 BH-E0CBB3 Hertfordshire East Hertfordshire Silver DON (F) Hertford Museum £10
area hooked-tag 234 07.19 NMGW-9D9A68 Vale of Glamorgan Rhoose Gold finger- A National Museum £1,500
ring Wales
T439 BH-DE4EC6 Hertfordshire St Albans Districe Silver DON (F&L) St Albans Museum
hooked-tag 236 T234 SF-89F2D6 Suffolk Diss area Gold finger- A Colchester & £1,000
ring Ipswich Museum
T146 KENT-043FC1 Kent Cliffs End Silver brooch TBD
Service
T147 KENT-044642 Kent Cliffs End Grave TBD
237 T561 YORYM-59F421 East Yorkshire Beverley area Gold finger- DON (L) East Riding
assemblage
ring Museums Service
T367 KENT-C80036 Kent Meopham Silver DON (F&L) Maidstone Museum
238 07.18 NMGW-9DC905 Vale of Glamorgan Llanfair Gold finger- A National Museum £1,000
hooked-tag
ring of Wales
T489 KENT-048BC7 Kent Springhead Brooch, TBD
240 T296 DOR-B88E77 Dorset Rampisham Gold finger- D
vessel and
ring
other objects
246 T389 KENT-984E65 Kent Boxley Gold brooch D
T422 KENT-A31134 Kent Whitstable Silver D
hooked-tag 247 T520 NMS-4180B3 Norfolk South-east Norfolk Silver-gilt A Norwich Castle £250
pendant Museum
T60 KENT-0887B6, Kent Wingham Silver-gilt NT
brooch 248 T233 SF-89B470 Suffolk Diss area Gold finger- A Colchester & £1,000
fragments ring Ipswich Museum
Service
249 07.09 NMGW-9C2734 Swansea Llanddewi Silver brooch TBA Swansea Museum

236 237
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
250 T62 NARC-7742D7 Bedfordshire Lower Dean Silver-gilt A Bedford Museum £100 292 T300 DENO-D1A913 Derbyshire South Wingfield Gold finger- TBA Derby Museum &
finger-ring ring Art Gallery
251 T126 DOR-B80705 Dorset Osmington Silver-gilt A British Museum £2,000 293 T598 YORYM-6CE0B1 North Yorkshire Great Smeaton Silver-gilt A York Museums £300
pendant pendant Trust
252 T483 NMS-1E07E1 Norfolk Langley with Silver signet- TBA Norwich Castle 294 T529 SOM-F52064 Wiltshire Urchfont Silver ivy-leaf DON (F&L) Wiltshire Heritage
Hardley ring Museum pendant Museum
254 T175 BH-C5AF24 Essex Theydon Garnon Silver finger- A Epping Forest £175 295 T174 NLM-688C74 North Lincolnshire Bonby Silver-gilt TBA North Lincolnshire
ring District Museum finger-ring Museum
255 T493 KENT-299A33 Kent Brookland Silver-gilt TBA Canterbury 296 T81 SWYOR-C4E534 West Yorkshire Pontefract Silver cross A Wakefield Museum £100
finger-ring Museum pendant
258 T72 NMS-D26E35 Norfolk Crimplesham Silver-gilt DON (F&L) Lynn Museum £180 297 T37 NCL-FF8757 North Yorkshire Aldbrough Gold finger- A Harrogate Museum £1,500
brooch ring
259 T264 HAMP-4D35C0 Hampshire Winchester area Silver bar- DON (F&L) Winchester 298 T232 SF-8A76E4 Suffolk Diss area Gold finger- A Colchester & £1,900
mount Museums Service ring Ipswich Museum
Service
261 T34 NMS-BFE0C6 Norfolk Leziate Silver seal- A Norwich Castle £750
matrix Museum 299 T455 HAMP-E271F0 Hampshire Hound Silver mount TBA Hampshire
Museums Service
263 T12 NMS-BEA416 Norfolk Old Buckenham Silver coin DON (F&L) Norwich Castle
brooch/ Museum 300 T512 NMGW-A8C737 Gloucestershire Coberley Silver-gilt A Corinium Museum £400
mount finger-ring
264 T626 YORYM-60FCA5 East Yorkshire Paull Silver-gilt A East Riding £170 301 T671 LEIC-815FF6 Leicestershire Thurlaston Gold finger- A Leicestershire £500
coin brooch Museum ring County Council
Heritage Services
267 T39 NCL-FFF137 North Yorkshire Sealfield Silver seal- A Richmondshire £3,800
matrix Museum 302 07.08 NMGW-9DEB70 Vale of Glamorgan Dinas Powys Gold finger- A National Museum £500
ring of Wales
268 T465 BH-DE4686 Bedfordshire Dunstable Silver-gilt NTT
brooch 303 T486 BERK-BB15D7 West Berkshire Swallowfield Gold brooch NT
273 T262 HAMP-C28BE4 Hampshire Winchester area Silver-gilt DON (F&L) Winchester 304 T179 YORYM-74B6A8 City of York Naburn Gold finger- D
bar-mount Museums Service ring
274 T71 ESS-6EC685 Essex Kelvedon Silver-gilt A Braintree Museum £250 307 T239 SUSS-BA4106 West Sussex Stoughton area Silver-gilt TBA Chichester District
brooch signet-ring Museum
275 T137 ESS-288395 Essex Finchingfield Silver finger- A Braintree Museum £250 308 T632 KENT-C343E3 Kent Lydd Gold finger- MW Canterbury
ring ring Museum
276 T208 GLO-EF2CE8 Gloucestershire South Silver-gilt A Museum in the £60 309 T696 WILT-116095 Gloucestershire Coberley Silver-gilt A Corinium Museum £100
Glourcestershire brooch Park, Stroud fragment
277 T341 HAMP-8C1E11 Hampshire Wonston Silver TBA Winchester 310 07.14 NMGW-9C3A27 Vale of Glamorgan Penllyn Silver brooch A National Museum £80
scabbard Museums Service of Wales
chape
311 T196 DOR-B85D80 Dorset Cerne Abbas Silver-gilt A British Museum £120
278 T361 NCL-D1AF46 County Durham Old Kirk Field area Silver brooch A Hartlepool £400 dress fitting
Museum &
315 T204 LON-8809F7 Greater London Tower Hamlets Silver girdle D
Heritage Service
terminal
279 T684 NLM-FDB8B5 Lincolnshire Binbrook Silver brooch D
316 T224 BH-DE1292 Hertfordshire Great Gaddesen Gold MW Dacorum Heritage
280 T501 KENT-2963F0 Kent Brookland Silver-gilt MW Canterbury rectangular Trust, Berkhamsted
finger-ring Museum mount
281 T515 YORYM-763D18 North Yorkshire Long Marston Silver cross A Harrogate Museum £300 317 T657 LANCUM-354065 Lancashire Lancaster area Silver crucifix MW Lancaster City
pendant pendant Museum
282 T212 NARC-774CD2 Northamptonshire Walgrave Silver TBA Northampton 318 T699 KENT-6D9885 Kent Barham Silver mount A Canterbury £220
scabbard Museum Museum
chape
321 07.07 NMGW-9E8024 Pembrokeshire Kilgetty Silver A National Museum £2,000
283 T110 WILT-6F3276 Wiltshire Wingfield Silver finger- A Wiltshire Heritage £65 reliquary of Wales
ring Museum pendant
285 T339 SUR-D6C932 Surrey West Clandon Silver A British Museum £1,800 322 T533 WILT-BAB214 Hampshire Vernhams Dean Silver-gilt TBA Hampshire
piedfort finger-ring Museums Service
286 T628 WMID-F4CF43 Staffordshire Harlaston Gold finger- TBA Potteries Museum 545 T172 NLM-145AF6 North East Bigby Silver A North Lincolnshire £550
ring & Art Gallery, Stoke Lincolnshire pennies Museum
290 T606 LVPL-0330D6 Cheshire Winwick Gold finger- MW Cheshire Museums 546 T275 NMS-E8BBA3 Norfolk Dunton Silver TBA British Museum
ring Service pennies
291 T98 SOMDOR-D92905 Dorset Charminster Silver strap- D 547 T530 SOM-BAA293 Bath and North Wellow Silver A Roman Baths £750
end East Somerset pennies Museum, Bath

238 239
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
548 T569 WMID-2FAAC1 Warwickshire Corley Silver coins A Warwickshire £300 T468 CAMHER-9B0D71 Cambridgeshire Weston Colville Silver spoon D
Museum terminal
548 T325 WMID-2FAAC1 Warwickshire Corley Silver coins A Warwickshire £1,250 T202 LVPL-3F8372 Cheshire Malpas Silver brooch D
Museum
T374 LVPL-714215 Cheshire Cheshire Gold finger- TBA Grosvenor Museum
549 T545 HESH-A5B566 Shropshire Baschurch area Silver TBA Shropshire County ring
pennies Museum Service
T318 LANCUM-018C08 Cumbria Kendal area Silver finger- D
550 T676 NMS-EA4080 Norfolk Deopham area Silver TBA Norwich Castle ring
pennies Museum
T524 NLM-D2E0A1 Cumbria Penrith silver mount TBA Corinium Museum
551 T619 CAMHER-9B9C48 Cambridgeshire West Wratting Silver TBA Fitzwilliam
T117 Devon Pinhoe Silver-gilt TBA Royal Albert
pennies Museum,
finger-ring Memorial Museum
Cambridge
T669 DOR-9C0DE7 Dorset Compton Abbas Silver-gilt D
552 T252 LIN-C337E3, Lincolnshire Pinchbeck Silver NT
finger-ring
C32352, C31AD1, pennies and
C30EF5, C30795, halfpennies T277 DOR-16CDE5 Dorset Minterne Magna Silver-gilt D
C300A3, C2E9D4, annular
C2D313, C2A913 & brooch
C291E6 fragment
553 07.04 NMGW-9E0F60 Rhondda Cynon Llanharry Silver D T49 SOMDOR-20FAC4 Dorset Puddletown Silver-gilt D
Taff pennies finger-ring
554 07.05 NMGW-9E40C5 Flintshire Ysceifiog Silver TBA Flintshire County T351 DOR-B8D124 Dorset West Stour Silver buckle D
pennies Museums Service plate
555 T229 LIN-747367 Lincolnshire Low Apley Silver MW The Collection, T91 SOMDOR-B48C94 Dorset Whitcombe Silver D
pennies Lincoln jewellery
fragment
556 T513 NARC-0331C3 West Midlands Astleys Silver DON (L) Herbert Art
pennies Museum & Art T79 YORYM-409415 East Yorkshire Melbourne Brooch Silver annular D
Gallery brooch
557 07.03 NMGW-9E6076 Vale of Glamorgan Bonvilston Silver groats D T390 YORYM-6ABBA8 East Yorkshire Thwing Silver finger- DON (F) East Riding £30
and half ring Museums Service
groat T343 SUSS-BC4C47 East Sussex East Sussex area Silver annular NT
558 T370 LANCUM-F4A696 Cumbria Kirkby Stephen Silver coins MW Penrith Museum £1,400 brooch
559 T534 LVPL-E09DD8 Shropshire Myddle and Gold doblas A Shropshire County £5,850 T470 SUSS-029818 East Sussex Firle Silver buckle D
Broughton Museum Service fragment
560 T173 LON-5B20D4, Greater London Beulah Hill Gold and A Museum of London £7,500 T586 SUSS-47EAE7 East Sussex Near Hailsham Silver annular D
5B4B26, 5B52F7, silver coins brooch
5B5AF7, 5B6003, T435 SUSS-EFEAB0 East Sussex Southease Silver brooch D
5B6603, 5B6B52, pin
5B70D4, 5B84C3,
5B8B28, 5B9254 & T130 SUSS-45C5F1 East Sussex Tarring Neville Silver finger- D
5B99C3 ring
561 T467 WILT-28BAF7 Wiltshire Swindon area Silver coins D T136 ESS-6EB935 Essex Mashbury Silver-gilt D
finger-ring
562 T715 SF-EAC074 Suffolk Hitcham Silver double MW Moyse's Hall
patards Museum, Bury St T573 ESS-73A5D2 Essex North of Colchester Silver ring D
Edmunds T517 WILT-BA6BE7 Gloucestershire Coberley Silver finger- TBA Corinium Museum
563 T484 NMS-C277B7 Norfolk East Lexham area Silver groats DON (L) Norwich Castle ring
Museum T340 HAMP-62E216 Hampshire Droxford Silver finger- D
T288 BH-33F406 Bedfordshire Bromham Silver finger- D ring
ring fragment T167 HAMP-71F6D4 Hampshire Fawley Silver-gilt TBA Hampshire
T644 NARC-D3BF57 Bedfordshire Hulcote Silver finger- D finger-ring Museums Service
ring T342 HAMP-634840 Hampshire Hound Silver-gilt D
T113 BUC-05CF54 Buckinghamshire Fingest Silver A Buckinghamshire £100 finger-ring
terminal County Museum fragments
T128 CAMHER-94A8F2 Cambridgeshire Hemingford Grey Silver-gilt D T456 HAMP-E28057 Hampshire Hound Silver TBA Hampshire
finger-ring thimble Museums Service
bezel T430 HAMP-D7D0B2 Hampshire Hursley Silver-gilt TBA Winchester
T621 CAMHER-9BE832 Cambridgeshire West Wratting Silver annular D finger-ring Museums Service
brooch T166 HAMP-711114 Hampshire Hurstborne Priors Silver brooch A Hampshire £80
T249 CAMHER-961244 Cambridgeshire Weston Colville Gold finger- D Museums Service
ring T270 HAMP-6EC8B4 Hampshire Littleton area Gold finger- MW Winchester
ring Museums Service
T698 BH-1D6502 Hertfordshire Clothall Silver buckle D

240 241
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T23 BH-5E12E1 Hertfordshire North Sliver-gilt A North Hertfordshire £180 T689 NMS-D38330 Norfolk Wereham Silver annular D
Hertfordshire brooch Museum Service brooch
fragment
T440 BH-DE5192 Hertfordshire St Michael Silver chape DON (L) St Albans Museum £40
T213 NMS-C73B06 Norfolk West Acre Silver brooch D
T195 IOW-1C1362 Isle of Wight Carisbrooke area Silver D
terminal T214 NMS-C70934 Norfolk West Acre Silver brooch D
T650 IOW-73CB12 Isle of Wight Niton area Silver-gilt A Isle of Wight £35 T215 NMSC72AC4 Norfolk West Acre Silver brooch D
pendant Heritage Service
T347 NMS-E8E825 Norfolk West Acre Silver-gilt D
cross
finger-ring
T690 IOW-7608F4 & Isle of Wight Shalfleet area Silver brooch D
T554 NMS-D34A11 Norfolk West Acre Silver buckle D
75F6D5 pin
fragment
T460 IOW-BC99C0 Isle of Wight Newport area Gold finger- A Isle of Wight £400
T381 NMS-E9B392 Norfolk Whinburgh and Silver object D
ring Heritage Service
Westfield
T457 IOW-A52166 Isle of Wight Shalfleet Silver dress D
T474 NMS-EA0717 Norfolk Witchingham area Silver strap- D
hook boss
end
T521 IOW-A4C3D0 Isle of Wight Shalfleet Silver-gilt D
T506 NLM-AA24E6 North Lincolnshire Roxby cum Risby Silver annular D
spoon
brooch
T243 IOW-747B18 Isle of Wight Shorwell Silver brooch D
T171 NLM-A97266 North Lincolnshire Scawby Silver finger- D
T52 KENT-74B341 Kent Lenham Gold finger- D ring fragment
ring
T336 YORYM-32A614 North Yorkshire Dunnington Silver-gilt D
T45 KENT-743633 Kent Northfleet Silver mount/ D annular
plaque brooch
fragment
T301 KENT-150E48 Kent Romney Marsh area Silver finger- D
ring T658 YORYM-1B6B74 North Yorkshire Littlethorpe Silver chape D
T227 LEIC-96C553 Leicestershire Fenny Drayton area Silver-gilt TBA Leicestershire T177 YORYM-761DC7 North Yorkshire Naburn Silver-gilt D
finger-ring County Council mount
Heritage Services
T394 SWYOR-2D53D4; North Yorkshire Saxton Silver-gilt MW York Museums
T355 LEIC-BD4C44 Leicestershire Thurcaston and Silver brooch D YORYM-6CA875 crucifix Trust
Cropston fragment
T441 YORYM-CE0B16 North Yorkshire Snape with Thorpe Silver coins D
T283 NLM-A3D054 Lincolnshire Claxby Gold finger- D
T694 DENO-D26395 North Yorkshire Snape with Thorpe Gold finger- D
ring
ring
T434 NLM-BF3250 Lincolnshire Covenham Silver coin A The Collection, £180
T70 SWYOR-BB82F6 North Yorkshire Stapleton Silver-gilt TBA Richmondshire
brooch Lincoln
pendant Museum
T199 LVPL-00B2B0 Lincolnshire Normanby Le Wold Silver brooch D
T610 NCL-642301 North Yorkshire Thorpe Field Silver strap- D
T75 DENO-D58C44 Lincolnshire Norton Disney Silver-gilt D end
mount
T084 SWYOR-F9BA40 North Yorkshire Ulleskelf area Silver finger- D
T485 LIN-33F681 Lincolnshire Pinchbeck Silver brooch D ring
T102 NMS-D2A387 Norfolk Aldeby Silver annular D T36 NCL-FF30C0 North Yorkshire Wykeham Silver annular D
brooch brooch
T360 NMS-D2F3B0 Norfolk Barton Bendish Silver-gilt D T298 NARC-489CF7 Northamptonshire Kislingbury Silver D
belt-mount finger-ring
fragments
T462 NMS-E9DE96 Norfolk Beeston with Silver brooch D
Bittering fragment T133 NARC-775318 Northamptonshire Rothersthorpe Silver D
pendant
T463 NMS-E9E9D3 Norfolk Beeston with Silver object D
Bittering T170 NARC-775EE8 Northamptonshire Rothersthorpe Silver mount D
T10 NMS-BE6277 Norfolk Fransham Silver-gilt D T162 NCL-C5AF46 Northumberland Bamburgh Gold TBD
spoon handle decorative
fragment fitting
T219 NMS-D51157 Norfolk Great Dunham Silver finger- D T459 DENO-CBE013 Nottinghamshire Kirklington Silver finger- MW Newark Museum £70
ring fragment ring
T267 NMS-E860E6 Norfolk Langley with Silver sheet D T718 BERK-FF8C94 Oxfordshire Drayton St Leonard Gold finger- NT
Hardley ring fragment
T276 NMS-E8D072 Norfolk Mattishall Silver brooch D T542 BERK-CC3D78 Oxfordshire East Hendred Silver-gilt D
mount
T508 NMS-4152E3 Norfolk Raveningham Gold finger- D
ring T546 WAW-B5A511 Oxfordshire Wantage Silver-gilt TBA Oxfordshire
finger-ring Museums Service
T238 NMS-E829A0 Norfolk Runcton Holme Silver object D
T582 WAW-485713 Shropshire Tong Silver crucifix NTT
T216 NMS-D4C6D7 Norfolk Surlingham Silver cross D
pendant
T688 NMS-D35995 Norfolk Wereham Gold finger- D
ring

242 243
 POST MEDIEVAL

Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T584 WAW-461D73 Shropshire Tong Silver mount NT 326 T627 WMID-F4E937 Staffordshire Harlaston Silver coin D
brooch
T585 SOM-4A6E31 Somerset Wembdon Silver annular A Somerset County £80
brooch Museum 328 T26 BH-01C693 Cambridgeshire Bluntisham Silver-gilt D
hooked clasp
T68 SWYOR-C51917 South Yorkshire Campsall Gold finger- D
ring 329 T713 SF-E85546 Suffolk Kelsale cum Carlton Silver-gilt A Colchester & £80
hooked clasp Ipswich Museum
T641 WMID-F14242 Staffordshire Drayton Bassett Silver annular D
Service
brooch
330 T211 BH-E15835 Hertfordshire East Hertfordshire Silver-gilt DON (F&L) Ware Museum £100
T642 WMID-F46B62 Staffordshire Lapley Silver cross D
hooked clasp
pendant
331 T319 LANCUM-6E9692 Lancashire Carnforth area Silver hooked A Lancashire County £180
T326 WMID-46E157 Staffordshire Swinfen and Silver annular D
clasp Museums
Packington brooch
332 07.22 NMGW-9F0C64 Monmouthshire Wentlooge Silver-gilt TBA Newport Art
T504 Suffolk Bardwell Silver D
hooked clasp Gallery & Museum
scabbard
chape 333 T182 YORYM-68E976 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire Silver-gilt cap TBA British Museum £130
hook
T63 SF-9EA4A1 Suffolk Combs Silver seal- D
matrix 334 T89 WILT-6E7454 Wiltshire Durnford Silver-gilt TBA Salisbury & South
dress pin Wiltshire Museum
T527 SF-3A5BC0 Suffolk West Suffolk Silver TBA Mildenhall and
hooked-tag District Museum 335 T192 DENO-D3CCD3 Derbyshire Mercaston Silver-gilt A Derby Museum & £150
dress pin Art Gallery
T724 SF-EA7B62 Suffolk Woodbridge area Silver finger- D
ring fragment 336 T306 NMS-2C2226 Norfolk Emneth Silver A Norwich Castle £30
rumbler bell Museum
T372 WAW-DD3BA5 Warwickshire Alcester Silver A Warwickshire £90
cosmetic Museum 337 T707 LEIC-757733 Leicestershire Garthorpe Silver whistle D
implement
339 T544 HESH-A49557 Herefordshire South Silver vervel TBA Hereford Museum
T609 NCL-646ED2 West Berkshire Newbury area Silver brooch NT Herefordshire pendant & Art Gallery
T107 SUSS-45BB11 West Sussex Houghton Silver-gilt NTT 340 07.01 NMGW-B0C420 Vale of Glamorgan Llancarfan Silver-gilt TBA National Museum £20
finger-ring dress-hook of Wales
loop
T364 SUSS-028791 West Sussex Pulborough area Silver-gilt TBA Chichester District
finger-ring Museum 341 T156 LVPL-00A457 Cheshire Whitchurch area Gold finger- MW Nantwich Museum
ring
T716 WILT-AEB211 Wiltshire Alton Silver-gilt DON (F&L) Wiltshire Heritage
annular Museum 342 T95 SUSS-70D736 East Sussex Udimore Silver seal- D
brooch matrix
T53 WILT-296CB3 Wiltshire Langley Burrell Silver-gilt D 343 T385 WMID-3DDE65 Staffordshire Oulton Gold finger- D
annular ring
brooch
344 T120 NLM-BE8630 North Lincolnshire Holme Gold finger- A North Lincolnshire £475
T282 WILT-EA65E4 Wiltshire Laverstock Silver seal DON (F&L) Salisbury & South £100 ring Museums Service
finger-ring Wiltshire Museum
345 T317 WILT-637426 Wiltshire Winterbourne Gold finger- TBA Salisbury & South
T56 WILT-6FAE14 Wiltshire Stockton Silver finger- D ring Wiltshire Museum
ring fragment
347 T679 NMS-1EB356 Norfolk Foulsham Silver vervel A Norwich Castle £1,750
T595 WILT-785EE2 Wiltshire Urchfont Silver-gilt DON (F) Wiltshire Heritage Museum
finger-ring Museum
348 T383 GLO-19A336 Gloucestershire Newent Silver-gilt DON (L) Gloucester City £300
fragment
finger-ring Museum
T596 WILT-88FF73 Wiltshire Urchfont Silver-gilt D
349 T489 BERK-BAB9D4 Oxfordshire Swallowfield area Gold finger- TBA Oxfordshire
brooch pin
ring Museums Service
T3 WAW-87DFE5H Worcestershire Wychavon Silver finger- NT
350 T359 NMS-411415 Norfolk Edgefield Gold finger- DON (L) Norwich Castle £1,000
ring
ring Museum
351 T207 WAW-CB51A1 Warwickshire Wooton Wawen Silver finger- A Warwickshire £350
ring Museum
352 T305 NMS-2C1204 Norfolk Emneth Silver vervel A Norwich Castle £600
Museum
360 T143 PAS-1917F7 Lincolnshire Market Rasen Gold finger- D
ring
361 T516 WILT-BA3553 Wiltshire Everleigh Gold finger- MW Wiltshire Heritage £380
ring Museum
362 T5 GLO-EF2971 North Somerset Kenn Gold finger- A North Somerset £450
ring Museum

