Chicago School of Architecture (1880- Crafts movement championed by William

1910) Morris (1834-96). Known in Germany

The groundbreaking Chicago school of asJugendstil - it was applied to both
architecture was founded by William Le the exterior and interior design of
Baron Jenney (1832-1907), along with a buildings. Interiors were often
number of other innovative American lavishly decorated with various types
architects. A centre of high-rise of applied art - including stained
development rather than a school per glass and ceramics.
se, it had no unified set of Famous Art Nouveau Architects
principles, and buildings created by • Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)
the members of the school employed Designer of the Casa Mila (La Pedrera)
many different designs, construction (1906-10) in Barcelona.
techniques and materials. Some key • Victor Horta (1861-1947)
characteristics of Chicago Designed Hotel Tassel (1892-3),
architecture during this period and Maison du Peuple (1896-9) in
included: new foundation techniques Brussels.
pioneered by Dankmar Adler; metal • Hector Guimard (1867-1942)
skeleton frames - first used in Famous for his entrances to the Paris
Jenney's Home Insurance Building Metro.
(1884); the use of steel and iron, • Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908)
first highlighted by the French Founder of the Vienna Seccession,
architect Viollet-le-Duc, and used by designer of its headquarters.
Louis Sullivan and others. • Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-
1928)
Famous Chicago School Firms of Designer of the Glasgow School of Art
Architects (1907).
• William Holabird (1854-1923) and • Giuseppe Brega (1877-1960)
Martin Roche (1853-1927) Stile Liberty architect of Villa
Buildings designed by Holabird & Roche Ruggeri, Pesaro (1902).
included:
- Marquette Building, Chicago (1895) Revivalist Architecture (1900-2000)
- Gage Group Buildings at S. Michigan Ever since Italian Renaissance
Avenue, Chicago (1899) architects revived the proportions and
- Chicago Building (Chicago Savings orders of Roman architecture,
Bank Building) (1904-5) designers have turned to the past for
- Brooks Building, Chicago (1909-10) inspiration. Such revivalism reached
• Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912) its apogee in 19th century
and John Wellborn Root (1850-91) architecture, in
Buildings designed by Burnham & Root, numerous Romanesque (1000-
or Burnham and Co, included: 1150), Gothic (1150-1300) and Beaux-
- Fisher Building, Chicago (1895-6) Arts structures in Britain - see for
- Flatiron Building, New York (1901-3) instance Victorian architecture -
- Heyworth Building, Chicago (1904) Europe and the United States, but the
• Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) and Louis process continued into the 20th
Sullivan (1856-1924) century.
Buildings designed by firm Adler and
Sullivan, included: Famous 20th Century Revivalist
- Chicago Stock Exchange Building Buildings
(1893-94) • "Gothic" Sagrada Familia (1883-1926)
- Prudential Building (Guaranty by Antoni Guardi.
Building) Buffalo (1894) • "Classical" AEG Turbine Factory,
Berlin (1909) by Peter Behrens.
Art Nouveau Architecture (1890-1920) • "Classical" Pennsylvania Railway
A decorative style of architecture Station (1910) by McKim, Meade &
characterized by flowing lines, and White.
abstract floral motifs, which was • "Classical" Lincoln Memorial,
closely associated with the Arts and Washington DC (1922) by Henry Bacon.
• "Medieval" Stockholm City Hall Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
(1923) by Ragnar Ostberg. - Daily News Building NYC, (1929) by
• "Romanesque" Stuttgart Train Station Howells & Hood.
(1928) by Paul Bonatz. - Chanin Building NYC, (1929) by Sloan
• "Ziggurat" 55 Broadway, London & Robertson.
(1929) by Charles Holden. - Lincoln Building NYC, (1930) by J.E.
• "Classical"/"Mughal" Viceroy's Carpenter & Associates.
Palace, India (1930) by Edwin Lutyens. - Bank of Manhattan Trust Building
• "Roman" Milan Train Station (1931) NYC, (1930) by Craig Severance.
by Ulisse Stacchini. - Chrysler Building NYC, (1931) by
• "Classical" City University, Rome William Van Alen.
(1935) by Marcello Piacentini. - Rockefeller Center NYC, (1940) by
• "Classical" German Pavilion, World Hofmeister, Hood, Godley, Fouilhoux.
Exhibition, Paris (1937) by Albert
Speer. Early Modernist Architecture (1900-30)
• "Greek"/"Moorish" San Simeon Hearst "Modernist architecture", the first
Castle (1939) by Julia Morgan. real example of 20th century
• "Egyptian" Louvre Pyramid (1998) by architecture, was designed for "modern
I.M.Pei. man". It was relatively, if not
Note: For biographies of 19th century wholly, devoid of historical
architects associated with Revivalist associations, and made full use of the
architecture, see: latest building techniques and
• James Renwick (1818-95) - Neo-Gothic materials, including iron, steel,
architect. glass and concrete. Functionality was
• Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86) - a key aspect of the modernist style.
Neo-Romanesque designer. The format was later fully realized in
New York School of Skyscraper the United States: see, for instance,
