Lecture9 2 PDF

Module 9
Lecture 2: Steps in watershed modelling

Steps in Watershed Modelling
1. Model Selection
Select model based on study objectives and watershed

characteristics, availability of data and project budget
The selection of a model is very difficult and important decision, since the
success of the analysis depends on the accuracy of the results
The selection of a model also depends upon time

scale, hydrologic quantity aiming at and the
processing speed of the computer at hand
(Bedient et al., 2008)
Module 9
Steps in Watershed Modelling Contd…
2. Input Data
 Obtain all necessary input data-

rainfall, infiltration, physiography, landuse, channel
characteristics, streamflow, design floods and reservoir data.
1. Agricultural Data:
 Vegetative cover,
 Land use,
 Treatment, and
 Fertilizer application
Module 9
2. Input Data
Source: CSRE, IIT Bombay
Module 9
2. Input Data
2. Hydrometeorologic Data:
Rainfall,
 Snowfall,
 Temperature,
 Radiation,
 Humidity,
 Vapor pressure,
 Sunshine hours,
 Wind velocity, and
 Pan evaporation
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2. Input Data
3. Pedologic Data:
Soil type, texture, and structure
 Soil condition
 Soil particle size, diameter, porosity
 Soil moisture content and capillary pressure
 Steady-state infiltration,
 Saturated hydraulic conductivity, and
 Antecedent moisture content
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2. Input Data
4. Geologic Data:
 Data on stratigraphy, lithology, and structural controls,

 Depth, and areal extent of aquifers.
 For confined aquifers, hydraulic

conductivity, transmissivity, storativity, compressibility, and porosity are
needed.
 For unconfined aquifers, data on specific yield, specific storage, hydraulic

conductivity, porosity, water table, and recharge are needed.
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2. Input Data
5. Geomorphologic Data:
 Topographic maps showing:
 elevation contours,
 river networks,
 drainage areas,
 slopes and slope lengths, and
 watershed area

Module 9
2. Input Data
Module 9
2. Input Data
Source: CSRE, IIT Bombay Module 9

2. Input Data
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
• Digital file that stores the elevation of the land surface in a specified grid cell
size (e.g., 30 meters)
http://www.cabnr.unr.edu/saito/intmod/docs/tootle-hydrologic-modeling.ppt.
Module 9
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
38.00
36.00
34.00
32.00
30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
(Source: http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishyd98/dhi/mike11/M11_main.htm)
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2. Input Data
6. Hydraulic Data:
 Roughness,
 Flow stage,
 River cross sections, and
 River morphology
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2. Input Data
Streamflow
Design Point
7. Hydrologic Data:
1
 Flow depth,
2
 Streamflow discharge,
 Base flow,
3
 Interflow, 5
 Stream-aquifer interaction,
 Potential, 6
 Water table, and

 Drawdown
http://www.cabnr.unr.edu/saito/intmod/docs/tootle-hydrologic-modeling.ppt.
Module 9
3. Evaluation & Refinement of Objectives
Evaluate and refine study objectives in terms of simulations to be

performed under various watershed conditions.
4. Selection of Methodology
Choose methods for determining sub-basin hydrographs and channel

routing
Module 9
5. Calibration & Verification of Model
Model calibration involves selecting a measured set of input data

(rainfall, channel routing, landuse and so on) and measured output hydrographs
for model application.
Calibrate model using historical rainfall, streamflow and existing watershed

conditions.
Verify model using other events under different conditions while maintaining
same calibration parameters.
(Bedient et al., 2008)
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Watershed Model Calibration
Watershed Model Parameters

(Representation)
Adjust
Model Results
Calibration Output
Observations
Accept
Calibrated
Model Results
Module 9
6. Simulations using Model

Perform model simulations using historical or design rainfall, various conditions
of landuse and various control schemes for reservoirs, channels or diversions.
7. Sensitivity Analysis of Model
Perform sensitivity analysis on input rainfall, routing parameters and hydraulic

parameters as required.
1) Precipitation
2) Soil parameters
a) Hydraulic conductivity
b) Soil water holding capacity
3) Evaporation (for continuous simulation)
4) Flow routing parameters (for event-based)
Module 9
8. Model Validation
Evaluate usefulness of the model and comment on needed changes or

modifications.
Uncertainties
 Precipitation
 Extrapolation of point to other areas
 Temporal resolution of data
 Soils information
 Surveys are based on site visits and then extrapolated
 Routing parameters
 Usually assigned based on empirical studies
Module 9

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Module 9

Lecture 2: Steps in watershed modelling

Select model based on study objectives and watershed

The selection of a model also depends upon time

(Bedient et al., 2008)

 Obtain all necessary input data-

Source: CSRE, IIT Bombay

 Data on stratigraphy, lithology, and structural controls,

 For confined aquifers, hydraulic

 For unconfined aquifers, data on specific yield, specific storage, hydraulic

Source: CSRE, IIT Bombay

Source: CSRE, IIT Bombay

Source: CSRE, IIT Bombay Module 9

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

 Water table, and

3. Evaluation & Refinement of Objectives

Evaluate and refine study objectives in terms of simulations to be

Choose methods for determining sub-basin hydrographs and channel

Model calibration involves selecting a measured set of input data

Calibrate model using historical rainfall, streamflow and existing watershed

(Bedient et al., 2008)

Watershed Model Parameters

6. Simulations using Model

7. Sensitivity Analysis of Model

Perform sensitivity analysis on input rainfall, routing parameters and hydraulic

Evaluate usefulness of the model and comment on needed changes or

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