244 245
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
363 T333 GLO-195C52 Gloucestershire Westbury-on- Gold finger- MW Dean Heritage £450 399 T607 IOW-4074C3 Isle of Wight Newport area Silver shoe D
Severn ring Centre buckle
364 T163 SF-3A8B11 Cambridgeshire Soham area Gold finger- A Ely Museum £900 401 07.11 NMGW-DDBBF5 Flintshire Overton Gold touch- A National Museum £280
ring piece of Wales
365 T436 BUC-068008 Buckinghamshire Buckingham Gold finger- A Buckinghamshire £150 402 T16 BH-4B0E12 Bedfordshire Kensworth Gold A Luton Museum £150
ring County Museum mourning
ring
366 07.16 NMGW-9F38B2 Vale of Glamorgan Penllyn Silver-gilt A National Museum £120
finger-ring of Wales 403 T375 SWYOR-C542C8 Nottinghamshire Hawton Gold A Newark Museum £375
mourning
367 T307 NMS-2C5DA4 Norfolk Emneth Silver-gilt A Norwich Castle £200
ring
finger-ring Museum
404 T678 SOM-574036 Somerset West Crewkerne Silver A Somerset County £50
368 T42 WMID-345AB7 Staffordshire Lapley, Stretton & Silver bell D
thimble Museum
Wheaton Aston
408 T116 LVPL-E05136 North Yorkshire Buttercrame with Gold MW British Museum
369 T80 ESS-6EC030 Essex Kelvedon Silver DON (L) Braintree Museum £60
Bossall mourning
thimble
ring
370 T487 BERK-B9F5A5 Oxfordshire Wantage Down Silver seal- TBA Oxfordshire
412 07.1 NMGW-9A96E6 Powys Brecon Silver finger- NT
area matrix Museums Service
ring bezel
374 T404 BH-C54352 Hertfordshire Shenley Silver seal- A Bushey Museum £140
417 T643 CORN-FA0676 Cornwall Padstow Silver-gilt NT
matrix
pendant
376 T86 NCL-C27BA0 County Durham Coxhoe Silver seal- DON (L) Bowes Museum, £60
569 T691 HAMP-399633, Hampshire Basingstoke area Silver coins DON (F&L) Hampshire
matrix Barnard Castle
4A3752 & 4A6FC6 Museums Service
378 T345 SUSS-BC6F54 West Sussex Oving Silver spoon D
570 T241 LANCUM-141D42 Lancashire Preston area Silver coins TBA Harris Museum &
379 T15 ESS-6ECE34 Essex Tendring area Silver A Colchester & £80 Art Gallery, Preston
pendant Ipswich Museum
571 T279 ESS-67D6B4 Essex Bures area Silver coins DON (L) Braintree Museum £600
Service
572 T703 WMID-7D3DC2 North Yorkshire West Tanfield Silver D
380 T324 WMID-338537 Staffordshire Drayton Bassett Silver A Potteries Museum £80
pennies
pendant & Art Gallery, Stoke
573 T366 LEIC-CDED85, Leicestershire Nailstone Silver coins D
382 T496 ESS-259730 Essex East of Colchester Silver locket A Colchester & £100
CDFC75, CE0C74 &
fragment Ipswich Museum
CE21A5
Service
574 T223 SOM-8F7413 Somerset West Crewkerne Silver coins D
383 T33 NMS-BFBA71 Norfolk Runhall Silver DON (L) Norwich Castle £50
and bead
pendant Museum
medallion 575 T384 GLO-1002D2 Gloucestershire Ham and Stone Silver A Museum in the £30
pennies and Park, Stroud
384 T522 HAMP-604ED1 Hampshire Itchen Valley Silver medal A Winchester £50
a halfgroat
Museums Service
576 07.12 NMGW-DDB267 Powys Welshpool Silver coins TBA Powysland Museum
385 T217 NMS-2AD401 Norfolk South Creake Gold finger- A Lynn Museum £500
and ceramic
ring
pot
386 07.21 NMGW-9F1A17 Powys Old Radnor Silver TBA Radnorshire
577 T139 LEIC-BDA7F1 Rutland Rutland Silver coins TBA Rutland County
hawking Museum
Museum
whistle
577 T240 LEIC-BDA7F1 Rutland Rutland Silver coins TBA Rutland County
388 T451 SWYOR-B06054 North Yorkshire Snape Silver D
Museum
cockspur
578 T722 SWYOR-7ED5A2 Cumbria Ambleside Silver coins MW Armitt Museum &
390 T403 HESH-1D4423 Herefordshire Holmer Silver seal- TBA Hereford Museum
Gallery, Ambleside
matrix & Art Gallery
T593 BUC-08BCC5 Bedfordshire Battlesden Silver brooch NT
391 T453 HAMP-E23148 Hampshire Droxford Silver shoe TBA Winchester
or buckle
buckle Museums Service
T150 BH-339373 Bedfordshire Colworth Silver annular D
393 T525 LEIC-964413 Leicestershire Thurlaston Silver seal- MW Leicestershire £200
brooch
matrix County Council
Heritage Services T392 BH-C5D398 Bedfordshire Marston Moretaine Silver-gilt D
dress-fitting
395 T29 SUSS-356DB0 West Sussex Boxgrove Gold A Chichester District £550
mourning Museum T393 BH-344CA1 Bedfordshire Sharnbrook Silver seal- NT
ring matrix
396 T77 LANCUM-362FE5 Lancashire South-east Silver D T605 BUC-093298 Bedfordshire Stagsden Silver button D
Lancashire cufflinks
T697 BH-1DB741 Bedfordshire Stagsden Silver D
398 T222 CORN-943711 Cornwall Phillack Silver bodkin A Royal Cornwall £100 dress-hook
Museum fragment

246 247
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T543 BUC-699487 Buckinghamshire Sherington Silver button TBA Buckinghamshire T681 SUSS-ADCF71 East Sussex Udimore Silver bodkin D
County Museum fragment
T591 BUC-9A0F76 Buckinghamshire Sherington Silver dress TBA Buckinghamshire T65 SUSS-5568D6 East Sussex Willingdon and Silver-gilt NT
pin County Museum Jevington finger-ring
incomplete
T592 BUC-087696 Buckinghamshire Soulbury Gold DON (F&L) Buckinghamshire £150
mourning County Museum T154 ESS-45AA66 Essex East of Colchester Gold finger- NT
ring ring
T414 CAMHER-9A1344 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Silver spoon TBA Peterborough T631 ESS-74D144 Essex Bulmer Silver dress D
Museum & Art pin fragment
Gallery
T250 ESS-B7F6A2 Essex Colchester area Silver D
T412 CAMHER-999AA1 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Gold NT hawking bell
accessory
T251 ESS-B77BB4 Essex Colchester area Silver D
T415 CAMHER-9AB1F2 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Silver brooch NT hawking bell
T693 CAMHER-9C1383 Cambridgeshire Ellington Silver stud NT T290 DENO-2C0235 Essex Copford Silver button NT
T160 CAMHER-953B95 Cambridgeshire Harston Silver D T495 ESS-2592A7 Essex East of Colchester Silver cufflink TBA Colchester &
thimble element Ipswich Museum
Service
T127 CAMHER-320272 Cambridgeshire Hemingford Grey Silver spoon D
terminal T638 ESS-9A8C94 Essex East of Colchester Silver button TBA Colchester &
Ipswich Museum
T618 CAMHER-9B8011 Cambridgeshire Leighton Gold finger- NT
Service
Bromswold area ring
T7 ESS-286B04 Essex East of Colchester Silver-gilt D
T64 SF-9EEDD4 Cambridgeshire Soham Silver strap- D
dress fitting
mount
T637 ESS-9A8337 Essex East of Colchester' Silver buckle NT
T420 CAMHER-9AF5A6 Cambridgeshire St Ives Silver dress D
pin T636 ESS-9A7BB7 Essex Essex Silver NT
watch-chain
T418 CAMHER-9AC834 Cambridgeshire West Wratting Silver button D
fragment
T419 CAMHER-9AE124 Cambridgeshire West Wratting Silver bell D
T401 ESS-4516A6 Essex Great Waltham Silver cufflink D
T705 CAMHER-9C28E3 Cambridgeshire Weston Colville Silver finial D area
T417 CORN-A4B020 Cornwall Phillack Silver-gilt D T668 ESS-9B89D3 Essex Hatfield Broad Oak Silver cufflink D
posy ring area
T302 CORN-B31DC7 Cornwall Tywadreath Silver D T138 ESS-289AA7 Essex North East Essex Silver bodkin D
element
T537 ESS-CA9E84 Essex North of Colchester Silver button D
T523 NLM-D49976 Cumbria Penrith Silver cross NT
T538 ESS-CAA3B6 Essex North of Colchester Silver dress D
T710 DENO-655D65 Derbyshire Chesterfield area Gold posy NT pin fragment
ring
T539 ESS-CAA883 Essex North of Colchester Silver dress D
T169 SUSS-B7BA45 Devon Coliford Silver-gilt TBA Royal Albert pin
pin-head Memorial Museum,
T571 ESS-739E76 Essex North of Colchester Silver dress D
Exeter
pin
T47 Devon Stoke Gabriel Silver-gilt NT
T564 GLO-407401 Gloucestershire Coberley Silver brooch NT, but A Corinium Museum
dress hook
T18 GLO-3FD673 Gloucestershire Dowdeswell Gold posy NT
T670 DOR-9C4371 Dorset Compton Abbas Silver NT
ring
fragment
T565 GLO-1B3252 Gloucestershire Hartpury Gold MW British Museum
T168 DOR-B83652 Dorset Puddletown Silver vervel D
mourning
T299 DOR-4512B5 Dorset Tarrant Hinton Silver D ring
toothpick
T28 LON-1BE182  Greater London Addington Silver shoe NT
fragment
buckle
T400 YORYM-CAEC20 East Yorkshire Everingham area Silver spoon D
T379 LON-DC3DA6 Greater London City of London Silver-gilt D
fragments
dress hook
T560 YORYM-D01536 East Yorkshire Pocklington Silver dress A East Riding £50
T380 LON-DC6707 Greater London City of London Gold posy NT
pin Museums Service
ring
T97 SUSS-427C12 East Sussex Chiddingly Silver bodkin D
T365 LON-6D3145 Greater London North London Gold coin TBA Hackney Museum
T471 SUSS-02A804 East Sussex Firle Silver finger- D hoard
ring
T157 LON-BC17A3 Greater London Queenhithe Silver button D
T96 SUSS-42CA96 East Sussex Glynde Silver D
T132 LON-822FB2  Greater London St James' Copper-alloy NT
thimble
Clarkenwell earings
T616 LON-0AEB16 Greater London Wandsworth Gold TBA Wandsworth
mourning Museum
ring

248 249
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T454 HAMP-E24B93 Hampshire Droxford Silver spoon NT T426 KENT-E827A1 Kent Cranbrook Silver finger- NT
ring
T332 HAMP-634830 Hampshire Fawley Silver D
thimble T278 KENT-55BE42 Kent East Kent Gold NT
fragment
T205 HAMP-5C0711 Hampshire Houghton Silver-gilt DON (L) Hampshire
dress hook Museums Service T577 KENT-C2F776 Kent Old Romney Silver pin D
T50 HAMP-9A9D22 Hampshire King's Somborne Silver NT T481 KENT-E868B3 Kent Old Romney Silver finger- NT
terminal ring
element
T61 KENT-4814E6 Kent Ringwould with Gold posy NT
T263 HAMP-4C17A8 Hampshire Winchester area Silver bodkin D Kingsdown ring
fragment
T246 KENT-47CCB1 Kent Shepherdswell Silver seal- D
T337 SUR-E9F217 Hampshire Winchester area Silver NT matrix
finger-ring
T148 KENT-3790A8 Kent Cliffe Silver dress- D
fragments
hook
T286 BH-E031A2 Hertfordshire Baldock area Silver spoon D
T480 LEIC-69A598 Leicestershire Melton Mowbray Silver TBA Leicestershire
T24 BH-01EC33 Hertfordshire North Silver vervel D cosmetic County Council
Hertfordshire instrument Heritage Services
T532 WILT-BA8DF2 Hertfordshire St Albans Silver strap D T562 LIN-76B104 Lincolnshire Anderby Gold finger- D
fitting ring
T285 BH-E08757 Hertfordshire St Ippolyts Silver-gilt D T427 LIN-764E24 Lincolnshire Boston Gold posy D
finger-ring ring
fragment
T625 LIN-343205 Lincolnshire Fotherby Silver D
T6 IOW-0AA2D4 Isle of Wight Brighstone Gold posy NT scabbard
ring chape
T51 IOW-872337 Isle of Wight Brighstone Silver NT T284 LIN-33D707 Lincolnshire Frampton Gold posy D
containter ring
T40 IOW-515B38 Isle of Wight Brighstone area Silver D T398 PAS-2AD817 Lincolnshire Gainsborough Gold finger- NT
thimble ring
T574 IOW-461BE6 Isle of Wight Calbourne Gold posy D T100 NLM-5185F2 Lincolnshire Hemingby Silver-gilt D
ring finger-ring
fragment
T509 IOW-87CDD1 Isle of Wight Carisbrooke Silver-gilt D
dress pin T321 SWYOR-C55DF7 Lincolnshire Legsby Gold bracelet NT
slide
T700 IOW-625E21 Isle of Wight Carisbrooke area Silver ferrule D
T603 LIN-341A61 Lincolnshire Moulton Gold finger- D
T164 IOW-C69FA3 Isle of Wight Gatcombe area Gold ferrule NT
ring
T141 IOW-1358B6 Isle of Wight Godshill area Silver D
T423 LIN-33E686 Lincolnshire Pinchbeck Silver-gilt D
thimble
dress-hook
T354 IOW-CEE236 Isle of Wight Ryde area Base-metal NT
T646 NLM-6D00D2 Lincolnshire Tetney Silver dress D
ingot and
pin
ring
T67 NLM-BEEF90 Lincolnshire Wragby Silver bodkin D
T472 IOW-B65D91 Isle of Wight Shorwell area Silver whistle D
fragment T346 NMS-40F587 Norfolk Ashill Silver button D
T362 IOW-B02D02 Isle of Wight Yarmouth area Silver D T11 NMS-BE8551 Norfolk Cawston Silver D
thimble thimble
T363 IOW-B09406 Isle of Wight Yarmouth area Silver D T32 NMS-BF9EF5 Norfolk Congham Silver-gilt D
thimble pendant
T244 IOW-968201 Isle of Wight Shalfleet Gold posy D T304 NMS-2BD2B0 Norfolk Emneth Silver button D
ring
T303 NMS-2B9B83 Norfolk Emneth Silver finger- NT
T482 KENT-E876B1 Kent Bilsington Silver dress D ring
pin
T35 NMS-C03327 Norfolk Fring Gold finger- NT
T494 KENT-29A9D4 Kent Brookland Silver-gilt D rings
finger-ring
T30 NMS-BF0ED5 Norfolk Horsham St Faith/ Silver pin D
fragment
Newton St Faith
T614 KENT-C32FD7 Kent Burmarsh Silver brooch NT
T31 NMS-BF33C5 Norfolk Horsham St Faith/ Silver dress D
T378 KENT-D89CC4 Kent Chiddingstone Silver vervel D Newton St Faith accessory
fragments
T145 KENT-043245 Kent Cliffs End Copper-alloy TBD
ingots T266 NMS-BF7224 Norfolk Horsham St Faith/ Silver button D
Newton St Faith
T425 KENT-E80D95 Kent Cranbrook Silver NT
bracelet T309 NMS-E87756 Norfolk Langley with Silver D
Hardley thimble

250 251
 Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T680 NMS-E88A33 Norfolk Langley with Silver D T189 BH-D703D3 North Yorkshire North Yorkshire Silver vervel NT
Hardley thimble
T645 NARC-018EC7 Northamptonshire Corby area Silver-gilt D
T237 NMS-E81786 Norfolk Lyng Silver D ornamental
thimble ring
T20 NMS-BEBFD5 Norfolk Mundford Silver strap- D T556 NARC-5DC404 Northamptonshire Islip Silver D
end scabbard
chape
T310 NMS-2C7951 Norfolk Outwell Silver button D
T428 NARC-773251 Northamptonshire Kislingbury Silver button D
T218 NMS-D4FA62 Norfolk Postwick Silver dress D
or cufflink
accessory
element
T268 NMS-E89E06 Norfolk Rocklands Silver D
T161 NARC-7758C8 & Northamptonshire Northamptonshire Silver button D
thimble
BUC-23DC04 area
T382 NMS-E97D03 Norfolk Seething Silver bodkin D
T101 NARC-775C94 Northamptonshire Rothersthorpe Silver button D
T308 NMS-2C9E06 Norfolk Shipdham Gold posy A Norwich Castle £1,200
T230 NARC-5DDC26 Northamptonshire Northamptonshire Base-metal NT
ring Museum
finger-ring
T476 NMS-768695 Norfolk Swannington area Gold finger- D
T447 NLM-D4E871 Nottinghamshire Caunton Silver finger- NT
ring
ring
T348 NMS-E900F6 Norfolk West Acre Silver button D
T613 LVPL-033E25 Nottinghamshire Farndon Silver-gilt DON (F&L) Newark Museum £25
T553 NMS-D32AA5 Norfolk West Acre Silver bodkin D dress fitting
fragment
T4 DENO-08EE90 Nottinghamshire Hawton Gold posy A Newark Museum £85
T479 NMS-76E205 Norfolk Wymondham Silver button D ring
T13 NLM-59BA03 North Lincolnshire Crowle Silver-gilt D T458 DENO-CBF274 Nottinghamshire Kirklington Gold TBA Newark Museum
hooked-tag pendant/
T635 NLM-6871E2 North Lincolnshire Hibaldstow Silver annular A North Lincolnshire £100 chain link
brooch Museums Service T683 DENO-666812 Nottinghamshire Radcliffe on Trent Silver disc NT
T659 NLM-A99F53 North Lincolnshire Saxby All Saints Silver-gilt D T433 BERK-0BB0E0 Oxfordshire Asthal Gold coin TBA Asmolean Museum,
terminal hoard Oxford
T135 LVPL-E06EE6 North Yorkshire Buttercrambe Silver button D T568 BERK-5CDB60 Oxfordshire Bampton Gold posy NT
T115 LVPL-3FF534 North Yorkshire Buttercrame with Silver cap D ring
Bossall hook T27 BERK-E563C0 Oxfordshire Pyrton Base-metal NT
T405 SWYOR-417816 North Yorkshire Cawood Silver finger- NT finger-ring
ring T320 BERK-A7A604 Oxfordshire Towersey Silver coin TBA Oxfordshire
T448 NCL-D3DA01 North Yorkshire Dalton Silver finger- D Museums Service
ring T549 LEIC-CE9C04 Rutland Brooke Silver seal- DON (F&L) Rutland County £100
T567 SWYOR-B03DE1 North Yorkshire Grimston Silver object NT die Museum

T92 SWYOR-AF34B2 North Yorkshire North Milford White metal NT T503 LVPL-8CB955 Shropshire Hengoed Silver finger- NT
object ring

T93 SWYOR-32A8A7 North Yorkshire Riccal Silver mount D T666 HESH-886844 Shropshire Lilleshall area Silver-gilt D
dress hook
T656 LANCUM-DF9A36 North Yorkshire Ripon Silver dress A Harris Museum & £100
hook Art Gallery T402 HESH-1998B5 Shropshire Oswestry area Silver finger- D
ring
T396 SWYOR-2D7381 North Yorkshire Saxton Silver seal- NT
matrix T581 WAW-46EA23 Shropshire Tong Silver seal- NT
matrix
T397 SWYOR-2D60B1 North Yorkshire Saxton Silver cross- NTT
shaped T583 WAW-48AAB3 Shropshire Tong Silver livery NT
pendant badge