Architecture (1900-30) Henry Ford's assembly plant at Rouge
Steel-frame high-rise architecture was River, south of Detroit - then the
pioneered in the 19th century largest manufacturing plant in the
by American architects in New York and world.
Chicago: two cities which were
experiencing rapid development but Famous Early Modernist Architects
whose available space was limited. • Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
With the fall in the price of steel - Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910);
a major construction material for Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA (1937).
high-rise structures - building • Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
upwards suddenly became much more Built the AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin
economically attractive. During the (1909).
first three decades of the 20th • Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
century, New York took the lead with a Designed Steiner House, Vienna (1910);
number of cutting-edge skyscrapers. Moller House, Vienna (1928).
• Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950)
Famous New York Skyscrapers Designed Helsinki Train Station (1904-
- Park Row Building NYC, (1899–1901) 14).
by Robert Henderson Robertson. • Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
- Flat-iron Building NYC, (1902) by Designed Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-
Daniel H. Burnham & Company. Leine (1911).
- Philadelphia City Hall (1908) by • Le Corbusier (1887-1965) (Charles-
John McArthur, Thomas U.Walter. Edouard Jeanneret)
- Singer Building NYC, (1908) by Designed Villa Savoye (1931); Unite
Ernest Flagg. d'Habitation, Marseille (1952).
- Metropolitan Tower NYC, (1909) by
Napoleon Le Brun & Sons. Expressionist Architecture (1910-25)
- Woolworth Building NYC, (1913) This architectural style emerged in
by Cass Gilbert. Germany and the Low Countries.
- Empire State Building NYC, (1929) by Expressionist architects rebelled
against the functionalist industrial-
style structures of modernist Famous De Stijl Architects
architecture, preferring more sinuous • Robert van 't Hoff (1887-1979)
or highly articulated forms. These Preoccupied during his De Stijl period
included curves, spirals and non- with Communist politics and designs
symmetrical elements, as well as for prefabricated mass housing, worked
structures in which the expressive out in collaboration with the Utrecht
values of certain materials are architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer (1874-
emphasized. A contemporary example of 1954).
expressionist architecture is the • Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)
Sydney Opera House (1973), designed by His most famous designs included his
Jorn Utzon (1918-2008). Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht
(1924), now a UNESCO World Heritage
Famous Expressionist Architects Site, and his Red and Blue
• Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) Chair (1917).
Famous for his Goetheanum, Dornach • J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963)
(1914). Highly influential, the Municipal
• Hans Poelzig (1869-1936) Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP
Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Oud was a key participant in the
Berlin (1919). influential modernist Weissenhof
• Max Berg (1870-1947) Estate Exhibition (1927).
Designer of the Centenary Hall, Social Housing Architecture (1918-30)
Beslau-Scheitnig (1913). One response to the European post-war
• Bruno Taut (1880-1938) housing crisis in the 1920s was a
Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at series of minimal cost social housing
the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund projects developed in several major
Exposition. urban centres. On the Continent, these
• Michel de Klerk (1884-1923) took the form of large-scale apartment
Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, blocks.
Amsterdam (1918).
• Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Famous Examples of Social Housing
Hoger (1887-1949) • Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920)
Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4). designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-
• Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953) 1923).
Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam • Works Housing Estate, Hoek van
(1924). Holland (1924) designed by JPP Oud
De Stijl Avant-Garde Architecture (1890–1963).
(1917-1930) • Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin
One of the European avant-garde (1925-33) designed by Bruno Taut
art groups that had a significant (1880-1938).
influence on the development of • Pessac Housing Estate, Bordeaux
modernist architecture, was the Dutch- (1926) designed by Le Corbusier (1887-
based group known as De Stijl, founded 1965).
in Leiden in 1917 by Theo van • Bruchfeldstrasse Estate, Frankfurt
Doesburg(1883-1931), its active am Main (1927) designed by Ernst May
members included the abstract painter (1886-1970).
Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), as well as • Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927)
