MATHEMATICS V.

The sum of two numbers is S. Suppose 3 is

added to each number and then each of the
resulting numbers is doubled. What is the
sum of the final two numbers?
Answer: 2S + 12
Suppose the two numbers are a and b. Then
the desired sum is
2(a + 3) + 2(b + 3) = 2(a + b) + 12 = 2S +
12

The number of inches in the perimeter of an

equilateral triangle equals the number of
square inches in the area of its
circumscribed circle. What is the radius,
in inches, of the circle?
Answer: 3sqrt3/pi

Jack and Jill collect ladybugs. Jack only

collects the ones with 2 spots, and Jill
only collects the ones with 7 spots. Jack
has 5 more ladybugs than Jill. The total
number of spots found on all of their
ladybugs is 100. How many ladybugs do they
have in their combined collection?
Answer: 25
If x is the number of ladybugs that Jack
has and y is the number of ladybugs that
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Jill has, then

x - y = 5 and 2x + 7y = 100. Multiplying
the first of these equations by 5 and the
second by 2
and adding gives 9(x + y) = 225. Hence, x +
y = 25.

What is the maximum number for the possible

points of intersection of a circle and a
triangle?
Answer: 6
The circle can intersect at most two points
of each side of the triangle, so the number
can be no greater than six.

Let P(n) and S(n) denote the product and

the sum, respectively, of the digits of the
integer n. For example: P(23) = 6 and S(23)
= 5. Suppose N is a two-digit number such
that N = P(N) + S(N). What is the units
digit of N?
Answer: 9
Let N = 10a + b, where a and b are the
digits. Set up equation to solve for b .
Suppose N = 10a + b. Then 10a + b = ab + (a
+ b). It follows that 9a = ab, which
implies that b = 9, since a 6 not equal to
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

0.

Krisha had an average score of 85 on her

first eight quizzes. She had an average
score of 81 on her first nine quizzes. What
score did she receive on her ninth quiz?
Answer: 49
The sum of Krisha’s first 8 scores is 8 x
85 and the sum of his first 9 scores is 9 x
81, so he received
9 x 81 - 8 x 85 on his 9th quiz. You can do
the arithmetic or note that the answer ends
in a 9

A square has sides of length 10, and a

circle centered at one of its vertices has
radius 10. What is the area of the union of
the regions enclosed by the square and the
circle?
Answer: 100 + 75pi
The areas of the regions enclosed by the
square and the circle are 10^ 2 = 100 and
pi(10)^ 2 = 100pi, respectively. One quarter
of the second region is also included in
the first, so the area of the union is 100
+ 100pi 25pi = 100 + 75pi

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Let n be a 5-digit number, and let q and r

be the quotient and remainder,
respectively, when n is divided by 100. For
how many values of n is q + r divisible by
11 ?
Answer: 8181

A line with slope 2 intersects a line with

slope 6 at the point (40, 30). What is the
distance between the x-intercepts of these
lines?
Answer: 10
The line with slope 2 passing through (40,
30) has x-intercept 40 -(30/2). The line
with slope 6 passing through (40, 30) has
x-intercept 40 - (30/6). So the difference
in the x-intercepts is (30/2) - (30/6) =
10.

When the decimal point of a certain

positive decimal number is moved four
places to the right, the new number is four
times the reciprocal of the original
number. What is the original number?
Answer: 0.02
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Moving the decimal point four places to the

right is the same as multiplying the number
by 10,000 . If x is the number, then moving
the decimal point four places to the right
is the same as multiplying x by 10;000.
That is, 1,000x = 4(1/x), which is
equivalent to x^ 2 = 4 = 10;000. Since x is
positive, it follows that x = 2 =100 = 0.02
.

