Discussion Draft

Basics of Veda Swaras

and Vedic Recital-06

Krama Paatam

Version 0.1 November 19 , 2017

 2 Krama Paatam

Contents

1 Veda Basics – Krama Paatam ....................................................... 3

1.1 Introduction: .............................................................................. 4
1.2 Krama Paatam basics: .............................................................. 5
1.3 Elongation of rendering ............................................................ 6
1.4 Swaram Acquisition .................................................................. 6
2 GaNanaamthvaa Example ............................................................. 9
3 Rudra Kramam example .............................................................. 16
3.1 Example from Pada Paatam ................................................... 16

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 3 Krama Paatam

Version Notes – Version 0.1 dated November 19, 2017

1. The references to Swara changes have been added.

The Pada Paatam of Rudram example in Section 3.1 had swaram

marking errors, which have been corrected.
The concept of Pragrihya has been now better understood and the
notes for ‘utO iti’ in Rudram example (in 3.1) have been corrected.

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 4 Krama Paatam

1 Veda Basics – Krama Paatam

1.1 Introduction:

Our Rishis and compilers of Veda had devised methods to ensure that the Veda
is not changed and there is a control. They have designed ways to ensure it is
well memorized and assimilated.

The Krishna Yajur Veda has five types of Vedic learning:

1. Samhita Paatam – learning Vedas as they are recited
2. Pada Paatam – learning Vedas with the Padam of each and every word
3. Krama Paatam – a method to learn Veda in a specific order
4. Jata Paatam – a different method of ordering words back and forth
5. Ghana Paatam – a different method of ordering words and reciting.

The Pada Paatam is twice as powerful and effective in relation to Samhita

Paatam; Krama paatam is rated four times and Jata Paatam thousand times as
per a sloka referred to by scholars. Ghana Paatam is said to have infinite power
and effectiveness in relation in Samhita/Vaakya Paatam.
There are other types of Veda Paata (not often practiced by followers of Krishna
Yajur Veda)
1. Maala Paataa
2. Shika Paata
3. Dhanta Paata
4. Dwaja Paata
5. Ratha Paata
6. Rekha Paata

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 5 Krama Paatam

The main purpose of these types of studies is to that the Vedas are protected
through distinct ways to repeat the contents of the mantra. Any unintended
change any of the method will conflict with the type of learning. The learning
becomes thorough. The Sruti is well protected to be handed over generations
through the word of mouth.
We shall concentrate on Krama Paatam in this note and Ghana Paatam in a
different note as they are more relevant to followers of Krishan Yajur Veda.
Krama Paatam becomes easier when one understands/studies the Pada
paatam.

1.2 Krama Paatam basics:

The rules or principles of Krama Paata recital are as follows:
1. Assume there are seven words in a mantra as a Ruk. We will number these
words as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
2. First recite 1,2 then 2,3 ,then 3,4 then 4.5, then 5.6, finally 6,7.
3. If the statement 4 is a word with two padams 4a and 4b, before taking up
5,6; it is chanted as 4 iti 4a pause 4b. The student now grasps the details
of the Padams that make this word 4.
4. To indicate that the Ruk has ended a final recital of 7 iti 7.
5. Then the next Ruk is taken up as in Step 2.
6. All rules relating to normal Veda recital, Swaram rules, Vowel Sandhi
Rules, Visarga Sandhi Rules, Consonant Sandhi Rules and
other grammar rules are applied.
7. The Swaram markings and acquisition follow the normal Veda recital rules
and is clearly marked in the Pada Paatam.

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 6 Krama Paatam

1.3 Elongation of rendering

The rendering needs to be extended/elongated for the
last part of the word/padam, when it is

1) a Dheerga Swaritam or anudAtta Swaram and

the letter is

2a) a Dheerga letter (e.g. aa, ee, O,) or

2b) a Anuswaram (letters ending as tam, sam, sham etc. with a dot in Sanskrit).

This is indicated through a “>” (arrow pointing to the right in our books for

convenience of readers). Kindly note there are slight differences in the Font
size/format of Sanskrit, Malayalam and Tamil texts. The Method of elongation
varies between few schools in actual practice. Please refer to your Guru for
further clarifications on rendering if the school of different.

