Historical Notes

● 15,330,000,000 years ago, our Universe formed and Inflation began.

● 5,000,000,000 years ago, the Sun formed.
● 4,600,000,000 years ago, the Earth formed.
● 4,400,000,000 years ago, the Moon formed.
● 3,800,000,000 years ago, Fe3O4 Magnetite ferrous Banded Iron formations begin to be formed
by bacteria.
● 3,000,000,000 years ago, photosynthesis releases O2 oxygen.
● 2,500,000,000 years ago, end of Archaean and beginning of Proterozoic.
● 2,400,000,000 years ago, Fe2O3 Hematite ferric iron Red Bed formations start to form from
atmospheric O2.
● 2,200,000,000 years ago, Earth was a Snowball, glaciers extending to within 11 degrees of its
Equator.
● 2,000,000,000 years ago, Oklo fission reactor starts in Gabon.
● 850,000,000 (to 650,000,000) years ago, a severe Ice Age.

Our Sun, located in a Local Bubble, orbits our Milky Way Galaxy in 200 myr at 230 km/sec, while
spiral density waves orbit in 290 myr at about 160 km/sec at the 8.5 kpc = 27,700 lyr radius of the Sun.
See astro-ph/9802174

● 570,000,000 years ago, Cambrian begins - Species Explosion.

● 480,000,000 years ago, end of Cambrian.

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Historical Notes

● 420,000,000 years ago, end of Ordovician.

● 400,000,000 (to 350,000,000) years ago, North America and Europe began to collide with
Gondwanaland (including Africa) to form Pangaea (and the Appalachian Mountains), -
millipedes, insects, primitive sharks, amphibians, and ferns appear - Chinese 380,000,000+ year
Superior Epoch - date described on Maya Stela D at Quirigua.
● 360,000,000 years ago, end of Devonian - does not seem to coincide with Sun being in Galactic
spiral arm.
● 250,000,000 years ago, Permo-Triassic Extinction due to comet impact, perhaps coincident with
Cosmic Ray Bursts from merging neutron stars.
● 200,000,000 years ago, end of Triassic - Pangaea breakup begins with formation of massive
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province.
● 90,000,000 years ago, Pangaea breakup forms North Atlantic Ocean - modern sharks appear -
Chinese 96,961,740 year Superior Epoch - date described on Maya Stela F at Quirigua.
● 64,000,000 years ago, Mesozoic-Cenozoic Extinction, perhaps due to asteroid impact. The
primary impact site may have been in Yucatan, Mexico, with many secondary impacts, including
3 along a great circle: Manson in Iowa, USA; Siberia; and China. Taking continental drift into
account, antipodal to Yucatan, the massive Deccan lava flows occurred in India. David Carlisle
claims "... we ... have found unequivocal supernova debris ...[from 64,000,000 years ago]... in the
form of the silver isotope [107 made from palladium 107] anomaly and in the iodine 129
anomaly."
● 50,000,000 years ago - early Cetaceans appeared.
● 35,000,000 years ago to 30,000,000 years ago - Antarctica separates from South America and
Australia - glaciation lowers sea level - whales thrive.
● 20,000,000 years ago - Chinese 23,639,040 year Three Sequences - Cetaceans with large brains,
including Dolphins, appeared.
● 3,000,000 years ago - Steve Stanley, Children of the Ice Age (Harmony Books 1996), describes
what happened: The present Ice Age began when the Isthmus of Panama emerged to block the
Atlantic-Pacific connection, creating a conveyor belt of cold salty water that sinks near the Arctic
0cean and goes back south, instead of carrying heat to the Arctic Ocean. Australopithecus lived
in transitional woodlands near trees, because with no stone weapons and no fire, trees were the
only way Australopithecus could avoid the lions. The ice age killed the trees, and with the trees
gone, the lions killed Australopithecus. Homo, smart enough to defend itself with fire and stone,
could live on the ground. Homo's intelligence required a large brain, which meant difficult
childbirth and a long dangerous childhood. Homo's survival required couples to mate for life to
care for their few children over a long childhood.
● 2,000,000 years ago - Yellowstone volcanic caldera eruption vented 2500 cubic kilometers of ash
and pumice, another stress event that could have affected human evolution.
● 788,000 years ago - the latest reversal of Earth's magnetic field. Such reversals have occurred
throughout the Earth's history, with no obvious regularity, and with roughly equal total timein
each of the two polarities.