a number of architects, designers, designed by Mies van der Rohe.
painters and sculptors. Influenced • Siemensstadt, Berlin (1929) designed
by Concrete art and Cubism, as well as by Hans Scharoun (1893-1972) and
radical left-wing politics, its main others.
objective was to establish a • Karl Marx Hof, Vienna (1930)
compositional methodology applicable designed by Karl Ehn (1884–1957).
to both fine and decorative art. De
Stijl designs are characterized by Bauhaus Design School (1919-1933)
austere geometrical shapes, right- The Bauhaus design school was a hugely
angles, and primary colours. influential centre of inter-war
modernist architecture. Its design by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
ethos was propagated by several key - Chrysler Building, NYC (1930) by
members of its teaching staff who William van Alen (1883-1954).
emigrated to the United States during - Entrance Foyer, Strand Palace Hotel
the 1930s. Combining ideas from (1930) by Oliver Bernhard.
Russian Constructivism movement, the - El Dorado Apartment Building, NYC
Dutch De Stijl group, and the American (1931) by Emery Roth (1871-1948).
architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867- - Entrance Plaza to Rockefeller
1959), as well as an attitude Center, NYC (1932-9) by various.
to crafts modelled on the Arts &
Crafts movement and the Deutscher Totalitarian Architecture (1933-60)
Werkbund, Bauhaus design - with its Architectural design under dictators
clean lines and deliberate absence of like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and
ornamentation - eventually developed Chairman Mao was designed to awe their
into the International Style of modern political subjects and impress foreign
architecture, and later spread to the vistors. Buildings therefore had to be
United States, where it was developed conceived and built on a gargantuan
by Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, scale, and often incorporated elements
and other European emigrants like of Greek architecture. Above all,
Richard Neutra. Totalitarian architecture embodied the
fantasies and megalomania of the
Bauhaus Style Architects political leader.
• Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Designed Bauhaus Complex, Desau Examples of Totalitarian Architectural
(1925); MetLife Building, NYC (1963). Design
• Laszlo Moholy-Nagy • City University, Rome (1935) by
Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director Marcello Piacentini.
of New Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago. • Olympic Stadium, Berlin (1934-6) by
• Hannes Meyer (1889-1954) Werner March.
Swiss Marxist Professor of • New Reich Chancellery, Berlin (1938-
architecture, later director, at the 9) by Albert Speer - see Nazi
Bauhaus. art (1933-45).
• Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) • Moscow State University (1953)
Succeeded Meyer as director of the designed by Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev.
Bauhaus in 1930. • Great Hall of the People, Beijing
(1959) by Zhang Bo.
Art Deco Architecture (1925-1940)
Art Deco was influenced by a International Style of Modern
combination of sources, including the Architecture (1940-70)
geometrics of Cubism, the "movement" The International Style first appeared
ofFuturism, as well as elements in Germany, Holland and France, during
of ancient art, such as Pre- the 1920s, before being introduced
Columbian and Egyptian art. Its into American architecture in the
architecture was also inspired by the 1930s, where it became the dominant
ziggurat designs of Mesopotamian art. fashion during the major post-war
Art Deco, like Art Nouveau, embraced urban development phase (1955-1970).
all types of art, but unlike its Predominantly used for "corporate
predecessor, it was purely decorative, office blocks" - despite the efforts
with no theoretical or political of Richard Neutra, William Lescaze,
agenda. Edward Durrell Stone and others, to
apply it to residential buildings - it
Art Deco Buildings was ideal for skyscraper architecture,
- Chanin Building, NYC (1927-9) by because of its sleek "modern" look,
Sloan and Robertson. and use of steel and glass. The
- McGraw-Hill Building, NYC (1929-30) International style was championed by
by Raymond Hood. American designers like Philip Johnson
- Empire State Building, NYC (1929-31) (1906-2005) and, in particular, by
the Second Chicago School of • Allianz Arena, Munich (2005) by
Architecture, led by the dynamic Herzog & de Meuron.
emigrant ex-Bauhaus architectLudwig
Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969). Deconstructivism (1980-200)
Famous International Style Buildings An iconic style of three-
- Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago dimensional postmodernist art, opposed
(1948-51) by Mies van der Rohe. to the ordered rationality of modern
- The Graduate Center, Harvard design, Deconstructivism emerged in
University (1950) by Walter Gropius. the 1980s, notably in Los Angeles
- Seagram Building, New York (1954-58) California, but also in Europe.
by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Characterized by non-rectilinear
Johnson. shapes which distort the geometry of
- Inland Steel Building, Chicago the structure, the finished appearance