Krama Paatam is normally rendered as two teams. When one team finishes the
rendering, the other team starts their recital.

1.4 Swaram Acquisition

1. In Krama Paatam, the last aksharam in any of the rendering cannot be a
anudAttam (lower swaram) unless the last padam or word is fully marked
in anudAttam.
2. A Dheerga letter marked in Swaritam in Pada Padam acquires Dheerga
Swaritam subject to rules.
3. Rules of gm,gg needs to be applied when combining words ending in
Anuswaram.

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 7 Krama Paatam

4. Generic Swaram rule is that if there is an AnudAttam assigned to a letter

in a word, the next letter shall be udAttam and the next one Svaritam.
5. Also a contra rule is that if there is a Swaritam is assigned to a letter in a
word, the previous letter shall be udAttam and the letter previous to it
shall be anudAttam. This rule applies across two Padams or words.
6. The Swaram may be acquired by a letter to support a Svaritam which is
coming up or an udAttam that has come up.
7. There are words that do not acquire swaram as per Pada Paatam (like
Sam, dyau, yAH) and Vedic grammar rules from Sages, especially Sage
pAnini.
Let us see some patterns in GaNAnAm Thava…

aÉýýhÉÉlÉÉÿÇ iuÉÉ, aÉýhÉmÉþÌiÉ, MüýÌuÉÇ Müþ,uÉÏýlÉÉ-qÉÑ,þmÉýqÉ´Éþ

Note:
1. Letter marked in Green have Swaritam or Dheerga Swaritam.(third
letters in a pattern)
2. The previous letter is UdAttam (medium note)
3. Letter prior to it marked in yellow shall be generally acquire
anudAttam (lower note)

This is only one of the major rules. Readers should not construed that it is
universally applicable everywhere. The swaram shifts to a previous or next
letter if an intented letter, cannot acquire swaram. Similarly, if two successive
letters acquire swaritam, one will be dropped, subject to some rules.

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 8 Krama Paatam

A Discussion note on swaram acquisition principles shall be provided after

more study, along with Pada Paatam in the next two/three months.

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 9 Krama Paatam

2 GaNanaamthvaa Example
Let us see the explanation of Krama Paata with well known mantra “GaNanAm
thavA Ganapathim”

Samhita/Vakyam:

(AÉãÇ) | aÉýhÉÉlÉÉÿÇ iuÉÉ aÉýhÉmÉþÌiÉóè WûuÉÉqÉWãû MüýÌuÉÇ MüþuÉÏýlÉÉ-qÉÑþmÉýqÉ´Éþ-uÉxiÉqÉÇ |

erÉãý¸ýUÉeÉÇý oÉë¼þhÉÉÇ oÉë¼hÉxmÉiÉý AÉlÉþzzÉ×ýhuɳÉÔýÌiÉÍpÉþÈ xÉÏSý xÉÉSþlÉÇ ||

This is actually broken up into words as follows in terms of constituent words and
a serial number to initially understand the flow of Krama paatam:

The following spilt of words is not exactly Pada paatam.

Example with Sayanacharyaa’s Pada Paatam is given later in this article.

(AÉãÇ) aÉýýhÉÉlÉÉÿÇ iuÉÉ aÉýýhÉmÉþÌiÉÇ WûuÉÉqÉWãû MüýÌuÉÇ MüþuÉÏýlÉÉÇ EþmÉýqÉ´ÉþuÉxiÉqÉÇ |

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
erÉãý¸ýUÉeÉýÇ oÉë¼þhÉÉÇ oÉë¼hÉÈ mÉiÉý AÉ lÉþÈ zÉ×ýhuɳÉç FýÌiÉÍpÉþ: xÉÏSý xÉÉSþlÉÇ ||
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(æñ¢) | è…3í£ï£‡ñ¢ î¢õ£ è…3íð†î¤ñ¢ ýõ£ñ«ý è…õ¤ñ¢