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 Historical Notes

● 340,000-330,000 years ago - Geminga supernova explosion irradiates Earth. Glaciation of Earth.
Neanderthals displaced Homo Erectus.
● 270,000-230,000 years ago - Glaciation of Earth.
● 160,000-130,000 years ago - Glaciation of Earth, beginning the African/Oceanic Ice Age
Civilization, as Modern Humans displaced the Neanderthals in Africa and Oceanic areas.
● 115,000 years ago - Early Wisconsin Glaciation of North America.
● 70,000 years ago - Early Wurm Glaciation of Europe - Toba Explosive Volcanic Eruption of 800
cubic kilometers of ash into the air - a stress event that may have produced a bottleneck minimum
of human population at the level of about a few thousand people.
● 35,000 years ago - Geminga shock wave hits Earth. Late Wisconsin Glaciation of Earth,
beginning the European Ice Age Civilization, as the Cro-Magnon Modern Humans displaced the
Neanderthals in Europe.
● 21,000 to 18,000 years ago - last Glacial Maximum of Earth.
● 11,600 years ago - Younger Dryas cold snap, with temperatures 14 degrees C below present-day,
after which the Vela X supernova was seen on Earth and the Taurid/Encke comet fragmented,
and a very sudden (50 years or so) warming event ended the Ice Age and marked the start of the
HOLOCENE AGE of warm climate and glacial retreat.

After the end of the Ice Age about 11,600 years ago, the glaciers melted and sea level rose about 35
meters to its present level, a process that took about 4,000 years. In the very early stages of the process,
about 11,600 years ago, the northern Sunda Shelf near China, Korea, and Japan began to flood, forcing
the Jomon people to move to the high ground of what is now the Japanese Islands, and disrupting the
Jomon/Sunda Shelf part of Ice Age Civilization. In Africa, Arabia, and India, things were more gradual
and displacements less severe. The African part of Ice Age Civilization had large lakes for another 1,000
years or so following the 4,000 year melting process, so that the Abyssinian/African Nile Lake area of
the Ice Age Civilization was its most highly organized remnant, and the probable source of ways to cope
with the changed circumstances of the post-Ice Age world, including agriculture, mining,written
communication, and organized armies, thus forming a Global Early Civilization with a Global Early
Language. After about 6,000 years ago, higher mathematics and related theories were lost, except as
preserved in the structure and patterns of the Pyramids at Giza or in the underlying patterns of
divination, poems, and games such as IFA of Africa, Rig Veda of India, Futomani of Japan, I Ching of
China, and Tarot.

11,600 years ago to about 6,000 years ago may have been the period about which Diodorus of Sicily
said: "Now the Ethiopians ... were the first of all men. ... the Egyptians are colonists sent out by the
Ethiopians, Osiris having been the leader of the colony ... Osiris ... gathered together a great army, with
the intention of visiting all the inhabited earth and teaching the race of men how to cultivate ... for he
supposed that if he made men give up their savagery and adopt a gentle manner of life he would receive
immortal honors. ...", and that Osiris then went from Egypt and Ethiopia to Arabia, Greece, and India.

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Note that in the above image some of the 240 E8(-24) vertices are projected to the same point:

● the first and third circles from the center, which have 12 points, to each of which 2 vertices are projected, so
that each circle represents 24 vertices; and

● the central point of each of the 6 clusters corresponding to the 27-dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra J3
(O), to each of which 3 vertices are projected, so that each cluster represents 27 vertices
.

Cl(8) = 1 + 8 + 28 + 56 + 70 + 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 =

= 1 + 8 + (24+4) + (27+1+27+1) + (32+27+3+8) + (27+1+27+1) + (27+1) +

8+1

D4 = (24+4)

D5 = D4 + 1 + 8 + 8

E6 = D5 + [32] + 1

E7 = E6 + ([16]+8+3+1) + [16]+8+3

E8 = E7 + ([16]+8+3+1) + ([16]+8+3+3) + (1+[16]+8+3+1) + ([16]+8+3+1)

256-dim Cl(8) - 248-dim E8 = 8

Note that each of the [16] above live in the 27-dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra J3(O), which is the algebra
of 3x3 Hermitian Octonion matrices
Note that in the above image some of the 240 E8(8) vertices are projected to the same point:

● each of the 6 vertices in the center (with white dots) are points to which 3 vertices are projected, so that each of the 6
circles with a white dot represents 3 vertices;
● each of the 24 vertices surrounded by 6 same-color nearest neighbors (with yellow dots) are points to which 2 vertices
are projected, so that each of the 24 circles with a yellow dot represents 2 vertices.