T395 SWYOR-2D81D4 North Yorkshire Saxton Gold posy NT T158 SOMDOR-84A977 Somerset Crewkerne Silver button NT
ring T121 SOMDOR-DA1AE6 Somerset Greinton Silver shoe NT
T442 YORYM-CC5C31 North Yorkshire Snape with Thorpe Silver fitting D buckle

T444 YORYM-CDC4D4 North Yorkshire Snape with Thorpe Gold finger- NT T159 SOMDOR-84D081 Somerset Misterton Silver seal- NT
ring matrix

T69 SWYOR-EA9CB3 North Yorkshire Stapleton Silver-gilt NT T446 SOM-68B1D1 Somerset Westonzoyland Silver NT
object pendant

T633 SWYOR-B03852 North Yorkshire Tadcaster area Gold posy D T548 SOM-B5F3B3 Somerset Whitelackington Silver spoon D
ring fragment

T634 SWYOR-B03065 North Yorkshire Tadcaster area Gold posy D T702 GLO-C03F43 South South Silver finger- NT
ring Gloucestershire Gloucestershire ring
T323 WMID-346695 Staffordshire Blymhill & Weston- Gold band NT
Under-Lizard

252 253
 UNDIAGNOSTIC

Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value Cat. Treasure PAS no. County Parish Description Disposition Acquiring Museum Value
no. no. no. no.
T331 WMID-47CE46 Staffordshire Ilam Silver plaque NT T551 BH-DE3D16 Buckinghamshire Stokenchurch Gold NT
fragment
T43 WMID-962A51 Staffordshire Leigh Silver D
thimble T407 SWYOR-313796 Cambridgeshire Chesterton Silver coiled NT
object
T327 WMID-1B6FD8 Staffordshire Swynnerton Silver D
thimble T413 CAMHER-99B6B5 Cambridgeshire Chesterton White metal NT
fragment
T329 WMID-3472F1 Staffordshire Staffordshire Silver finger- NT
ring fragment T108 Devon Rousdon Gold rod NT
T322 WMID-479A04 Staffordshire Waterhouses Silver-gilt D T313 NCL-635037 Durham Bowes White metal NT
finger-ring ingot
T256 SF-9CCB15 Suffolk Bungay area Silver-gilt D T272 NCL-632933 East Yorkshire Thwing Gold NT
hooked-tag fragment
T473 SF-FFCFC6 Suffolk Bury St Edmunds Silver bodkin D T178 YORYM-78ED24 East Yorkshire Wilberfoss Gold object NT
area
T639 ESS-EDD307 Essex Broxted Gold finger- NT
T280 SF-2B7792 Suffolk Eye area Silver cap D ring
hook
T499 ESS-25A227 Essex East of Colchester Silver ?bell NT
T723 SF-EBA136 Suffolk Eye area Silver mount D fragment
T712 SF-EB4B44 Suffolk Eye area Silver button D T83 BH-0F7032 Essex Manuden Silver strip NT
T293 SF-564705 Suffolk Nettlestead Silver- D T540 ESS-CAABF3 Essex North of Colchester Silver sleeve NT
gilt dress buttons
accessory
T572 ESS-73A1F2 Essex North of Colchester Silver cufflink NT
fragment
T575 ESS-73A9C0 Essex North of Colchester Gold bar D
T373 SF-5FA926 Suffolk Stowmarket area Silver-gilt pin D
fragment
head
T399 LON-031583 Greater London City of London Silver finger- NT
T151 SF-3B58A1 Suffolk Wenhaston Silver button D
ring
T711 SF-EA3EC6 Suffolk Woodbridge area Silver finger- D
T14 LON-933307 Greater London Edgware Silver NT
ring fragment
rectangular
T338 SUR-4DFA53 Surrey Nutfield Silver seal- NT mount
matrix
T371 IOW-4B9CF7 Isle of Wight Freshwater area Metal NT
T87 SUR-747D4 Surrey Wanborough Silver cufflink NT fragment
element
T701 KENT-6D84B5 Kent Cliffe and Cliffe Silver figurine NT
T328 WMID-1B5F45 Warwickshire Lapworth Silver NT Woods terminal
thimble
T663 KENT-C361B1 Kent Hagham Gold bar D
T601 SUSS-4DFD78 West Sussex Clapham Silver finger- A Worthing Museum £600
T155 KENT-2A9AD7 Kent Shepherdswell Gold NT
ring
penannular
T469 SUSS-025B40 West Sussex Eartham Silver D ring
cufflinks
T559 YORYM-CFBBB7 Lincolnshire Leasingham Gold disc D
T88 SUR-3D6D97 West Sussex Rusper Silver buckle NT
T271 YORYM-77D9E6 North Yorkshire Ainsbrook Coins NT
T450 SWYOR-B06827 West Yorkshire Pontefract area Gold stud NT
T452 SWYOR-B05B31 North Yorkshire Green Hammerton Gold finger- NT
T649 SWYOR-F52068 West Yorkshire Wakefield Silver-gilt NT ring
mount
T675 YORYM-1B8376 North Yorkshire Stanwick St John White metal NT
T647 SWYOR-F4AAE1 West Yorkshire Wakefield area Gold posy TBA Wakefield Museum lump
ring
T706 SWYOR-E62C76 South Yorkshire Doncaster area Silver NT
T648 SWYOR-F4BDE7 West Yorkshire Woolley Silver bodkin TBA Wakefield Museum fragment
fragment
T330 WMID-5A1E31 Staffordshire Brewood White metal NT
T492 WILT-ED9944 Wiltshire East Wiltshire Silver finger- MW Wiltshire Heritage droplet
ring Museum
T651 SF-233CD7 Suffolk Eye Gold rod NT
T76 WILT-6FFA66 Wiltshire Urchfont Silver-gilt TBA Wiltshire Heritage
T85 SF-21B0D8 Suffolk Mildenhall area Silver object NT
hooked-tag Museum
T353 WAW-D02AC6 Warwickshire Alcester Silver-gilt NT
T356 WILT-EB0D46 Wiltshire Wroughton Silver NT
finger-ring
thimble
fragment
T114 LVPL-8D0010 Wirral Neston area Yellow metal NT
T105 LVPL-8CE002 Wirral Ince Blundell Silver finger- NT
penannular
ring
bracelet
T181 YORYM-7E89F7 York Dunnington Silver-gilt NT
T183 YORYM-2FB222 York Dunnington Silver vervel D
finger-ring
T94 YORYM-83C284 York Gate Helmsley Silver-gilt D fragment
belt mount

254 255
 Update on 2005 and 2006 Treasure Cases INDEX BY FINDSPOT Cornwall
(finds for which details were not available at the time of publication of the Treasure Annual Report 2005/6) Blisland, 30
ENGLAND Constantine, 71
TAR 2005/6 Treasure Gwithian, 446
cat. no. Findspot number Disposition Value Lanivet, 463
Bath and North East Somerset
Bath, 483 Ludgvan, 266
9 Hinckley area 2006 T451 Leicester Museums Service £300
23 Winchester area 2006 T635 Winchester College £85 Wellow, 547 Padstow, 417, 505
41 Ottery St Mary 2006 T36 Royal Albert Memorial Museum £75 Paul, 13, 323
68 Keswick 2005 T409 Norwich Castle Museum Landowner donated his share Phillack, 398
107 North Cornwall 2006 T463 Royal Cornwall Museum £175
Bedfordshire
Bedford area, 142, 230 St Buryan, 91
113 Nether Wallop 2006 T166 Hampshire Museums Service withdrew Returned to finder/landowner
187 Hockwold cum Wilton 2006 T362 Disclaimed Returned to finder/landowner Dunstable, 268 St Minver, 104
189 Kington Langley 2005 T325 Wiltshire Heritage Museum withdrew interest Returned to finder/landowner Eaton Bray, 26 Tywardreath, 56, 284
226 Streethouse 2005 T540 Kirkleatham Museum £5,520 Wadebridge, 24
Streethouse 2006 T473 Kirkleatham Museum £77,970
Hockliffe, 120
279 Farnborough area 2006 T330 Bromley Museums Service £250, Landowner donated Kensworth, 402
his share Lower Dean, 250 County Durham
315 Vernhams Dean 2006 T350 British Museum £200 Pavenham, 492 Catcote, 503
316 Wiltshire area 2006 T161 Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum Finder and landowner donated Coxhoe, 376
their share
Wilstead, 75
Old Kirk Field area, 278
577 Newent 2006 T140 Gloucester City Museum £90
621 Weston Colville 2006 T134 Not Treasure Returned to finder/landowner Berkshire Seaton with Slingley, 108, 480
647 Kingsbridge 2006 T646 Plymouth Museum £100 Swallowfield, 303 Westgate area, 474
648 Paignton 2006 T617 Royal Albert Memorial Museum £55
818 Littlehempston 2006 T420 Royal Albert Memorial Museum £1,000
Buckinghamshire Cumbria
1103 Leckford 2006 T194 Hampshire Museums Service £350
1192 Brackley area 2005 T437 British Museum £5,500 for 14 coins. Aston Clinton, 114 Ambleside, 413, 578
Remainder returned to Brill, 306 Aspatria, 11
finder/landowner Broughton-in-Furness, 406
1224 Boverton 05.10 National Museum Wales £5,000
Buckingham, 365
Chenies area, 144 Carlisle, 96
1227 Goldcliff 06.21 National Museum Wales £700
1228 Llanbedr Duffryn Clwyd 06.11 National Museum Wales £40 Haversham, 161 Kendal, 25, 67
1229 Rhoose 05.14 National Museum Wales £90 Lane End area, 64 Kirkby Stephen, 558
1234 Llancarfan 06.16 National Museum Wales £250 Maryport, 132
1235 Llantwit Major 05.1 National Museum Wales £800
Little Horwood, 427
Little Kimble, 107 Penrith, 424
1236 Penllyn 06.18 National Museum Wales £60
1238 St Donats 05.3 National Museum Wales £750 Longwick cum Ilmer, 439
1242 Wenvoe 05.12 National Museum Wales £100 Newton Blossomville, 457 Derbyshire
1247 Trefeglwys 06.15 National Museum Wales £30 Ashbourne area, 490
1248 Cardiff Castle A 06.7 Archaeological Disclaim Landowner donated his share
Stone, 37
Wendover, 159 Callow, 253
1249 Cardiff Castle B 06.8 Archaeological Disclaim Landowner donated his share
1253 Llanbedrgoch 05.8 Archaeological Disclaim Landowner donated his share Mercaston, 335
1255 Llanddona 05.13, 06.3 National Museum Wales withdrew Returned to finder/landowner Cambridgeshire South Wingfield, 292
1256 Llay 05.16 Wrexham Museum £900 Stanton area, 499
1257 Llantwit Major 06.19 National Museum Wales £850
Bluntisham, 328
Cambridge , 509 Willington area, 198
1260 Moneygran Northern Ireland Ulster Museum £90
Chesterton, 118
Ely, 93, 185 Devon
Godmanchester, 136 Bridestowe, 409
Soham area, 364 Exeter, 425, 582
West Wratting, 551 Kingskerswell, 477
Weston Colville, 169, 201 Newton Abbott area, 508
South Brent, 149
Cheshire Thurlestone, 57
Barbridge, 506
Churton by Aldford, 289 Dorset
Goostrey, 468 Bradford Peverell, 532
Hale, 106 Cerne Abbas, 311
Marbury, 83 Charminster, 200, 291
Northwich, 130 Chettle, 139, 324
Plumley, 407 Gussage All Saints, 346
Weaverham, 9 Langton Matravers, 60
Whitchurch area, 341, 470 Maiden Newton area, 287
Winwick, 290 Osmington, 251
Rampisham, 240
South Perrott, 81

256 257
 Tarrant Monkton, 453 Crawley, 194, 544 Kent Roughton, 119
Tarrant Rushton, 225 Crondall, 493 Barham, 318 Saxilby, 428
Wimborne Minster, 400 Droxford, 391 Boxley, 246 Sleaford, 70
Fareham, 525 Brookland, 255, 280 Thoresby, 511
Essex Fawley, 44 Cliffe, 450 Welbourn, 447
Beaumont area, 358 Greywell, 116, 155, 497 Denton with Wootton, 187 Well, 121
Bradfield, 288 Hambledon, 32 Eynsford, 89 Wellingore, 426
Bures area, 128, 405, 571 Hound, 299 Hoaden, 55 Wood Enderby, 512
Chelmsford area, 179 Itchen Valley, 384 Lydd, 308 Wragby area, 265
Colchester, East of, 382 Micheldever, 443 Offham, 54
Colchester, North of, 205 Nether Wallop, 271 Otford, 170 Lincolnshire, North
Elmstead, 314 Ropley, 141, 397, 542 Ramsgate, 172 Bonby, 295
Finchingfield, 275 Southampton area, 192 Ringlemere, 157 Crowle, 357
Great Yeldham, 580 Vernhams Dean, 322 Sissinghurst, 437 Holme, 344
Kelvedon, 274, 369 Wherwell, 98, 245 Westerham, 430 Roxby cum Risby, 65, 206
Lavenham, 49 Winchester area, 259, 273 Worth, 164 Scawby, 97
Little Laver, 219 Wonston, 277
Sible Hedingham, 524 Lancashire Lincolnshire, North East
Tendring area, 379 Herefordshire Carnforth area, 331 Bigby, 545
Theydon Garnon, 254 Aston Ingham, 504 Fylde, 215
Theydon Mount, 46 Brampton Abbotts, 203 Gisburn, 105 Norfolk
Uttlesford District, 52 Holmer area, 390 Kirkham, 420 Attleborough area, 53, 80
Wrabness, 2 Madley, 63 Lancaster area, 317 Crimplesham, 258
South Herefordshire, 339 Preston area, 570 Deopham area, 550
Gloucestershire South-east Lancashire, 396 Diss area, 171
Cherington, 133 Hertfordshire Dunton, 546
Coberley, 188, 300, 309 East Hertfordshire, 330 Leicestershire East Lexham area, 563
Ham and Stone, 575 Great Gaddesen, 316 East Leicestershire, 432 Edgefield, 350
Highnam, 110 Nash Mills, 387 Frisby and Kirby, 177 Emneth, 336, 352, 367
Kings Stanley, 529 North Hertfordshire, 166, 218, 442 Garthorpe, 337 Foulsham, 347
Newent, 348 Redbourn, 87 Huncote and Leighfield, 127 Fransham, 168
North Nibley, 131 Ridge, 5 Long Whatton, 233 Garveston, 23
Stanton Drew, 373 Shenley, 374 Lutterworth, 491 Gunthorpe, 148
Westbury-on-Severn, 363 Ware area, 224, 539 Nailstone, 573 Hempnall, 33
Welwyn, 10 Narborough, 145 King’s Lynn area, 68
Gloucestershire, South Wiggington, 481 Peckleton, 540 Langley with Hardley, 252
Hawkesbury, 520 Sheepy, 111 Leziate, 261
Horton, 147 Isle of Wight Thurlaston, 301, 393 Marham, 163
South Gloucestershire, 196, 227, 276 Arreton area, 537 Twycross, 482 Mileham, 176
Brighstone, 565 Needham, 78
Greater London Calbourne, 464 Lincolnshire North Tuddenham, 189
Bermondsey, 515 Calbourne area, 438 Bardney, 20 Norwich area, 69
Beulah Hill, 560 Carisbrooke, 175 Beckingham, 235 Old Buckenham, 263
City of London, 7, 229, 371, 375, 422 Gatcombe area, 256 Belton and Manthorpe, 389 Postwick, 478
Stepney, 126 Isle of Wight, 454, 458 Binbrook, 173, 279 Ringland, 15, 221
Tower Hamlets, 315 Newchurch, 479 East Kirkby, 222 Runhall, 383
Twickenham, 416 Newchurch area, 456 Fulstow, 516 South Creake, 385
Newport, 1, 543 Great Hale, 467 South-east Norfolk, 247
Greater Manchester Newport area, 399 Hatton, 180 Stiffkey, 152
Atherton, 90 Niton and Whitwell, 465 Irnham, 124 West Acre, 39, 202
Ryde, 414 Laughton, 584 Witchingham area, 45
Hampshire Shalfleet, 423, 495 Low Apley, 555 Wymondham, 535
Amport area, 51 Shorwell, 461 Market Rasen, 360
Andover, 125 Single, 528 Nettleton, 436 Northamptonshire
Basingstoke area, 569 West Wight, 58, 158, 517, 519 North Kesteven, 156 Corby area, 207
Binsted, 34 Yarmouth, 487 Osbournby, 440 Kettering area, 47
Breamore, 8 Pinchbeck, 552 Silverstone, 518
Broughton, 182 Ranby, 28 Walgrave, 282

258 259
 Northumberland Somerset, North Sussex, West York, City of
Vindolanda, 153 Kenn, 362 Appledram, 59 Naburn, 304
Whittington, 527 North Somerset, 272 Boxgrove, 395 York area, 99
Chichester area, 445, 448, 494, 514, 521
Nottinghamshire Staffordshire Findon area, 452 Yorkshire, East
Annesley, 460 Blore with Swinscoe, 262 Middleton on Sea area, 239 Beverley, 431
Clipstone, 74, 469 Drayton Bassett, 380 Oving, 378 Beverley area, 237
Collingham, 18 Harlaston, 286, 326 Petworth area, 472 Bridlington area, 216
Gosford Farm, 122 Hatherton, 85 Selsey area, 471 Burton Fleming, 86
Hawton, 403 Ilam, 48, 260, 353 Shoreham by Sea, 455 Driffield, 72
Mansfield Woodhouse area, 143, 459 Lapley, 368 Storrington, 489 Driffield area, 434, 435
Newark area, 22,181, 204 Loggerheads, 29 Stoughton area, 307 East Yorkshire, 162
Southwell area, 541 Oulton, 343 Trotton with Chithurst, 43 Grindale, 210
Treswell, 165 Penkridge, 394 West Sussex, 441 Harswell, 533
Tuxford area, 178 Hull area, 567
Worksop, 305 Suffolk Warwickshire Lund, 313
Barking, 500 Alcester, 146 North Dalton, 433, 473
Oxfordshire Barrow, 327 Ansley, 38 Paull, 264
Ambrosden, 568 Caple St Mary, 112 Binton, 392 Pocklington, 94
Chipping Norton, 513 Cotton, 462 Corley, 548 Pocklington area, 356
Dorchester, 466 Diss area, 236, 248, 298 Middleton, 103 South Cave, 115
Henley area 536 Eye, 226 Stoneleigh, 84 Wressle, 257
Letcombe Regis, 583 Gedding, 117 Warmington, 150
South Oxfordshire, 135 Great Barton, 325 Weethley, 3 Yorkshire, North
Swallowfield area, 349 Hitcham, 562 Wibtoft, 77 Aldbrough, 297
Wantage Down area, 370 Hoxne, 526 Wootton Wawen, 351 Aldbrough area, 137
Kelsale cum Carlton, 329 Arncliffe, 270
Redcar and Cleveland Lavenham, 49 West Midlands Birkin, 14
Streethouse area, 184 Linstead Magna, 579 Astleys, 556 Brearton, 372
Mildenhall, 12, 21 Brompton, 113
Rutland Mildenhall area, 522 Wiltshire Buttercrambe with Bossall, 408
Rutland area, 577 North East Suffolk, 186 Chiseldon, 355 Cawood, 538
Ringshall, 211 Durnford, 334 Flaxton, 501
Shropshire Risby, 220 East Knoyle, 41 Great Smeaton, 293
Alberbury with Cardeston area, 338 Saxmundham area, 523 Everleigh, 361 Harrogate area, 486
Atcham, 377 Wetheringsett, 123 Heytesbury, 42 Kirby Hill, 76
Baschurch, 488 Wetheringsett cum Brockford, 269 Kington St Michael, 241 Kirk Deighton area, 212
Baschurch area, 549 Wickham Skeith, 140, 451 Lacock, 134, 138 Leyburn, 62
Bridgnorth area, 507 Woodbridge area, 174, 191 Landford, 418 Long Marston, 281
Ellesmere, 475 Mildenhall, 50, 160, 381 Maunby, 209
Myddle and Broughton, 559 Surrey Ogbourne St Andrew, 228 Newby Wiske, 154
Shrewsbury area, 17 Betchworth, 231 Salisbury area, 510 Newton Kyme cum Toulson, 101
Telford area, 320 Bletchingley, 319 Seagry, 36 North Yorkshire, 102, 197, 333, 531
Whitchurch area, 195 Camberley, 4 St Paul with Malmesbury, 502 Sealfield, 267
Worfield area, 223 Guildford, 411 Swindon area, 61, 561 Snape, 388
Leatherhead, 244 Trowbridge area, 95 Snape with Thorpe, 92, 208
Somerset West Clandon, 285 Urchfont, 151,193, 294, 429 Vale of York, 217
Charlton Mackrell, 79 Woking, 564 Wingfield, 283 West Tanfield, 572
Chedzoy, 496 Winterbourne, 345 Ugthorpe, 476
Chilton Trinity, 167 Sussex, East
Langport, 530 Alfriston area, 534 Worcestershire Yorkshire, South
Long Sutton, 190 Eastbourne area, 449 Hampton Lovett, 27 Doncaster area, 484
Milborne Port, 199, 410 East Sussex, 485 Hinton on the Green, 498
Ston Easton, 566 Hurst Green, 419 Inkberrow, 109 Yorkshire, West
Tatworth and Forton, 6 Pett, 31 Rock, 242 Heptonstall, 16
West Crewkerne, 404, 574 Plumpton, 214 Stoulton, 359 Pontefract, 296
Ringmer, 581 Wychavon, 73 Stanbury, 19
Udimore, 342 Woolley, 415
Willingdon and Jevington, 444