Sean, Josh, Nicole, and Kyle are tutors in

the school math lab. Their schedule is as
follows: Josh works every third school day,
Sean works every fourth school day, Nicole
works every sixth school day, and Kyle
works every seventh school day. Today they
are all working in the math lab. In how
many school days from today will they next
be together tutoring in the lab?
Answer: 84
They will all working in the math lab every
n days, where n is the least common
multiple of 3, 4, 6, and 7 .
The number of school days until they will
next be together is the least common
multiple of 3, 4, 6, and 7, which is 84

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Given that 29a031 342 = 100900b02 where

a and b denote two missing digits, what is
the value of a + b?
Answer: 11
Recall the tests for divisibility by 9 and
by 11. Since 342 is divisible by 9, the
number 100900b02 is as well. So b has to be
6. But then 100900b02 is divisible by 11.
Since 342 is not divisible by 11, we deduce
29a031 must be divisible by 11. So a has to
be 5, and a + b = 11

The sum of 5 consecutive even integers is 4

less than the sum of the first 8
consecutive odd counting numbers. What is
the smallest of the even integers?
Answer: 8
Let n be the smallest of the even integers.
Since we have
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 = 64; 60 =
n + (n + 2) + (n + 4) + (n + 6) + (n + 8) =
5n + 20; so n = 8:

A standard six-sided die is rolled, and P

is the product of the five numbers that are
visible. What is the largest number that is
certain to divide P?
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Answer: 12
Since 6! = 720 = 2^ 4 x 3^ 2 x 5, the prime
factors of P can consist of at most 2' s,
3' s, and 5' s. The least possible number of
2' s is two, which occurs when 4 is not
visible. The least possible number of 3' s
is one, which occurs when either 3 or 6 is
not visible, and the least number of 5' s is
zero, when 5 is not visible. Thus P must be
divisible by 2^ 2 x 3 = 12, but not
necessarily by any larger number.

A telephone number has the form ABC - DEF -

GHIJ, where each letter represents a
different digit. The digits in each part of
the number are in decreasing order; that
is, A > B > C, D > E > F, and G > H > I >
J. Furthermore, D, E, and F are consecutive
even digits; G, H, I, and J are consecutive
odd digits; and A + B + C = 9. Find A.
Answer: 8
The last four digits (GHIJ) are either 9753
or 7531, and the remaining odd digit
(either 1 or 9) is A, B, or C . The last
four digits (GHIJ) are either 9753 or 7531,
and the remaining odd digit (either 1 or 9)
is A, B, or C. Since A+B+C = 9, the odd
digit among A, B, and C must be 1. Thus the
sum of the two even digits in ABC is 8. The
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three digits in DEF are 864, 642, or 420,

leaving the pairs 2 and 0, 8 and 0, or 8
and 6, respectively, as the two even digits
in ABC. Of those, only the pair 8 and 0 has
sum 8, so ABC is 810, and the required
first digit is 8. The only such telephone
number is 810 - 642 - 9753 .

A street has parallel curbs 40 feet apart.

A crosswalk bounded by two parallel stripes
crosses the street at an angle. The length
of the curb between the stripes is 15 feet
and each stripe is 50 feet long. Find the
distance, in feet, between the stripes.
Answer: 12 feet
The crosswalk is in the shape of a
parallelogram with base 15 feet and
altitude 40 feet.
The crosswalk is in the shape of a
parallelogram with base 15 feet and
altitude 40 feet, so its area is 15x40 =
600 ft^ 2 But viewed another way, the
parallelogram has base 50 feet and altitude
equal to the distance between the stripes,
so this distance must be 600=50 = 12 feet

The king took a cup flled with water and

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

drank 1/5 of its contents. When the king

looked away, the court jester refilled the
cup by adding alcohol to the remaining
water and then stirred. The king drank 1/4
of this liquid mixture. When the king
looked away again, the court jester re lled
the cup with more alcohol and stirred. The
king drank 1/3 of this liquid mixture. When
the king looked away a third time, the
court jester re lled the cup with more
alcohol. What percent of this nal mixture
was alcohol?
Answer: 60%
If A is the amount of alcohol present in
the mixture at some time and the king
drinks a proportion p of the mixture, then
the king is drinking a proportion p of each
of the mixture’s parts and, in particular,
of the alcohol. Hence, the amount of
alcohol that the king leaves in the cup is
A - Ap = A(1 - p). It follows that the
proportion of alcohol left in the cup at
the end of the problem is
(1/5(1-(1/4) + 1/4) (1-(1/3) + 1/3)) = 3/5
= 0.60

The mean of three numbers is 10 more than

the least of the numbers and 15 less than
the greatest. The median of the three
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numbers is 5. What is their sum?