1 2 3 4 5
è†õ¦…ï£ñ¢- à†ð…ñŸ¢ó†õú¢îññ¢ |
6 7

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 10 Krama Paatam

ü¢«ò…û¢ì…2ó£ü…ñ¢ ð¢3óý¢ñ†í£ñ¢ ð¢3óý¢ñíÈ ðî… Ý ï†È

1 2 3 4 5 6

Ÿ¢¼…í¢õï¢- á…î¤ð¤†:4 ú¦î…3 ú£î†3ùñ¢ ||

7 8 9 10

HxI | M–Yxdx˜I Zûx M–Ye—ZyI tpxi¥t K–pyI

1 2 3 4 5

K—pz–dxI- D—e–iöq—psëiI |
6 7

¥Rõ–rç–kxRI– ögÖ—YxI ögÖYJ eZ– B d—:

1 2 3 4 5 6
q£–Yû˧ D¦––Zyhy—J szb– sxb—dI ||
7 8 9 10

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 11 Krama Paatam

Explanation of the flow of this Kramam:

Krama Paata Notes and Explanations

(AÉãÇ) aÉýýhÉÉlÉÉÿÇ iuÉÉ

OM added as a start.
Words 1,2

(æñ¢) è…3í£ù£‡ï¢ î¢õ£

(HxI) M––Yxdx˜I Zûx

iuÉÉýý aÉýýhÉmÉþÌiÉÇ
Words 2,3
Normally words or padam without any
swaram in the Vakyam gets lower
î¢õ£… è…3íð†î¤ñ¢ swaram (anudAtta) in Pada Padam

Zûx–– M––Ye—ZyI

aÉýýhÉmÉþÌiÉóè WûuÉÉqÉWãû
Words 3/4

‘M’ becomes óè due to following word

è…3íð†î¤óè ýõ£ñ«ý with ‘ha’

M––Ye—Zyóè tpxi¥t

aÉýýhÉmÉþÌiÉýýÍqÉÌiÉþ aÉýýhÉ - mÉýÌiÉýÇ >

Word 3 is going to be dropped. But it
has two padams Gana + pathim ; so
we are reminded that the word is 3 iti
è…3íð†î¤…ñ¤î¤† è…3í -- ð…ñ¢ 3A – 3B. Now wherever the padam is
split indicated by --- a pause needs to
> be given for recital. Since the last part
M––Ye—Zy––iyZy— M––Y- e–Zy–I > patim ends with a Anuswaram and a
lower note, the ‘m’ is extended during
recital

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 12 Krama Paatam

WûýuÉÉýqÉýWãûý MüýÌuÉÇ
Now we continue with 4/5

Note ‘havAmahE’ gets anudAtta

ý…õ£…ñ…«ý… è…õ¤ñ¢ swaram since it is unmarked (no
swaram) in vaakyam.
t–px–i–¥t– K–pyI

MüýÌuÉÇ MüþuÉÏýlÉÉÇ
Then 5/6
The ‘ka’ in kavInam acquires swaritam
since the ka of kavim has designated
è…õ¤é¢è†õ¦…ù£ñ¢ anudAttam

K–pyI K—pz–dxI

MüýuÉÏýlÉÉqÉÑþmÉýqÉ´ÉþuÉxiÉqÉÇ
Then 6/7
‘m’ of kavInaam with following ‘u’
becomes mu
è…õ¦…ù£º†ð…ñŸ¢ó†õú¢îññ¢
K–pz–dxi¡—e–iöq—psëiI

EýmÉýqÉ´Éþ/uÉxiÉqÉý/ÍqÉirÉÑþmÉýqÉ´ÉþuÉÈ -
Now the ruk has ended.
So we say 7 iti 7.
Seven has two padams which is split
iÉýqÉýÇ > and recited
Srva: visargam is followed by letter ‘ta’
à…ð…ñŸ¢ó†õ so the visargam is replaced with ‘s’.
‘iti’ followed by ‘u’ becomes ‘tyu’ as per
ú¢îñ…ñ¤î¢»†ð…ñŸ¢ó†õ: --- Vowel Sandhi rule.
‘tamam’ extended with lower note for
î…ñ…ñ¢ >
anuswaram ‘mam’