260 261
 WALES INDEX BY ACQUIRING MUSEUM Herbert Museum and Art Gallery, Coventry, 556
Hereford Museum and Art Gallery, 203, 339, 390, 504
Anglesey Athelstan Museum, Malmesbury, 502
Llanbedrgoch, 183 Hertford Museum, 224
Trearddur, 40 Bassetlaw Museum, Retford, 178
Isle of Wight Heritage Service, 537
Bedford Museum, 75, 250
Flintshire Kirkleatham Museum, 184
Higher Kinnerton, 354 Bexhill Museum, 485
Lancashire County Museums Service, 331
Overton, 401 Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, 376
Ysceifiog, 554 Leicestershire County Council Heritage Services, 111,
Bradford Museums, 19 233, 301, 432, 482
Gwent Braintree Museum, 128, 274, 275, 369, 524, 571 Luton Museum, 120, 402
Langstone, 88
Brecknock Museum, 213 Lynn Museum, 258, 385
Gwynedd Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, 196, 227 Maidstone Museum, 54, 170, 430
Duffryn Ardudwy, 421
British Museum, 92, 99, 108, 134, 135, 136, 137, 157, Mansfield Museum and Art Gallery, 459
158, 164, 186, 189, 191, 197, 200, 208, 209, 212, 217*,
Monmouthshire Mildenhall District Museum, 522
251, 285, 311, 333, 428, 444, 447, 455, 464, 474, 480,
Portskewett, 243
490*, 496, 499, 511, 512, 516, 526, 546 Museum of London, 375, 560
Wentlooge, 332
Buckinghamshire County Museum, 37, 365, 427 Museum of Nottingham Life, 122
Pembrokeshire
Bushey Museum, 374 Nantwich Museum, 506
Kilgetty, 321
Canterbury Museum, 187, 255, 318 National Museum Wales, 35, 66, 82, 88, 183, 234, 238,
Powys Chelmsford Museum, 179 302, 310, 312, 321, 340, 366, 401
Brecon, 412
Chichester District Museum, 307, 395, 471, 472 National Museums Liverpool, 106
Old Radnor, 386
Talgarth, 213 Colchester and Ipswich Museums Service, 112, 171, Newark Museum, 181, 204, 403
Welshpool, 576 205, 236, 248, 298, 314, 329, 358, 379, 382, 523 Newport Art Gallery and Museum, 332
Yscir, 129
The Collection, Lincoln, 121 Northampton Museum, 47, 282
Rhondda Cynon Taff Corinium Museum, Cirencester, 188, 300, 309 North Lincolnshire Museums Service, 206, 295, 344,
Llanharry, 100, 553
Derby Museum and Art Gallery, 292, 335, 490* 545
Swansea Doncaster Museum, 484 North Somerset Museum, 362
Llanddewi, 249 Norwich Castle Museum, 39, 45, 53, 68, 69, 80, 148,
Port Eynon, 232 Dorset County Museum, 60, 532
163, 164, 168, 176, 202, 247, 252, 261, 263, 336, 347,
Dover Museum, 55 350, 352, 367, 383, 535, 550, 563
Vale of Glamorgan
Bonvilston, 557 East Riding Museums Service, 210, 216, 237, 264, Oriel Ynys Môn, Llangefni, 40
Cowbridge, 82 473, 533
Oxfordshire County Museums Service, 349, 370, 536
Dinas Powys, 302 Ely Museum, 93, 169, 364
Llancarfan, 340 Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, 118
Llanfair, 238 Epping Forest District Museum, 46, 254
Potteries Museum and Art Gallery, Stoke, 286, 380
Penllyn, 66, 310, 312, 366 Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 201, 551
Rhoose, 234 Powysland Museum, 576
Flintshire County Museums Service, 554
Radnorshire Museum, Llandrindod Wells, 386
Wrexham Gloucester City Museum, 348
Burton, 35 Richmondshire Museum, 267
Guildford Museum, 231, 244
Roman Baths Museum, Bath, 483, 547
Hampshire Museums Service, 44, 51, 125, 299, 322,
397, 525, 569 Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, 508, 582

Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, 570 Royal Institution of Cornwall, 56, 71, 446, 463

Harrogate Museum, 281, 297 Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro, 24, 91, 266, 398

Hartlepool Museum and Heritage Service, 278, 503 Rutland County Museum, 577

Hastings Museum, 31 Saffron Walden Museum, 52

262 263
 Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum, 41, 334, 345 Other museums acquiring Treasure cases reported
in 2007 (but not catalogued in report)
Shropshire County Museums Service, 195, 475, 507,
549, 559
The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Somerset County Museum, 167, 190, 199, 404
Grosvenor Museum, Chester
Storrington Museum, 489
Hackney Museum
Stroud, Museum in the Park, 131, 276, 575
Mildenhall and District Museum
Swansea Museum, 232, 249
St Albans Museum
Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery, Carlisle, 96
Worthing Museum
Vindolanda Trust, 153
Wakefield Museum, 296
Ware Museum, 330
Warwickshire Museum, 38, 84, 146, 351, 548
Whitby Museum, 476
Wiltshire Heritage Museum, 36, 138, 151, 283,
294, 429
Winchester Museums Service, 32, 194, 259, 273, 277,
384, 391
Woodbridge Museum, 174
Yorkshire Museums Trust, 113, 217*, 293, 486

Museums withdrawing from the acquisition of

catalogued Items

Armitt Museum and Art Gallery, Ambleside, 578

The British Museum, 172, 180, 408
Canterbury Museum, 280, 308 All finds recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme

RECORDING FINDS
Cheshire Museums Service, 290 (PAS) are entered onto its database –
www.findsdatabase.org.uk. The aim is to make as
Dacorum Heritage Trust, 316
much of this data as possible available for research
Dean Heritage Centre, 363 and education, while protecting finders’ details and
archaeological sites from damage. Although the full
Derby Museum and Art Gallery, 499
data is made available for archaeological and research
Isle of Wight Heritage Service, 58 purposes, the public database does not provide finders’
details or precise findspot information.
Lancaster City Museum, 317
Leicestershire County Council Museums Service, 393 The PAS website and finds database
Moyse’s Hall Museum, 211, 562 During 2007, the PAS’s web technology was put under
pressure by the database supplier, Oxford ArchDigital
Nantwich Museum, 341 (OAD), being sent into receivership and some hardware
North Hertfordshire Museums Service, 166 problems with the servers. However, all management of
the PAS’s ICT has now been taken over by Dan Pett (ICT
Norwich Castle Museum, 189 Adviser) and steps were implemented for the revamp of
Penrith Museum, 558 the website which will be delivered in late 2009.

The Collection, Lincoln, 555 Even with these problems, the recording of objects has
Wiltshire Heritage Museum, 361 continued apace. There has also been an improvement
in both the quality of records and images produced by
York Museum Trust, 209 the staff and volunteers who record.

*Joint Acquisition

264 265
 Table 1. Average number of visitors, visits, page requests and user hits on the PAS website and finds Table 2a: Objects recorded by geographical area in 2007
database 2004 to 2007.
County Records Finds recorded
Year Unique Number Pages Average pages
visitors of visits viewed per visit
Avon 97 329
2004 84,174 289,595 4,847,892 16 Bedfordshire 605 608
2005 152,711 555,289 9,639,621 18 Berkshire 150 360
2006 247,103 720,369 15,469,127 21 Buckinghamshire & Milton Keynes 1,712 1,920
2007 165,120 295,567 3,710,381 13
Cambridgeshire 1,062 1,607

Cheshire 323 328
Cornwall 345 346
There have been new developments to the PAS website, perhaps most importantly by the incorporation of Oxford Cumbria 442 710
University’s Celtic Coin Index (www.finds.org.uk/CCI) which has over 37,000 Celtic coins from England and Derbyshire 207 301
Wales (and a few from Continental Europe). This site features many of the elements that will appear in the PAS’s Devon 253 499
redesigned database, including Google mapping, data downloads and a more intuitive user interface. Developments Dorset 739 879
outlined in last year’s PAS Annual Report have proved to be popular, with the Roman coin guide now accounting Durham 35 242
for 15% of visitors to the main website. The PAS website has been first on search engine ranking for ‘Roman Essex 1,026 2,562
coins’ for the entire period of the report, and the statistical analysis provided on staff profile pages now provides Gloucestershire 324 2,036
a snapshot of activity within the counties. The numismatic overhaul has allowed in-depth analysis of Roman coin Greater London 582 623
discoveries from England and Wales, which is now tied to the coin guide and is aiding the research of the PhD being Greater Manchester 24 26
conducted by Philippa Walton (Institute of Archaeology, University College, London). As the PAS staff speak to more Hampshire 1,591 1,844
researchers, the database is adapting to their research needs and is becoming more accessible. Herefordshire 175 180
Hertfordshire 1,717 1,756
Experimentation with www.flickr.com has also proved to be popular, with images licensed under a Creative Isle of Wight 962 1,163
Commons licence. This has driven usage of PAS images on third party websites and increased the PAS’s penetration Kent 888 970
into external resources. Some personal websites now display lists of the owner’s discoveries via the use of RSS, e.g. Lancashire 329 445
www.ourpasthistory.com run by Corinne Mills. It is hoped that more individuals and organisations will start to do Leicestershire 961 2,891
this over the next few years. Lincolnshire 2,205 3,895
Merseyside 72 72
Objects recorded by quantity Norfolk 3 2,391 2,431
66,311 archaeological objects were recorded on the PAS database in 2007 (this does not include 11,295 finds from North Lincolnshire 620 625
Norfolk, recorded before 2007, which were uploaded in 2007); Table 2a shows objects recorded by geographical area Northamptonshire 680 1,271
and Table 2b shows objects recorded by recording area. The most productive ‘geographic’ areas were Suffolk (9,451), Northumberland 178 287
Lincolnshire (3,895), and Wales (3,796), while the most productive ‘recording’ areas were Suffolk (11,066), Sussex Nottinghamshire 753 781
(5,020), and Wales (3,863). Many factors influence the numbers of finds recorded, including archaeology, land use Oxfordshire 1,116 1,706
and traditions of liaison with finders; Katherine Robbins (Southampton University) has begun work on an AHRC Rutland 113 389
funded PhD to examine such factors influencing PAS data. Shropshire 414 2,771
Somerset 972 1,621
The PAS’s Finds Liaison Officers (FLOs) record finds found anywhere in England or Wales. People may find objects Staffordshire 214 280
away from where they live, but in most cases finders prefer to record finds locally. This is highlighted by the fact Suffolk 3,467 9,451
that the Surrey FLO, for example, recorded at least 465 non-Surrey finds in 2007. Surrey 807 943
Sussex, East 1,746 1,988
Sussex, West 1,473 2,961
Teesside 26 37
Tyne and Wear 5 5
Warwickshire 1,003 2,029
West Midlands 10 10
Wales 391 3,796
Wiltshire 1,547 2,220
Worcestershire 302 400
Yorkshire, East 765 981
Yorkshire, North 1,421 1,738
Yorkshire, South 259 294
Yorkshire, West 184 195
Other 432 509

Total 38,115 66,311

3
A further 11,261 records of 11,295 old finds from Norfolk were uploaded to the PAS database in 2007.

266 267
 Table 2b: Objects recorded by recording area in 2007 Table 2c shows the monthly average of objects recorded in 2006 and 2007 by recording area. The most productive
areas in 2007 were Suffolk (922), Sussex (418), and Wales (322). Various factors explain these regional variations.
Posts Months Records Finds It should be noted that finds recording is only one aspect of an FLO’s work, albeit a very important one.
recorded
Table 2c: Monthly average of objects recorded in 2006 and 2007 by recording area
Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 1 12 2,002 2,043
Berkshire & Oxfordshire 1 12 1,102 1,863
Posts Average 2006 Average 2007
Buckinghamshire 1 12 1,968 2,172
Cambridgeshire 1 10 815 1,205
Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 1 120 170
Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside 1 10 599 614
Berkshire & Oxfordshire 1 164 155
Cornwall 0.5 12 355 356
Buckinghamshire 1 113 181
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 1 12 1,136 1,296
Cambridgeshire 1 185 121
Devon 1 12 283 504
Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside 1 27 51
Essex 1 7 1,089 1,202
Cornwall 0.5 31 30
Gloucestershire & Avon 1 12 406 3,273
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 1 103 108
Hampshire 1 12 1,284 1,583
Devon 1 23 42
Herefordshire & Shropshire 1 12 496 2,855
Essex 1 155 172
Isle of Wight 0.3 12 955 1,152
Gloucestershire & Avon 1 160 273
Kent 1 12 822 893
Hampshire 1 124 132
Lancashire & Cumbria 1 12 1,004 1,387
Herefordshire & Shropshire 1 57 238
Leicestershire & Rutland 1 12 1,019 3,215
Isle of Wight 0.3 73 96
Lincolnshire 1 12 1,408 3,056
Kent 1 104 74
London 0.5 12 491 534
Lancashire & Cumbria 1 61 116
Norfolk 4 1.5 12 2,681 2,722
Leicestershire & Rutland 1 106 268
Northamptonshire 1 12 707 1,389
Lincolnshire 1 229 255
North East 1 12 447 670
London 0.5 81 45
North Lincolnshire 1 12 826 831
Norfolk 1.5 229 227
Somerset & Dorset 1.8 12 1,753 2,468
Northamptonshire 1 53 116
Staffordshire & West Midlands 1 11 431 522
North East 1 41 56
Suffolk 1.5 12 3,524 11,066
North Lincolnshire 1 81 69
Surrey 0.5 12 1,250 1,408
Somerset & Dorset 1.8 201 206
Sussex (East & West) 1 12 3,323 5,020
Staffordshire & West Midlands 1 108 47
Warwickshire & Worcestershire 1 12 1,218 1,410
Suffolk 1.5 681 922
Wiltshire 1 12 1,555 2,328
Surrey 0.5 102 117
Yorkshire (North & East) 5 1.5 12 1,747 2,385
Sussex (East & West) 1 475 418
Yorkshire (South & West) 1 12 960 1,026
Warwickshire & Worcestershire 1 128 118
Wales 1 12 459 3,863
Wiltshire 1 164 194
Yorkshire (North & East) 1.5 160 199
Total 38,115 66,311
Yorkshire (South & West) 1 53 86
Wales 1 494 322
4
A further 11,261 records of 11,295 old finds from Norfolk were uploaded to the PAS database in 2007.
5
The full-time FLO post was vacant from 31 March until 1 October 2007.
Table 2d shows that the eastern and southern parts of England, and therefore closest to the Continent, are the
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 most productive. In order of productivity these are the East (18,238 finds), South East & London (14,625), and
the East Midlands (9,787).

Table 2d: Objects recorded by region in 2007 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Region Records Finds recorded

North West 1,603 2,001

North East 447 670
Yorkshire & Humber 2,707 3,411
West Midlands 2,145 4,787
East Midlands 5,096 9,787
East 10,111 18,238
South West 4,352 8,929
South East & London 11,195 14,625
Wales 459 3,863

total 38,115 33,311

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

268 269
17%
 Objects recorded by class Objects recorded by period
Table 3 shows the number of objects recorded by class (where known). In contrast to 2006, coins account for the Table 4 shows the number of objects recorded by period (where known). As in 2006, Roman finds account for the
highest percentage of finds recorded (37.95%) followed by metal objects (30.6%), but there are notable regional highest percentage for any period (43%), followed by Medieval (19.92%) and then Stone Age (15.84%). Although the
variations. For example, a higher than average percentage of coins were recorded in the East (54.81%) and the FLOs aim to record all finds over 300 years old, they will be more selective in recording more recent finds. This said, it
East Midlands (45.48%) but considerably less in Wales (3.97%), the North West (13.82%), and the West Midlands is interesting that 13.52% of finds recorded in 2007 were post-Medieval or Modern.
(16.86%). The West Midlands (52.99%), North West (50.55%), and Yorkshire & the Humber (50.07%) recorded
a substantially higher than average percentage of metal objects, whereas those in Wales (5.81%) and the East There are regional differences. The percentage of Stone Age finds recorded in Wales (89.88%) and the South West
(17.49%) were lowest. It is important to note that these relationships between the percentages of objects recorded (26.52%) were above average, while those in the East Midlands (4.99%), East (4.38%) and North East (0.53%) are
by region do not reflect the quantity of objects recorded; for example while metal objects in the East only account comparatively low. A substantially higher than average percentage of Bronze Age finds was recorded in the North
for 17.49% of the finds recorded by class, the total number of metal finds (4,334) is greater than all regions, apart East (13.35%), whereas it was low in Yorkshire & the Humber (0.59%) and Wales (0.55%). Higher than average
from the South East & London (6,197) and the East Midlands (4,418). An above average percentage of finds of percentages of Iron Age material was recovered in the East (3.82%) and Yorkshire & the Humber (2.69%), with lower
worked stone were recorded in Wales (89.9%) and the South West (27.54%), in contrast to the North West (1.79%) numbers in the West Midlands (0.78%) and Wales (0.18%). Roman finds accounted for an above average percentage
and North East (1.24%). A higher than average percentage of pottery finds were recorded in the North East (38.87%) in the West Midlands (55.04%), the East (54.02%), and the East Midlands (54.04%), but were very low in Wales
and North West (32.18%), whereas that in the East Midlands (4.55%) and Wales (0.16%) was relatively low. (3.14%), as might be expected. An above average percentage of Early Medieval finds was recorded in the North West
(16.96%), but again low in Wales (0.13%). The percentage of Medieval finds was higher than average in the North
Table 3: Objects recorded by class (where known) in 2007 – percentage shown in brackets (%) East (44.66%), and again in Wales was low (2.85%). The averages of post-Medieval finds recorded were highest in the
North West (21.90%), the South East & London (18.77%), and Yorkshire & the Humber (18.59%), but were lowest in
FLOs Metal objects Coins Worked stone Pottery Other Total the North East (5.16%) and Wales (3.24%). An above average percentage of Modern finds was recorded in the North
West (3.85%), but percentages were low in Wales (0.03%), the East (0.01%), and the North East (0%).
North West 2 790 (50.55) 216 (13.82) 28 (1.79) 503 (32.18) 26 (1.66) 1,563
North East 1 212 (37.46) 119 (21.02) 7 (1.24) 220 (38.87) 8 (1.41) 566 Table 4: Objects recorded by period (where known) in 2007 – percentage shown in brackets (%)
Yorkshire & the Humber 3 1,919 (50.07) 1,082 (28.23) 280 (7.3) 408 (10.64) 144 (3.76) 3,833
Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Roman Early Medieval Post- Modern Total
West Midlands 3 3,014 (52.99) 959 (16.86) 1,079 (18.97) 465 (8.17) 171 (3.01) 5,688 Medieval Medieval
East Midlands 5 4,418 (43.59) 4,610 (45.48) 547 (5.39) 461 (4.55) 100 (0.99) 10,136
East 6 7 4,334 (17.49) 13,585 (54.81) 592 (2.39) 5,367 (21.66) 905 (3.65) 24,783 North West 135 (8.67) 16 (1.03) 15 (0.97) 441 ( 28.32) 264 ( 16.96) 285 (18.3) 341 (21.9) 60 (3.85) 1,557
South West 6 2,475 (24.76) 2,614 (26.15) 2,752 (27.54) 2,092 (20.93) 62 (0.62) 9,995 North East 3 (0.53) 75 ( 13.35) 6 (1.07) 184 ( 32.74) 14 (2.49) 251 ( 44.66) 29 (5.16) 0 (0) 562
South East & London 8 6,197 (37.11) 5,907 (35.38) 1,746 (10.46) 2,710 (16.23) 137 (0.82) 16,697 Yorkshire &
Wales 1 221 (5.81) 151 (3.97) 3,417 (89.9) 6 (0.16) 6 (0.16) 3,801 the Humber 265 (7.07) 22 (0.59) 101 (2.69) 1,103 (29.42) 346 (9.23) 1,194 (31.85) 697 (18.59) 21 (0.56) 3,749
Total 36 23,580 (30.6) 29,243 (37.95) 10,448 (13.56) 12,232 (15.87) 1,559 (2.02) 77,062 West Midlands 1,068 (19.37) 219 (3.97) 43 (0.78) 3,034 (55.04) 109 (1.98) 664 (12.04) 374 (6.78) 2 (0.04) 5,513
East Midlands 500 (4.99) 302 (3.01) 163 (1.63) 5,416 (54.04) 380 (3.79) 2,004 (19.99) 1,205 (12.02) 53 (0.53) 1,0023
6
This table includes full Norfolk data (see footnote 4). East 7 1,089 (4.38) 210 (0.84) 950 (3.82) 13,407 (54.02) 690 (2.78) 5,448 (21.95) 3,028 (12.2) 3 (0.01) 24,825
South West 2,623 (26.52) 205 (2.07) 187 (1.89) 3,878 (39.2) 118 (1.19) 1,417 (14.32) 1,438 (14.54) 27 (0.27) 9,893
South East &
London 3,001 (18.27) 401 (2.44) 299 (1.82) 5,250 (31.96) 496 (3.02) 3,831 (23.33) 3,082 (18.77) 64 (0.39) 16,424
Wales 3,409 (89.88) 21 (0.55) 7 (0.18) 119 (3.14) 5 (0.13) 108 (2.85) 123 (3.24) 1 (0.03) 3,793

Total 12,093 1,471 1,771 32,832 2,422 15,202 10,317 231 76,129
North West North East Yorkshire & (15.84) (1.93) (2.32) (43) (3.17) (19.92) (13.52) (0.3)
the Humber
7
This table includes full Norfolk data (see footnote 4).

West Midlands East Midlands East

North West North East Yorkshire &
the Humber

South West South East & London Wales

West Midlands East Midlands East

Metal objects Pottery

Coins Other/Unknown
Worked stone
Total
270 271
 Table 5a: Findspot precision by recording area 2007 (cont.)

Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire No NGR

Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire

Berkshire & Oxfordshire 4 fig

Berkshire & Oxfordshire

South West South East & London Wales Buckinghamshire Buckinghamshire

6 fig
Cambridgeshire Cambridgeshire
8 fig
Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside
10 fig
Stone Age Early Medieval Cornwall Cornwall
12 fig
Bronze Age Medieval Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire

Iron Age Post-Medieval Devon Devon

Roman Modern Essex Essex

Total
Gloucestershire & Avon Gloucestershire & Avon

Hampshire Hampshire

Findspot precision Herefordshire & Shropshire Herefordshire & Shropshire

Finders are asked to provide at least a six-figure National Grid Reference (NGR) – accurate to 100m2 – for findspots Isle of Wight Isle of Wight
of finds recorded with the PAS. Table 5b shows that in 2007 90% of finds recorded with the PAS were recorded to at
Kent Kent
least a six-figure NGR. Almost 50% of all finds were recorded to an eight-figure NGR (10m2). Increasing numbers of
Lancashire & Cumbria
finders are using handheld Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices to ensure the better recording of findspots in Lancashire & Cumbria

the field, following advice set out in the Code of Practice for Responsible Metal-Detecting in England and Wales. Leicestershire & Rutland Leicestershire & Rutland

Lincolnshire Lincolnshire
Table 5a shows that there are regional differences in findspot precision. The areas that achieved the greatest London London
proportion of finds recorded to a six-figure NGR were Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire (99.41%), Cornwall (99.13%),
Norfolk Norfolk
and Suffolk (99.03%), while the lowest were Wales (4.23%), North Lincolnshire (75.36%), and Derbyshire &
Nottinghamshire (77.82%). The areas that recorded the highest proportion of finds to an eight-figure NGR were Northamptonshire Northamptonshire

Norfolk (97.04%), Isle of Wight (94.32%), and Herefordshire & Shropshire (76.82%), but these percentages North East North East

were lowest in Wales (2.37%), Staffordshire & the West Midlands (9.28%), and Cheshire, Greater Manchester & North Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire
Merseyside (14.32%). Somerset & Dorset Somerset & Dorset

Staffordshire & West Midlands Staffordshire & West Midlands

Table 5a: Findspot precision by recording area 2007
Suffolk Suffolk
Findspots No NGR 4 figure 6 figure 8 figure 10 figure 12 figure Surrey Surrey

Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 2,364 10 4 1,593 552 192 13 Sussex (East & West) Sussex (East & West)
Berkshire & Oxfordshire 2,066 45 45 1,043 754 178 1 Warwickshire & Worcestershire Warwickshire & Worcestershire
Buckinghamshire 1,920 21 65 605 1,152 77 0
Cambridgeshire 1,607 137 2 1,038 397 33 0 Wiltshire Wiltshire
Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside 426 9 60 296 58 3 0 Yorkshire (North & East) Yorkshire (North & East)
Cornwall 346 2 1 109 184 50 0
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 1,082 191 49 613 140 84 5 Yorkshire (South & West) Yorkshire (South & West)
Devon 499 61 10 145 280 2 1 Wales Wales
Essex 2,562 43 32 1,968 240 279 0
Gloucestershire & Avon 2,365 86 49 1,090 1,088 52 0 Totals Totals
Hampshire 1,844 87 53 930 633 141 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Herefordshire & Shropshire 2,951 223 40 421 231 2,035 1
Isle of Wight 1,163 16 0 50 20 1,077 0
Kent 970 84 3 481 269 132 1
Lancashire & Cumbria 1,155 86 1 584 320 142 22
Leicestershire & Rutland 3,280 33 1 1,492 1,633 121 0
Lincolnshire 3,895 214 311 1299 790 1281 0
London 623 27 1 209 40 341 5
Norfolk 13,726 177 72 157 3,480 9,839 1
Northamptonshire 1271 99 4 757 196 201 14
North East 571 74 2 242 243 10 0
North Lincolnshire 625 106 48 380 40 51 0
Somerset & Dorset 2,500 103 23 1,742 581 51 0
Staffordshire & West Midlands 290 41 5 217 14 13 0
Suffolk 9,451 61 31 5,628 2,853 859 19
Surrey 943 3 49 639 155 97 0
Sussex (East & West) 4,949 50 100 2,676 967 1,154 2
Warwickshire & Worcestershire 2,429 165 118 1072 684 390 0
Wiltshire 2,220 317 82 1,295 458 68 0
Yorkshire (North & East) 2,719 129 5 1,784 522 276 3
Yorkshire (South & West) 499 25 4 377 59 34 0
Wales 3,806 3,059 586 71 55 35 0

Totals 77,117 5,784 1,856 31,003 19,088 19,298 88

272 273
 Table 5b: Change in findspot precision since 1997; percentage of findspots with at least a 6-figure NGR The FLOs continue to make regular visits to metal-detecting clubs; the proactive nature of the PAS ensures finders
continue to record finds with the PAS. Table 6b shows that of the 170 metal-detecting clubs known to exist, the
Year Average (%) FLOs have contact with 161 of them on a regular basis. Although it is apparent that most metal-detecting clubs
welcome the FLO, a small minority (9) do not.
1997–1999 56
1999–2000 60
There are at least 6,543 members in the known metal-detecting clubs. This does not include ‘independent’
2000–2001 68
detectorists (not members of clubs), who also record with the PAS; it has been estimated that 1,320 independents
2001–2003 70
are known to the FLOs. Some detectorists are members of more than one club (and hence the duplication of
2003–2004 73
numbers in this table is likely), some members of clubs no longer actively detect, and others do not search for
2004–2005 75
archaeological material (i.e. they detect on beaches).
2005–2006 86
2006 90
2007 90
Table 6b: Metal-detecting clubs and FLO contact 8

No. of clubs No. in regular contact

Finders (membership) with FLO (membership)
Table 6a shows0 that206,870
40
individuals
60 80
offered
100
finds for recording with the PAS in 2007, an increase on the 2006
figure (6,126). Of these, 63.83% were metal-detectorists, but more than a third were other types of finders. Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 5 (290) 4 (270)
Berkshire & Oxfordshire 3 (210) 3 (210)
Table 6a: Number of individuals offering finds for recording in 2007 Buckinghamshire 4 (75) 4 (75)
Cambridgeshire 2 (55) 2 (55)
Metal- Others Total
detectorists Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside 8 (427) 8 (427)
Cornwall 3 (95) 3 (95)
Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 293 75 368 Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 7 (270) 7 (270)
Berkshire & Oxfordshire 135 45 180 Devon 5 (150+) 4 (150+)
Buckinghamshire 295 13 308 Essex 7 (357) 6 (307)
Cambridgeshire 40 150 190 Gloucestershire & Avon 6 (175) 6 (175)
Cheshire, Gtr Manchester & Merseyside 150 80 230 Hampshire 3 (80) 3 (80)
Cornwall 50 50 100 Herefordshire & Shropshire 4 (85) 3 (70)
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 99 25 124 Isle of Wight 3 (120) 3 (120)
Devon 49 200 249 Kent 12 (376) 12 (376)
Essex 116 21 137 Lancashire & Cumbria 5 (275) 5 (275)
Gloucestershire & Avon 63 26 89 Leicestershire & Rutland 4 (135) 3 (95)
Hampshire 60 29 89 Lincolnshire 4 (110) 4 (110)
Herefordshire & Shropshire 164 287 451 London 4 (178) 4 (178)
Isle of Wight 80 15 95 Norfolk 5 (205) 5 (205)
Kent 320 105 425 Northamptonshire 5 (253) 4 (233)
Lancashire & Cumbria 103 98 201 North East 13 (281) 11 (256)
Leicestershire & Rutland 71 47 118 North Lincolnshire 2 (85) 2 (85)
Lincolnshire 161 17 178 Somerset & Dorset 4 (150) 4 (150)
London 71 183 254 Staffordshire & West Midlands 6 (353) 6 (353)
Norfolk 230 60 290 Suffolk 2 (230) 2 (230)
Northamptonshire 61 57 118 Surrey 6 (180) 6 (180)
North East 350 150 500 Sussex (East & West) 8 (191) 8 (191)
North Lincolnshire 67 5 72 Warwickshire & Worcestershire 3 (72) 3 (72)
Somerset & Dorset 84 126 210 Wiltshire 5 (118) 5 (118)
Staffordshire & West Midlands 90 5 95 Yorkshire (North & East) 4 (155) 4 (155)
Suffolk 170 10 180 Yorkshire (South & West) 8 (252) 7 (237)
Surrey 45 20 65 Wales 10 (555+) 10 (555+)
Sussex (East & West) 190 80 270 Total 170 (6,543+) 161 (6,358+)
Warwickshire & Worcestershire 41 54 95
Wiltshire 100 246 346
8
This chart shows metal-detecting clubs by FLO area, and it should be noted that some FLOs visit clubs outside their area. It also excludes online
clubs that do not meet and metal-detecting groups (such as the Weekend Wanderers) which organise outings for detectorists who are both
Yorkshire (North & East) 195 65 260 members of other clubs as well as independents. The membership of the Weekend Wanderers is estimated to be about 650, of
Yorkshire (South & West) 129 96 225 which about one third belong to other clubs, personal communication Peter Welch.
Wales 256 102 358

Total 4,328 2,542 6,870

274 275
 How do metal-detecting clubs in England and Wales facilitate the recording work of the PAS? In conclusion, while it is apparent that most detectorists welcome the FLO and have a positive attitude towards
In April 2008, Eleni Vomvyla (an MA student at the Institute of Archaeology, University College, London), undertook finds recording, most detecting clubs are passive in as much as they do relatively little to encourage finds recording
a survey of how metal-detecting clubs in England and Wales facilitate the recording work of the FLOs. She obtained – though most do at least announce the FLO is present to record finds. In order to improve finds recording it would
data on 153 clubs in England and Wales (vacancies in some FLO areas made a comprehensive survey impossible) be best practice for more finders to record locational information in the field. The recording work of the FLO at
of which nine did not welcome FLO visits. The survey showed that 79% of clubs welcomed the FLO at any of their the club could be supported by providing space for the recording of finds and helping with the identification and
meetings – normally monthly. Besides ‘club members’ it was estimated that 1,320 ‘independent’ detectorists were recording of finds at the club.
also in contact with the FLOs.
Method of discovery
In general, club chairmen (67%) appeared to have an enthusiastic attitude towards finds recording, and only 7% Table 7 shows that almost 85% of finds recorded in 2007 were found by metal-detectorists. Of these, almost 4%
were perceived to have a negative attitude. were non-metallic finds (such as pottery and worked stone) spotted by finders while metal-detecting; the FLOs
are keen to record such finds as they can provide important archaeological information. The next highest are field-
It was discovered that most FLOs (68%) prefer to borrow finds for recording, returning them to finders at the next walked finds, accounting for almost 11% of finds recorded by the PAS.
meeting. However, a significant minority (16%) recorded finds during the club meeting. In general FLOs can make a
better record of a find if they borrow it for a time to study in good light with reference books to hand. The regional trend broadly reflects the national one, but there are differences. The proportion of metal-detected
finds was higher than average in the East Midlands (93.31%), Wales (88.21%), and the East (86.9%), and
According to the survey metal-detecting clubs seem to facilitate recording in a number of different ways. 73% of significantly lower than average in the North East (31.42%) and the South West (53.25%). Interestingly in the
clubs announce the attendance of the FLO, proactively encouraging members to record finds; 54% also provide the North East 35.24% of finds were chance finds found while metal-detecting, which is significantly higher than
FLO with an area to record and examine finds. A minority of clubs (10%) have a Club Finds Recording Officer to the national average. Field-walked finds were proportionally above average in the South West (24.2%), the West
help the FLO record finds. Midlands (19.68%), and the North West (17.84%), and lowest in the North East (1.56%) and the East Midlands
(0.54%). Other chance finds were proportionally highest in the North East (27.78%), while finds discovered through
The survey showed that the number of members making finds available for recording varies. In 27% of clubs it is controlled archaeological investigation were proportionally highest in the North East (2.26%), and those discovered
estimated that more than three-quarters of the membership make finds available for recording. In just less than through building or agricultural work were most significant in the South West (2.83%).
half of all clubs (49%), more than half of all members offer finds for recording. It should be noted that some clubs’
members might not search for archaeological finds, or even be active detector users.
Table 7: Method of discovery (where known) in 2007 – percentage in brackets (%)
It is believed that 65% of detectorists who record finds with the PAS are selective in the finds they record, choosing
those they think are most important; 25% show all the finds they find. 25% record finds to an eight-figure NGR
Metal- Chance find Field-walking Other chance Controlled Building/ Total
(10m2) or better, while the majority (42%) record to a six-figure NGR (100m2). detecting while metal- find/gardening archaeological agricultural
detecting investigation work
Disappointingly, relatively few club detectorists use handheld GPS devices to record finds in the field. In 50% of
clubs no finders use GPS, and in only 12% of clubs more than 10% of finders use GPS to record findspots. Likewise, North West 1,239 (79.78) 4 (0.26) 277 (17.84) 33 (2.12) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,553
in most clubs (38%) less than 5% of finders have made a record of the NGR (such as on the finds-bag) when they North East 181 (31.42) 203 (35.24) 9 (1.56) 160 (27.78) 13 (2.26) 10 (1.74) 576
present the find for recording – so this has to be done retrospectively; the normal manner is for the FLO to ask the Yorkshire & Humber 3,161 (82.51) 268 (6.99) 187 (4.88) 157 (4.1) 52 (1.36) 6 (0.16) 3,831
finder to indicate the findspot on a map. However, to obtain the greatest findspot precision it is best practice that West Midlands 4,124 (72.61) 319 (5.62) 1,118 (19.68) 82 (1.44) 1 (0.02) 36 (0.63) 5,680
finders should record the find in the field (preferably using GPS) and make a note of this with the find – such as East Midlands 9,455 (93.31) 428 (4.22) 55 (0.54) 178 (1.76) 4 (0.04) 13 (0.13) 10,133
bagging finds individually and recording the findspot on the finds-bag. East 9 21,523 (86.9) 0 (0) 2,554 (10.31) 676 (2.73) 13 (0.05) 1 (0.01) 24,767
South West 5,318 (53.25) 999 (10) 2,417 (24.2) 918 (9.19) 53 (0.53) 283 (2.83) 9,988
The survey also shows that the club chairman’s attitude towards finds recording has an impact upon the number of South East & London 13,628 (81.86) 801 (4.81) 1,317 (7.91) 873 (5.24) 17 (0.1) 13 (0.08) 16,649
members recording finds and findspot precision. In clubs believed to have an enthusiastic chairman, 35% of clubs Wales 3,352 (88.21) 1 (0.03) 431 (11.34) 13 (0.34) 0 (0) 3 (0.08) 3,800
had more than three-quarters of members recorded finds, which contrasts with 22% of (a minority of) clubs where Total 61,981 (80.51) 3,023 (3.93) 8,365 (10.87) 3,090 (4.02) 153 (0.2) 365 (0.47) 76,977
the chairman is believed to be negative toward finds recording. Similarly, in clubs where the chairman was pro finds
recording, 31% of finds are recorded to a eight-figure NGR, which contrasts to 9% in clubs that have a chairman 9
This table includes full Norfolk data (see footnote 4).
negative towards finds recording.

The frequency of FLO visits to club meetings also appears to have a positive correlation on the number of members
recording finds. Of clubs that received monthly FLO visits, 48% of them have more than three-quarters of members
making finds available for recording, which contrasts with 33% of clubs visited bi-monthly. Likewise, in clubs visited
by the FLO on a monthly basis the findspot precision was greater; 34% of finds were recorded to at least an eight-
figure NGR in clubs visited every month, compared with 27% in those visited bi-monthly. Where the FLOs attended
less regularly, only 11% of club members recorded to an eight-figure NGR. It is important to note that FLOs tend
not to regularly visit clubs were finders are less receptive to finds recording.

The presence of a Club Recording Officer impacts on the number of club members recording finds; in 42% of clubs
that have a Club Recording Officer more than three-quarters of members record finds, which contrasts with 22% of
clubs without Club Recording Officers.

276 277
 Land use
As in previous years, the majority of finds recorded by the PAS is recovered from cultivated land (91.73%), where
they are vulnerable to agricultural damage and natural and artificial corrosion processes.

Table 9: Land use of findspots in 2007 (where known)

North West North East Yorkshire & the Humber
Land use Finds Percentage of total

Cultivated land 49,568 91.73

Grass and heathland 1,013 1.87
Woodland 454 0.84
Coastland 333 0.62
Open fresh water 584 1.08
Wetland 4 0.01
West Midlands East Midlands East Other 2,080 3.85
Total 54,036
0 20 40 60 80 100

Treasure
Under the Treasure Act 1996 finders have a legal obligation to report all finds of potential Treasure.11 The process
allows a national or local museum to acquire such finds for public benefit. If this happens a reward is paid, which
is normally shared equally between the finder and landowner. The reward is fixed at the full market value of the
finds, determined by the Secretary of State on the advice of an independent panel of experts known as the Treasure
Valuation Committee (TVC).
South West South East & London Wales
Number of Treasure cases and geographic distribution
The number of Treasure cases reported in 2007 continues to increase (Table 10a), from 665 in 2006 to 747 in
2007; this is a 272% increase on the first full year of the Act (1998). To a great extent this increase in the reporting
Metal-detecting of Treasure reflects wider understanding on the part of finders of their obligations under the Act, through the
education and outreach work of the PAS and its FLOs.
Chance find while metal-detecting
Field-walking Table 10a: Number of Treasure cases reported 1988–2007 (England, Wales & Northern Ireland)
Year No. of
Other chance find / gardening
Total Treasure cases
Controlled archaeological investigation
1988 19
Building / agricultural work 1989 23
1990 22
1991 16
1992 34
Date of discovery 1993 37
Table 8 shows that almost 54% of finds recorded in 2007 were also found that year, and that almost 79% of finds 1994 36
recorded were found in the past three years. It is mostly the case that more recent finds will have the most precise 1995 20
findspot information, although the FLOs are enthusiastic to record all finds, whenever they were found, with good 1996 24
1997 79
findspot data.
1998 201
1999 236
Table 8: Date of discovery in 2007 (where known) 10 2000 233
2001 214
Date of discovery Finds Percentage of total 2002 240
2003 420
Before 1980 1,121 1.76 2004 506
1980–9 816 1.28 2005 592
1990–9 5,340 8.4 2006 665
2000 589 0.93 2007 747
2001 155 0.24
2002 807 1.27
Table 10b illustrates in detail the geographic distribution in Treasure cases. Here it can be seen that reporting
2003 2,218 3.49
in 2007 is highest in Norfolk (77 cases), followed by North Yorkshire (56) and Kent (42), whereas several areas
2004 2,521 3.97
2005 3,964 6.24
have only a handful (or no) cases reported. This broadly reflects the pattern of cases reported since 1997 where
2006 12,012 18.9 reporting was highest in0 Norfolk (607), followed by Suffolk (326) and then Kent (279). It is interesting that in 2007
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

2007 34,016 53.52 a significant number of cases for North Yorkshire were reported, which is a reverse of the trend of previous years.
Reporting of Treasure in 2007 was significantly lower in Wales (24 cases) and Northern Ireland (0) compared with
Total 63,559 England (723); Wales has only a single full-time PAS post (though recording work is sub-contracted to the Welsh
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Archaeological Trusts) and Northern Ireland is not covered by the Scheme.
10
This table includes full Norfolk data (see footnote 4).