Answer: 30
Let m be the mean of the three numbers.
Then the least of the numbers is m -10 and
the greatest is m+15. The middle of the
three numbers is the median, 5. So 1/3 ((m
- 10) + 5 + (m + 15)) = m and m = 10.
Hence, the sum of the three numbers is
3(10) = 30.

At each basketball practice last week,

Christine made twice as many free throws as
she made at the previous practice. At her
fifth practice she made 48 free throws. How
many free throws did she make at the first
practice?
Answer: 3
At Christine' s fourth practice she made
(1/2) (48) = 24 free throws. At her third
practice she made 12, at her second
practice she made 6, and at her first
practice she made 3.

A line with slope 3 intersects a line with

slope 5 at the point (10; 15). What is the
distance between the x-intercepts of these
two lines?
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Answer: 2
The two lines have equations y - 15 = 3(x -
10) and y - 15 = 5(x - 10). The x-
intercepts, obtained by setting y = 0 in
the respective equations, are 5 and 7. The
distance between the points (5; 0) and (7;
0) is 2.

Let a, b, c, d be positive real numbers

with a < b < c < d. Given that a, b, c, d
are the rst four terms in an arithmetic
sequence, and a, b, d are the first three
terms in a geometric sequence, what is the
value of (ad)/(bc)
Answer: 2/3
One can observe that the numbers 1, 2, 3
and 4 have the stated properties, so the
answer “should” be (1 x 4)/(2 x 3) = 2/3.

April wants to buy four donuts from an

ample supply of three types of donuts:
glazed, chocolate, and powdered. How many
different selections are possible?
Answer: 15
The number of possible selections is the
number of solutions of the equation
g + c + p = 4
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

where g, c, and p represent, respectively,

the number of glazed, chocolate, and
powdered donuts. The 15 possible solutions
to this equations are (4,0,0), (0,4,0),
(0,0,4), (3,0,1), (3,1,0), (1,3,0),
(0,3,1), (1,0,3), (0,1,3), (2,2,0),
(2,0,2), (0,2,2), (2,1,1), (1,2,1), and
(1,1,2)

A regular octagon is formed by cutting an

isosceles right triangle from each of the
corners of a square with sides of length
2000. What is the length of each side of
the octagon?
Answer: 2000 (sqrt2 -1)
Let x represent the length of each side of
the octagon, which is also the length of
the hypotenuse of each of the right
triangles. Each leg of the right triangles
has length x sqrt2/2
(2) (sqrt2/2) + x = 2000; x = 2000 (sqrt2 -
1)

An ice cream cone consists of a sphere of

vanilla ice cream and a right circular cone
that has the same diameter as the sphere.
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

If the ice cream melts, it will exactly

fill the cone. Assume that the melted ice
cream occupies 75% of the volume of the
frozen ice cream. What is the ratio of the
cone' s height to its radius?
Answer: 3:1

A right circular cylinder with its diameter

equal to its height is inscribed in a right
circular cone. The cone has diameter 10 and
altitude 12, and the axes of the cylinder
and cone coincide. Find the radius of the
cylinder.
Answer; 30/11
(12 2r)/(r) = 12/5; r = 30/11

A box contains exactly five chips, three

red and two white. Chips are randomly
removed one at a time without replacement
until all the red chips are drawn or all
the white chips are drawn. What is the
probability that the last chip drawn is
white?
Answer: 3/5
Think of continuing the drawing until all
five chips are removed form the box. There
are ten possible orderings of the colors:
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

RRRWW, RRWRW, RWRRW, WRRRW, RRWWR, RWRWR,

WRRWR, RWWRR, WRWRR, and WWRRR. The six
orderings that end in R represent drawings
that would have ended when the second white
chip was drawn.
OR
Imagine drawing until only one chip
remains. If the remaining chip is red, then
that draw would have ended when the second
white chip was removed. The last chip will
be red with probability 3/5

Suppose x and y are real numbers and that

x^ 2+ 9y^ 2 - 4x + 6y + 4 = 0. What is the
maximum value of 4x - 9y?
Answer: 16
Given the above, the answer is 4u - 3v + 11
= 4(4/5) - 3(-3/5) + 11 = 16.