D–e–iöq—psëi– iyZõ¡—e–iöq—pJ-
Z–i–I >

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 13 Krama Paatam

erÉãý¸ýUÉeÉýÇ oÉë¼þhÉÉÇ
Now start with the new Ruk.
Words 1,2
Jam in raajam acquires anudAttam to
ü¢…«ò…û¢ì…2ó£ü…ñ¢ support the following ‘hma’ in
brahmanaam which is a designated
ð¢3óý¢ñ†í£ñ¢ swaritam.

¥Rõ–rç–kxR–I ögÖ—YxI

erÉãý¸ýUÉeÉýÍqÉÌiÉþ erÉ㸠- UÉeÉÿÇ >

Word 1 Jyeshtarajam consists of two
padam jeshta and raajam..
ü¢…«ò…û¢ì…2ó£ü…ñ¤î¤† Rajam has anuswaram with Swaritam

ü¢«òû¢ì2 -- ó£ü‡ñ¢ >

and extended to Dheerga Swaritam.

¥Rõ–rç–kxR–iyZy— ¥Rõrç -
kxR˜I >

oÉë¼þhÉÉÇ oÉë¼hÉÈ
Continue with 2/3

ð¢3óý¢ñ†í£ñ¢ ð¢ó3ý¢ñí:
ögÖ—YxI ögÖYJ

oÉëý¼ýhÉýxmÉýiÉãý >
Words 3/4
This is BrahmaNa + pate.. The
visargam becomes ‘s’ as a rule .
ð¢3ó…ý¢ñ…í…ú¢ð…«î… > ‘te’ with lower swaram extended since it
is dheeram.
ög–Ö–Y–sð–¥Z– >

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 14 Krama Paatam

mÉýiÉý AÉ
Words 4/5
The pate is converted to pata since the
sound ‘ae’ is followed by Vowel ‘aa’. It
ðî… Ý becomes ‘a’ of ta sound as per Vowel
Sandhi rule.
e–Z– B

AÉ lÉþÈ
Words 5/6

Ý ï†:
B d—J

lÉýzzÉ×ýhuɳÉç
Words6/7
‘sh’ comes for visargam

ï…Ÿ¢Ÿ¢¼…í¢õù¢ù¢
d–qü£–Yû˧

zÉ×ýhuɳÉÔýÌiÉÍpÉþÈ
Words 7/8
‘n’ and ‘U’ combines to give ‘NU’

Ÿ¢¼…í¢õù¢Û…î¤ð¤†4:
q£–YûË¢–Zyhy—J

FýÌiÉÍpÉþxxÉÏS
Words 8/9
‘s’ comes due to visargam

á…î¤ð¤†4ú¢ú¦î3
D¦–Zyhy—sþzb

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 15 Krama Paatam

FýÌiÉÍpÉýËUirÉÔýÌiÉ - ÍpÉýÈ
Split as per padam Uti+bhi:
UtibhiH iti UtibhiH
In the first part the visargam of bhi
á…î¤ð¤…4/ó¤î¢Î…î¤ -- ð¤…4: becomes ‘r’ to make it bhir as per
Visarga Sandhi. Then combining with
D¦–Zyhy–kyZõ¢–Zy - hy–J ‘e’ sound of ;iti’ becomes ‘ri’
U follows ‘ti’ and becomes iyuu as per
vowel sandhi.

xÉÏýSý xÉÉSþlÉÇ
Words 9/10

ú¦…î…3 ú£î†3ùñ¢
sz–b– sxb—dI

xÉÉSþlÉýÍqÉÌiÉý xÉÉSþlÉÇ
End of Ruk. 10 iti 10
‘SAdanam’ is a single word with no
padam split so it is rendered without
ú£î†3ù…ñ¤î¤… ú£î†3ùñ¢ any pause. No separator will be
indicated like --.
sxb—d–iyZy– sxb—dI ‘na’ get anudAttam to support ‘ti’ which
has acquired anudAttam to support ‘da’
in sAdanam