278 11
For a full definition see the leaflet Advice for Finders of Archaeological Objects, 279
Including Treasure. See also www.finds.org.uk/treasure
 Table 10b: Summary of all Treasure cases 1997–2007 by county

1997 (1) 1997 (2) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total 1997 (1) 1997 (2) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

Bath &
NE Somerset - - 1 - - - - - - - 2 3 - Surrey - - 3 7 1 3 3 7 3 5 13 3 48

Bedfordshire - 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 6 7 8 15 50 Sussex, East 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 6 23 21 13 13 82

Berkshire & Sussex, West 1 - 2 1 3 2 6 16 7 16 11 65

Reading 1 - 7 - - 2 1 - 3 4 2 2 22 Teesside, Redcar
Bristol - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 & Cleveland - - - - - - 1 - - 1 2 3 7

Buckinghamshire Tyne and Wear - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1

& Milton Keynes 1 - 2 5 2 2 1 10 8 14 13 9 67 Warwickshire 1 1 4 8 10 9 8 8 6 8 21 9 93
Cambridgeshire West Midlands - - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 4
& Peterborough - 3 2 2 5 4 3 6 2 12 22 34 95
Wiltshire
Cheshire & & Swindon 1 5 9 10 4 7 9 8 11 18 18 25 125
Merseyside - 1 3 1 3 3 5 6 3 4 1 9 39
Worcestershire - - 2 3 - 1 - 4 1 2 4 1 18
Cornwall - - - 1 1 1 1 - 3 4 3 7 21
York, City of - - 2 - 3 1 3 2 4 2 6 4 27
Coventry - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2
Yorkshire, East - 2 3 7 6 10 7 16 16 6 18 19 110
Cumbria - - - - 1 - 4 - 1 2 3 8 19
Yorkshire, North 3 3 9 8 12 5 6 18 24 18 31 56 193
Derbyshire - 1 3 - 1 1 - 3 5 9 3 7 33
Yorkshire, South - - - 4 1 5 1 1 3 4 6 4 29
Devon - - 5 4 5 1 2 8 6 15 10 6 62
Yorkshire, West - - 1 1 - - 1 2 - 1 1 5 12
Dorset - 3 5 9 3 6 8 15 9 10 16 17 101
Unknown - - - - - - - - - 1 3 2 6
Durham - - 1 - - - 1 2 - 1 1 4 10
England 22 54 191 223 221 202 226 401 485 577 642 723 3967
Essex 2 8 8 8 8 9 19 25 44 44 36 211
Bridgend - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1
Gloucestershire - 2 2 6 3 2 2 2 10 12 15 12 68
Carmarthenshire - - - - 2 - - 3 1 - 2 - 8
Gloucestershire,
Denbighshire - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - 3
South - 1 2 - - - - 1 1 3 5 2 15
Ceredigion - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 2
Hampshire - 1 5 10 10 11 10 18 27 30 33 30 185
Flintshire - - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 4
Herefordshire - 1 - - - - - - 2 2 5 4 14
Gwynedd - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 2
Hertfordshire - 1 5 5 5 4 3 3 12 4 14 16 72
Isle of Anglesey - 2 2 2 1 3 3 6 3 2 1 2 27
Isle of Wight - - 3 - 1 - 3 9 15 21 19 30 101
Monmouthshire - - 4 1 2 - 1 6 3 1 6 - 24
Kent 1 1 12 18 18 12 11 36 40 49 39 42 279
Neath, Port Talbot - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1
Lancashire - 1 - 1 - 1 - 3 6 3 3 4 22
Newport - - - 1 - - 1 1 - - 2 2 7
Leicestershire
& Rutland - 1 4 2 2 5 - 6 4 6 14 15 59 Pembrokeshire - - 1 2 2 1 1 2 - - - 2 11
Lincolnshire 2 8 9 13 13 16 29 18 27 26 34 195 Powys - - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 4 13
Lincolnshire, Rhondda Cynon Taf - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 2
North - 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 6 4 3 9 35
Swansea - - - 2 1 - 3 1 - - - 2 9
London, Greater - 1 3 2 1 1 1 5 2 5 6 14 41
The Vale of
Manchester, Glamorgan - 1 - - 2 3 2 4 7 8 8 9 44
Greater - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 - 5
Wrexham - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 5
Norfolk 5 8 40 49 43 43 46 58 78 84 76 77 607
Wales - 3 9 12 12 8 13 19 19 14 23 24 156
Northamptonshire - 1 1 3 6 - 1 8 3 8 12 12 55
County Antrim - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1
Northumberland - - - 1 - - 2 1 1 6 2 2 15
County Armagh - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - - - 3
Nottinghamshire - 3 2 4 4 3 3 6 6 13 4 14 62
County Down - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - 3
Oxfordshire 1 1 2 1 3 4 5 4 7 10 14 12 64
County Londonderry - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 2
Shropshire - - - 5 2 1 3 3 7 8 9 12 50
County Tyrone - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
Somerset - - 3 4 3 4 6 4 12 16 13 12 77
Northern Ireland - - 1 1 - 4 1 - 2 1 - - 10
Somerset, North - 1 - - - - 1 1 - 3 1 1 8
Total 22 57 201 236 233 214 240 420 506 592 665 747 4133
Staffordshire - 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 11 14 2 15 56
Suffolk 2 6 18 15 32 23 30 47 37 27 48 41 326



280 281
 Analysis of Treasure finds Table 11b: Method of discovery for 2007 Treasure finds.
Table 11a provides a snapshot of the outcome of Treasure cases according to their period and type. This shows that
of the cases reported in 2007, 35.61% (266) have been (or are in the process of being) acquired by a museum, # of finds %
4.95% (37) have been donated, 40.30% (301) have been disclaimed and returned to finder/landowner, 16.73% Metal detecting 690 92.4%
(125) were deemed not to be Treasure, and 2.41% (18) are still to be determined. Combined with the number of Archaeological find 33 4.4%
cases where at least one party has donated their share of a potential ex gratia reward, over 40% of cases from 2007 Chance find 19 2.5%
are due to end up in museum collections. Reported by buyer 3 0.4%
Inherited 2 0.3%
The number of Treasure finds acquired by chronological period varies and differs between the categories of objects Total 747 100.0%
and coins. For example in 2007, museums acquired 66.67% (20) of Bronze Age objects and 52.78% (38) of Early
Medieval objects, which compares - perhaps unsurprisingly - with 36.46% (66) Medieval objects and 29.38% (62) Treasure reporting by FLO area
of Post Medieval objects. The pattern for coins cases differs. Proportionally highest were Early Medieval (87.5% - 7 Although Treasure cases account for a relatively small proportion of archaeological finds found by the public in
cases) and Post Medieval (72.73% - 8) cases, whereas Medieval (45.45% - 10) and Roman (48.71% - 19) were England and Wales, the FLOs play an increasingly important role in the effective operation of the Treasure Act,
proportionally lowest. advising finders of their legal obligations, providing advice on the process and writing reports on Treasure finds.
Through this work it is clear the FLOs have a significant impact on the reporting of Treasure. Table 12 shows that
Table 11a: Analysis of 2007 Treasure finds by period and category since 2003, when the PAS was expanded to the whole of England and Wales, there has been an average increase
of 193.68% in the reporting of Treasure. The most significant increases have been in the Isle of Wight (1,506.84%
Objects Acquired Donated Disclaimed Not Treasure To be Total and Sussex (964%); both areas had an FLO for the first time in 2003. The only area to have a decrease is Northern
determined Ireland (-51.72%), which is not covered by the PAS.
Bronze Age 20 2 4 2 2 30
Iron Age 4 1 2 - 2 9 Table 12: Treasure reporting: 1997 to 2003 and since 2003
Roman 25 4 33 2 3 67
Early Medieval 38 8 14 8 4 72 Treasure cases Average per year Treasure cases Average per year Average increase
Medieval 66 10 91 10 4 181 1997–2002 1997–2002 2003–7 2003–7 (%)
Post-Medieval 62 7 125 16 1 211
18th-20th Centuries - - 3 55 - 58 Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire 35 5.83 87 17.4 198.46%
Undiagnostic - - 3 24 - 27 Berkshire & Oxfordshire 28 4.67 58 11.6 148.39%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Buckinghamshire 13 2.17 54 10.8 397.70%
Total Object Cases 215 32 275 117 16 655 Cambridgeshire 19 3.17 78 15.6 392.11%
Cheshire, Gtr Manchester
& Merseyside 16 2.67 28 5.6 109.74%
Coins Acquired Donated Disclaimed Not Treasure To be Total Cornwall 4 0.67 17 3.4 407.46%
determined Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire 25 4.17 70 14 235.73%
Bronze Age - - - - - 0 Devon 17 2.83 45 9 218.02%
Iron Age 6 - 4 - - 10 Essex 43 7.17 168 33.6 368.62%
Roman 19 3 10 6 1 39 Gloucestershire & Avon 24 4 71 14.2 255.00%
Early Medieval 7 - 1 - - 8 Hampshire 47 7.83 138 27.6 252.49%
Medieval 10 2 8 1 1 22 Herefordshire & Shropshire 12 2 52 10.4 420.00%
Post-Medieval 8 - 3 - - 11 Isle of Wight 7 1.17 94 18.8 1,506.84%
18th-20th Centuries 1 - - - - 1 Kent 73 12.17 207 41.4 240.18%
Undiagnostic - - - 1 - 1 Lancashire & Cumbria 8 1.33 33 6.6 396.24%
Leicestershire & Rutland 14 2.33 45 9 286.2%
Total Coin Cases 51 5 26 8 2 92 Lincolnshire 61 10.17 134 26.8 163.52%
London 9 1.5 32 6.4 326.67%
Grand Total - All Finds 266 37 301 125 18 747 Norfolk 234 39 376 75.2 92.82%
Northamptonshire 12 2 43 8.6 330.00%
Table 11b gives the method of discovery of finds reported Treasure in 2007. As in previous years (TAR 2005-6, 8), North East 6 1 27 5.4 440.00%
metal-detecting accounts for the vast majority of Treasure cases; the slight drop of 0.76% is insignificant. North Lincolnshire 8 1.3 27 5.4 315.38%
Somerset & Dorset 54 9 124 24.8 175.56%
Archaeological finds made up a slightly higher proportion of cases in this year than in the last two, rising 0.2%, but Staffordshire & West Midlands 16 2.67 46 9.2 244.57%
the largest gain came from those finds reported by buyers or inheritors. Together they accounted for five Treasure Suffolk 126 21 201 40.2 91.43%
cases (0.7% of the total), whilst only three such cases were reported in all of 2005 and 2006. One factor which Surrey 17 2.83 31 6.2 119.08%
contributed to this increase was the British Museum’s monitoring of eBay for listings of potentially unreported Sussex 15 2.5 133 26.6 964.00%
treasure finds (see below). Several Treasure cases were a direct result of the British Museum contacting sellers and Warwickshire & Worcestershire 47 7.83 64 12.8 63.47%
making them aware of the Treasure Act and their legal obligations. Wiltshire 45 7.5 81 16.2 116.00%
Yorkshire (North & East) 92 15.33 241 48.2 314.42%
Yorkshire (South & West) 14 2.33 27 5.4 131.76%
Wales 57 9.5 109 21.8 129.47%
Northern Ireland 7 1.16 3 0.6 -51.72%
Other 0 0 5 1 -
Total 1,205 200.83 2,949 589.8 193.68%

282 283
 Table 12 (cont.): Treasure reporting: 1997 to 2003 and since 2003 CENTRAL UNIT
80 1997–2002
Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure
2003–2007 British Museum, London WC1B 3DG
Average number of Treasure cases per year

70
+44 (0)20 7323 8611/8618
60
PAS: info@finds.org.uk
Treasure: treasure@britishmuseum.org
50
Head of Portable Antiquities and Treasure
40 Roger Bland
+44 (0)20 7323 8611
30 rbland@britishmuseum.org

20 Deputy Head of Portable Antiquities and Treasure

Michael Lewis
10 +44 (0)20 7323 8611
mlewis@britishmuseum.org
0

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Enforcement +44 (0)20 7323 8618

The PAS works closely with relevant colleagues in HM Customs & Revenue, the MLA Export Licensing Unit, as dpett@britishmuseum.org
well as the Metropolitan Police Service’s Art & Antiques Unit.
Treasure Registrar
Since February 2007 Michael Lewis (Deputy Head of PAS) has been seconded two days a month to the
Ian Richardson
Metropolitan Police’s Art & Antiquities Unit as an ArtBeat Special Police Constable. To date he has been
involved in several high profile cases and operations regarding archaeological finds. +44 (0)20 7323 8243
irichardson@britishmuseum.org
The British Museum’s Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure continues to monitor eBay for items
of potential Treasure, and question vendors of such finds. In 2007 intelligence on 144 cases was passed to the Assistant Treasure Registrars
Metropolitan Police’s Art & Antiques Unit. Since September 2007 the Department has also been an expert Andrew Basham (post-inquest)
adviser on the Export Licensing of detector finds, and in 2007 approved 312 licences, of which more than 85% +44 (0)20 7323 8509
are for export outside the European Union. abasham@britishmuseum.org

The Department has also been working with the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) in the hope of Caroline Barton (pre-inquest)
developing guidance for local police forces on how to tackle heritage crime, such as illicit metal-detecting. +44 (0)20 7323 8243
Also relevant to this work is the English Heritage funded Oxford Archaeology project to assess the extent of
cbarton@britishmuseum.org
nighthawking in the UK, which presented its results in February 2009 (see www.helm.org.uk/nighthawking).
This report makes the following recommendations:
Caroline Lyons (post-inquest)
• Provide clear guidance to the police, Crown Prosecution Service and Magistrates on the impact of +44 (0)20 7323 8509
nighthawking, how to combat it, levels of evidence and possible penalties. clyons@britishmuseum.org
• Provide more information for landowners on identifying nighthawking and what do if they encounter it.
• Develop better ways to understand the extent of nighthawking, and establish and promote a central Hilary Orange (archaeological cases)
database of reported incidents (PAS believes this intelligence must be shared with the police). +44 (0)20 7323 8546
• Publicise the positive effects of responsible metal-detecting and the negative effects of nighthawking. horange@britishmuseum.org
• Ensure the PAS is fully funded, so that links between archaeologists and metal-detectorists are further
strengthened. Janina Parol (post-inquest)
• Integrate metal-detecting into the archaeological process, including development control briefs.
+44 (0)20 7323 8509
• Implement changes recently introduced in Europe which increase the obligation on sellers of antiquities
to provide provenances and establish legal title, and urge eBay to introduce more stringent monitoring of jparol@britishmuseum.org
antiquities with a UK origin offered for sale on their website.

Consequently, English Heritage will be working with others, including the PAS, to take these recommendations
forward.

Editors: Michael Lewis and Ian Richardson (Treasure)

Statistics: Dan Pett

284 285
 National Finds Advisers Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside Lancashire & Cumbria Staffordshire & West Midlands
Vanessa Oakden Dot Boughton & Stuart Noon Duncan Slarke
Prehistoric & Roman Artefacts +44 (0)151 478 4259 +44 (0)1772 532175 +44 (0)121 303 4636
Sally Worrell vanessa.oakden@liverpoolmuseums.org.uk +44 (0)1228 618760 +44 (0)1782 232323
+44 (0)20 7679 4730 dot.boughton@mus.lancashire.gov.uk duncan_slarke@birmingham.gov.uk
s.worrell@ucl.ac.uk Cornwall dotb@carlisle.gov.uk
Anna Tyacke stuart.noon@mus.lancashire.gov.uk Suffolk
Iron Age & Roman Coins +44 (0)1872 272205 ext.219 stuartn@carlisle.gov.uk Andrew Brown, Jane Carr & Faye Minter,
Sam Moorhead annatyacke@btinternet.com +44 (0)1284 352449
+44 (0)20 7323 8432 anna.tyacke@royalcornwallmuseum.org.uk Leicestershire & Rutland andrew.brown@et.suffolkcc.gov.uk
smoorhead@britishmuseum.org Wendy Scott jane.carr@et.suffolkcc.gov.uk
Derbyshire & Nottinghamshire +44 (0)116 305 8325  faye.minter@et.suffolkcc.gov.uk
Medieval Artefacts Rachel Atherton & to be filled wendy.scott@leics.gov.uk
Helen Geake +44 (0)1332 641906 Donna Wreathall (Illustrator)
+44 (0)1223 333323 rachel.atherton@derby.gov.uk Lincolnshire +44 (0)1284 352449
hg260@cam.ac.uk Adam Daubney donna.wreathall@et.suffolkcc.gov.uk
Devon +44 (0)1522 552361
Later Medieval & Post-Medieval Artefacts Danielle Wootton adam.daubney@lincolnshire.gov.uk Surrey
Geoff Egan +44 (0)1392 665983/858 David Williams
+44 (0)20 7566 9333 danielle.wootton@exeter.gov.uk London +44 (0)1737 247296
gegan@britishmuseum.org Kate Sumnall +44 (0)1483 518771
gegan@museumoflondon.org.uk Dorset +44 (0)20 7814 5733 +44 (0)7968 832740
  Ciorstaidh Hayward Trevarthen ksumnall@museumoflondon.org.uk david.williams@surreycc.gov.uk
Medieval & Post-Medieval Coins +44 (0)1305 228254
John Naylor c.h.trevarthen@dorsetcc.gov.uk Norfolk Sussex
+44 (0)1865 278065 Erica Darch & Hazel White Laura Burnett
john.naylor@ashmus.ox.ac.uk Essex +44 (0)1362 869289 +44 (0)1273 405731
Laura McLean erica.darch@norfolk.gov.uk flo@sussexpast.co.uk
Metals & Metalworking +44 (0)1206 506961 hazel.white@norfolk.gov.uk
Kevin Leahy laura.mclean@colchester.gov.uk Warwickshire & Worcestershire
+44 (0)1652 658261 Northamptonshire Angie Bolton & Tom Brindle
leahy.pas@btinternet.com Gloucestershire & Avon Julie Cassidy +44 (0)1905 721130
Kurt Adams +44 (0)1604 237249 abolton@worcester.gov.uk
+44 (0)117 922 2613/3571 jucassidy@northamptonshire.gov.uk tbrindle@worcester.gov.uk
Finds Liaison Officers +44 (0)1452 425705
kurt.adams@bristol.gov.uk North East Wiltshire
England Robert Collins & Frances McIntosh Katie Hinds
Hampshire +44 (0)191 222 5076 +44 (0)1722 332151
Berkshire (East) Rob Webley +44 (0)191 370 8843 +44 (0)1793 466556
To be filled +44 (0)1962 848558 robert.collins@ncl.ac.uk +44 (0) 01380 727369
rwebley@winchester.gov.uk frances.mcintosh@durham.gov.uk katiehinds@salisburymuseum.org.uk
Bedfordshire & Hertfordshire
Julian Watters Herefordshire & Shropshire North Lincolnshire Yorkshire (North & East)
+44 (0)1727 751826 Peter Reavill Martin Foreman Liz Andrews-Wilson
julian.watters@stalbans.gov.uk +44 (0)1584 813641 +44 (0)1724 843533 +44 (0)1904 687668
peter.reavill@shropshire.gov.uk martin.foreman@northlincs.gov.uk liz.andrews-wilson@ymt.org.uk
Buckinghamshire
Ros Tyrrell Isle of Wight Oxfordshire & West Berkshire Yorkshire (South & West)
+44 (0)1296 624519 Frank Basford Anni Byard Amy Cooper
rtyrrell@buckscc.gov.uk +44 (0)1983 823810 +44 (0)1865 300557 +44 (0)1924 305359
frank.basford@iow.gov.uk +44 (0)7827 822617 acooper@wyjs.org.uk
Cambridgeshire +44 (0)1635 519534
Elizabeth Gill Kent Anni.Byard@oxfordshire.gov.uk
+44 (0)1223 717573 Jennifer Jackson
+44 (0)1733 343329 +44 (0)1622 221544 Somerset
elizabeth.gill@cambridgeshire.gov.uk jennifer.jackson@kent.gov.uk Anna Booth
lizzie.gill@peterborough.gov.uk +44 (0)1823 362855
albooth@somerset.gov.uk

286 287
 Wales City & Council Museum, Lincoln Northampton Borough Council ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
City of Plymouth Museums & Art Gallery Northamptonshire County Council
Finds Co-ordinator Wales Clywd Powys Archaeological Trust North Lincolnshire Museum (North Lincolnshire Council) Many people have been involved with the production
Mark Lodwick Colchester & Ipswich Museum Service Nottinghamshire County Council of this report.
+44 (0)2920 573226 Corby Borough Council Oxfordshire County Council
mark.lodwick@nmgw.ac.uk Cornwall County Council Peterborough Museum Contributors are listed against the appropriate entries
Cornwall Historic Environment Service Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Stoke-on-Trent in the catalogue of PAS and Treasure finds. Other
North Wales Council for British Archaeology Reading Borough Council people involved with the discovery, reporting and
Sarah Pevely Council of Museums in Wales Rotherham Museums Service reporting and/or research of finds are listed within the
+44 (0)1745 353814 Country Business & Landowners Association Roman Museum of Verulamium text, unless they have requested otherwise or such
sarah.pevely@denbighshire.gov.uk Dartmoor National Park Authority Royal Albert Memorial Museum (Exeter County Council) information was not available; we apologise if anyone
Daventry District Council Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical has been accidentally omitted. Editors of the various
Cambria-Dyfed Archaeological Trust Department for Culture, Media and Sport Monuments of Wales sections of the report are listed at the end of the
Richard Jones & Marian Page Derby Museum & Art Gallery Royal Institution of Cornwall relevant sections.
+44 (0)1558 823121 Derbyshire County Council Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum
cambria@acadat.com Devon County Council Shrewsbury Museum Service Several people in the British Museum’s Marketing
richardj@cambria.org.uk Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery Shropshire County Museum Service department have worked on the design and production
marion@cambria.org.uk Dorset County Council Society of Museum Archaeologists of this report, in particular Kirsti Gardner, Ann Lumley,
Durham County Council Somerset County Museums Service Sonia D’Orsi and Andrew Shore. Caroline Barton, Janina
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust East Northamptonshire Council (Somerset County Council) Parol and Ian Richardson of the Museum’s Department
Jeff Spencer & Chris Martin East Sussex County Council Southampton City Museums of Portable Antiquities & Treasure worked on photo
+44 (0)1938 553670 English Heritage South Northamptonshire Council editing the images and other aspects of the report.
trust@cpat.org.uk Essex County Council South Yorkshire Archaeology Service Zoe Brady and Emma Traherne (Institute of
jeff@cpat.org.uk Exmoor National Park Authority Suffolk County Council Archaeology, University College, London) also
chrismartin@cpat.org.uk Fitzwilliam Museum (Cambridge) Surrey Archaeological Society worked as volunteers on the report.
Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological Trust Surrey County Council
Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Gloucestershire County Council Sussex Archaeological Society Michael Lewis
Steve Sell Gwynedd Archaeological Trust Swindon Museum & Art Gallery
+44 (0)1792 655208 Hampshire County Museums Service Torbay Council
curatorial@ggat.org.uk Hampshire County Planning Department Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery, Carlisle
Hereford Museum & Art Gallery University of Cambridge
Gwynedd Archaeological Trust (Hereford Heritage Services) Wakefield Museums Service
Nina Steele Hull & East Riding Museum Warwickshire Museum
+44 (0)1248 352535 Institute of Archaeology, University College London West Berkshire Council
nsteele@heneb.co.uk Isle of Wight Heritage Service West Midlands Archaeological Collections Research Unit
Jewry Wall Museum West Midlands Regional Museum Council
Kent County Council West Sussex County Council
ORGANISATIONS Kirklees Museums & Galleries West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service
The following are national and/or local partners Kettering Borough Council Wiltshire Archaeological & Natural History Society
in the Portable Antiquities Scheme Lancashire County Museum Service Wiltshire County Council
Leeds Museums & Galleries Winchester Museums Service
Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales Leicestershire County Council Worcester City Museums
Ashmolean Museum (Oxford) Lincolnshire County Council Worcestershire County Museum
Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers Manchester Museum York Archaeological Trust
Bedfordshire County Council Milton Keynes Council York Museums Trust
Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA)
(Birmingham City Council) Museum of Antiquities
Borough Council of Wellingborough (University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne)
Bradford Museums Galleries and Heritage Museum of Barnstaple & North Devon
Brewhouse Yard Museum of Nottingham Life Museum of London
(Nottingham City Council) Museum of Reading
Bristol City Museum (Bristol City Council) Museums Resource Centre, Standlake
British Museum Museums Sheffield
Buckinghamshire County Museum National Council for Metal Detecting
Calderdale Museum and Gallery Service National Farmers Union
Cambria Archaeology National Museums Liverpool
Cambridgeshire County Council New Forest National Park Authority
Cheshire Museums Service Norfolk Museums & Galleries

288 289
 England
Artefacts
Stone Age 292
Bronze Age 298
Iron Age 314
Roman 322

ILLUSTRATIONS
Early Medieval 342
Medieval 362
Post-Medieval 389


Coins
Iron Age 414
Roman 419
Early Medieval 425
Medieval 426
Post-Medieval 430

Note: All objects are illustrated at approximately life-size unless

otherwise stated.