Two eight-sided dice each have faces

numbered 1 through 8. When the dice are
rolled, each face has an equal probability
of appearing on the top. What is the
probability that the product of the two top
numbers is greater than their sum?
Answer: .
There are 8 x 8 = 64 ordered pairs that can
represent the top numbers on the two dice.
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Let m and n represent the top numbers on

the dice. Then mn > m + n implies that mn -
m - n > 0, that is,
1 < mn - m - n + 1 = (m - 1)(n - 1):
This inequality is satisfied except when m
= 1, n = 1, or when m = n = 2.
There are 16 ordered pairs (m; n) excluded
by these conditions, so the probability
that the product is greater than the sum is
(64 16)/64 = 48/64 = 3/4

What is the largest integer that is a

divisor of (n + 1)(n + 3)(n + 5)(n + 7)(n +
9) for all positive even integers n ?
Answer: 15
Among five consecutive odd numbers, at
least one is divisible by 3 and exactly one
is divisible by 5, so the product is always
divisible by 15. The cases n = 2, n = 10,
and n = 12 demonstrate that no larger
common divisor is possible, since 15 is the
greatest common divisor of 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x
11, 11 x 13 x 15 x 17 x 19, and 13 x 15 x
17 x 19 x 21.

A sequence of three real numbers forms an

arithmetic progression with a first term of
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

9. If 2 is added to the second term and 20

is added to the third term, the three
resulting numbers form a geometric
progression.
What is the smallest possible value for the
third term of the geometric progression?
Answer: 1
The terms of the arithmetic progression are
9, 9 + d, and 9 + 2d for some real number
d. The terms of the geometric progression
are 9, 11 + d, and 29 + 2d. Therefore (11 +
d)^ 2 = 9(29 + 2d) so d^ 2 + 4d - 140 = 0.
Thus d = 10 or d = -14. The corresponding
geometric progressions are 9, 21, 49 and 9,
-3, 1, so the smallest possible value for
the third term of the geometric progression
is 1.

What is the number of 7-element subsets of

the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} for
which the sum of those 7 elements is a
multiple of 3?
Answer: 12
9C7/3 = 12

How many positive integers not exceeding

2001 are multiples of 3 or 4 but not 5 ?
Answer: 801
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

For integers not exceeding 2001, there are

b2001=3c = 667 multiples of 3 and [2001/4]
= 500 multiples of 4. The total, 1167,
counts the [2001/12] = 166 multiples of 12
twice, so there are 1167 - 166 = 1001
multiples of 3 or 4. From these we exclude
the [2001/15] = 133 multiples of 15 and the
[2001/20] = 100 multiples of 20, since
these are multiples of 5. However, this
excludes the [2001/60] = 33 multiples of 60
twice, so we must reinclude these. The
number of integers satisfying the
conditions is 1001 - 133 - 100 + 33 = 801.

Lyca was asked by her teacher to subtract 3

from a certain number and then divide the
result by 9. Instead, she subtracted 9 and
then divided the result by 3, giving an
answer of 43. What would her answer have
been had she worked the problem correctly?
Answer: 15
Let x be the number she was given. Her
calculations produce
(x - 9)/3 = 43
x = 138
The correct answer is (138 3)/9 = 15

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Each face of a cube is painted either red

or blue, each with probability 1/2. The
color of each face is determined
independently. What is the probability that
the painted cube can be placed on a
horizontal surface so that the four
vertical faces are all the same color?
Answer: 5/16

If an arc of 45° on circle A has the same

length as an arc of 30° on circle B, then
the ratio of the area of circle A to the
area of circle B is
Answer: 4/9

Nicole and Meg run in opposite directions

on a circular track, starting at
diametrically opposite points. They first
meet after Nicole has run 100 meters. They
next meet after Meg has run 150 meters past
their first meeting point. Each girl runs
at a constant speed. What is the length of
the track in meters?
Answer: 350
When they first meet, they have run a
combined distance equal to half the length
of the track. Between their first and
second meetings, they run a combined
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

distance equal to the full length of the

track. Because Nicole runs at a constant
speed and runs 100 meters before their
first meeting, she runs 2(100) = 200 meters
between their first and second meetings.
Therefore the length of the track is 200 +
150 = 350 meters.