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3 Rudra Kramam example

3.1 Example from Pada Paatam

The Pada Paatam as represented in earlier days as follows:
We are providing the first mantra from Anuvaham 1 of Rudram. This is taken
from the book containing the work of Shri Sayanachaaryaa.

lÉqÉþÈ | iÉãý | ÂýSìý | qÉýlrÉuÉãÿ | EýiÉÉã CÌiÉþ | iÉãý | CwÉþuÉã | lÉqÉþÈ |

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

lÉqÉþÈ | iÉýã | AýxiÉÑý | kÉluÉþlÉã | oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉýÍqÉÌiÉ oÉÉýWÒû - prÉÉýqÉç |

1 2 3 4 5

EýiÉ | iÉãý | lÉqÉþÈ ||

6 7 8

ïñ†: | «î… | ¼…î¢ó… | ñ…ù¢ò«õÿ | à…«î£ Þ | «î… |

1 2 3 4 5 6
Þû†«õ | ïñ†: |
7 8
ïñ†: | «î… | Ü…ú¢¶… | îù¢õ†«ù |
1 2 3 4
ð£…ý§ð¢ò£…ñ¤î¤ ð£…ý§ - ð¢ò£…ñ¢ | à…î | «î… | ïñ†: ||
5 6 7 8

di—J | ¥Z– | k¡–öb– | i–dõ¥pÿ | D–¥Zx CZy— | ¥Z– |

1 2 3 4 5 6

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 17 Krama Paatam

Cr—¥p | di—J |
7 8
di—J | ¥Z– | A–së¡– | cdû—¥d | gx–t¡hõx–iyZy gx–t¡ - hõx–i§ |
1 2 3 4 5
D–Z | ¥Z– | di—J ||
6 7 8

Now the Pada Padam gives all the padams only. While reciting we need to take
care of all Recital rules, Word formation, grammar etc. Let us see how this
converts into Kramam. We have indicated the dheerga swaritam in Pada words.
In classical books, it will be indicated as swaritam and during rendering the
specific rules are applied and rendered as Dheerga Swaritam.

Explanation of the flow:

Notes and Explanations with Krama Paata

Padam

Word 1,2 lÉqÉþÈ + iÉã | (AÉãÇ) lÉqÉþxiÉã

(æñ)¢ ïñ†ú¢«î
namaha+te becomes namaste;

(HxI) di—¥së

Word 2/3, iÉãý | ÂýSìý iÉãý ÂýSìý

«î… ¼…î¢3ó…
‘te’ and ‘rudra’ do not have any swaram
in vaakyam and acquires
¥Z– k¡–öb–
anudAttam(lower swaram).

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 18 Krama Paatam

Word 3/4; ÂýSìý | qÉýlrÉuÉãÿ ÂýSìý qÉýlrÉuÉãÿ >

¼…3ó ñ…ù¢ò«õ‡ >
in ManyavE , ‘vE’ is a dheerga letter
with swaram at the end, the acquired
k¡–öb– i–dõ¥p˜ >
Swaritam becomes Dheerga Swaritam

Words 4/5. qÉýlrÉuÉãÿ | EýiÉÉã CÌiÉþ | qÉýlrÉuÉþ EýiÉÉã

ñ…ù¢òõ† à…«î£
ManyavE becomes Manyava due to
following Vowel ‘U’ as per vowel
i–dõp— D–¥Zx
sandhi.
Word iti is not considered as it is an
indicator in Pada Paatam to mean that
‘utO’ is a Pragrihya. Pragrihyas are
words which are not subject to Sandhi.