Using the color-coding, the 240 root vector vertices of E8 correspond to the graded structure of the 256-dim Cl(8) Clifford
algebra as follows:

Cl(8) = 1 + 8 + 28 + 56 + 70 + 56 + 28 + 8 + 1 =

= 1 + 8 + (24+4) + (24+4+28) + (32+3+3+32) + (28+4+24) + (24+4) + 8 + 1

In the above, the black underlined 4+4 = 8 correspond to the 8 E8 Cartan subalgebra elements that are not represented by root
vectors, and the black non-underlined 1+3+3+1 = 8 correspond to the 8 elements of 256-dim Cl(8) that do not directly
correspond elements of 248-dim E8.
 Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith, Jr. 2007-2008

E8 Geometry and Physics

( E8, the Lie algebra of an E8 Physics Model, is rank 8 and has 8+240 = 248 dimensions - Compact Version - Euclidean
Signature - for clarity of exposition - much of this is from the book Einstein Manifolds (by Arthur L. Besse, Springer-
Verlag 1987):

Type EVIII rank 8 Symmetric Space Rosenfeld's Elliptic Projective Plane (OxO)P2

E8 / Spin(16) = 64 + 64
The Octonionic structure of (OxO)P2 gives it a natural torsion structure *

for which 64 looks like ( 8 fermion particles ) x ( 8 Dirac Gammas )

and 64 looks like ( 8 fermion antiparticles ) x ( 8 Dirac Gammas )

Type BDI(8,8) rank 8 Symmetric Space real 8-Grassmannian manifold of R16 or set of the RP7 in RP15

Spin(16) / ( Spin(8) x Spin(8) ) = 64

Spin(16) is rank 8 and has 8+112 = 120 dimensions and looks like a 64-dim Base Manifold

whose curvature is determined by a 28+28=56-dim Gauge Group Spin(8) x Spin(8)

The 64-dim Base Manifold looks like ( 8-dim Kaluza-Klein spacetime ) x ( 8 Dirac Gammas )

Due to the special isomorphisms Spin(6) = SU(4) and Spin(2) = U(1) and the topological equality RP1 = S1

Spin(8) / ( Spin(6) x Spin(2) ) = real 2-Grassmannian manifold of R8 or set of the RP1 in

RP7

Spin(6) gives Conformal MacDowell-Mansouri Gravity

Spin(8) / U(4) = Spin(8) / SU(4) x U(1) = set of metric-compatible fibrations S1 -> RP7 -> CP3

SU(4) / SU(3)xU(1) = CP3

SU(3) gives color force

U(1) gives electromagnetism

CP3 contains CP2 = SU(3) / U(1) x SU(2) and so gives SU(2) weak force

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Here are the separated yellow, blue, red, and green root vectors:

9
The dark yellow root vectors are grouped this way

10
The bright yellow root vectors are grouped this way

11
The blue root vectors are grouped this way

12
The red and green root vectors are grouped this way

13
14
 The interpretation point of view, for all the E8 root vectors, is

(Note that, unlike the first root vector view of 8 circles of 30 root vectors
each in which all 8x30 = 240 root vectors of E8 are shown as distinct points,

from the interpretation point of view, some of the root vectors are projected
onto the same point, so some of the points (white center) correspond to 3
root vectors and some (yellow center) correspond to 2 root vectors.)

15
The 240 root vectors of my E8 physics model can also be projected as in this image made using a root
vector rotation web applet by Carl Brannen

Note that the points are grouped (roughly from left to right) in red-green sets (RG) and blue-purple­
yellow sets (BPY) as

8 RG + 28 BPY + 56 RG + 56 BPY + 56 RG + 28 BPY + 8 RG

that, if you add 8 Cartan elements of E8 to the central 56 blue-purple-green, you get a representation of a
7-grading of E8 described by Tomas Larsson when he said in a post to the spr thread Re: Structures
preserved by e_8 : "... e_8 also seems to admit a 7-grading,

g = g_-3 + g_-2 + g_-1 + g_0 + g_1 + g_2 + g_3

[ Note that g_0 = 8+56 = 64 = U(8) is in Spin(16) = U(8) plus D4 plus D4 ]