A bag contains two red beads and two green

beads. You reach into the bag and pull out
a bead, replacing it with a red bead
regardless of the color you pulled out.
What is the probability that all beads in
the bag are red after three such
replacements?
Answer: 9/32

Let S be the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}

consisting of the first n positive
integers. What is the maximum value of n
for which every 100-element subset of S
contains two integers which differ by 25?
Answer: 174

Suppose A, B, and C are three numbers for

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

which 1001C - 2002A = 4004 and 1001B +3003A

= 5005. The average of the three numbers A,
B, and C is
Answer: 3
Adding 1001C - 2002A = 4004 and 1001B+3003A
= 5005 yields 1001A + 1001B + 1001C = 9009.
So A + B + C = 9, and the average is
(A + B + C)/3 = 3

A triangle with sides of 5, 12, and 13 has

both an inscribed and a circumscribed
circle. What is the distance between the
centers of those circles?
Answer: sqrt 65/2
The triangle is a right triangle that can
be placed in a coordinate system with
vertices at (0; 0), (5; 0), and (0; 12).
The center of the circumscribed circle is
the midpoint of the hypotenuse, which is
(5/2; 6).
To determine the radius r of the inscribed
circle notice that the hypotenuse of the
triangle is (12 - r) + (5 - r) = 13 so r =
2.
So the center of the inscribed circle is
(2; 2), and the distance between the two
centers is
Sqrt((5/2) - 2)^ 2 + (6 - 2)^ 2) = sqrt 65/2

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Compute the sum of all the roots of (2x +

3)(x - 4) + (2x + 3)(x - 6) = 0.
Answer: 7/2
Factor to get (2x + 3)(2x - 10) = 0, so the
two roots are -3/2 and 5, which sum to 7/2.

The sides of a triangle have lengths of 15,

20, and 25. Find the length of the shortest
altitude.
Answer: 12
x/15 = 20/25; x = 300/25 = 12

Joan has a collection of red marbles and

blue marbles. The number of red marbles is
either 7, 9, 11, 13, or 15. If two marbles
are chosen simultaneously and at random
from her collection, then the probability
they have different colors is 0.5. How many
red marbles are in Joan’s collection?
Answer: 15

At a party, each man danced with exactly

three women and each woman danced with
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

exactly two men. Twelve men attended the

party. How many women attended the party?
Answer: 18
Because each man danced with exactly three
women, there were (12)(3) = 36 pairs of men
and women who danced together. Each woman
had two partners, so the number of women
who attended is 36/2 = 18 .

The first four terms in an arithmetic

sequence are x+y, x-y, xy, and x/y, in that
order. What is the fifth term?
Answer: 123/40.
Since y cannot be 0, we have y = -3/5, and
it follows that x = -9/8.
The fifth term in the sequence is x - 7y =
123/40.

The digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9 are

used to form four two-digit prime numbers,
with each digit used exactly once. What is
the sum of these four primes?
Answer: 190
The digits 2, 4, 5, and 6 cannot be the
units digit of any two-digit prime, so
these four digits must be the tens digits,
and 1, 3, 7, and 9 are the units digits.
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

The sum is thus 10(2 + 4 + 5 + 6) + (1 + 3

+ 7 + 9) = 190.
(One set that satisfies the conditions is
{23; 47; 59; 61}.)

What is the smallest positive integer m

such that the following equation holds for
some polynomials u(x) and v(x) with integer
coefficients?
(x + 2)(x + 5)(x + 7) u(x) - (x - 2)(x -
5)(x - 7) v(x) = m
Answer: 7560
Substituting x = 5 into the given equation,
we deduce 7 x 10 x 12 x u(5) = m.
Substituting x = 7 into the given equation,
we deduce 9 x 12 x 14 x u(7) = m. It
follows that m must be divisible by each of
7 x 10 x 12 and 9 x 12 x 14 which implies
that 2^ 3 x 3^ 3 x 5 x 7 = 7560 divides m. Of
the choices, we see that only (e) is
possible here. Verifying that such a u(x)
and v(x) exist requires a little more work,
but we note that one can take u(x) = x^ 2 -
14x + 54 and v(x) = x^ 2 + 14x + 54.