(1957) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. of deconstructivist buildings is
typically unpredictable and even
High-Tech Architecture (1970 onwards) shocking. These unusual shapes have
Rooted in the avant-garde structures been facilitated by the use of design
of the 19th century, like the Eiffel software developed from the aerospace
Tower and Cystal Palace, hi-tech industry. The exhibition which first
architecture is based on the introduced this new approach to the
expressive qualities of cutting-edge public was the Deconstructivist
technologies and materials. As Architecture exhibition, curated by
demonstrated by James Stirling (1926- Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and
92) - see his glass structure of the held at the Museum of Modern Art, New
Engineering Faculty, Leceister York, in 1988. the most famous
University (1959-63) - traditional deconstructivist designer in America
construction methods (like brickwork) is probably Frank O. Gehry (b.1929);
are abandoned in favour of new in Europe the top architects are
materials and techniques, such as probably Daniel Libeskind (b.1946),
steel, light metal panels, glass, and and the firm Coop Himmelblau, founded
plastic derivatives. New building by Wolf Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and
shapes are determined by the shape of Michael Holzer.
the components used. An important
exhibition which affirmed this new
approach was Expo 67, held in
Montreal. Hi-tech architecture is
symbolized by the Pompidou Centre in
Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and Famous Examples of Deconstructivism
Richard Rogers in collaboration with - Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los
engineers Ove Arup & Partners. Angeles (1988-2003) by Frank O Gehry.
- Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1991-97)
Famous High-Tech Buildings by Frank O Gehry.
• USA Pavilion (Expo 67, Montreal) by - Multiplex Cinema, Dresden (1993-8)
Buckminster Fuller. by Coop Himmelblau.
• Olympiapark, Munich (1968-72) by - Nationale Nederlanden Building,
Gunter Behnisch and Frei Otto. Prague (1992-97) by Frank O Gehry.
• Pompidou Centre, Paris (1971-78) by - UFA-Kristall Filmpalast, Dresden
Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers. (1998) by Coop Himmelblau.
• Lloyds of London (1978-86) by - Seattle Central Library, Seattle
Richard Rogers. (2004) by "Rem" Koolhaas.
• Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong - Imperial War Museum North,
Kong (1979-86) by Foster & Partners. Manchester (2002) by Daniel Libeskind.
• Channel Tunnel Waterloo Terminal, - Royal Ontario Museum (extension),
London (1993) by Nicholas Grimshaw Toronto (2007) by Daniel Libeskind.
• Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka
(1994) by Renzo Piano. Blobitecture (1990s)
A style of postmodernist architecture (4) One World Trade Center, NYC (1974)
characterized by organic, rounded, (destroyed) (417m/ 1,368 feet)
bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka (5) CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou (1997)
blobism or blobismus) was first (391m/ 1,283 feet)
christened by William Safire in the (6) Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen (1996)
New York Times in 2002 (although 384m/ 1,260 feet)
architect Greg Lynn used the term (7) Empire State Building, NYC (1931)
"blob architecture" in 1995) the style (381m/ 1,250 feet)
first appeared in the early 1990s. (8) Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung,
Developed bypostmodernist artists on Taiwan (1997) (378m/ 1,240 feet)
both sides of the Atlantic, the (9) Central Plaza Hong Kong (1992)
construction of blobitecture's non- (374m/ 1,227 feet)
geometric structures is heavily (10) Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
dependent on the use of CATID software (1990) (367m/ 1,205 feet)
(Computer Aided Three-dimensional
Interactive Application).

Famous Examples of Biobitecture

• Water Pavilion (1993–1997) by Lars
Spuybroek and Kas Oosterhuis.
• Experience Music Project, Seattle
(1999-2000) by Frank O Gehry.
• Kunsthaus, Graz (2003) by Peter Cook
and Colin Fournier.
• Bus Station at Spaarne Hospital
(2003) by NIO Architecten.
• The Sage Gateshead (2004) by Norman
Foster.
• Philological Library, Free
University, Berlin (2005) by Norman
Foster.

Late 20th-Century Supertall Towers

Structural techniques developed by US
architects like Fazlur Khan (1929-82)
of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have
led to the construction of a new
generation of supertall buildings or
'towers'. These new tubular designs,
which have also significantly reduced
the amount of steel required in
skyscrapers, have enabled architects
to break free from the regular "box-
like" design. With modern towers now
regularly exceeding 100 storeys, the
biggest limitation on upward growth
remains safety and the lack of
emergency evacuation procedures.

Tallest Towers Built in the 20th-

Century
(1) Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia (1998) (452m/ 1,483 feet)
(2) Willis Tower, Chicago (1973)
(442m/ 1,450 feet)
(3) Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai (1999)
(421m/ 1,380 feet)