Word 5/6. EýiÉÉã CÌiÉþ | iÉãý | EýiÉÉã iÉãÿ >

à…«î£ «î‡ >
te acquires dheerga swaritam due to
being a dheerga letter at the end.
D–¥Zx ¥Z˜ >

Word 5 EýiÉÉã CÌiÉ EýiÉÉã CirÉÑýiÉÉã

à……«î£ Þ…«î£
is dropped so utO iti utO is taken; ‘e’ in
iti + u in utO combine to give ityu.
D–¥Zx CZõ¡–¥Zx

Word 6,7 iÉãý | CwÉþuÉã iÉý CwÉþuÉã

î… Þû†«õ
‘ta’ is actually ‘te’ that has taken ta
sound due to following vowel ‘e’
Z– Cr—¥p

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 19 Krama Paatam

Word 7/8 CwÉþuÉã | lÉqÉþÈ CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ

Þû†«õ… ïñ†:
‘ve’ in Ishave acquires anudAttam to
support the swaritam ‘ma’ in namaha
Cr—¥p– di—J

Word 8 lÉqÉþÈ lÉqÉý CÌiÉý lÉqÉþÈ

ïñ… Þ ïñ†:
End of Ruk in Samhita.
So word 8 iti 8.
di– CZy– di—J
First namaha loses visargam before
‘e’,vowel. ma acquires anudAttam to
support intended svaritam of ‘ti’, but ti
itself acquires anudAttam to support
‘ma’ in second namaha.

lÉqÉþxiÉã
Start of second ruk.

Word 1,2 lÉqÉþÈ | iÉýã

ïñ†ú¢«î
di—¥së

Word 2/3 iÉýã | AýxiÉÑý iÉãý AýxiÉÑý

«î… Ü…ú¢¶…
Both ‘te’ and ‘astu’ do not have swaram
in Vaakyam. They are rendered with
¥Z– A–së¡–
anudAttam fully as marked in Padam.

Word 3/4 - AýxiÉÑý | kÉluÉþlÉã AýxiÉÑý kÉluÉþlÉã

Ü…ú¢¶… î4ù¢õ†«ù
A–së¡– cdû—¥d

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 20 Krama Paatam

Word 4/5. kÉluÉþlÉã | oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉÿÇ kÉluÉþlÉã oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉÿÇ >

î4ù¢õ†«ù ð£…3ý§ð¢4ò£‡ñ¢ >
Pada Paatam is given as

oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉýÍqÉÌiÉþ oÉÉýWÒû - prÉÉýqÉç

cdû—¥d gx–t¡hõx˜I >
Here the ‘iti’ has been added to split the
Padam. iti has svaritam on ti by Pada
Paata rules.
In Pada paata style, the bAhubhyAm

with iti becomes bAýhubhyaýmitiþ , the

split is given as bAýhu – bhyAým.

‘bhyAm’ acquires anudAttam to support
‘ti’ in ‘iti’ if you combine second part
bAhu+bhyAM, bA has anudAttam,
hu is udAttam so, when bhyAm is
combined it acquires svaritam;
becomes a dheerga swaritam since it is
dheerga letter.(refer to Swaram
acquisition rules given above)

Word 5/6 oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉÿÇ | EýiÉ

oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉþqÉÑýiÉ
Note : bahubhayAm when ends
separately as a Padam will have
dheerga swaritam, but with combining
of ‘m’ and ‘u’ of uta, it has shifted to the ð£…3ý§ð¢4ò£†º…î
middle of the statement; appears
before ‘mu’ and it is no longer a stand- gx–t¡hõx—i¡–Z
alone long anuswaram. So it becomes
a normal swaritam.

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 21 Krama Paatam

oÉÉýWÒûprÉÉýÍqÉÌiÉþ oÉÉýWÒû - prÉÉýÇ >

Word 5 is dropped.
Word 5 iti 5

ð£…3ý§ð¢4ò£…ñ¤î¤† ð£…3ý§ ---

ð¢4ò£…ñ¢ >
gx–t¡hõx–iyZy— gx–t¡ -
hõx–I >

Word 6,7 EýiÉ | iÉãý EýiÉ iÉãÿ >

à…î «î‡ >
D–Z ¥Z˜ >

Word 7/8 iÉãý | lÉqÉþÈ iÉãý lÉqÉþÈ

«î… ïñ†:
¥Z– di—J

lÉqÉý CÌiÉý lÉqÉþÈ

Ruk ends. So word 8 iti word 8

ïñ… Þ ïñ†:

di– CZy– di—J

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