If a + 1 = b + 2 = c + 3 = d + 4 = a + b +
c + d + 5, then a + b + c + d is
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Answer: -10/3

Nikki pours four ounces of coffee into an

eight-ounce cup and four ounces of cream
into a second cup of the same size. She
then transfers half the coffee from the
first cup to the second and, after stirring
thoroughly, transfers half the liquid in
the second cup back to the first. What
fraction of the liquid in the first cup is
now cream?
Answer: 2/5
After the first transfer, the first cup
contains two ounces of coffee, and the
second cup contains two ounces of coffee
and four ounces of cream. After the second
transfer, the first cup contains 2+(1/2)(2)
= 3 ounces of coffee and (1/2)(4) = 2
ounces of cream. Therefore, the fraction of
the liquid in the first cup that is cream
is 2/(2 + 3) = 2/5.

A company sells peanut butter in

cylindrical jars. Marketing research
suggests that using wider jars will
increase sales. If the diameter of the jars
is increased by 25% without altering the
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

volume, by what percent must the height be

decreased?
Answer: 9/25 OR 36%

A 3 x 3 x 3 cube is formed by gluing

together 27 standard cubical dice. (On a
standard die, the sum of the numbers on any
pair of opposite faces is 7.) What is the
smallest possible sum of all the numbers
showing on the surface of the 3 x 3 x 3
cube?
Answer: 90
There are six dice that have a single face
on the surface, and these dice can be
oriented so that the face with the 1 is
showing. They will contribute 6(1) = 6 to
the sum. There are twelve dice that have
just two faces on the surface because they
are along an edge but not at a vertex of
the large cube. These dice can be oriented
so that the 1 and 2 are showing, and they
will contribute 12(1 + 2) = 36 to the sum.
There are eight dice that have three faces
on the surface because they are at the
vertices of the large cube, and these dice
can be oriented so that the 1, 2, and 3 are
showing. They will contribute 8(1 + 2 + 3)
= 48 to the sum. Consequently, the minimum
sum of all the numbers showing on the large
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

cube is 6 + 36 + 48 = 90.

Hachiko' s doghouse has a regular hexagonal

base that measures one yard on each side.
He is tethered to a vertex with a two-yard
rope. What is the area, in square yards, of
the region outside the doghouse that
Hachiko can reach?
Answer: 3pi
Pi(2)^ 2 (240/300) + (2(pi)(1^ 2) (60/360) =
3pi

The mean, median, unique mode, and range of

a collection of eight integers are all
equal to 8. What is the largest integer
that can be an element of this collection?
Answer: 14
The values 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 14 satisfy
the requirements of the problem, so the
answer is at least 14. If the largest
number were 15, the collection would have
the ordered form 7, _, _, 8, 8, _, _, 15.
But 7 + 8 + 8 + 15 = 38, and a mean of 8
implies that the sum of all values is 64.
In this case, the four missing values would
sum to 64 ¡ 38 = 26, and their average
value would be 6:5. This implies that at
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

least one would be less than 7, which is a

contradiction. Therefore, the largest
integer that can be in the set is 14.

Coin A is flipped three times and coin B is

flippedfour times. What is the probability
that the number of heads obtained from
flipping the two fair coins is the same?
Answer: 35/128

A set of tiles numbered 1 through 100 is

modified repeatedly by the following
operation: remove all tiles numbered with a
perfect square, and renumber the remaining
tiles consecutively starting with 1. How
many times must the operation be performed
to reduce the number of tiles in the set to
one?
Answer: 18
The first application removes ten tiles,
leaving 90. The second and third
applications each remove nine tiles leaving
81 and 72, respectively. Following this
pattern, we consecutively remove 10, 9. 9.
8. 8 . . . . 2, 2, 1 tiles before we are
left with only one. This requires 1 + 2(8)
+ 1 = 18 applications.

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Tina randomly selects two distinct numbers

from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, and Ryan
randomly selects a number from the set {1,
2, . . . 10}. What is the probability that
Ryan' s number is larger than the sum of the
two numbers chosen by Tina?
Answer: 2/5
There are ten ways for Tina to select a
pair of numbers. The sums 9, 8, 4, and 3
can be obtained in just one way, and the
sums 7, 6, and 5 can each be obtained in
two ways. The probability for each of
Ryan' s choices is 1=10. Considering his
selections in decreasing order, the total
probability of Sergio' s choice being
greater is
(1/10)(1+(9/10)+(8/10)+(6/10)+(4/10)+(2/10)
+(1/10)+0+0+0) = 2/5