290 291
 1. Newport, Isle of Wight: flint handaxe. Half life-size.

3. Weethley, Warwickshire: perforated stone pebble. Half life-size.

2. Wrabness, Essex: flint tranchet adze. Half life-size.

4. Camberley, Surrey: perforated stone implement

292 STONE AGE STONE AGE 293

 5. Ridge, Hertfordshire: collection of five flint blade cores.
8. Breamore, Hampshire: polished flint axehead. Half life-size.

6. Tatworth and Forton, Somerset: flint implement.

9. Weaverham, Cheshire: flint adze. Half life-size. 10. Welwyn, Hertfordshire: puddingstone
grain rubber or hammerstone. Half life-size.

7. City of London: polished stone axehead. Half life-size.

294 STONE AGE STONE AGE 295

 13. Paul, Cornwall: flint knife.

11. Aspatria, Cumbria: rough-out for a stone axe.

Quarter life-size.

14. Birkin, North Yorkshire: flint arrowhead.

12. Mildenhall, Suffolk: flint axehead. Half life-size.

296 STONE AGE STONE AGE 297

 15. Ringland, Norfolk: flint arrowhead.

19. Stanbury, West Yorkshire: urn in situ.

22. Newark area, Nottinghamshire:

copper-alloy spearhead. Half life-size.

16. Heptonstall, West Yorkshire: wooden

weaving paddle. Quarter life-size.

21. Mildenhall, Suffolk: copper-alloy axe-chisel.

17. Shrewsbury area, Shropshire: copper-alloy flat axe.

Half life-size.

18. Collingham, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy miniature flat axe. 20. Bardney, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy flat axe. 23. Garveston, Norfolk: copper-alloy chisel.

298 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 299

 25. Kendal, Cumbria: copper-alloy rapier fragment.

24. Wadebridge, Cornwall: copper-alloy palstave axes.

26. Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire: copper-alloy knife. 27. Hampton Lovett, Worcestershire:
copper-alloy tanged chisel.

300 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 301

 28. Ranby, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy quoit-headed pin.
Half life-size. 31. Pett, East Sussex: copper-alloy palstave axes. Half life-size.

30. Blisland, Cornwall: copper-alloy palstave axe

blade fragment.

32. Hambledon, Hampshire: copper-alloy palstave axe and

29. Loggerheads, Staffordshire: copper-alloy palstave axe. socketed hammer. Half life-size.
Half life-size.

302 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 303

 35. Burton, Wrexham: gold bead and wire.

38. Ansley, Warwickshire: gold ribbon ornament.

Twice life-size.

34. Binsted, Hampshire: copper-alloy penannular arm-ring.

36. Seagry, Wiltshire: gold penannular bracelet fragment. 39. West Acre, Norfolk: gold sheet
Twice life-size. strip fragment.

33. Hempnall, Norfolk: copper-alloy palstave axe mould. Half life-size.

Illustration: Donna Wreathall.

37. Stone, Buckinghamshire: gold 40. Trearddur, Isle of Anglesey: gold

composite ring. Twice life-size. penannular ring. Twice life-size.

304 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 305

 42. Heytesbury, Wiltshire: copper-alloy palstave axe. 45. Witchingham area, Norfolk: gold
Half life-size. penannular ring. Twice life-size.

41. East Knoyle, Wiltshire: base-metal hoard of copper-alloy

palstave axes. Half life-size.

43. Trotton with Chithurst, West Sussex: 46. Theydon Mount, Essex:
copper-alloy hammer. Half life-size. gold penannular ring. Twice life-size.

44. Fawley, Hampshire: gold penannular ring. 47. Kettering area, Northamptonshire:
Twice life-size. gold penannular ring. Twice life-size.

306 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 307

 48. Ilam, Staffordshire: copper-alloy
socketed axehead. Half life-size.

52. Uttlesford District, Essex: base metal hoard of socketed axes and
metalworking fragments. Half life-size.

49. Lavenham, Suffolk: copper-alloy 50. Mildenhall, Wiltshire: copper-alloy model for socketed axehead.
harness fitting

51. Amport area, Hampshire: group of copper-alloy palstave and socketed axes. Half life-size. 53. Attleborough area, Norfolk: group of a copper-alloy socketed axe and metalworking fragments.
Half life-size.

308 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 309

 55. Hoaden, Kent: group of copper-alloy axes and other metal-
54. Offham, Kent: group of copper-alloy socketed axes and other metalwork fragments. working fragments. Half life-size.
Half life-size.

56. Tywardreath, Cornwall: copper-alloy socketed axehead. Half life-size.

310 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 311

 59. Appledram, West Sussex: copper-alloy spearhead.

57. Thurlestone, Devon: copper-alloy spearhead.

58. West Wight, Isle of Wight: gold penannular bracelet. 60. Langton Matravers, Dorset: base-metal hoard.

312 BRONZE AGE BRONZE AGE 313

 61. Swindon area, Wiltshire: copper-alloy ‘moustache-like’ object.

64. Lane End area, Buckinghamshire: 65. Roxby cum Risby, North Lincolnshire: copper-alloy brooch.
copper-alloy brooch. Twice life-size.

63. Madley, Herefordshire: copper-alloy brooch.

62. Leyburn, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy pin.

66. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: copper-alloy terret.

314 IRON AGE IRON AGE 315

 70. Sleaford, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy possible miniature shield 73. Wychavon, Worcestershire: copper-alloy possible
miniature wheel.

71. Constantine, Cornwall: copper-alloy baldric ring.

67. Kendal, Cumbria: copper-alloy terret.

69. Norwich area, Norfolk: gold torc fitting.

72. Driffield, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy amulet. 74. Clipstone, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy and iron linchpin.
68. King’s Lynn area, Norfolk: electrum torc terminal.
Not life-size.
Twice life-size.

316 IRON AGE IRON AGE 317

 75. Wilstead, Bedfordshire: silver brooch fragment.

81. South Perrott, Dorset: copper-alloy brooch.

78. Needham, Norfolk: copper-alloy possible drinking horn terminal.

80. Attleborough area, Norfolk: copper-alloy and iron linchpin

elements.

76. Kirby Hill, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy enamelled terret.

82. Cowbridge, Vale of Glamorgan: copper-alloy terret and rein-ring. Half life-size.

77. Wibtoft, Warwickshire: enamelled copper-alloy and iron 79. Charlton Mackrell, Somerset: copper-alloy toggle.
linchpin terminal. Twice life-size.
83. Marbury, Cheshire: copper-alloy fob.

318 IRON AGE IRON AGE 319

 84. Stoneleigh, Warwickshire: copper-alloy harness mount.

87. Redbourn, Hertfordshire: copper-alloy horse harness

strap-mount.

85. Hatherton, Staffordshire: copper-alloy and iron linchpin.

88. Langstone, Newport: copper-alloy bowls, wine strainer and
tankard. Quarter life-size.

86. Burton Fleming, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy mount.

320 IRON AGE IRON AGE 321

 93. Ely, Cambridgeshire: silver finger-ring. Twice life-size.

89. Eynsford, Kent: copper-alloy pan-handle.

90. Atherton, Greater Manchester: copper-alloy brooch.

91. St Buryan, Cornwall: gold jewellery fragment. 92. Snape with Thorpe, North Yorkshire: gold jewellery
Twice life-size. component. Twice life-size.
94. Pocklington, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy tripod mount.
Illustration: Dom Andrews.

322 ROMAN ROMAN 323

 95. Trowbridge area, Wiltshire: copper-alloy knife terminal.

99. York area: silver finger-ring. Twice life-size. 100. Llanharry, Rhondda Cynon Taff: copper-alloy wax spatula handle.

96. Carlisle, Cumbria: silver hair-pin fragment. Twice life-size.

97. Scawby, North Lincolnshire: copper-alloy pan-handle.

Half life-size.

101. Newton Kyme cum Toulson, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy figurine of Cautopates.

98. Wherwell, Hampshire: copper-alloy crocodile figurine. 102. North Yorkshire area: silver ligula.

324 ROMAN ROMAN 325

 106. Hale, Cheshire: silver brooch.

103. Middleton, Warwickshire: copper-alloy bust.

104. St Minver, Cornwall: copper-alloy brooch. 107. Little Kimble, Buckinghamshire: copper-alloy brooch.
Twice life-size.

105. Gisburn, Lancashire: copper-alloy brooch. 108. Seaton with Slingley, 109. Inkberrow, Worcestershire: copper-alloy brooch.
County Durham: silver brooch fragment.

326 ROMAN ROMAN 327

 110. Highnam, Gloucestershire: copper-alloy brooch.

111. Sheepy, Leicestershire: gold necklace fragment. Twice life-size.

112. Capel St Mary, Suffolk: copper-alloy bust.

113. Brompton, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy military diploma.

Half life-size.

328 ROMAN ROMAN 329

 114. Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire: 115. South Cave, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy
copper-alloy fastener. button-and-loop fastener.

118. Chesterton, Cambridgeshire: gold necklace 121. Well, Lincolnshire: silver finger-ring fragment.
component. Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

119. Roughton, Lincolnshire: silver finger-ring fragment. 122. Gosford Farm, Nottinghamshire: silver ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

116. Greywell, Hampshire: copper-alloy brooches.

117. Gedding, Suffolk: copper-alloy brooch.

120. Hockliffe, Bedfordshire: silver finger-ring fragment.

330 ROMAN ROMAN 331

 123. Wetheringsett, Suffolk: gold finger-ring.

124. Irnham, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy knife handle.

126. Stepney, London: mosaic fragments. Half life-size.

125. Andover, Hampshire: copper-alloy figurine. Twice life-size.

332 ROMAN ROMAN 333

 130. Northwich, Cheshire: copper-alloy brooch. 131. North Nibley, Gloucestershire: silver finger-ring.

127. Huncote and Leighfield, Leicestershire: greyware kiln bars.

132. Maryport, Cumbria: copper-alloy mount.

128. Bures area, Essex: gold finger-ring. Twice life-size.

133. Cherington, Gloucestershire: limestone tombstone fragment.

Quarter life-size.

129. Yscir, Powys: copper-alloy military horse harness fitting. 134. Lacock, Wiltshire: silver finger-ring with intaglio. Twice life-size.

334 ROMAN ROMAN 335

 136. Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire:
silver finger-ring with intaglio. Twice life-size.

138. Lacock, Wiltshire: silver finger-ring.

137. Aldborough area, North Yorkshire: gold

finger-ring. Twice life-size.

135. South Oxfordshire: gold foil amulet. Twice life-size.

139. Chettle, Dorset: iron hipposandal.

336 ROMAN ROMAN 337

 143. Mansfield Woodhouse area, Nottinghamshire: lead amulet.
Twice life-size.

140. Wickham Skeith, Suffolk: copper-alloy

folding knife handle.

141. Ropley, Hampshire: copper-alloy folding

knife handle. 144. Chenies area, Buckinghamshire: copper-alloy dog figurine.

142. Bedford area, Bedfordshire: copper-alloy mount.

145. Narborough, Leicestershire: copper-alloy seal-ring. Twice life-size.

Illustration: David Williams.

338 ROMAN ROMAN 339

 150. Warmington, Warwickshire: copper-alloy buckle plate.

151. Urchfont, Wiltshire: silver buckle.

Twice life-size.

146. Alcester, Warwickshire: silver spoon fragment.

Twice life-size.

148. Gunthorpe, Norfolk: gold brooch.

Twice life-size.

147. Horton, south Gloucestershire: copper-alloy buckle.

152. Stiffkey, Norfolk: copper-alloy pendant. Twice life-size.

153. Vindolanda, Northumberland: silver ingot.

149. South Brent, Devon: copper-alloy brooch. Twice life-size.

340 ROMAN ROMAN 341

 154. Newby Wiske, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy brooch.

159. Wendover, Buckinghamshire: gilded

copper-alloy brooch.

155. Greywell, Hampshire: copper-alloy sword scabbard chape.

160. Mildenhall, Wiltshire: copper-alloy bowl with iron handle.

Quarter life-size.

156. North Kesteven, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy brooch. 157. Ringlemere, Kent: glass claw beaker. Not life-size.

158. West Wight, Isle of Wight: gold Gallic imitative solidus in the
name of Anastasius I. Twice life-size.

161. Haversham, Buckinghamshire: copper-alloy belt mount.

Twice life-size.

342 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 343

 162. East Yorkshire: lead-alloy brooch. 165. Treswell, Nottinghamshire: gilt copper-alloy brooch. Half life-size.

166. North Hertfordshire: silver-gilt pyramidal

mount. Twice life-size.

163. Marham, Norfolk: silver 164. Worth, Kent: gold coin pendant.
brooch fragment. Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

167. Chilton Trinity, Somerset: silver pin-head. Twice life-size. 168. Fransham, Norfolk: silver-gilt fragment,
probably from a brooch. Twice life-size.

344 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 345

 169. Weston Colville,
Cambridgeshire: silver-gilt
pyramidal mount. Twice life-size.
172. Ramsgate, Kent: gold annular pendant. Twice life-size.

170. Otford, Kent: silver-gilt pin-head. 173. Binbrook, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy hanging bowl mount.
Twice life-size.

174. Woodbridge area, Suffolk: silver-gilt sword pommel fragment. 175. Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight: copper-alloy Pressblech die.
Illustration: Donna Wreathall. Twice life-size.

176. Mileham, Norfolk: silver-gilt sword pommel cap.

Twice life-size.

171. Diss area, Norfolk silver-gilt pyramidal sword mount.

Twice life-size.

346 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 347

 181. Newark area, Nottinghamshire: gold and
garnet cross-pendant.

177. Frisby and Kirby, Leicestershire: copper-alloy mount.

Twice life-size.

184. Streethouse area, Redcar and Cleveland: gold

pendant and gold and glass beads.

182. Broughton, Hampshire: copper-alloy hanging-bowl escutcheon.

178. Tuxford area, Nottinghamshire: silver and glass setting.

Twice life-size.

183. Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey: hack-silver.

179. Chelmsford area, Essex: gold and garnet cloisonné setting. 180. Hatton, Lincolnshire: gold gem-set setting.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

348 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 349

 186. North East Suffolk: silver strap-end. Twice life-size.

187. Denton with Wootton, Kent: 189. North Tuddenham,

silver hooked-tag. Twice life-size. Norfolk: silver brooch
fragment. Twice life-size.

188. Coberley, Gloucestershire: silver hooked-tag. Twice life-size. 190. Long Sutton, Somerset: silver hooked-tag.
Twice life-size.

185. Ely, Cambridgeshire: glass palm cup and gold pendants.

Various sizes.

350 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 351

 191. Woodbridge area, Suffolk: silver polyhedral pin.
Twice life-size.

194. Crawley, Hampshire: silver hooked-tag. Twice life-size.

199. Milborne Port, Somerset: silver hooked-tag.

Twice life-size.

196. South Gloucestershire: copper-alloy

strap-end. Twice life-size.

197. North Yorkshire area: hack-silver. Twice life-size. 200. Charminster, Dorset: silver hooked-tag.
192. Southampton area, Hampshire: silver strap-end. 195. Whitchurch area, Shropshire: copper-alloy mount.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

193. Urchfont, Wiltshire: copper-alloy mount from a hanging bowl. 198. Willington area, Derbyshire: silver mount. Twice life-size.

352 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 353

 204. Newark area, Nottinghamshire: gold
finger-ring. Twice life-size.

201. Weston Colville, Cambridgeshire: silver

strap-end fragment. Twice life-size.

205. North of Colchester, Essex: copper-alloy strap-end. Twice life-size.

202. West Acre, Norfolk: silver pin.

206. Roxby cum Risby, North Lincolnshire: silver ingot fragment. Twice life-size.

203. Brampton Abbotts, Herefordshire: silver hooked-tag.

Twice life-size.

207. Corby area, Northamptonshire: lead vat or tank. Quarter life-size.

354 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 355

 212. Kirk Deighton area, North Yorkshire:
gold finger-ring. Twice life-size.

208. Snape with Thorpe, North Yorkshire: hack-silver brooch

fragment.Twice life-size.

213. Talgarth, Powys: silver ingot. Twice life-size.

211. Ringshall, Suffolk: silver ingot. Twice life-size.

209. Maunby, North Yorkshire: gold ring. Twice life-size.

214. Plumpton, East Sussex: copper-alloy brooch. Twice life-size.

210. Grindale, East Yorkshire: silver finger-ring. Twice life-size.

356 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 357

 215. Fylde, Lancashire: copper-alloy sword pommel cap. 217. Vale of York, North Yorkshire: silver-gilt cup, gold arm-ring, hack
silver and coins. Not life-size.

218. North Hertfordshire: copper-alloy knife chape.

216. Bridlington, East Yorkshire: silver finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

219. Little Laver, Essex: copper-alloy strap-end.

358 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 359

 222. East Kirkby, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy strap-end.
220. Risby, Suffolk: copper-alloy possible upper sword-guard.

223. Worfield area, Shropshire: copper-alloy buckle and plate. 225. Tarrant Rushton, Dorset: copper-alloy stirrup terminal.

221. Ringland, Norfolk: copper-alloy staff terminal.

224. Ware area, Hertfordshire: gilded silver coin-pendant. 226. Eye, Suffolk: silver probable pendant. Twice life-size.
Not life-size.

360 EARLY MEDIEVAL EARLY MEDIEVAL 361

 227. South Gloucestershire: copper-alloy buckle with integral plate.

228. Ogbourne St Andrew, Wiltshire: copper-alloy probable strap

union or junction.
231. Betchworth, Surrey: gilded copper-alloy buckle plate.
Twice life-size.

235. Beckingham, Lincolnshire: bone chess piece.

232. Port Eynon, Gower, Swansea: silver finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

229. City of London: bone counter.

233. Long Whatton, Leicestershire: silver finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

230. Bedford area, Bedfordshire: copper-alloy possible tool handle.

234. Rhoose, Vale of Glamorgan: gold finger-ring. 236. Diss area, Suffolk: gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

362 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 363

 242. Rock, Worcestershire: lead papal bulla of Celestine III.

237. Beverley area, East Yorkshire: gold finger-ring. 240. Rampisham, Dorset: gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

238. Llanfair, Vale of Glamorgan: gold finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

241. Kington St Michael, Wiltshire: gilded copper-alloy enamel

panel from a processional cross.

243. Portskewett, Monmouthshire: copper-alloy figurine of Christ. Twice life-size.

239. Middleton on Sea area, West Sussex: copper-alloy heraldic horse harness
pendant. Twice life-size.
244. Leatherhead, Surrey: lead seal matrix. Twice life-size.

364 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 365

 245. Wherwell, Hampshire: copper-alloy zoomorphic annular brooch.
252. Langley with Hardley, Norfolk:
silver signet ring. Twice life-size.

250. Lower Dean, Bedfordshire: inscribed

248. Diss area, Suffolk: gold finger-ring.
silver-gilt finger-ring. Twice life-size.
Twice life-size.

246. Boxley, Kent: gold oval brooch. 249. Llanddewi, Gower, Swansea: silver
Three times life-size. brooch. Twice life-size.

251. Osmington, Dorset: silver-gilt pendant with intaglio. Twice life-size.

247. South-east Norfolk: silver-gilt pendant cross.

Twice life-size. 253. Callow, Derbyshire: copper-alloy tap-housing with spout. Half life-size.

366 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 367

 254. Theydon Garnon, Essex: silver finger-ring.
257. Wressle, East Yorkshire: mirror case.
Twice life-size.

255. Brookland, Kent: silver-gilt finger-ring.

Twice life-size. 258. Crimplesham, Norfolk: silver-gilt brooch. 259. Winchester area, Hampshire: silver bar-mount.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

256. Gatcombe area, Isle of Wight: pilgrim’s lead ampulla.

260. Ilam, Staffordshire: copper-alloy oval buckle. Twice life-size.

368 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 369

 261. Leziate, Norfolk: silver seal matrix. Twice life-size.
264. Paull, East Yorkshire: gilded coin brooch. Twice life-size.

262. Blore with Swinscoe, Staffordshire: copper/lead-alloy

sword pommel.

265. Wragby area, Lincolnshire: lead/tin pilgrim badge. 267. Sealfield, North Yorkshire: silver seal matrix. Twice life-size.

263. Old Buckenham, Norfolk: silver coin-brooch or mount.

Twice life-size. 266. Ludgvan, Cornwall: copper-alloy (possible) weight.

370 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 371

 268. Dunstable, Bedfordshire: silver-gilt brooch in the form of a finger-ring.
Twice life-size.

269. Wetheringsett cum Brockford, Suffolk: copper-alloy sword pommel.

Not actual size.

270. Arncliffe, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy pyx lid.

Not actual size.

372 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 373

 274. Kelvedon, Essex: silver-gilt oval brooch. Twice life-size.
276. South Gloucestershire area: silver-gilt brooch.
Twice life-size.

271. Nether Wallop, Hampshire: copper-alloy seal matrix. 275. Finchingfield, Essex: inscribed silver finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

277. Wonston, Hampshire: silver scabbard chape.

Twice life-size.

272. North Somerset: copper-alloy annular brooch.

Twice life-size.

278. Old Kirk Field area, Hartlepool, County Durham: inscribed silver brooch.
Twice life-size.

273. Winchester area, Hampshire: silver-gilt bar-mount.

Twice life-size.

374 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 375

 283. Wingfield, Wiltshire: unfinished silver finger-ring.
Twice life-size.
279. Binbrook, Lincolnshire: inscribed silver brooch. 280. Brookland, Kent: silver-gilt finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

284. Tywardreath, Cornwall: lead papal bulla.

285. West Clandon, Surrey: silver piedfort. Not actual size.

282. Walgrave, Northamptonshire: silver

scabbard chape. Twice life-size.