Let 1, 4, . . . and 9, 16, . . . be two

arithmetic progressions. The set S is the
union of the first 2004 terms of each
sequence. How many distinct numbers are in
S?
Answer: 3722
The smallest number that appears in both
sequences is 16. The two sequences have
common differences 3 and 7, whose least
common multiple is 21, so a number appears
in both sequences if and only if it is in
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

the form 16 + 21k; where k is a nonnegative

integer. Such a number is in the first 2004
terms of both sequences if and only if 16 +
21k x 1 + 2003(3) = 6010.
Thus 0 x k x 285, so there are 286
duplicate numbers. Therefore the number of
distinct numbers is 4008 - 286 = 3722.

Find the ratio of (2^ 2001 x

3^ 2003)/(6^ 2002)
Answer: 3/2

A game is played with tokens according to

the following rule. In each round, the
player with the most tokens gives one token
to each of the other players and also
places one token into a discard pile. The
game ends when some player runs out of
tokens. Players A, B, and C start with 15,
14, and 13 tokens, respectively. How many
rounds will there be in the game?
Answer: 37
After three rounds the players A, B, and C
have 14, 13, and 12 tokens, respectively.
Every subsequent three rounds of play
reduces each player' s supply of tokens by
one. After 36 rounds they have 3, 2, and 1
token, respectively, and after the 37th
round Player A has no tokens.
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

The arithmetic mean of the nine numbers in

the set {9,99,999,9999, . . . . ,999999999}
is a 9-digit number M, all of whose digits
are distinct. The number M does not contain
the digit
Answer: 0
The number M is equal to
1/9(9+99+999+ . . . +999,999,999) =
1+11+111+ . . . +111,111,111 = 123,456,789.
The number M does not contain the digit 0.

Suppose that a and b are nonzero real

numbers, and that the equation x^ 2 + ax + b
= 0 has solutions a and b. Then the pair
(a, b) is
Answer: (1, - 2)

How many distinct four-digit numbers are

divisible by 3 and have 23 as their last
two digits?
Answer: 30
A number is divisible by 3 if and only if
the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. So
a four-digit number ab23 is divisible by 3
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

if and only if the two-digit number ab

leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 3.
There are 90 two-digit numbers, of which
90/3 = 30 leave a remainder of 1 when
divided by 3 .

A positive integer n is called a “good”

number if n^ 3 + 7n - 133 = m^ 3 for some
positive integer m. What is the sum of all
“good” numbers?
Answer: 30
The sum of all good numbers is 19+6+5 = 30

Find the value(s) of x such that 8xy -12y +

2x - 3 = 0 is true for all values of y.
Answer: 3/2
The given equation can be factored as
0 = 8xy - 12y + 2x - 3 = 4y(2x - 3) + (2x -
3) = (4y + 1)(2x - 3)
For this equation to be true for all values
of y we must have 2x - 3 = 0, that is x =
3/2

The number 25^ 64 x 64^ 25 is the square of a

positive integer N. In decimal
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

representation, find the sum of the digits

of N.
Answer: 14
N = sqrt of ((5^ 2)^ 64 x (2^ 6)^ 25) = 5^ 64 x
2^ (3x25) = (5x2)^ 64 x 2^ 11 = 10^ 64 x 2048 =
2048 ……. (64 zeroes)
The zeros do not contribute to the sum, so
the sum of the digits of N is 2 + 4 + 8 =
14.

For how many integers n is n/(20-n) the

square of an integer?
Answer: 4
The corresponding values of n are 0, 10,
16, and 18.

A grocer stacks oranges in a pyramid-like

stack whose rectangular base is 5 oranges
by 8 oranges. Each orange above the first
level rests in a pocket formed by four
oranges in the level below. The stack is
completed by a single row of oranges. How
many oranges are in the stack?
Answer: 100
There are five layers in the stack, and
each of the top four layers has one less
orange in its length and width than the
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

layer on which it rests. Hence the total

number of oranges in the stack is 5 x 8 + 4
x 7 + 3 x 6 + 2 x 5 + 1 x 4 = 100

Let a; b, and c be real numbers such that a

- 7b + 8c = 4 and 8a + 4b - c = 7. Find a^ 2
+ b^ 2 + c^ 2
Answer: 1

When 15 is appended to a list of integers,

the mean is increased by 2. When 1 is
appended to the enlarged list, the mean of
the enlarged list is decreased by 1. How
many integers were in the original list?
Answer: 4
Let n denote the number of integers in the
original list, and m the original mean.
Then the sum of the original numbers is mn.
After 15 is appended to the list, we have
the sum
(m + 2)(n + 1) = mn + 15; so m + 2n = 13:
After 1 is appended to the enlarged list,
we have the sum
(m + 1)(n + 2) = mn + 16; so 2m + n = 14:
Solving m + 2n = 13 and 2m + n = 14 gives m
= 5 and n = 4.

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

A solid box is 15 cm by 10 cm by 8 cm. A

new solid is formed by removing a cube 3 cm
on a side from each corner of this box.
What percent of the original volume is
removed?
Answer: 18%
The total volume of the eight removed cubes
is 8 x 3^ 3 = 216 cubic centimeters, and the
volume of the original box is 15 x 10 x 8 =
1200 cubic centimeters. Therefore the
volume has been reduced by 216/1200 x
(100%) = 18%

Irish Jane has 6 daughters and no sons.

Some of her daughters have 6 daughters, and
the rest have none. Irish Jane has a total
of 30 daughters and granddaughters, and no
great-granddaughters. How many of Irish
Jane' s daughters and granddaughters have no
daughters?
Answer: 26
Irish Jane has 30 - 6 = 24 granddaughters,
none of whom have any daughters. The
granddaughters are the children of 24/6 = 4
of Irish Jane' s daughters, so the number of
women having no daughters is 30 - 4 = 26.

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

How many non-congruent triangles with

perimeter 7 have integer side lengths?
Answer: 2
The longest side cannot be greater than 3,
since otherwise the remaining two sides
would not be long enough to form a
triangle. The only possible triangles have
side lengths 1-3-3 or 2-2-3.

A point (x, y) is randomly picked from

inside the rectangle with vertices (0; 0),
(4; 0), (4; 1), and (0; 1). What is the
probability that x < y?
Answer: 1/8
The point (x, y) satisfies x < y if and
only if it belongs to the shaded triangle
bounded by the lines x = y, y = 1, and x =
0, the area of which is 1/2. The ratio of
the area of the triangle to the area of the
rectangle is (1/2)/4 = 1/8

The sum of three numbers is 20. The first

is 4 times the sum of the other two. The
second is seven times the third. What is
the product of all three?
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 MATHEMATICS V.2

Answer: 28
Let the first, second, and third numbers be
x, 7x, and 32x, respectively. Then 40x = 20
so x = 1/2 and the product is (32)(7)x^ 3 =
(32)(7)(1/8) = 28

Let n be the largest integer that is the

product of exactly 3 distinct prime
numbers, d, e and 10d + e, where d and e
are single digits. What is the sum of the
digits of n?
Answer: 12
The largest single-digit primes are 5 and
7, but neither 75 nor 57 is prime. Using
3, 7, and 73 gives 1533, whose digits have
a sum of 12.

What is the probability that an integer in

the set {1, 2, 3, . . . ,100} is divisible
by 2 and not divisible by 3?
Answer: 17/50.
Of the 100/2 = 50 integers that are
divisible by 2, there are [100/6] = 16 that
are divisible by both 2 and 3. So there are
50 - 16 = 34 that are divisible by 2 and
not by 3, and 34/100 = 17/50

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 MATHEMATICS V.2

A bag initially contains red marbles and

blue marbles only, with more blue than red.
Red marbles are added to the bag until only
1/3 of the marbles in the bag are blue.
Then yellow marbles are added to the bag
until only 1/5 of the marbles in the bag
are blue. Finally, the number of blue
marbles in the bag is doubled. What
fraction of the marbles now in the bag are
blue?
Answer: 1/3
Just before the number of blue marbles is
doubled, the ratio of blue marbles to non-
blue marbles is 1 to 4. Doubling the number
of blue marbles makes the ratio 2 to 4, so
1/3 of the marbles are blue.

The two digits in Ava' s age are the same as

the digits in Lance' s age, but in reverse
order. In five years Ava will be twice as
old as Lance will be then. What is the
difference in their current ages?
Answer: 18

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