281. Long Marston, North Yorkshire: silver pendant-cross.

Twice life-size.
286. Harlaston, Staffordshire: inscribed gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size.

376 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 377

 289. Churton by Aldford, Cheshire: copper-alloy harness pendant. 291. Charminster, Dorset: engraved silver
strap-end. Twice life-size.

287. Maiden Newton area, Dorset: copper-alloy strap-end.

Twice life-size.
292. South Wingfield, Derbyshire:
gold finger-ring. Twice life-size.

290. Winwick, Cheshire: gold finger-ring. 293. Great Smeaton, North Yorkshire: silver-gilt pendant reliquary.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

288. Bradfield, Essex: copper-alloy buckle frame.

294. Urchfont, Wiltshire: silver ivy-leaf pendant.

Twice life-size.

378 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 379

 300. Coberley, Gloucestershire: silver-gilt finger-ring.
Twice life-size.

295. Bonby, North Lincolnshire: silver-gilt finger-ring. 298. Diss area, Suffolk: gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

301. Thurlaston, Leicestershire: gold finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

296. Pontefract, West Yorkshire: silver cross-pendant.

Twice life-size.

302. Dinas Powys, Vale of Glamorgan: gold finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

297. Aldbrough, North Yorkshire: gold finger-ring. 299. Hound, Hampshire: silver mount. 303. Swallowfield, West Berkshire: gold brooch.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

380 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 381

 304. Naburn, City of York: gold finger-ring. Twice life-size.

306. Brill, Buckinghamshire: lead-alloy (possible) ink holder.

305. Worksop, Nottinghamshire: copper-alloy fertility badge.

307. Stoughton area, West Sussex:

silver-gilt signet ring. Twice life-size.

382 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 383

 311. Cerne Abbas, Dorset: silver-gilt dress fitting.
Twice life-size.

313. Lund, East Yorkshire: copper-alloy pilgrim badge.

Twice life-size.

308. Lydd, Kent: gold finger-ring. Twice life-size.

314. Elmstead, Essex: copper-alloy devotional badge depicting the Crucifixion.

309. Coberley, Gloucestershire: silver-gilt fragment in the form 312. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: lead ampulla. Twice life-size.
of a human arm.

310. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: silver brooch. Twice life-size. 315. Tower Hamlets, London: silver girdle terminal.

384 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 385

 316. Great Gaddesen, Hertfordshire: gold rectangular mount.
Twice life-size.

319. Bletchingley, Surrey: copper-alloy harness boss. Not life-size.

317. Lancaster area, Lancashire: silver crucifix pendant.

Twice life-size.

318. Barham, Kent: engraved silver mount. Twice life size. 320. Telford area, Shropshire: copper-alloy purse bar.

386 MEDIEVAL MEDIEVAL 387

 323. Paul, Cornwall: copper-alloy signet finger-ring.
Twice life-size.

321. Kilgetty, Pembrokeshire: silver-gilt pendant.

Twice life-size.

324. Chettle, Dorset: copper-alloy pen.

Twice life-size.

322. Vernhams Dean, Hampshire: silver-gilt finger-ring. 325. Great Barton, Suffolk: copper-alloy bell with heraldic arms.
Twice life-size.

326. Harlaston, Staffordshire: silver coin brooch.

388 MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 389

 335. Mercaston, Derbyshire: silver-
gilt dress-pin.

327. Barrow, Suffolk: lead pilgrim badge. Twice life-size. 331. Carnforth area, Lancashire: silver hooked clasp.
339. South Herefordshire: enamelled silver armorial (possible)
vervel pendant. Twice life-size.

336. Emneth, Norfolk: silver rumbler bell. Twice life-size.

328. Bluntisham, Cambridgeshire: silver trefoil 332. Wentlooge, Monmouthshire:

hooked clasp. Twice life-size. silver-gilt hooked-clasp. Twice life-size.

337. Garthorpe, Leicestershire: silver ‘bosun’s’ whistle. 340. Llancarfan, Vale of Glamorgan: silver-gilt dress-hook loop.
Not actual size. Not actual size.

329. Kelsale cum Carlton, Suffolk: silver-gilt circular 333. North Yorkshire: silver-gilt cap hook.
hooked clasp. Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

341. Whitchurch area, Cheshire:

330. East Hertfordshire: silver-gilt hooked clasp.
338. Alberbury with Cardeston area, Shropshire: lead- gold finger-ring. Not actual size.
Twice life-size. 334. Durnford, Wiltshire: silver-gilt dress-pin. alloy bird-feed or water container. Size?

390 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 391

 346. Gussage All Saints, Dorset: copper-alloy knife-handle terminal.
342. Udimore, East Sussex: silver seal matrix.
Twice life-size.
Twice life-size.

347. Foulsham, Norfolk: silver shield-shaped vervel.

Twice life-size.

343. Oulton, Staffordshire: gold finger-ring.

Not actual size.

348. Newent, Gloucestershire: silver-gilt finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

344. Holme, North Lincolnshire: gold finger-ring. 345. Winterbourne, Wiltshire: gold finger-ring. 349. Swallowfield area, Oxfordshire: gold finger-ring. 350. Edgefield, Norfolk: gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size. Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

392 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 393

 356. Pocklington area, East Yorkshire: lead toy figurine.
353. Ilam, Staffordshire: copper-alloy manilla.

351. Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire: silver decade

finger-ring. Not actual size.

357. Crowle, North Lincolnshire: copper-alloy toy multiple cauldron.

352. Emneth, Norfolk: silver hawking vervel. 354. Higher Kinnerton, Flintshire: lead toy figurine.
Not actual size.

355. Chiseldon, Wiltshire: lead toy figurine. Twice life-size. 358. Beaumont area, Essex: copper-alloy socketed candlestick.

394 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 395

 368. Lapley, Stretton and Wheaton Aston,
Staffordshire: silver bell. Not actual size.

359. Stoulton, Worcestershire: lead cloth seal.

Twice life-size.
364. Soham area, Cambridgeshire: gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size.

362. Kenn, North Somerset: gold finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

365. Buckingham, Buckinghamshire: gold finger-ring. 369. Kelvedon, Essex: inscribed silver thimble. Twice life-size.
Twice life-size.

360. Market Rasen, Lincolnshire: gold finger-ring. 363. Westbury-on-Severn, Gloucestershire: gold finger-ring.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

366. Penllyn, Vale of Glamorgan: silver-gilt finger ring.

Twice life-size.

361. Everleigh, Wiltshire: gold finger-ring. Twice life-size. 367. Emneth, Norfolk: silver-gilt finger-ring. Twice life-size.

396 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 397

 370. Wantage Down area, Oxfordshire: inscribed silver seal matrix.
Twice life-size.

373. Stanton Drew, Gloucestershire: copper-alloy

quadruple seal matrix.

375. City of London: stone musket ball mould.

371. City of London, London: iron knife. Twice life-size.

374. Shenley, Hertfordshire: silver seal matrix. 376. Coxhoe, County Durham: silver seal matrix. Not actual size.
Twice life-size.

372. Brearton, North Yorkshire: copper-alloy ring with four seal matrices .

398 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 399

 379. Tendring area, Essex: silver pendant of Charles I.
Twice life-size.

382. East of Colchester, Essex: silver locket fragment.

Twice life-size.

380. Drayton Bassett, Staffordshire: silver pendant of Charles I.

Twice life-size.
377. Atcham, Shropshire: ceramic vessel. Quarter life-size.

381. Mildenhall, Wiltshire: copper-alloy enamelled buckle.

378. Oving, West Sussex: silver seal-top spoon.
Twice life-size.

400 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 401

 388. Snape, North Yorkshire: silver (possible)
cockspur. Not life-size.
383. Runhall, Norfolk: silver pendant medallion. Twice life-size.

384. Itchen Valley, Hampshire: silver medal of Charles II. 386. Old Radnor, Powys: silver hawking whistle.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

389. Belton and Manthorpe, Lincolnshire: lead hornbook.

Twice life-size.

385. South Creake, Norfolk: gold finger-ring. 387. Nash Mills, Hertfordshire: lead cloth seal.
Twice life-size.

390. Holmer area, Herefordshire: silver seal matrix. Twice life-size.

402 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 403

 393. Thurlaston, Leicestershire: silver double-sided seal matrix.
Twice life-size.

399. Newport area, Isle of Wight: silver shoe buckle.

Twice life-size.

391. Droxford, Hampshire: silver shoe buckle.

Twice life-size.

396. South-east Lancashire: silver cufflinks. Twice life-size.

394. Penkridge, Staffordshire: lead, possible hornbook handle. 397. Ropley, Hampshire: silver double-sided seal matrix. 400. Wimborne Minster, Dorset: glass bottle.
Illustration: Jane Goddard. Twice life-size.

392. Binton, Warwickshire: copper-alloy spoon. 395. Boxgrove, West Sussex: gold mourning ring. 398. Phillack, Cornwall: silver bodkin.
Half life-size. Not life-size.

404 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 405

 408. Buttercrambe with Bossall, North Yorkshire: gold mourning ring.
401. Overton, Flintshire: gold touch-piece of James II. Not life-size.
Not life-size.

405. Bures area, Essex: copper-alloy pipe tamper.

402. Kensworth, Bedfordshire: gold mourning ring.

Not life-size.

403. Hawton, Nottinghamshire: gold mourning ring.

Not life-size.

406. Broughton-in-Furness, Cumbria: gilt copper-alloy

seal matrix.

409. Bridestowe, Devon: ceramic jug. Half life-size.

404. West Crewkerne, Somerset: silver thimble. Twice life-size. 407. Plumley, Cheshire: lead owl figurine. 410. Milborne Port, Somerset: gold and niello mourning ring. 411. Guildford, Surrey: copper-alloy clog clasp.
Twice life-size. Twice life-size.

406 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 407

 416. Twickenham, London: leather shoe.
412. Brecon, Powys: silver finger-ring bezel 413. Ambleside, Cumbria: copper-alloy pipe tamper. Not actual size.
with intaglio. Twice life-size.

415. Woolley, West Yorkshire: iron sword.

One tenth life-size.

417. Padstow, Cornwall: silver-gilt jewelled pendant.

414. Ryde, Isle of Wight: lead pugilist figurine.

408 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 409

 422. City of London: stone scarab.

421. Duffryn Ardudwy, Gwynedd: silver finger-ring.

Twice life-size.

418. Landford, Wiltshire: gold fob-seal matrix. Twice life-size.

420. Kirkham, Lancashire: copper-alloy pet coffin.

419. Hurst Green, East Sussex: lead/tin toy milk churn.

410 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 411

 425. Exeter, Devon: tin ration container. Half life-size.

423. Shalfleet, Isle of Wight: lead gaming piece.

426. Wellingore, Lincolnshire: white-metal German military tag.

Twice life-size.

424. Penrith, Cumbria: ceramic gaming piece. Twice life-size.

412 POST-MEDIEVAL POST-MEDIEVAL 413

 431. Beverley (addenda), East Yorkshire: North-Eastern
(Corieltavian) gold staters.

427. Little Horwood (addenda), Buckinghamshire: 429. Urchfont, Wiltshire: two silver units. Twice life-size.
two gold staters. Twice life-size.

433. North Dalton, East Yorkshire (1st addenda):

four North-Eastern (Corieltavian) coins.

432. East Leicestershire (1st addenda): two silver units.

Twice life-size.

430. Westerham (3rd addenda), Kent: gold quarter staters.

Twice life-size.

428. Saxilby, Lincolnshire: four gold staters.

414 IRON AGE COINS IRON AGE COINS 415

 439. Longwick cum Ilmer, Buckinghamshire: 444. Willingdon and Jevington, East Sussex: Gallo-Belgic gold
437. Sissinghurst, Kent: Gallo-Belgic Gaulish copper-alloy potin. quarter stater. Twice life-size.
gold stater.

434. Driffield area (addenda), East Yorkshire: 438. Calbourne area, Isle of Wight: Gallo-Belgic gold stater.
three North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold staters. Twice life-size.

440. Osbournby, Lincolnshire: copper-alloy potin. 445. Chichester area, West Sussex: Gallo-Belgic gold stater.
Twice life-size.

441. Stopham, West Sussex: silver unit of Eastern Gaul. 446. Gwithian, Cornwall: Armorican
Twice life-size. base-silver stater.

435. Driffield area (addenda), East Yorkshire:

two North-Eastern (Corieltavian) gold staters.

442. North Hertfordshire: contemporary 447. Welbourn, Lincolnshire: North-Eastern

copy (gold-plated stater) of Addedomaros. (Corieltavian) gold quarter stater.

443. Micheldever, Hampshire: 448. Chichester area, West Sussex:

copper-alloy potin. copper-alloy unit.

436 Nettleton, Lincolnshire: Carthaginian

copper-alloy unit. Twice life-size.

416 IRON AGE COINS IRON AGE COINS 417

 No’s 459-461 no image.

449. Eastbourne area, East Sussex: Southern (Atrebatic) 454. Isle of Wight: Armorican silver fractional unit. 462. Cotton, Suffolk: Republican silver 467. Great Hale, Lincolnshire:
silver unit. Twice life-size. Twice life-size. denarius of Lepidus. silver denarius of Galba.

450. Cliffe, Kent: Kentish (Cantii) silver unit. 455. Shoreham by Sea, West Sussex: 463. Lanivet, Cornwall: Republican 468. Goostrey, Cheshire: copper-alloy quadrans.
Twice life-size. silver unit of Tincomarus. silver denarius of Mark Antony.

451. Wickham Skeith, Suffolk: 456. Newchurch area, Isle of Wight: Southern 464. Calbourne, Isle of Wight: 469. Clipstone, Nottinghamshire: silver drachm
Kentish (Cantii) copper-alloy unit. (Atrebatic) gold stater of Tincomarus. silver denarius of Augustus. of King Nahapana.

452. Findon area, West Sussex: South Western 457. Newton Blossomville, Buckinghamshire: 465. Niton and Whitwell, Isle of Wight:
(Durotrigan) silver half unit. Eastern (Trinovantian) gold stater of Andoco. copper as of Augustus or Tiberius.

453. Tarrant Monkton, Dorset: South 458. Isle of Wight: Southern silver unit inscribed CRAB. 466. Dorchester, Oxfordshire: copper 470. Whitchurch area, Cheshire:
Western uninscribed silver stater. Twice life-size. quadrans of Claudius. three silver denarii.

418 IRON AGE COINS ROMAN COINS 419

 No’s 471, 474–480, 482–488 no image.

491. Lutterworth, Leicestershire: 496. Chedzoy, Somerset:

gold aureus of Gordian III. copper-alloy radiate of Carausius.

472. Petworth area, West Sussex: 103 silver 492. Pavenham, Bedfordshire: 497. Greywell, Hampshire:
denarii and associated pottery. Not life-size. copper as of Philip I. copper-alloy radiate of Carausius.

473. North Dalton, East Yorkshire:

three silver denarii.
493. Crondall, Hampshire: 498. Hinton on the Green, Worcestershire: copper-alloy
copper-alloy ‘Limesfalschung’ as. radiate of Carausius in the name of Diocletian.

489. Storrington, West Sussex: 16 copper-alloy radiates.

481. Wiggington, Hertfordshire: copper-alloy

dupondius of Trajan.
494. Chichester area, West Sussex: 499. Stanton area, Derbyshire: copper-alloy nummi.
copper-alloy radiate of Carausius.

490. Ashbourne area, Derbyshire: two gold aurei

of Carausius.

495. Shalfleet, Isle of Wight:

copper-alloy radiate of Carausius.

420 ROMAN COINS ROMAN COINS 421

 No. 501, 503–508 no image.

511. Thoresby, Lincolnshire:

copper-alloy nummus of Constantine I.

500. Barking, Suffolk: base-silver nummi hoard in situ.

512. Wood Enderby, Lincolnshire:
copper-alloy nummus of Crispus.

516. Fulstow, Lincolnshire: two lead tablets with

impressions of a coin of Valens.

513. Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire:

copper-alloy nummus of Constantine.

502. St Paul with Malmesbury, Wiltshire:

37 copper-alloy nummi and one copper-alloy as.

514. Chichester area, West Sussex:

silver siliqua of Jovian. Twice life-size.

510. Salisbury area, Wiltshire: gold aureus of Licinius I. 515. Bermondsey, Rotherhithe and Southwark, 517. West Wight, Isle of Wight: copper-alloy
509. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: copper-alloy nummus of
London: copper-alloy nummus of Valens. nummus of Procopius.
Constantine I, commemorating Constantius I.

422 ROMAN COINS ROMAN COINS 423

 No’s 520–522, 524 & 526 no image.

527. Whittington, Northumberland:

518. Silverstone, Northamptonshire: nummus of Gloria Romanorum, 3 534. Alfriston area, East Sussex: two fused silver pennies.
gold solidus of Gratian. emperor type.

535. Wymondham, Norfolk: five fused Anglo-Saxon

519. West Wight, Isle of Wight: 528. Single, Isle of Wight: gold solidus 532. Bradford Peverell, Dorset: three Anglo-Saxon silver silver pennies.
copper-alloy nummus of Arcadius. (contemporary copy) of Anastasius I. pennies. Twice life-size.

536. Henley area, Oxfordshire: three fused

Anglo-Saxon silver pennies.

529. Kings Stanley, Gloucestershire:

copper-alloy follis of Justinian I.
523. Saxmundham area, Suffolk: two gold solidi.

530. Langport, Somerset: copper-alloy

half-follis of Justinian I. 537. Arreton area, Isle of Wight: two Anglo-
Saxon silver pennies of Æthelred II.

525. Fareham, Hampshire: two gold solidi.

531. North Yorkshire: gold solidus of Phocas. 533. Harswell, East Yorkshire: eleven Anglo-Saxon base-silver/ 538. Cawood, North Yorkshire: gold tremissis.
copper-alloy coins. Twice life-size.

424 ROMAN COINS EARLY Medieval coins 425

 No. 546 no image.

539. Ware area, Hertfordshire:

Merovingian silver denier. Twice life-size.

540. Peckleton, Leicestershire:

silver penny of Offa of Mercia.

545. Bigby, North East Lincolnshire: nine silver pennies of John.

541. Southwell area, Nottinghamshire:

silver penny of Eadwald of East Anglia.

542. Ropley, Hampshire: silver penny of

Cuthred of Kent.

543. Newport, Isle of Wight: silver penny

of Ecgberht of Wessex.

544. Crawley, Hampshire:

silver halfpenny of Eadred. 547. Wellow, Bath and North East Somerset: sixteen silver pennies.
548. Corley, Warwickshire: silver coin hoard
(selection).

426 EARLY MEDIEVAL/Medieval coins Medieval coins 427

 No’s 549, 551–553 & 557 no image. No’s 561, 563 no image.

559. Myddle and Broughton, Shropshire

(addenda): gold dobla of Pedro I of Castile.

550. Deopham area, Norfolk: silver penny hoard.

562. Hitcham, Suffolk: Two silver double patards.

564. Woking, Surrey: cut

halfpenny of William I.

554. Ysceifiog, Flintshire: three silver pennies 556. Astleys, Coventry, West Midlands: silver penny hoard
of Edward I–II. (selection).

565. Brighstone, Isle of Wight: silver

Continental sterling penny imitation.

560. Beulah Hill, Croydon, Greater London

555. Low Apley, Lincolnshire: 146 silver pennies. 558. Kirkby Stephen, Cumbria: silver half groat of (addenda): 12 gold and silver coins.
Not life-size. Edward III. Not life-size.

428 Medieval coins Medieval coins 429

 No. 570 no image.

566. Ston Easton, Somerset: gold noble of Edward III.

567. Hull area, East Yorkshire: silver Blanc guenar of 569. Basingstoke area, Hampshire: three silver coins.
Charles VI of France.

568. Ambrosden, Oxfordshire:

gold quarter noble of Henry V.

571. Bures area, Essex: 13 silver coins of Mary I and

Elizabeth I.

430 Medieval/POST-MEDIEVAL coins POST-Medieval coins 431

 No. 578 no image.

572. West Tanfield, North Yorkshire: three fused 579. Linstead Magna, Suffolk: gold ecu d’or au
sixpences. soleil de Bretagne of Francis I of France.

575. Ham and Stone, Gloucestershire: two silver pennies

and a halfgroat with perforations. Twice life-size.

573. Nailstone, Leicestershire:

four silver coins of Elizabeth I
and James I.

576. Welshpool, Powys: 40 silver coins and ceramic pot.

Not life-size.

574. West Crewkerne, Somerset: ten silver coins. 577. Rutland: 245 silver coins. Not life-size.
Not life-size.

432 POST-Medieval coins POST-Medieval coins 433

 580. Great Yeldham, Essex: silver half denga of Ivan IV of
Russia. Twice life-size.

581. Ringmer, East Sussex: copper-alloy

token of Joseph Easton of Boreham.

582. Exeter, Devon: silver eight reales

of Charles II of Spain.

583. Letcombe Regis, Oxfordshire:

copper-alloy farthing of William III.

584. Laughton, Lincolnshire: a copper-alloy

paisa of Emperor Muhammad Akbar II.

434 POST-Medieval coins

The Vale of York Hoard (no. 217) The Vale of York Hoard (no. 217)
In 2009, the Vale of York Hoard In 2007, a Viking Age silver-gilt vessel
was jointly acquired by the British containing gold, hack-silver and 617
Museum and York Museums Trust. coins was found by metal-detectorists.
Conservators at the British Museum The finders resisted the temptation
have now cleaned the vessel and to empty the contents of the vessel,
its contents, enabling the find to allowing the hoard to be excavated
be viewed in the condition it was by British Museum conservators,
deposited in c. AD 928. preserving valuable information about
the find and its disposition.
 2007
ANNUAL REPORT
AND TREASURE
PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES
PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES AND TREASURE ANNUAL REPORT 2007